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<span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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testing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proves_de_caixa_blanca" title="Proves de caixa blanca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proves de caixa blanca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-Box-Test" title="White-Box-Test – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="White-Box-Test" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruebas_de_caja_blanca" title="Pruebas de caja blanca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pruebas de caja blanca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تست جعبه سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تست جعبه سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_blanche" title="Boîte blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boîte blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%95%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC" title="화이트박스 검사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화이트박스 검사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testado_strukturala" title="Testado strukturala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Testado strukturala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_strutturale" title="Test strutturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Test strutturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בדיקות קופסה לבנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיקות קופסה לבנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rdobozos_tesztel%C3%A9s" title="Fehérdobozos tesztelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérdobozos tesztelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Испробување во бела кутија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Испробување во бела кутија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteboxtest" title="Whiteboxtest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whiteboxtest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ホワイトボックステスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホワイトボックステスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testy_strukturalne" title="Testy strukturalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Testy strukturalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teste_de_caixa-branca" title="Teste de caixa-branca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teste de caixa-branca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тестирование белого ящика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тестирование белого ящика" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22White-box+testing%22">"White-box testing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22White-box+testing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22White-box+testing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22White-box+testing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22White-box+testing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22White-box+testing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackboxing" title="Blackboxing">Blackboxing</a> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">Related techniques</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Feed_forward_(control)" title="Feed forward (control)">Feed forward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_box_(software_engineering)" title="White box (software engineering)">White box</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">White-box testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray-box_testing" title="Gray-box testing">Gray-box testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_identification" title="System identification">System identification</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management"> Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test%E2%80%93driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance test–driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>White-box testing</b> (also known as <b>clear box testing</b>, <b>glass box testing</b>, <b>transparent box testing</b>, and <b>structural testing</b>) is a method of <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">black-box testing</a>). In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system is used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the expected outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. <a href="/wiki/In-circuit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="In-circuit test">in-circuit testing</a> (ICT). White-box testing can be applied at the <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">integration</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system</a> levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and system testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test. Though this method of test design can uncover many errors or problems, it has the potential to miss unimplemented parts of the specification or missing requirements. Where white-box testing is design-driven,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, driven <i>exclusively</i> by agreed specifications of how each component of software is required to behave (as in <a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> processes), white-box test techniques can accomplish assessment for unimplemented or missing requirements. </p><p>White-box test design techniques include the following <a href="/wiki/Code_coverage" title="Code coverage">code coverage</a> criteria: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control flow</a> testing</li> <li>Data flow testing</li> <li>Branch testing</li> <li>Statement coverage</li> <li>Decision coverage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_condition/decision_coverage" title="Modified condition/decision coverage">Modified condition/decision coverage</a></li> <li>Prime path testing</li> <li>Path testing</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White-box testing is a method of testing the application at the level of the source code. These test cases are derived through the use of the design techniques mentioned above: <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> testing, data flow testing, branch testing, path testing, statement coverage and decision coverage as well as modified condition/decision coverage. White-box testing is the use of these techniques as guidelines to create an error-free environment by examining all code. These white-box testing techniques are the building blocks of white-box testing, whose essence is the careful testing of the application at the source code level to reduce hidden errors later on.<sup id="cite_ref-level_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-level-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different techniques exercise every visible path of the source code to minimize errors and create an error-free environment. The whole point of white-box testing is the ability to know which line of the code is being executed and being able to identify what the correct output should be.<sup id="cite_ref-level_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-level-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels">Levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a>. White-box testing is done during unit testing to ensure that the code is working as intended, before integration happens with previously tested code. White-box testing during unit testing potentially catches many defects early on and aids in addressing defects that happen later on after the code is integrated with the rest of the application and therefore reduces the impacts of errors later in development.<sup id="cite_ref-level_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-level-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a>. White-box testing at this level is written to test the interactions of interfaces with each other. The unit level testing made sure that each code was tested and working accordingly in an isolated environment and integration examines the correctness of the behaviour in an open environment through the use of white-box testing for any interactions of interfaces that are known to the programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-level_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-level-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a>. White-box testing during regression testing is the use of recycled white-box test cases at the unit and integration testing levels.