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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and history in Great Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history_in_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guy_Fawkes_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guy_Fawkes_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Guy Fawkes Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guy_Fawkes_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs,_Guys_and_later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs,_Guys_and_later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Songs, Guys and later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs,_Guys_and_later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_other_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_other_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Similarities with other customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_other_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ليلة البون فاير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليلة البون فاير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%89_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Нощ на Гай Фокс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нощ на Гай Фокс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nit_de_Guy_Fawkes" title="Nit de Guy Fawkes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nit de Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noc_Guye_Fawkese" title="Noc Guye Fawkese – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noc Guye Fawkese" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noson_Guto_Ffowc" title="Noson Guto Ffowc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Noson Guto Ffowc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noche_de_Guy_Fawkes" title="Noche de Guy Fawkes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noche de Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Gaua" title="Guy Fawkes Gaua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guy Fawkes Gaua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="شب آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شب آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noite_de_Guy_Fawkes" title="Noite de Guy Fawkes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Noite de Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A4" title="가이 포크스의 밤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가이 포크스의 밤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Գայ Ֆոքսի գիշերը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գայ Ֆոքսի գիշերը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_Guy_Fawkes" title="Malam Guy Fawkes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malam Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes-n%C3%B3tt" title="Guy Fawkes-nótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guy Fawkes-nótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="ליל גאי פוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליל גאי פוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes-nap" title="Guy Fawkes-nap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guy Fawkes-nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%88_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗൈ ഫൗക്സ് രാത്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൈ ഫൗക്സ് രാത്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_Guy_Fawkes" title="Malam Guy Fawkes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malam Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ガイ・フォークス・ナイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガイ・フォークス・ナイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9th%C3%A9e_d%27Guy_Fawkes" title="Séthée d'Guy Fawkes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Séthée d'Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_Guya_Fawkesa" title="Dzień Guya Fawkesa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzień Guya Fawkesa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noite_de_Guy_Fawkes" title="Noite de Guy Fawkes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noite de Guy Fawkes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ночь Гая Фокса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ночь Гая Фокса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Nicht" title="Guy Fawkes Nicht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Guy Fawkes Nicht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ගයි ෆෝක්ස් රාත්‍රිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගයි ෆෝක්ස් රාත්‍රිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noc_Guya_Fawkesa" title="Noc Guya Fawkesa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Noc Guya Fawkesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkesin_y%C3%B6" title="Guy Fawkesin yö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guy Fawkesin yö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guy Fawkes Night" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கை பாக்சு இரவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கை பாக்சு இரவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Gecesi" title="Guy Fawkes Gecesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guy Fawkes Gecesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ніч Гая Фокса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніч Гая Фокса" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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For the date, see <a href="/wiki/5_November" class="mw-redirect" title="5 November">5 November</a>. For the 2018 film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_of_November" title="The Fifth of November">The Fifth of November</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg/290px-Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg/435px-Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg/580px-Windsor_castle_guyfawkesnight1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Festivities in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1776</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Guy Fawkes Night</b>, also known as <b>Guy Fawkes Day</b>, <b>Bonfire Night</b> and <b>Fireworks Night</b>, is an annual commemoration <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_secular_observances#November" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor secular observances">observed</a> on 5 November, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> displays. Its history begins with the events of 5 November 1605 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>, was arrested while guarding <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> the plotters had placed beneath the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic</a> plotters had intended to assassinate <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Protestant</a> king <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> and his parliament. Celebrating that the king had survived, people lit bonfires around London. Months later, the <a href="/wiki/Observance_of_5th_November_Act_1605" title="Observance of 5th November Act 1605">Observance of 5th November Act</a> mandated an annual public day of thanksgiving for the plot's failure. </p><p>Within a few decades <b>Gunpowder Treason Day</b>, as it was known, became the predominant English state commemoration. As it carried strong Protestant religious overtones it also became a focus for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic sentiment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> delivered sermons regarding the perceived dangers of <a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">popery</a>, while during increasingly raucous celebrations common folk burnt <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigies</a> of popular hate-figures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Towards the end of the 18th century children began begging for money with effigies of Guy Fawkes and 5 November gradually became known as Guy Fawkes Day. Towns such as <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a> were in the 19th century scenes of increasingly violent class-based confrontations, fostering <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Bonfire" title="Lewes Bonfire">traditions those towns celebrate still</a>, albeit peacefully. In the 1850s changing attitudes resulted in the toning down of much of the day's anti-Catholic rhetoric, and the Observance of 5th November Act was repealed in 1859. Eventually the violence was dealt with, and by the 20th century Guy Fawkes Day had become an enjoyable social commemoration, although lacking much of its original focus. The present-day Guy Fawkes Night is usually celebrated at large organised events. