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<li id="toc-Similar_shapes_from_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_shapes_from_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Similar shapes from antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_shapes_from_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Earliest use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Renaissance and early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botanical_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanical_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Botanical symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanical_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parametrisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parametrisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parametrisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parametrisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heart symbol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2)" title="قلب (رمز) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلب (رمز)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso_(simbolo)" title="Puso (simbolo) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Puso (simbolo)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalon_(arouez)" title="Kalon (arouez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalon (arouez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_(s%C3%ADmbol)" title="Cor (símbol) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cor (símbol)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srdce_(symbol)" title="Srdce (symbol) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srdce (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte_(symbol)" title="Hjerte (symbol) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerte (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz_(Symbol)" title="Herz (Symbol) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herz (Symbol)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_(s%C3%ADmbolo)" title="Corazón (símbolo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corazón (símbolo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_(simbolo)" title="Koro (simbolo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koro (simbolo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="قلب (نماد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلب (نماد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%93ur_(symbole)" title="Cœur (symbole) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cœur (symbole)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hert_(symboal)" title="Hert (symboal) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hert (symboal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95)" title="하트 (상징) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하트 (상징)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF_(%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7)" title="Սիրտ (խորհրդանիշ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրտ (խորհրդանիշ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8)" title="हृदय (चिह्न) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हृदय (चिह्न)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati_(simbol)" title="Hati (simbol) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hati (simbol)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuore_(simbolo)" title="Cuore (simbolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuore (simbolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91_(%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9C)" title="לב (סמל) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לב (סמל)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D)" title="გური (სიმბოლო) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გური (სიმბოლო)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati_(bentuk)" title="Hati (bentuk) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hati (bentuk)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB)" title="ハート (シンボル) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハート (シンボル)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte_(symbol)" title="Hjerte (symbol) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerte (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serce_(symbol)" title="Serce (symbol) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serce (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(s%C3%ADmbolo)" title="Coração (símbolo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coração (símbolo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Символ сердца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Символ сердца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" title="Heart (symbol) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heart (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srdce_(symbol)" title="Srdce (symbol) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Srdce (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srce_(simbol)" title="Srce (simbol) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srce (simbol)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%A4n_(kulttuuri)" title="Sydän (kulttuuri) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sydän (kulttuuri)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rta_(symbol)" title="Hjärta (symbol) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärta (symbol)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso_(simbolo)" title="Puso (simbolo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puso (simbolo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82)" title="హృదయం (చిహ్నం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హృదయం (చిహ్నం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalp_(sembol)" title="Kalp (sembol) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalp (sembol)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Символ серця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Символ серця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_tim_(bi%E1%BB%83u_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng)" title="Trái tim (biểu tượng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trái tim (biểu tượng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Symbol representing the heart</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the graphical symbol. For the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word, see <a href="/wiki/Heart#Symbolism" title="Heart">Heart § Symbolism</a>.</span> <span>"Love symbol" and "Love heart" redirect here. For the 1992 album, see <a href="/wiki/Love_Symbol_(Prince_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Love Symbol (Prince album)"><i>Love Symbol</i> (Prince album)</a>. For the candy, see <a href="/wiki/Love_Hearts" title="Love Hearts">Love Hearts</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/160px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/240px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/320px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Conventional heart symbol</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArrowHeart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ArrowHeart.svg/160px-ArrowHeart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ArrowHeart.svg/240px-ArrowHeart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ArrowHeart.svg/320px-ArrowHeart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A heart symbol pierced with an arrow, symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a> (being <a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">lovestruck</a>, or the pain of <a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">lovesickness</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg/160px-Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg/240px-Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg/320px-Sagrado_Corazon_mueble_heraldico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A typical depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> (often shown with other attributes, e.g. surmounted by a cross, pierced by nails or swords, etc.)