CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133cbb9ffedfd37',cH: 'mniOB6pJsl.4ilyk1HJJnK7qBuO9wBQ.r.6VIydfASc-1739774529-1.2.1.1-HuNdvDIKo9haTVKeJyTtqs2SUJxCnybY5rM0KFLjOrEL7VC173wSxLVYS8El_m6j',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20transformation&__cf_chl_tk=vwPya2eeUEe0mF1zqmssaZYaIw6kq_ZSi51xNC2yyXI-1739774529-1.0.1.1-Gbi1xyI2XHXZ8zFILP4LzK7QzW4acx8etZeNtngsMzQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739774529',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20transformation&__cf_chl_f_tk=vwPya2eeUEe0mF1zqmssaZYaIw6kq_ZSi51xNC2yyXI-1739774529-1.0.1.1-Gbi1xyI2XHXZ8zFILP4LzK7QzW4acx8etZeNtngsMzQ",md: "EIYrbi5CQxmb86exXKxo2Vz6gPshC8KtR8x5RhgskNU-1739774529-1.2.1.1-gKsp8uJbOKFgjAPTosSZoqQm8.JfmPMxDrol4kqg2EvAZgJZfJkektpnXxSXMF2LQgNxudJobtkBqXAVMwdKOv6VblvsXkvNlwYQOqBswd_De0xPy0VknWVL6rZh6.S0NBFnWwdwFLwOqukoG866HA2HLm9dSoSkPCrSMkmBOEtTfwyYhRRN3RqjWEE8nsB_LavQ8ByQCnZPNJt0G2rI4dkCg5Wt7hV3DiO41IROZppcioyV4uGZAuIRcteSBEpmYTpHP3AGadjp._EkFqrZVxFUNkcYx_cpQgCLwdkD_GcSoPkff4AIerNHWB0foawzPeSALhY8IuhK5xxThsFd12Sk4pCC5pz5YnQ4ftORp3U1_fCZxvRENmQiMGOgkEkMUraEkDsKXU0MkVNhAf4oRwAQ5TbFaqqmSwudbQy5KT1lIJ7tmHhkoyIi99uL_609KsrRnewj2obeYL.ynVl9XqmGKMmal5JmTiKx_ySKU1OmcSlnSoGXC97uEZUEB2BxQM1QyhzaAJogTXsYnk7rli4R98LgubnsU7c0ncWLqOoTtYecDuOnsFM_KS2l6emRBocmOT.dR30Bkbqg99JJpMCg6Mw8DRuG1LashNXO2MwjS8r7HyngZAclkViWBKMBKl0MhgkODP0TSpm.ssIx6Hyyn.mBybjPlO0CAbP6zStgC9MHtMaNv5rB4msayg_3NVv2y64zZ6yr..tV0olKPavSu53rNMo0lQp729oXlBQqynNRA6SLIymT0yU6GWJLkchI6wGAUuUesNBFMykk0mGgU2jLa5PWaHw5hUIExZV7JaFvRq9SUe1LWZsn9CJajRZpEKtoQJ141.2IDvu9YhPDl8_UD9_rIJOTcP6AntDkaYkkYw4dJF6hDxaUdqcO0vTOh02Gub13Ejtuv5X7ofAqaGhfneiJs.cL0wmBWdHTV97qIxRmSYPYc1ChP0JQ3kxZGcV.6Erj04wh0ECJ6kt1HAg7miXYotqzBXbOZengwSRM8aecP8Ey8M0z_IfGZ9aSgPXnmbeQqsRhtjD5tYXIBorHHnvwAJPr4w2A5iq_ooyYFoQiQWbehb_ZYyImU94zrkmMnwb5klGpglTMoqDgXk_wr9OCtxz0oK2sYCjSN8ZMIo5ndOCl2MG5Jk7JlmWYl2wa.Bouef55pRVOqchw2BNQ2OydeFJOy.f6ZvYAP2ZO0czBsUf7w8I_SdEwjBaRBe9VOEkciZcm_21x2M0somVqiLjFyeqK_tBQHjwkKTuVCLY.LyxkRZusKzL3TQs2b1vvXHTQZoWAdRXhd6evVaNlQu7RcUGAULdKVjHRkSX1uoG5YY7kAyVYC_1xVGBxPokpB7CdRwRnmQ3_ajRQjKYioCTFKJL0MXisFDUdHXcJkbpsQtNneWofV4VGeBGkmFbZBXswwBtZ77O7S4rbZU0wBO_arFPAIz9w5Z2xRtPZsqj9Yc8PZ2ZKvUqZV0i9kG0ha7kudtsRq17FzbDm2V0hnm3IqHmQINsdMX2T7kTBLPB2_M66TU6Sm6.cNGfzbeCzP6hvxLfcHrfVYY5W1lXuTWzmwfRCKuVvSZv2Dy0HVKB2syzOJ7pSoSivZ3V1I_Y1XAG_ozh6VYKmLoyIy3n.uyoCg1MPPVijWsSNwssSSpR6SKsx.qSJuw40.pIYC8imdX.EWhTrQXWGJbNt8WDGKCmwtQuHRRIni4gr8teGDI_mLmNRXwSb1FabZFSenu7M2zwq3SDfK8WVxsVWGMUu6LeCwoutXazA839mDamhZ7V57GPugbldfbb2tnc_QF28a.UqYp7Amyf3qQSqCc5nQ4SttXLQJvImezJpQTDM6lDa7vwL7pWmMBLGTv5BSUlAtfXvc0YvBKa6AUIKeN8jM8MAxWb947QfYcHrwadB.gL50Di3n6DgSDncMszyCgyBnzPV23M4D7UGJqM4AfmLa5R.dILUqk8F9l2zkYDIUWnqWeKyLC51K5lm",mdrd: "e0Cp3udlMxR09Cc5ijCnIPEtMskg9z7kX.GT1fGc.hc-1739774529-1.2.1.1-CrfO4CJ0B49Bv_SE9pNZY2jUnjGprHZ.oI_vx_AzhzQuc.xZk2MqFIiiM4Ov2uZ29AOQOfmVpphWnQmugSByLBk4MO8Lyr6kyZh80WyqdbQlmzC5Q0Cf6Mc8G.6.rZ7RC4IMlEft5aVWBt_d0hGkC59x8QP3kcKluvgN1KMsCpCtQMr5fQILpcKbDeQKP1FhAmX5mupG8JOIpUnGkoimDmMqFDIWb8eFBGtRySXysO4ZTjD_L_VbImLKwG7PdXvvoRA189WeN5kd3PyQvjw1tbQkFOrhRgEf7o8_VMnGC4YlrGLKq00ytB0UDQu3AvXkixr_XZtyzv7TdcfD4fia1Y8dRU9QWsX0ECS7qGgryySbAbmXt2ak9FdYEzH6JOdJH8cCbSotHWGj_WFCWJxKUGvUF2EHM_Tk0c028NNI4xxMjcLXQ0CBlz7C8lYT2HYZyKRo8urOSgtIOveJrD_uFqYXuSyWw88.992RjLDK9LTjUa.Bsmnd.OHhmPqmSPBrUq3QoBYGI2wOzyoN0YlUf6AoWHoo0qRZilI6g3qRt2L5EZbwW0_TT844oCR8WXUZHeL3_pJIrCjvsrb0ViqqAmE_hHGiIeeyLkKE0h6ABhZ0EIXqK5eBgb50oeB3Aviedy90dr_w41t5BprjoEKBDKcf7nB0PAViLabmyZa3vq5aMYGCulE8Z2YlmZ2GmihLRsl2JVOJySNcr.Pg_lwhYQJlPIZamynk1vEHmfwuqCAG5gmYWnHkWdF9lrDKu5x8tkKp5NN2pqj8FkY_2gSOFL5nfgjJSZbkv8G4FOYK6WvRSqxVcJWzejdTZHYsjPlODcTJDPAKxRGXZdCgnTQVeqOrHFvNSRcHqlcX2K6LYGuAmELG00ssS912kH0.SwUDyi4rwziFnx3_PRLzcqe_ZtSMk8syiXzUYIDFJ8QRWC9dnKtENtZVFRnF5DZkYQAT3KlmhUz_V5JlcaIqN_SR_GJTcOXPEEVOIeZjJv9ujEOxq0idtsgx6skd_pPIsx56gXkaCNDaKN05yMkbEGYYUaRFdZ..h_0TIvpzxG1p16lkc4z2oOXrbpNiz9qXWYJA47YsJuRBJI64cgbOLUpwHRnvXluaGn9Vu7zBf_sayuX8fgPazFFqptL9yVtQHGGfuuERN52nQNuEXNsjRPnJXkUPqv7qaX3UVM8iLSUurQfZ0U57384ZC4fzWO6aCZ9I8o5oUI2t1MeaDs39lHoildmwL.XtaQDtnxhH1k_g6rCUmmwk2RNSX7z.fMaYd.zwvJuGJgPeB90DZ5b07S0azTwpaIkdHzyZQIDdEJ5FHvxEnsUSH8THiRN2oa1paUmDpEbfQ923K3s_plp4y5VxxN9kU.TjtA9H2gsuJxRnc0DI4bCXljpzWoc5ynhtPxp4o7fPpYYYNXE_o3Y4Z_.FfMFldLR86w3_3f6dZjtqSG12sCaDMQuGKYGLx4UWIbbkC0CcTQmjQX3u.d.z_CxE9VuXZny7780EilZ.ihfpMvM87HnTjf53sipHUh5fPwZ6GcnkW54REqdNlPEsP5sIr080xXsXOn_SPk__TbCEhcL5u5D74RLMl2BhCvpAccR47WA5QROS8eO.74W7dxlnRZpaKIiOJV15xJSuBla5dM.KmHEFijSelSdAEbf1laFn8nBqXGH_VzgIHQ8BkZ0aLnw7Ul1MvMG4iDDz0FepXnVGmwkxEp.wbE1K8qGkrEb8HKH9aafobnVlVGS3d3T.TG50REPbGRQWCV1z6g2yldgenmFXgHcSXssji68C68_8sBw1xlcP7pScNx_zYmT21fatKKSDWaMX.Fn9BqyNWHG.5HPg_2gQxCtLMjgP3saUfQH1eZSxY0IiqpMKwjqk20QL_4AwUD.jtizSovxzB_KqHTU77_rXoMQV_TrrFJ2U8.m6C4s3oeeAcRIvJMf8zYLfW8OE2hv1ehYGzWkQBfrjjoPnt09tK2Lnw4NWtNMrThqy3j5DXlM4UDrY5sck.g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133cbb9ffedfd37';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20transformation&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vwPya2eeUEe0mF1zqmssaZYaIw6kq_ZSi51xNC2yyXI-1739774529-1.0.1.1-Gbi1xyI2XHXZ8zFILP4LzK7QzW4acx8etZeNtngsMzQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>