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Pope_Day"></span>Settlers exported Guy Fawkes Night to overseas colonies, including some in North America, where it was known as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Day">Pope Day</a>. Those festivities mostly died out with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Claims that Guy Fawkes Night was a Protestant replacement for older customs such as <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> are disputed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history_in_Great_Britain">Origins and history in Great Britain</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg/220px-Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg/330px-Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg/440px-Guy_Fawkes_effigy_by_William_Warby_from_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>An effigy of Fawkes, burnt on 5 November 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Guy Fawkes Night originates from the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 1605, a failed conspiracy by a group of provincial English <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> to assassinate the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England and VI of Scotland</a> and replace him with a Catholic head of state. In the immediate aftermath of the 5 November arrest of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, caught guarding a cache of explosives placed beneath the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, James's Council allowed the public to celebrate the king's survival with <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a>, so long as they were "without any danger or disorder".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made 1605 the first year the plot's failure was celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following January, days before the surviving conspirators were executed, Parliament, at the initiation of James I,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed the <a href="/wiki/Observance_of_5th_November_Act_1605" title="Observance of 5th November Act 1605">Observance of 5th November Act</a>, commonly known as the "Thanksgiving Act". It was proposed by a Puritan Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_1st_Baron_Montagu_of_Boughton" title="Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton">Edward Montagu</a>, who suggested that the king's apparent deliverance by divine intervention deserved some measure of official recognition, and kept 5 November free as a day of thanksgiving while in theory making attendance at church mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new form of service was also added to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, for use on that date.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about the earliest celebrations. In settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, corporations (town governments) provided music and artillery salutes. <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> celebrated 5 November 1607 with 106 pounds (48 kg) of gunpowder and 14 pounds (6.4 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">match</a>, and three years later food and drink was provided for local dignitaries, as well as music, explosions, and a parade by the local militia. Even less is known of how the occasion was first commemorated by the general public, although records indicate that in the Protestant stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a> a sermon was read, the church bells rung, and bonfires and fireworks lit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_significance">Early significance</h3></div> <p>According to historian and author <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, a study of the earliest sermons preached demonstrates an anti-Catholic concentration "mystical in its fervour".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delivering one of five 5 November sermons printed in <i>A Mappe of Rome</i> in 1612, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(priest,_1576%E2%80%931633)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (priest, 1576–1633)">Thomas Taylor</a> spoke of the "generality of his [a papist's] cruelty", which had been "almost without bounds".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such messages were also spread in printed works such as Francis Herring's <i>Pietas Pontifica</i> (republished in 1610 as <i>Popish Piety</i>), and John Rhode's <i>A Brief Summe of the Treason intended against the King & State</i>, which in 1606 sought to educate "the simple and ignorant ... that they be not seduced any longer by papists".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1620s the Fifth was honoured in market towns and villages across the country, though it was some years before it was commemorated throughout England. Gunpowder Treason Day, as it was then known, became the predominant English state commemoration. Some parishes made the day a festive occasion, with public drinking and solemn processions. Concerned though about James's pro-Spanish foreign policy, the decline of international Protestantism, and Catholicism in general, Protestant clergymen who recognised the day's significance called for more dignified and profound thanksgivings each 5 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Cressyp73_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressyp73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huttonpp394395_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonpp394395-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What unity English Protestants had shared in the plot's immediate aftermath began to fade when in 1625 James's son, the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, married the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a>. Puritans reacted to the marriage by issuing a new prayer to warn against rebellion and Catholicism, and on 5 November that year, effigies of the pope and the devil were burnt, the earliest such report of this practice and the beginning of centuries of tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Charles's reign Gunpowder Treason Day became increasingly partisan. Between 1629 and 1640 he ruled without Parliament, and he seemed to support <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism</a>, regarded by Puritans such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burton_(theologian)" title="Henry Burton (theologian)">Henry Burton</a> as a step toward Catholicism. By 1636, under the leadership of the Arminian Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, the English church was trying to use 5 November to denounce all seditious practices, and not just popery.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puritans went on the defensive, some pressing for further <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">reformation</a> of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Cressyp73_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressyp73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg/260px-Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg/390px-Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg/520px-Lewes_photograph_by_heather_buckley_from_flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Revellers in <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, 5 November 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Bonfire Night, as it was occasionally known,<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp395-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assumed a new fervour during the events leading up to the <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">English Interregnum</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a> disputed their interpretations, <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> began to uncover or fear new Catholic plots. Preaching before the House of Commons on 5 November 1644, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herle" title="Charles Herle">Charles Herle</a> claimed that Papists were tunnelling "from Oxford, Rome, Hell, to Westminster, and there to blow up, if possible, the better foundations of your houses, their liberties and privileges".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A display in 1647 at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> commemorated "God's great mercy in delivering this kingdom from the hellish plots of papists", and included fireballs burning in the water (symbolising a Catholic association with "<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">infernal spirits</a>") and fireboxes, their many rockets suggestive of "popish spirits coming from below" to enact plots against the king. Effigies of Fawkes and the pope were present, the latter represented by <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, Roman god of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Charles I's execution in 1649, the country's new republican regime remained undecided on how to treat 5 November. Unlike the old system of religious feasts and State anniversaries, it survived, but as a celebration of parliamentary government and Protestantism, and not of monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp395-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly the day was still marked by bonfires and miniature explosives, but formal celebrations resumed only with the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> became king. Courtiers, <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> followed the official line, that the event marked God's preservation of the English throne, but generally the celebrations became more diverse. By 1670 <a href="/wiki/London_apprentices" class="mw-redirect" title="London