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>heart symbol</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ideograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograph">ideograph</a> used to express the idea of the "<a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>" in its <a href="/wiki/Heart_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (metaphor)">metaphorical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> sense. Represented by an <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomically</a> inaccurate shape, the heart symbol is often used to represent the center of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a>. It is sometimes accompanied or superseded by the "wounded heart" symbol, depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">arrow</a> or as a heart symbol "broken" into two or more pieces, indicating <a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">lovesickness</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_shapes_from_antiquity">Similar shapes from antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Similar shapes from antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peepal">Peepal</a> leaves were used in artistic depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>: a heart-shaped pendant originating from there has been discovered and is now exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th–6th century BC, the heart shape was used in the Roman world to represent the seeds of the plant <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a plant possibly used as a <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straight_Dope_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straight_Dope-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver coins from <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> of the 5th–6th century BC bear a similar design, sometimes accompanied by a silphium plant and is understood to represent its seed or fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ancient times in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the heart symbol has been called <i>Inome</i> (猪目), meaning the eye of a <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, and it has the meaning of warding off evil spirits. The decorations are used to decorate <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto shrines">Shinto shrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist temples">Buddhist temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">castles</a>, and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest examples of this pattern are seen in some of the Japanese original <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">tsuba</a></i> (sword guard) of the style called <i>toran gata tsuba</i> (lit., inverted egg shaped <i>tsuba</i>) that were attached to swords from the sixth to seventh centuries, and part of the <i>tsuba</i> was hollowed out in the shape of a heart symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_use">Earliest use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Earliest use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor was developed in the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts. With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century, the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century, and became popular in Europe during the 16th.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 14th century, the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor. The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources, but in such instances does not depict a heart, but typically foliage: in examples from antiquity <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">fig</a> leaves, and in medieval iconography and heraldry, typically the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Hedera" title="Hedera">ivy</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water-lily</a>. </p><p>The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s. It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital 'S' in a manuscript of the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_poire" title="Roman de la poire">Roman de la poire</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the miniature, a kneeling lover (or more precisely, an allegory of the lover's "sweet gaze" or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">doux regard</i></span>) offers his heart to a damsel. The heart here resembles a pine cone (held "upside down", the point facing upward), in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions. However, in this miniature, what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover's finger superimposed on an object; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden, and, therefore unknown. Moreover, the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into "Novel Of The Pear" in English. Thus the heart-shaped object would be a pear; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious. Opinions, therefore, differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinken_2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinken_2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in his 1305 painting in the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>) shows an <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">allegory of charity</a> (caritas) handing her heart to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>. This heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day (still held "upside down"). Giotto's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters, and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Gaddi" title="Taddeo Gaddi">Taddeo Gaddi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a> on the bronze door of the south porch of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1337</span>), by <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a> in the Palazzo Publico in Siena (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1340</span>) and by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_da_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea da Firenze">Andrea da Firenze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> in Florence (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span>). The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinken_2001_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinken_2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "scalloped" shape of the now-familiar heart symbol, with a dent in its base, arises in the early 14th century, at first only lightly dented, as in the miniatures in <a href="/wiki/Francesco_da_Barberino" title="Francesco da Barberino">Francesco da Barberino</a>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Documenti_d%27amore_(1640)_(14747564815).jpg#file" class="extiw" title="c:File:Documenti d'amore (1640) (14747564815).jpg">Documenti d'amore</a></i></span> (before 1320). A slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> monastery in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern indented red heart has been used on <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a> since the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various hypotheses attempted to connect the "heart shape" as it evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such theories are modern, proposed from the 1960s onward, and they remain speculative, as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown. Specific suggestions include: the shape of the seed of the <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a> plant, used in ancient times as an <a href="/wiki/Herbal_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbal contraceptive">herbal contraceptive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stylized depictions of features of the human female body, such as the female's <a href="/wiki/Breasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Breasts">breasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mons_pubis" title="Mons pubis">pubic mound</a>, or spread <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The earliest known possible visual depiction of a heart symbol, as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire, 13th century."><img alt="The earliest known possible visual depiction of a heart symbol, as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire, 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg/99px-Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg/148px-Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg/197px-Roman_de_la_poire_heart_metaphor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The earliest known possible visual depiction of a heart symbol, as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_poire" title="Roman de la poire">Roman de la poire</a></i></span>, 13th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giotto's allegory of charity handing her heart to Jesus Christ (c. 1305)"><img alt="Giotto's allegory of charity handing her heart to Jesus Christ (c. 1305)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg/65px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg/97px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg/130px-Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._45_The_Seven_Virtues_-_Charity_-_WGA09272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giotto's allegory of charity handing her heart to Jesus Christ (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1305</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battistero_di_firenze,_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charity on the south doors of the Florence Baptistery (c. 1336)"><img alt="Charity on the south doors of the Florence Baptistery (c. 1336)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG/120px-Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG/180px-Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG/240px-Battistero_di_firenze%2C_porta_sud_di_andrea_pisano_23_carit%C3%A0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Charity on the south doors of the Florence Baptistery (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1336</span>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_early_modern">Renaissance and early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaissance and early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg/170px-Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg/255px-Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg/340px-Achaemenid_heart_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>A heart symbol from the Achaemenid period, in the Louvre Museum, made of ivory<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg/170px-Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg/255px-Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg/340px-Sasanian_textile_with_heart_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A sasanian-style textile from first century AH that shows two <a href="/wiki/Winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Winged horses">winged horses</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one heart symbol top of them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Heart shapes can be seen on various <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> capital (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90 BC – 637 AD</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seal</a> that was designed for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> at the behest of Prince <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick</a>, in 1530, while Luther was staying at the <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a> Fortress during the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a>. Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Spengler" title="Lazarus Spengler">Lazarus Spengler</a>: "a black cross in a heart, which retains its natural color, so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us. 'For one who believes from the heart will be justified' (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 10:10)."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> remains visible, as a protrusion at the top centered between the two "chambers" indicated in the symbol, in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century, and is partly still shown today (although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown, flames, rays, or a cross) but the "hearts" suit did not have this element since the 15th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CordierColor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The chanson Belle, Bonne, Sage by Baude Cordier, written in the shape of a heart, in the Chantilly Codex. This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older (late 14th century) corpus, probably to replace the original first fascicle, which is missing."><img alt="The chanson Belle, Bonne, Sage by Baude Cordier, written in the shape of a heart, in the Chantilly Codex. This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older (late 14th century) corpus, probably to replace the original first fascicle, which is missing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/94px-CordierColor.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/141px-CordierColor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/188px-CordierColor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The chanson <i>Belle, Bonne, Sage</i> by <a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a>, written in the shape of a heart, in the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a>. This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older (late 14th century) corpus, probably to replace the original first fascicle, which is missing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds (the wounded heart here depicting Christ's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus) in a 15th-century manuscript.[27]"><img alt="Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds (the wounded heart here depicting Christ's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus) in a 15th-century manuscript.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/120px-Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/180px-Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/240px-Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wounds">Five Wounds</a> (the wounded heart here depicting Christ's wound inflicted by the <a href="/wiki/Lance_of_Longinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance of Longinus">Lance of Longinus</a>) in a 15th-century manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1486 depiction of the Five Wounds"><img alt="1486 depiction of the Five Wounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg/113px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg/170px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg/226px-Waldburg-Gebetbuch_023_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1486 depiction of the Five Wounds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour (c. 1500), showing the author Pierre Sala [fr] depositing his heart in a marguerite flower (symbolizing his mistress, who was called Marguerite). Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol. 13r,[28] showing two women catching winged hearts in a net."><img alt="Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour (c. 1500), showing the author Pierre Sala [fr] depositing his heart in a marguerite flower (symbolizing his mistress, who was called Marguerite). Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol. 13r,[28] showing two women catching winged hearts in a net." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg/91px-Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg/137px-Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg/183px-Petit_Livre_d%27Amour_6r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniature from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Petit_Livre_d%27Amour" title="Petit Livre d'Amour">Petit Livre d'Amour</a></i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>), showing the author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Sala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Sala (page does not exist)">Pierre Sala</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Sala" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Sala">fr</a>]</span> depositing his heart in a marguerite flower (symbolizing his mistress, who was called Marguerite). Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol. 13r,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing two women catching winged hearts in a net.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Luther rose, 1706 print after the 1530 design."><img alt="The Luther rose, 1706 print after the 1530 design." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg/103px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg/154px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg/205px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004102_Wappen_%5E_Siegel_%5E_Lutherwappen_%5E_Lutherrose_%5E_Reformation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a>, 1706 print after the 1530 design.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1545GermanCardDeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards"><img alt="Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1545GermanCardDeck.jpg/74px-1545GermanCardDeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1545GermanCardDeck.jpg/112px-1545GermanCardDeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1545GermanCardDeck.jpg/149px-1545GermanCardDeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hjertebogen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Danish "Heart Book", a heart-shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s."><img alt="The Danish "Heart Book", a heart-shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hjertebogen.jpg/120px-Hjertebogen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hjertebogen.jpg/180px-Hjertebogen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hjertebogen.jpg/240px-Hjertebogen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Danish "<a href="/wiki/Heart_Book" title="Heart Book">Heart Book</a>", a heart-shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Champaigne,_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augustine of Hippo holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth (Veritas), painting by Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1650."><img alt="Augustine of Hippo holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth (Veritas), painting by Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1650." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg/99px-Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg/148px-Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg/197px-Champaigne%2C_Philippe_de_-_Saint_Augustin_-_1645-1650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="3812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth (<i>Veritas</i>), painting by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti. By Robert la Longe, c. 1705."><img alt="Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti. By Robert la Longe, c. 1705." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg/92px-Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg/138px-Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg/184px-Robert_la_Longe_-_Ranjeno_srce_Jezusovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allegorical painting of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>. The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">Putti</a>. By Robert la Longe, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1705</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel (funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen, d. 1733)"><img alt="Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel (funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen, d. 1733)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg/120px-Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg/180px-Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg/240px-Bleiernes_Herz_Christoph-Otto_von_Velen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaden heart of <a href="/wiki/Raesfeld" title="Raesfeld">Raesfeld</a> chapel (funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen, d. 1733)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th-century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque (d. 1690). The heart is both "heart-shaped" and drawn anatomically correct, with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible, with the crucifix placed inside the aorta."><img alt="18th-century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque (d. 1690). The heart is both "heart-shaped" and drawn anatomically correct, with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible, with the crucifix placed inside the aorta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg/88px-Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg/132px-Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg/176px-Mus%C3%A9e_Boyadjian_MRAH_20_11_2011_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_M_Alacoque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th-century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Marie_Alacoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite Marie Alacoque">Marguerite Marie Alacoque</a> (d. 1690). The heart is both "heart-shaped" and drawn anatomically correct, with both the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> visible, with the crucifix placed inside the aorta.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart, painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez."><img alt="Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart, painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg/98px-Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg/147px-Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg/196px-Sacred_Heart_1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart, painted in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1770</span> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A1ez" title="José de Páez">José de Páez</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 19th century, the symbol has often been used on <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a> boxes, and similar <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> artifacts as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a>. </p><p>The use of the heart symbol as a <a href="/wiki/Logograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograph">logograph</a> for the English verb "to love" derives from the use in "<a href="/wiki/I_%E2%99%A5_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="I ♥ NY">I ♥ NY</a>," introduced in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">Outdoor toilets</a> in Scandinavia traditionally had a heart shaped peephole. In homes a heart symbol made from red painted plywood, or a stuffed fabric one, is often used to assist visitors in finding the modern facility. For image see: <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte_(symbol)" class="extiw" title="no:Hjerte (symbol)">Hjerte (symbol)</a> </p><p>Heart symbols are frequently used to symbolize <a href="/wiki/Health_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health (gaming)">"health" or "lives"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a> (1986) had a "life bar" composed of heart shapes, and many other games continued this convention (the <i><a href="/wiki/Castlevania" title="Castlevania">Castlevania</a></i> franchise being a notable exception, where the hearts are ammunition for the secondary weapons instead of representing health). Since the 1990s, the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating health outside of the video gaming context, e.g., its use by restaurants to indicate heart-healthy nutrient content claim (e.g., "low in <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>"). A copyrighted "heart-check" symbol to indicate heart-healthy food was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A heart-shaped "Map of Woman's Heart" (1830s)"><img alt="A heart-shaped "Map of Woman's Heart" (1830s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg/86px-A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg/129px-A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg/172px-A_Map_of_Womans_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A heart-shaped "Map of Woman's Heart" (1830s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two burning hearts, coloured pink, illustration on a Victorian-era Valentine's Day card."><img alt="Two burning hearts, coloured pink, illustration on a Victorian-era Valentine's Day card." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg/86px-Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg/129px-Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg/172px-Victorian_Valentine_GT_Little.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two burning hearts, coloured pink, illustration on a Victorian-era <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> card.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A "Vinegar Valentine" card from the 1870s, with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows."><img alt="A "Vinegar Valentine" card from the 1870s, with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg/72px-Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg/107px-Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg/143px-Wounded_Heart_Vinegar_Valentine_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "<a href="/wiki/Vinegar_Valentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinegar Valentine">Vinegar Valentine</a>" card from the 1870s, with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BigPinkHeart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The traditional "heart shape" appears on a 1910 Valentine's Day card."><img alt="The traditional "heart shape" appears on a 1910 Valentine's Day card." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BigPinkHeart.jpg/78px-BigPinkHeart.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BigPinkHeart.jpg/117px-BigPinkHeart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BigPinkHeart.jpg/156px-BigPinkHeart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The traditional "heart shape" appears on a 1910 Valentine's Day card.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheet music cover of "Look in His Eyes", from the musical Have a Heart (1913)."><img alt="Sheet music cover of "Look in His Eyes", from the musical Have a Heart (1913)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg/95px-Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg/143px-Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg/190px-Look_in_His_Eyes_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheet music cover of "Look in His Eyes", from the musical <i>Have a Heart</i> (1913).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_(1921).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magazine advertisement for the silent film The Orderly (1921)."><img alt="Magazine advertisement for the silent film The Orderly (1921)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg/92px-Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg/139px-Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg/185px-Magazine_advertisement_for_The_Orderly_%281921%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="3719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magazine advertisement for the silent film <i>The Orderly</i> (1921).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedding rings of a groom and bride with shadow in the form of heart - symbolic of love."><img alt="Wedding rings of a groom and bride with shadow in the form of heart - symbolic of love." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg/105px-Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg/157px-Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg/210px-Wedding_ring_with_heart_shadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="3039" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wedding rings of a groom and bride with shadow in the form of heart - symbolic of love.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heart field" or "heart shield" are terms for an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> placed <i>en surtout</i>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg/170px-COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg/255px-COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg/340px-COA_family_de_F%C3%BCrsten_von_L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Principality of Lüneburg</a>, originating with <a href="/wiki/William_of_Winchester,_Lord_of_L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg">William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg</a> (d. 1213) who married <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Denmark" title="Helena of Denmark">Helena</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a>, and therefore adopted the "Danish tincture" to the arms of his father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laukaa.