<sup id="cite_ref-level_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-level-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_procedure">Basic procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White-box testing's basic procedures require the tester to have an in-depth knowledge of the source code being tested. The programmer must have a deep understanding of the application to know what kinds of test cases to create so that every visible path is exercised for testing. Once the source code is understood then it can be analyzed for test cases to be created. The following are the three basic steps that white-box testing takes in order to create test cases: </p> <ol><li>Input involves different types of requirements, functional specifications, detailed designing of documents, proper source code and security specifications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the preparation stage of white-box testing to lay out all of the basic information.</li> <li>Processing involves performing risk analysis to guide whole testing process, proper test plan, execute test cases and communicate results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the phase of building test cases to make sure they thoroughly test the application the given results are recorded accordingly.</li> <li>Output involves preparing final report that encompasses all of the above preparations and results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Side effects of having the knowledge of the source code is beneficial to thorough testing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Optimization of code becomes easy as inconspicuous bottlenecks are exposed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Gives the programmer introspection because developers carefully describe any new implementation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Provides traceability of tests from the source, thereby allowing future changes to the source to be easily captured in the newly added or modified tests.<sup id="cite_ref-binder_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Easy to automate.<sup id="cite_ref-introtest_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introtest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provides clear, engineering-based rules for when to stop testing.<sup id="cite_ref-myers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-introtest_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introtest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/White-box_testing" title="Special:EditPage/White-box testing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>White-box tests are written to test the details of a specific implementation. This means that the tests will fail when the implementation changes as the test is tightly coupled to the implementation. Additional work has to be done to update the tests so they match the implementation again when it is changed. On the other hand with black-box testing, tests are independent of the implementation, and so they will still run successfully if the implementation changes but the output or side-effects of the implementation do not.</li> <li>The code under test could be rewritten to implement the same functionality in a different way that invalidates the assumptions baked into the test. This could result in tests that fail unnecessarily or, in the worst case, tests that now give false positives and mask errors in the code. The white-box test never was written such that it tests the intended behavior of the code under test, but instead only such that the specific implementation does what it does.</li> <li>White-box testing brings complexity to testing because the tester must have knowledge of the program, or the test team needs to have at least one very good programmer who can understand the program at the code level. White-box testing requires a programmer with a high level of knowledge due to the complexity of the level of testing that needs to be done.</li> <li>On some occasions, it is not realistic to be able to test every single existing condition of the application and some conditions will be untested.</li> <li>The tests focus on the software as it exists, and missing functionality may not be discovered.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_view">Modern view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A more modern view is that the dichotomy between white-box testing and black-box testing has blurred and is becoming less relevant. Whereas "white-box" originally meant using the source code, and black-box meant using requirements, tests are now derived from many documents at various levels of abstraction. The real point is that tests are usually designed from an abstract structure such as the input space, a graph, or logical predicates, and the question is what level of abstraction we derive that abstract structure from.<sup id="cite_ref-introtest_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introtest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That can be the source code, requirements, input space descriptions, or one of dozens of types of design models. Therefore, the "white-box / black-box" distinction is less important and the terms are less relevant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hacking">Hacking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Penetration_test" title="Penetration test">penetration testing</a>, white-box testing refers to a method where a <a href="/wiki/White_hat_hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="White hat hacker">white hat hacker</a> has full knowledge of the system being attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of a white-box penetration test is to simulate a malicious insider who has knowledge of and possibly basic credentials for the target system. For such a penetration test, administrative credentials are typically provided in order to analyse how or which attacks can impact high-privileged accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Source code can be made available to be used as a reference for the tester. When the code is a target of its own, this is not (only) a penetration test but a <a href="/wiki/Code_audit" title="Code audit">source code security audit</a> (or security review).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray-box_testing" title="Gray-box testing">Gray-box testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-box_cryptography" title="White-box cryptography">White-box cryptography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStacy_Nelson2003" class="citation cs2">Stacy Nelson (June 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040014965.pdf"><i>NASA/CR–2003-212806 Certification Processes for Safety-Critical and Mission-Critical Aerospace Software</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a>, p. 25, <q>[Glossary] White Box Testing: <b>Design-driven</b> testing where engineers examine internal workings of code</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA%2FCR%E2%80%932003-212806+Certification+Processes+for+Safety-Critical+and+Mission-Critical+Aerospace+Software&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Ames+Research+Center&rft.date=2003-06&rft.au=Stacy+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20040014965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-level-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-level_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-level_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-level_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-level_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-level_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Williams_(software_engineer)" title="Laurie Williams (software engineer)">Williams, Laurie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194843/http://www.chaudhary.org/WhiteBox.pdf">"White-Box Testing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 60–61, 69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaudhary.org/WhiteBox.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White-Box+Testing&rft.pages=60-61%2C+69&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaudhary.org%2FWhiteBox.