apprentices">London apprentices</a> had turned 5 November into a fire festival, attacking not only popery but also "sobriety and good order",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demanding money from coach occupants for alcohol and bonfires. The burning of effigies, largely unknown to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued in 1673 when Charles's brother, the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke of York</a>, converted to Catholicism. In response, accompanied by a procession of about 1,000 people, the apprentices fired an effigy of the <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a>, bedecked with a range of papal symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar scenes occurred over the following few years. On 17 November 1677, anti-Catholic fervour saw the <a href="/wiki/Accession_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession Day">Accession Day</a> marked by the burning of a large effigy of the pope – his belly filled with live cats "who squalled most hideously as soon as they felt the fire" – and two effigies of devils "whispering in his ear". Two years later, as the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion Bill">exclusion crisis</a> reached its zenith, an observer noted that "the 5th at night, being gunpowder treason, there were many bonfires and burning of popes as has ever been seen". Violent scenes in 1682 forced London's militia into action, and to prevent any repetition the following year a proclamation was issued, banning bonfires and fireworks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fireworks were also banned under <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> (previously the Duke of York), who became king in 1685. Attempts by the government to tone down Gunpowder Treason Day celebrations were, however, largely unsuccessful, and some reacted to a ban on bonfires in London (born from a fear of more burnings of the pope's effigy) by placing candles in their windows, "as a witness against Catholicism".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When James was deposed in 1688 by <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> – who, importantly, landed in England on 5 November – the day's events turned also to the celebration of freedom and religion, with elements of anti-<a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>. While the earlier ban on bonfires was politically motivated, a ban on fireworks was maintained for safety reasons, "much mischief having been done by <a href="/wiki/Squib_(explosive)" title="Squib (explosive)">squibs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp395-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guy_Fawkes_Day">Guy Fawkes Day</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg/220px-Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg/330px-Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg/440px-Punch_guy_fawkes_pope_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>The restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in 1850 provoked a strong reaction. This sketch is from an issue of <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a>, printed in November that year.</figcaption></figure> <p>William III's birthday fell on 4 November,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for orthodox <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a> the two days therefore became an important double anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William ordered that the thanksgiving service for 5 November be amended to include thanks for his "happy arrival" and "the Deliverance of our Church and Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1690s he re-established Protestant rule in Ireland, and the Fifth, occasionally marked by the ringing of church bells and civic dinners, was consequently eclipsed by his birthday commemorations. From the 19th century, 5 November celebrations there became <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> in nature. (Its celebration in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> remains controversial, unlike in Scotland where bonfires continue to be lit in various cities.)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England though, as one of 49 official holidays, for the ruling class 5 November became overshadowed by events such as the birthdays of <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a>, and under <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Rising of 1745">Jacobite Rising of 1745</a>, it was largely "a polite entertainment rather than an occasion for vitriolic thanksgiving".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the lower classes, however, the anniversary was a chance to pit disorder against order, a pretext for violence and uncontrolled revelry. In 1790 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> reported instances of children "begging for money for Guy Faux",<sup id="cite_ref-Cressypp7980_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressypp7980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a report of 4 November 1802 described how "a set of idle fellows ... with some horrid figure dressed up as a <i>Guy Faux</i>" were convicted of begging and receiving money, and committed to prison as "idle and disorderly persons".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fifth became "a polysemous occasion, replete with polyvalent cross-referencing, meaning all things to all men".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower class rioting continued, with reports in <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> of annual rioting, intimidation of "respectable householders"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rolling through the streets of lit tar barrels. In <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, gangs of revellers who called themselves "guys" terrorised the local population; proceedings were concerned more with the settling of old arguments and general mayhem, than any historical reminiscences.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar problems arose in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, originally the scene of more traditional celebrations. In 1831 an effigy was burnt of the new <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter" title="Bishop of Exeter">Bishop of Exeter</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Phillpotts" title="Henry Phillpotts">Henry Phillpotts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a> who opposed <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">parliamentary reform</a>, and who was also suspected of being involved in "creeping popery". A local ban on fireworks in 1843 was largely ignored, and attempts by the authorities to suppress the celebrations resulted in violent protests and several injured constables.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_(1464584).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg/220px-Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg/330px-Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg/440px-Plant_y_Bontnewydd_Caernarfon_yn_casglu_i%27r_%27Guy%27_%27_%281464584%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>A group of children in <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a>, November 1962, stand with their Guy Fawkes effigy. The sign reads "Penny for the Guy" in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On several occasions during the 19th century <i>The Times</i> reported that the tradition was in decline, being "of late years almost forgotten", but in the opinion of historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cressy" title="David Cressy">David Cressy</a>, such reports reflected "other <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> trends", including a lessening of Protestant religious zeal—not general observance of the Fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-Cressypp7980_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressypp7980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil unrest brought about by the union of the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1800 resulted in Parliament passing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>, which afforded Catholics greater civil rights, continuing the process of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> in the two kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional denunciations of Catholicism had been in decline since the early 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were thought by many, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, to be outdated,<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp401_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp401-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the pope's <a href="/wiki/Universalis_Ecclesiae" title="Universalis Ecclesiae">restoration in 1850</a> of the English Catholic hierarchy gave renewed significance to 5 November, as demonstrated by the burnings of effigies of the new Catholic Archbishop of Westminster <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a>, and the pope. At <a href="/wiki/Farringdon_Market" title="Farringdon Market">Farringdon Market</a> 14 effigies were processed from the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> and over <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, while extensive demonstrations were held throughout the suburbs of London.