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Laukaa.vaakuna.svg/170px-Laukaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Laukaa.vaakuna.svg/255px-Laukaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Laukaa.vaakuna.svg/340px-Laukaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A heart pictured in the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Laukaa" title="Laukaa">Laukaa municipality</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest heart-shaped charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century; the hearts in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark" title="Coat of arms of Denmark">coat of arms of Denmark</a> go back to the royal banner of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Denmark">kings of Denmark</a>, in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s. However, while the charges are clearly heart-shaped, they did not depict hearts in origin, or symbolize any idea related to love. Instead, they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water-lily</a>. Early heraldic heart-shaped charges depicting the leaves of water-lilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Frisia" title="Flags of Frisia">Flags of Frisia</a>). </p><p>Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> (<i>coglioni</i> in Italian) as in the <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colleoni" title="Colleoni">Colleoni</a> family of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A seal attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Lord_of_Douglas" title="William IV, Lord of Douglas">William, Lord of Douglas</a> (of 1333) shows a heart shape, identified as the heart of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>. The authenticity of this seal is "very questionable",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or even the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heraldic charges actually representing hearts became more common in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> depicted in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">ecclesiastical heraldry</a>, and hearts representing love appearing in bourgeois coats of arms. Hearts also later became popular elements in municipal coats of arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botanical_symbolism">Botanical symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Botanical symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">Silphium (antiquity)</a></div> <p>There has been some conjecture regarding the link between the traditional heart symbol and images of the fruit of silphium, a (probably) extinct plant known to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and belonging to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ferula" title="Ferula">Ferula</a></i>, used as a condiment and medicine, (the medicinal properties including <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> activity, linking the plant to sexuality and love).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver coins from the ancient Libya of the 6th to 5th centuries BC bear images strongly reminiscent of the heart symbol, sometimes accompanied by images of the silphium plant.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related <i>Ferula</i> species <a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a> – which was actually used as an inferior substitute for silphium – is regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, suggesting yet a third amatory association relating to silphium.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrenecoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient silver coin from Cyrene, Libya depicting the heart-shaped 'seed' (actually fruit) of silphium."><img alt="Ancient silver coin from Cyrene, Libya depicting the heart-shaped 'seed' (actually fruit) of silphium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Cyrenecoin.jpg/120px-Cyrenecoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Cyrenecoin.jpg/180px-Cyrenecoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Cyrenecoin.jpg/240px-Cyrenecoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient silver coin from <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene, Libya</a> depicting the heart-shaped 'seed' (actually fruit) of silphium.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a heart-shaped mericarp fruit in a plant (Heracleum sphondylium) belonging, like the unidentified silphium, to the parsley family, Apiaceae."><img alt="Example of a heart-shaped mericarp fruit in a plant (Heracleum sphondylium) belonging, like the unidentified silphium, to the parsley family, Apiaceae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg/76px-Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg/114px-Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg/152px-Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a heart-shaped <a href="/wiki/Schizocarp" title="Schizocarp">mericarp</a> fruit in a plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_sphondylium" title="Heracleum sphondylium">Heracleum sphondylium</a></i>) belonging, like the unidentified silphium, to the parsley family, <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferula assa-foetida: a species of giant fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient silphium and regarded as having similar properties, while being an inferior substitute for the plant."><img alt="Ferula assa-foetida: a species of giant fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient silphium and regarded as having similar properties, while being an inferior substitute for the plant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg/92px-Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg/138px-Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg/184px-Ferula_assa-foetida_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferula_assa-foetida" title="Ferula assa-foetida">Ferula assa-foetida</a></i>: a species of giant fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient silphium and regarded as having similar properties, while being an inferior substitute for the plant.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferula_tingitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferula tingitana: a possible identity for silphium."><img alt="Ferula tingitana: a possible identity for silphium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ferula_tingitana.jpg/81px-Ferula_tingitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ferula_tingitana.jpg/121px-Ferula_tingitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ferula_tingitana.jpg/161px-Ferula_tingitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferula_tingitana" title="Ferula tingitana">Ferula tingitana</a></i>: a possible identity for silphium.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding">Encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearts_in_Unicode" title="Hearts in Unicode">hearts in Unicode</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parametrisation">Parametrisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parametrisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Parametrization_(geometry)" title="Parametrization (geometry)">parametrisations</a> of approximately heart-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical curve">curves</a> have been described. The best-known of these is the <a href="/wiki/Cardioid" title="Cardioid">cardioid</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Epicycloid" title="Epicycloid">epicycloid</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Cusp_(singularity)" title="Cusp (singularity)">cusp</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though as the cardioid lacks the point, it may be seen as a stylized water-lily leaf, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">seeblatt</a>, rather than a heart. Other curves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Level_set" title="Level set">implicit curve</a> (x<sup>2</sup>+y<sup>2</sup>−1)<sup>3</sup>−x<sup>2</sup>y<sup>3</sup>=0, may produce better approximations of the heart shape.