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-binder-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-binder_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder2000" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Bob (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/testingobjectori00bind"><i>Testing Object-oriented Systems</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201809381" title="Special:BookSources/9780201809381"><bdi>9780201809381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testing+Object-oriented+Systems&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780201809381&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftestingobjectori00bind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-introtest-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-introtest_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introtest_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introtest_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmannOffutt2008" class="citation book cs1">Ammann, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Offutt" title="Jeff Offutt">Offutt, Jeff</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/softwaretest/"><i>Introduction to Software Testing</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88038-1"><bdi>978-0-521-88038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Software+Testing&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88038-1&rft.aulast=Ammann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Offutt%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.gmu.edu%2F~offutt%2Fsoftwaretest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenford_Myers" title="Glenford Myers">Myers, Glenford</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofsoftwaretes00myer"><i>The Art of Software Testing</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471043287" title="Special:BookSources/9780471043287"><bdi>9780471043287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Software+Testing&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780471043287&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Glenford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofsoftwaretes00myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Studies/Penetration/penetration_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1">"A Penetration Testing Model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Office for Information Security (BSI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Penetration+Testing+Model&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+Information+Security+%28BSI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsi.bund.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDownloads%2FEN%2FBSI%2FPublications%2FStudies%2FPenetration%2Fpenetration_pdf.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran" class="citation web cs1">Baran, Ewelina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blazeinfosec.com/post/types-of-penetration-testing/">"Types of penetration testing"</a>. Blaze Information Security GmbH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+penetration+testing&rft.pub=Blaze+Information+Security+GmbH&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Ewelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blazeinfosec.com%2Fpost%2Ftypes-of-penetration-testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneseventech.com/blog/code-audit">"What is Code Audit: Understanding its Purpose and Process"</a>. 17 Web Dev, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Code+Audit%3A+Understanding+its+Purpose+and+Process&rft.pub=17+Web+Dev%2C+LLC&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneseventech.com%2Fblog%2Fcode-audit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-box+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BCS SIGIST (British Computer Society Specialist Interest Group in Software Testing): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.testingstandards.co.uk/Component%20Testing.pdf">http://www.testingstandards.co.uk/Component%20Testing.pdf</a> <i>Standard for Software Component Testing</i>], Working Draft 3.4, 27. April 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://agile.csc.ncsu.edu/SEMaterials/WhiteBox.pdf">http://agile.csc.ncsu.edu/SEMaterials/WhiteBox.pdf</a> has more information on control flow testing and data flow testing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/pex/">http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/pex/</a> Pex – Automated white-box testing for .NET</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_testing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_testing" title="Template:Software testing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_testing" title="Template talk:Software testing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_testing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software testing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_testing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The "box" approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-pairs_testing" title="All-pairs testing">All-pairs testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_testing" title="Exploratory testing">Exploratory testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz testing">Fuzz testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_testing" title="Scenario testing">Scenario testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-box testing">Grey-box testing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White-box testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_testing" title="API testing">API testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_testing" title="Mutation testing">Mutation testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static testing">Static testing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing types, techniques,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Software_testing_tactics" title="Software testing tactics">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/B_testing" title="A/B testing">A/B testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">Benchmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_testing" title="Compatibility testing">Compatibility testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concolic_testing" title="Concolic testing">Concolic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_testing" title="Concurrent testing">Concurrent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_testing" title="Continuous testing">Continuous testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_testing" title="Development testing">Development testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_testing" title="Differential testing">Differential testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_program_analysis" title="Dynamic program analysis">Dynamic program analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_testing" title="Installation testing">Installation testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_testing" title="Negative testing">Negative testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_testing" title="Random testing">Random testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_testing" title="Security testing">Security testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_testing_(software)" title="Smoke testing (software)">Smoke testing (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Software performance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">Stress testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_execution" title="Symbolic execution">Symbolic execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_automation" title="Test automation">Test automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_testing" title="Graphical user interface testing">Graphical user interface testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_testing" title="Manual testing">Manual testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_array_testing" title="Orthogonal array testing">Orthogonal array testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_testing" title="Pair testing">Pair testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soak_testing" title="Soak testing">Soak testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_reliability_testing" title="Software reliability testing">Software reliability testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">Stress testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_testing" title="Web testing">Web testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&oldid=1245346067">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White-box_testing&oldid=1245346067</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_testing" title="Category:Software testing">Software testing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hardware_testing" title="Category:Hardware 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