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effigies of the 12 new English Catholic bishops were paraded through Exeter, already the scene of severe public disorder on each anniversary of the Fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, however, such scenes became less popular. With little resistance in Parliament, the thanksgiving prayer of 5 November contained in the Anglican <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> was abolished, and in March 1859 the <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_Days_Observance_Act_1859" title="Anniversary Days Observance Act 1859">Anniversary Days Observance Act</a> repealed the <a href="/wiki/Observance_of_5th_November_Act_1605" title="Observance of 5th November Act 1605">Observance of 5th November Act 1605</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the authorities dealt with the worst excesses, public decorum was gradually restored. The sale of fireworks was restricted,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Guildford "guys" were neutralized in 1865, although this was too late for one constable, who died of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp401_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp401-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence continued in Exeter for some years, peaking in 1867 when, incensed by rising <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and banned from firing their customary bonfire, a mob was twice in one night driven from <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Exeter" title="St Martin's Church, Exeter">Cathedral Close</a> by armed infantry. Further riots occurred in 1879, but there were no more bonfires in Cathedral Close after 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/Mischief_night" class="mw-redirect" title="Mischief night">sporadic instances</a> of public disorder persisted late into the 20th century, accompanied by large numbers of firework-related accidents, but a national <a href="/wiki/Firework_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Firework Code">Firework Code</a> and improved public safety has in most cases brought an end to such things.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs,_Guys_and_later_developments"><span id="Songs.2C_Guys_and_later_developments"></span>Songs, Guys and later developments</h3></div> <p>One notable aspect of the Victorians' commemoration of Guy Fawkes Night was its move away from the centres of communities, to their margins. Gathering wood for the bonfire increasingly became the province of working-class children, who solicited combustible materials, money, food and drink from wealthier neighbours, often with the aid of songs. Most opened with the familiar "Remember, remember, the fifth of November, Gunpowder Treason and Plot".<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp43_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp43-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest recorded rhyme, from 1742, is reproduced below alongside one bearing similarities to most Guy Fawkes Night ditties, recorded in 1903 at <a href="/wiki/Charlton_on_Otmoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlton on Otmoor">Charlton on Otmoor</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;margin-left:3em;"><div style="min-width:25em; break-inside:avoid;" class="poem"> <p>Don't you Remember,<br /> The Fifth of November,<br /> 'Twas Gunpowder Treason Day,<br /> I let off my gun,<br /> And made'em all run.<br /> And Stole all their Bonfire away. (1742)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div style="min-width:25em; break-inside:avoid;" class="poem"> <p>The fifth of November, since I can remember,<br /> Was Guy Faux, Poke him in the eye,<br /> Shove him up the chimney-pot, and there let him die.<br /> A stick and a stake, for King George's sake,<br /> If you don't give me one, I'll take two,<br /> The better for me, and the worse for you,<br /> Ricket-a-racket your hedges shall go. (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp43_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp43-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg/220px-6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg/330px-6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg/440px-6_november_bonfire_from_flickr_user_sjnikon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Spectators gather around a bonfire at <a href="/wiki/Himley_Hall" title="Himley Hall">Himley Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>, on 6 November 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Organised entertainments also became popular in the late 19th century, and 20th-century pyrotechnic manufacturers renamed Guy Fawkes Day as Firework Night. Sales of fireworks dwindled somewhat during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but resumed in the following peace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> celebrations were again suspended, resuming in November 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many families, Guy Fawkes Night became a domestic celebration, and children often congregated on street corners, accompanied by their own effigy of Guy Fawkes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharpep157_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpep157-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was sometimes ornately dressed and sometimes a barely recognisable bundle of rags stuffed with whatever filling was suitable. A survey found that in 1981 about 23 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> schoolchildren made Guys, sometimes weeks before the event. Collecting money was a popular reason for their creation, the children taking their effigy from door to door, or displaying it on street corners. But mainly, they were built to go on the bonfire, itself sometimes comprising wood stolen from other pyres—"an acceptable convention" that helped bolster another November tradition, <a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night" title="Mischief Night">Mischief Night</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rival gangs competed to see who could build the largest, sometimes even burning the wood collected by their opponents; in 1954 the <i><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a></i> reported on fires late in September, a situation that forced the authorities to remove latent piles of wood for safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lately, however, the custom of begging for a "penny for the Guy" has almost completely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharpep157_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpep157-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, some older customs still survive; in <a href="/wiki/Ottery_St_Mary" title="Ottery St Mary">Ottery St Mary</a> residents run through the streets carrying flaming tar barrels,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since 1679 Lewes has been the setting of some of England's most extravagant 5 November celebrations, the <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Bonfire" title="Lewes Bonfire">Lewes Bonfire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Generally, modern 5 November celebrations are run by local charities and other organisations, with paid admission and controlled access. In 1998 an editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i> called for the end of "Bonfire Night", labelling it "an offensive act".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kettle" title="Martin Kettle">Martin Kettle</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2003, bemoaned an "occasionally nannyish" attitude to fireworks that discourages people from holding firework displays in their back gardens, and an "unduly sensitive attitude" toward the anti-Catholic sentiment once so prominent on Guy Fawkes Night.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Cressy summarised the modern celebration with these words: "The rockets go higher and burn with more colour, but they have less and less to do with memories of the Fifth of November ... it might be observed that Guy Fawkes' Day is finally declining, having lost its connection with politics and religion. But we have heard that many times before."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In 2012 the BBC's Tom de Castella concluded: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's probably not a case of Bonfire Night decline, but rather a shift in priorities ... there are new trends in the bonfire ritual. Guy Fawkes masks have proved popular and some of the more quirky bonfire societies have replaced the Guy with effigies of celebrities in the news—including <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Balotelli" title="Mario Balotelli">Mario Balotelli</a>—and even politicians. The emphasis has moved. The bonfire with a Guy on top—indeed the whole story of the Gunpowder Plot—has been marginalised. But the spectacle remains.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_other_customs">Similarities with other customs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg/220px-Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg/330px-Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg/440px-Wakefield_Fireworks_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4454" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Spectators watch a fireworks display in November 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have noted similarities with <a href="/wiki/All_Hallows%27_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="All Hallows' Eve">All Hallows' Eve</a> (31 October), the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> festival of <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a> (1 November), and <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">Martinmas</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (11 November), and have suggested that Guy Fawkes Night served as a Protestant replacement for these. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, the Scottish anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> suggested that Guy Fawkes Day exemplifies "the recrudescence of old customs in modern shapes". <a href="/wiki/David_Underdown" title="David Underdown">David Underdown</a>, writing in his 1987 work <i>Revel, Riot, and Rebellion</i>, viewed Gunpowder Treason Day as a replacement for Hallowe'en: "just as the early church had taken over many of the pagan feasts, so did Protestants acquire their own rituals, adapting older forms or providing substitutes for them".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the use of bonfires to mark the occasion was most likely taken from the ancient practice of lighting celebratory bonfires, the idea that the commemoration of 5 November 1605 ever originated from anything other than the safety of James I is, according to David Cressy, "speculative nonsense".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing Cressy's work, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> agrees with his conclusion, writing, "There is, in brief, nothing to link the Hallowe'en fires of North Wales, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Man</a>, and central Scotland with those which appeared in England upon 5 November."<sup id="cite_ref-Huttonp394_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp394-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further confusion arises in Northern Ireland, where some communities celebrate Guy Fawkes Night; the distinction there between the Fifth and Halloween is not always clear.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite such disagreements, in 2005 <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a> commented on the encroachment into British culture of late 20th-century American Hallowe'en celebrations, and their effect on Guy Fawkes Night: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nowadays, family bonfire gatherings are much less popular, and many once-large civic celebrations have been given up because of increasingly intrusive health and safety regulations. But 5 November has also been overtaken by a popular festival that barely existed when I was growing up, and that is Halloween ... Britain is not the Protestant nation it was when I was young: it is now a multi-faith society. And the Americanised Halloween is sweeping all before it—a vivid reminder of just how powerfully American culture and American consumerism can be transported across the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Northern Ireland, bonfires are lit on the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Night" title="Eleventh Night">Eleventh Night</a> (11 July) by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a>. Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Santino" title="Jack Santino">Jack Santino</a> notes that the Eleventh Night is "thematically similar to Guy Fawkes Night in that it celebrates the establishment and maintenance of the Protestant state".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another celebration involving fireworks, the five-day <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (normally observed between mid-October and November), in 2010 began on 5 November. This led <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> to comment on the similarities between the two, its reporter Kevin Rawlinson wondering "which fireworks will burn brightest".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg/170px-South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg/255px-South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg/340px-South_end_forever_North_end_forever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="4249" /></a><figcaption>1768 colonial American commemoration of 5 November 1605</figcaption></figure> <p>Gunpowder Treason Day was exported by settlers to colonies around the world, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and various Caribbean nations.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (founded as a British <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> in 1788)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saw at least one instance of the parading and burning of a Guy Fawkes effigy in 1805,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 1833, four years after its founding,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> listed Gunpowder Treason Day as a public holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, Guy Fawkes Night had become less common in Australia, with the event simply an occasion to set off fireworks with little connection to Guy Fawkes. Mostly they were set off annually on a night called "cracker night," which would include the lighting of bonfires. Some states had their fireworks night or "cracker night" at different times of the year, with some being let off on 5 November, but most often, they were let off on the Queen's birthday. After a range of injuries to children involving fireworks, fireworks nights and the sale of fireworks was banned in all states and territories except the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> by the early 1980s, which saw the end of cracker night.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some measure of celebration remains in New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, Guy Fawkes day has become associated with youth <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada in the 21st century, celebrations of Bonfire Night on 5 November are largely confined to the province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is still marked in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, but a fireworks ban by <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> during the 1990s reduced its popularity in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America the commemoration was at first paid scant attention, but the arrest of two boys caught lighting bonfires on 5 November 1662 in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> suggests, in historian James Sharpe's view, that "an underground tradition of commemorating the Fifth existed".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of North America it was known as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Night" title="Pope Night">Pope Night</a>, celebrated mainly in colonial <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a>, but also as far south as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>. In Boston, founded in 1630 by Puritan settlers, an early celebration was held in 1685, the same year that James II assumed the throne. Fifty years later, again in Boston, a local minister wrote "a Great number of people went over to <a href="/wiki/South_Boston#History" title="South Boston">Dorchester neck</a> where at night they made a Great Bonfire and plaid off many fireworks", although the day ended in tragedy when "4 young men coming home in a Canoe were all Drowned". Ten years later the raucous celebrations were the cause of considerable annoyance to the upper classes and a special Riot Act was passed, to prevent "riotous tumultuous and disorderly assemblies of more than three persons, all or any of them armed with Sticks, Clubs or any kind of weapons, or disguised with vizards, or painted or discolored faces, or in any manner disguised, having any kind of imagery or pageantry, in any street, lane, or place in Boston". With inadequate resources, however, Boston's authorities were powerless to enforce the Act. In the 1740s gang violence became common, with groups of Boston residents battling for the honour of burning the pope's effigy. But by the mid-1760s these riots had subsided, and as colonial America moved towards <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">revolution</a>, the class rivalries featured during Pope Day gave way to anti-British sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In author <a href="/wiki/Alfred_F._Young" title="Alfred F. Young">Alfred Young</a>'s view, Pope Day provided the "scaffolding, symbolism, and leadership" for resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> in 1764–65, forgoing previous gang rivalries in favour of unified resistance to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage in 1774 of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, which guaranteed French Canadians free practice of Catholicism in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>, provoked complaints from some Americans that the British were introducing "Popish principles and French law".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such fears were bolstered by opposition from the Church in Europe to American independence, threatening a revival of Pope Day.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting in 1775, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was less than impressed by the thought of any such resurrections, forbidding any under his command from participating:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the Commander in Chief has been apprized of a design form'd for the observance of that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope—He cannot help expressing his surprise that there should be Officers and Soldiers in this army so void of common sense, as not to see the impropriety of such a step at this Juncture; at a Time when we are solliciting, and have really obtain'd, the friendship and alliance of the people of Canada, whom we ought to consider as Brethren embarked in the same Cause. The defence of the general Liberty of America: At such a juncture, and in such Circumstances, to be insulting their Religion, is so monstrous, as not to be suffered or excused; indeed instead of offering the most remote insult, it is our duty to address public thanks to these our Brethren, as to them we are so much indebted for every late happy Success over the common Enemy in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The tradition continued in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a> as late as 1817,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was still observed in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 18th century, effigies of prominent figures such as two <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Ministers</a> of Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Earl of Bute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a>, and the American traitor General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, were also burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s bonfires were still being lit in some New England coastal towns, although no longer to commemorate the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. In the area around <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, stacks of barrels were burnt on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> eve, which after 1845 was a Tuesday early in November.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_toffee" title="Bonfire toffee">Bonfire toffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot_in_popular_culture" title="Gunpowder Plot in popular culture">Gunpowder Plot in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_penny" title="Push penny">Push penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Bonfire_Societies" title="Sussex Bonfire Societies">Sussex Bonfire Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Carnival" title="West Country Carnival">West Country Carnival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nationally, effigies of Fawkes were subsequently joined by those of contemporary hate figures such as the pope, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultan of Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">tsar of Russia</a> and the Irish leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>. In 1899 an effigy of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> was burnt at <a href="/wiki/Ticehurst" title="Ticehurst">Ticehurst</a>, and during the 20th century effigies of militant <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> were similarly burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, following <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_aggression_against_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian aggression against Ukraine">Russian aggression against Ukraine</a>, effigies of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> were burned.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, pp. 351–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonMears2021" class="citation cs2">Williamson, Philip; Mears, Natalie (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/31800/1/31800.pdf">"Jame I and Gunpowder Treason Day"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Historical Journal</i>, <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">185–</span>210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X20000497">10.1017/S0018246X20000497</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228920584">228920584</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Jame+I+and+Gunpowder+Treason+Day&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228920584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X20000497&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Mears%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F31800%2F1%2F31800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2005" class="citation cs2">Bond, Edward L. (2005), <i>Spreading the gospel in colonial Virginia'<span></span></i>, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, p. 93</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+the+gospel+in+colonial+Virginia%27&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Colonial+Williamsburg+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cressyp73-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cressyp73_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cressyp73_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huttonpp394395-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huttonpp394395_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2001">Hutton 2001</a>, pp. 394–395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 83–84; <a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, pp. 356–357; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicholls, Mark (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/92749">"The Gunpowder Plot"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92749">10.1093/ref:odnb/92749</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gunpowder+Plot&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Ftheme%2F92749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithnall2014" class="citation cs2">Withnall, Adam (6 November 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/vladimir-putin-effigies-burned-at-lewes-bonfire-night-as-the-new-cold-war-starts-to-heat-up-9843421.html">"Vladimir Putin effigies burned at Lewes Bonfire Night as the 'new cold war' starts to heat up"</a>, <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Putin+effigies+burned+at+Lewes+Bonfire+Night+as+the+%27new+cold+war%27+starts+to+heat+up&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Withnall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fvladimir-putin-effigies-burned-at-lewes-bonfire-night-as-the-new-cold-war-starts-to-heat-up-9843421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huttonp395-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp395_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2001">Hutton 2001</a>, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 98–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2001">Hutton 2001</a>, p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt2006">Pratt 2006</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwoerer1990" class="citation cs2">Schwoerer, Lois G. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Glorious+Revolution%2C+1689%E2%80%931989&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4050254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4050254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwoerer&rft.aufirst=Lois+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2003" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Nicholas (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC"><i>Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</i></a>, Oxford University 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class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cressypp7980_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cressypp7980_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/465/752/94416257w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS51520356&dyn=11!xrn_5_0_CS51520356&hst_1?sw_aep=mclib">"The great annoyance occasioned to the public by a set of idle fellows"</a>, <i>The Times</i>, vol. D, no. 5557, p. 3, 4 November 1802 – via infotrac.galegroup.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+great+annoyance+occasioned+to+the+public+by+a+set+of+idle+fellows&rft.volume=D&rft.issue=5557&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1802-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F465%2F752%2F94416257w16%2Fpurl%3Drc1_TTDA_0_CS51520356%26dyn%3D11%21xrn_5_0_CS51520356%26hst_1%3Fsw_aep%3Dmclib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 76–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 157–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huttonp401-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp401_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp401_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2001">Hutton 2001</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 2005</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressy1992">Cressy 1992</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 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href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukgEAAAAMBAJ">"Guy Fawkes' Day"</a>, <i>Life</i>, vol. 19, no. 24, Time Inc, p. 43, 10 December 1945, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Guy+Fawkes%27+Day&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1945-12-10&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukgEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpep157-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharpep157_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharpep157_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2005">Sharpe 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H.", <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>, <b>5</b> (19), American Folklore Society: <span class="nowrap">335–</span>336, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F533252">10.2307/533252</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/533252">533252</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Pope+Night+in+Portsmouth%2C+N.+H.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1892-10%2F1892-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F533252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F533252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Albee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2005">Fraser 2005</a>, p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggleston1885" class="citation cs2">Eggleston, Edward (July 1885), "Social Life in the Colonies", <i>The Century; a popular quarterly</i>, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 400</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Century%3B+a+popular+quarterly&rft.atitle=Social+Life+in+the+Colonies&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=400&rft.date=1885-07&rft.aulast=Eggleston&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1859" class="citation cs2">Anon (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHoDAAAAQAAJ"><i>The law journal for the year 1832–1949</i></a>, vol. XXXVII, E. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+anatomy+of+national+fantasy%3A+Hawthorne%2C+Utopia%2C+and+everyday+life&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04377-7&rft.aulast=Berlant&rft.aufirst=Lauren+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtRC6wAGeGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohstedt2010" class="citation cs2">Bohstedt, John (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ECGpVNxdzDIC"><i>The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, C. 1550–1850</i></a>, Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6581-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-6581-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Provisions%3A+Food+Riots%2C+Moral+Economy%2C+and+Market+Transition+in+England%2C+C.+1550%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6581-6&rft.aulast=Bohstedt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DECGpVNxdzDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2005" class="citation cs2">Champion, Justin (2005), "5, Bonfire Night in Lewes", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAPeYLg0clUC"><i>Gunpowder Plots: A Celebration of 400 Years of Bonfire Night</i></a>, Penguin UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190933-2"><bdi>978-0-14-190933-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%2C+Bonfire+Night+in+Lewes&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+Plots%3A+A+Celebration+of+400+Years+of+Bonfire+Night&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190933-2&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAPeYLg0clUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressy1992" class="citation cs2">Cressy, David (1992), "The Fifth of November Remembered", in Roy Porter (ed.), <i>Myths of the English</i>, Polity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0844-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0844-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-0844-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fifth+of+November+Remembered&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+English&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0844-0&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation cs2">Davis, John Paul (2010), <i>Pity for the Guy: A Biography of Guy Fawkes</i>, Peter Owen Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1349-0"><bdi>978-0-7206-1349-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pity+for+the+Guy%3A+A+Biography+of+Guy+Fawkes&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-1349-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (2005) [1996], <i>The Gunpowder Plot</i>, Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1401-7"><bdi>978-0-7538-1401-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Plot&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1401-7&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs1990" class="citation cs2">Fuchs, Lawrence H. (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xakunwEACAAJ"><i>The American kaleidoscope: race, ethnicity, and the civic culture</i></a>, Wesleyan University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6250-0"><bdi>978-0-8195-6250-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+kaleidoscope%3A+race%2C+ethnicity%2C+and+the+civic+culture&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6250-0&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxakunwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WhvTFmRDCQC"><i>The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain</i></a> (reprinted, illustrated ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285448-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+stations+of+the+sun%3A+a+history+of+the+ritual+year+in+Britain&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285448-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WhvTFmRDCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2009" class="citation cs2">Kaufman, Jason Andrew (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC6piY4KaLQC"><i>The origins of Canadian and American political differences</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03136-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03136-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Canadian+and+American+political+differences&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03136-4&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Jason+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC6piY4KaLQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpie1961" class="citation cs2">Opie, Iona and Peter (1961), <i>The Language and Lore of Schoolchildren</i>, Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+and+Lore+of+Schoolchildren&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Iona+and+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link 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Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3046-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3046-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-3046-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Southey+and+the+contexts+of+English+Romanticism&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3046-3&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVgRKr24Hu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation cs2">Sharpe, J. 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(2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYYSKgMpAxIC"><i>Remember, remember: a cultural history of Guy Fawkes Day</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01935-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01935-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remember%2C+remember%3A+a+cultural+history+of+Guy+Fawkes+Day&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01935-5&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYYSKgMpAxIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2001" class="citation cs2">Tager, Jack (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yq74VlJNyQoC"><i>Boston riots: three centuries of social violence</i></a>, University Press of New England, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-461-5"><bdi>978-1-55553-461-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+riots%3A+three+centuries+of+social+violence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-461-5&rft.aulast=Tager&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYq74VlJNyQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderdown1987" class="citation cs2">Underdown, David (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFeBBhZU_wMC"><i>Revel, riot, and rebellion: popular politics and culture in England 1603–1660</i></a> (reprinted, illustrated ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285193-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285193-4"><bdi>0-19-285193-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revel%2C+riot%2C+and+rebellion%3A+popular+politics+and+culture+in+England+1603%E2%80%931660&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-285193-4&rft.aulast=Underdown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFeBBhZU_wMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1999" class="citation cs2">Young, Alfred F (1999), <i>The shoemaker and the tea party memory and the American Revolution</i>, Boston, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7142-7"><bdi>978-0-8070-7142-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shoemaker+and+the+tea+party+memory+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Boston&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7142-7&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alfred+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Guy Fawkes Night</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guy_Fawkes_Night" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Guy Fawkes Night">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Guy_Fawkes_Night" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Guy Fawkes Night">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" class="extiw" title="q:Guy Fawkes">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>For information on Pope Day as it was observed in Boston, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://display.5thofnovember.us/"><i>5th of November in Boston</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bostonian_Society" title="The Bostonian Society">The Bostonian Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5th+of+November+in+Boston&rft.pub=The+Bostonian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisplay.5thofnovember.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For information on Bonfires in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mun.ca/cdm4/description.php?phpReturn=browse.php&cisoroot=ich_bonfire"><i>Bonfire Night</i></a>, collections.mun.ca</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonfire+Night&rft.pub=collections.mun.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mun.ca%2Fcdm4%2Fdescription.php%3FphpReturn%3Dbrowse.php%26cisoroot%3Dich_bonfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>To read further on England's tradition of Protestant holidays, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cressy, David (1989), <i>Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06940-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06940-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonfires+and+Bells%3A+National+Memory+and+the+Protestant+Calendar+in+Elizabethan+and+Stuart+England&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06940-4&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span>. Cressy covers the same topic in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cressy, David (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAB4sd2nFyMC&pg=PA61">"National Memory in Early Modern England"</a>, in John R. Gillis (ed.), <i>Commemorations – The Politics of National Identity</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02925-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02925-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02925-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Memory+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.btitle=Commemorations+%E2%80%93+The+Politics+of+National+Identity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02925-2&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAB4sd2nFyMC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For anecdotal evidence of the origins of Guy Fawkes Night as celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> in the 1950s, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Crowley, Daniel J. (July 1958), "158. Guy Fawkes Day at Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas", <i>Man</i>, <b>58</b>, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2796328">10.2307/2796328</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2796328">2796328</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=158.+Guy+Fawkes+Day+at+Fresh+Creek%2C+Andros+Island%2C+Bahamas&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1958-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2796328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2796328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A short history of Guy Fawkes celebrations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Etherington, Jim (1993), <i>Lewes Bonfire Night</i>, SB Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85770-050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85770-050-3"><bdi>978-1-85770-050-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewes+Bonfire+Night&rft.pub=SB+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85770-050-3&rft.aulast=Etherington&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gINIcjmpvOUC"><i>History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War 1603–1642 (8)</i></a>, BiblioBazaar, LLC, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-115-26650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-115-26650-5"><bdi>978-1-115-26650-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+I.+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+Civil+War+1603%E2%80%931642+%288%29&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-115-26650-5&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Rawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgINIcjmpvOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For comments regarding the observance of the custom in the Caribbean, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Newall, Venetia (Spring 1975), "Black Britain: The Jamaicans and Their Folklore", <i>Folklore</i>, <b>86</b> (1), Taylor & Francis, on behalf of Folklore Enterprises: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>41, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1975.9715997">10.1080/0015587X.1975.9715997</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1259683">1259683</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Black+Britain%3A+The+Jamaicans+and+Their+Folklore&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1975.9715997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1259683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newall&rft.aufirst=Venetia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A study of the political and social changes that affected Guy Fawkes Night: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Paz, D. G. (1990), "Bonfire Night in Mid Victorian Northamptonshire: the Politics of a Popular Revel", <i>Historical Research</i>, <b>63</b> (152): <span class="nowrap">316–</span>328, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1990.tb00892.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.1990.tb00892.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Bonfire+Night+in+Mid+Victorian+Northamptonshire%3A+the+Politics+of+a+Popular+Revel&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=152&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1990.tb00892.x&rft.aulast=Paz&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuy+Fawkes+Night" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%">Original plotters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Catesby" title="Robert Catesby">Robert Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Christopher_Wright" title="John and Christopher Wright">John Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Thomas_Wintour" title="Robert and Thomas Wintour">Thomas Wintour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(Gunpowder_Plot)" title="Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot)">Thomas Percy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keyes" title="Robert Keyes">Robert Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bates" title="Thomas Bates">Thomas Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Christopher_Wright" title="John and Christopher Wright">Christopher Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grant_(Gunpowder_Plot)" title="John Grant (Gunpowder Plot)">John Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_and_Thomas_Wintour" title="Robert and Thomas Wintour">Robert Wintour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Rookwood" title="Ambrose Rookwood">Ambrose Rokewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everard_Digby" title="Everard Digby">Everard Digby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tresham" title="Francis Tresham">Francis Tresham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot_in_popular_culture" title="Gunpowder Plot in popular culture">Gunpowder Plot in popular culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guy Fawkes Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_mask" title="Guy Fawkes mask">Guy Fawkes mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_Night" title="Bonfire Night">Bonfire Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker,_4th_Baron_Monteagle" title="William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle">William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle</a> (informer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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