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:704px;max-width:704px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiod_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cardiod_animation.gif/200px-Cardiod_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cardiod_animation.gif/300px-Cardiod_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cardiod_animation.gif/400px-Cardiod_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A cardioid generated by a rolling circle<br />(animated)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heart_plot.svg/268px-Heart_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heart_plot.svg/402px-Heart_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heart_plot.svg/536px-Heart_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Implicit heart curve<br />(x<sup>2</sup> + y<sup>2</sup> − 1)<sup>3</sup> − x<sup>2</sup>y<sup>3</sup> = 0</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GJL-fft-herz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GJL-fft-herz.svg/224px-GJL-fft-herz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GJL-fft-herz.svg/336px-GJL-fft-herz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GJL-fft-herz.svg/448px-GJL-fft-herz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parametric plot of the curve<br /><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\binom {16\sin ^{\scriptscriptstyle 3}t}{13\cos {}t-5\cos 2t-2\cos 3t-\cos 4t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mrow> <mn>16</mn> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="2"> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>13</mn> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\binom {16\sin ^{\scriptscriptstyle 3}t}{13\cos {}t-5\cos 2t-2\cos 3t-\cos 4t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd3cf7f53e910274d44be11b087851f1a79d31a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:25.603ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\binom {16\sin ^{\scriptscriptstyle 3}t}{13\cos {}t-5\cos 2t-2\cos 3t-\cos 4t}}}"></span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:628px;max-width:628px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart3D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Heart3D.png/400px-Heart3D.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Heart3D.png 1.5x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Implicit heart surface</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg/220px-Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg/330px-Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg/440px-Simple_4-quadrant_heart_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Simple form made from two perpendicular lines and two circular arcs.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator"><img alt="Heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg/120px-Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg/180px-Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg/240px-Heart-on-ti89-draw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parametric equation of heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator"><img alt="Parametric equation of heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg/120px-Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg/180px-Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg/240px-Heart-on-ti89-parametric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parametric equation of heart curve on TI-89 graphing calculator</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordata_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cordata (disambiguation)">Cordata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordatum">Cordatum</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cordatus" class="extiw" title="wikt:cordatus">Cordatus</a>, Latin adjectives meaning <i>heart-shaped</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_heart" title="Hand heart">Hand heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_in_hand" title="Heart in hand">Heart in hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion (emotion)</a>, or passionate love</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Seeblatt</a>, a symbol of a water lily leaf that resembles a heart</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%8C%AA%E7%9B%AE">the original</a> on 8 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8C%AA%E7%9B%AE%28%E3%81%84%E3%81%AE%E3%82%81%29&rft.pub=weblio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weblio.jp%2Fcontent%2F%25E7%258C%25AA%25E7%259B%25AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110858/https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%80%92%E5%8D%B5%E5%BD%A2%E9%90%94"><bdi lang="ja">倒卵形鐔（とうらんがたつば）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). weblio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%80%92%E5%8D%B5%E5%BD%A2%E9%90%94">the original</a> on 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%80%92%E5%8D%B5%E5%BD%A2%E9%90%94%EF%BC%88%E3%81%A8%E3%81%86%E3%82%89%E3%82%93%E3%81%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A4%E3%81%B0%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=weblio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weblio.jp%2Fcontent%2F%25E5%2580%2592%25E5%258D%25B5%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E9%2590%2594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Kemp. (2011). "Christ to Coke: How Image Becomes Icon", 1st ed. Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199581115" title="Special:BookSources/9780199581115">9780199581115</a>, pp.368, p.96–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(National Library FR MS. 2086, plate 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinken_2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vinken_2001_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vinken_2001_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinken (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MS 4459–70, fol 192v. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinken (2001): "The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held, and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Brief History of Playing Cardes, by Charles Knutson, Renaissance Magazine 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220111738/http://renaissancemagazine.com/backissues/game.html">"Gamester article renaissance magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissancemagazine.com/backissues/game.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gamester+article+renaissance+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaissancemagazine.com%2Fbackissues%2Fgame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcdonell-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonell_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonell_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonell2007" class="citation news cs1">McDonell, Keelin (2007-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2007/02/where-does-the-ubiquitous-valentine-s-heart-shape-come-from.html">"The Shape of My Heart"</a>. <i>[[Slate (magazine)|]]</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=&rft.atitle=The+Shape+of+My+Heart&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=McDonell&rft.aufirst=Keelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2007%2F02%2Fwhere-does-the-ubiquitous-valentine-s-heart-shape-come-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedictus2006" class="citation web cs1">Benedictus, Luke (12 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/sowing-the-seeds-of-love-20060212-ge1qsr.html">"Sowing the seeds of love"</a>. <i>The Age</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Sowing+the+seeds+of+love&rft.date=2006-02-12&rft.aulast=Benedictus&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fsowing-the-seeds-of-love-20060212-ge1qsr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proposed by <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> in the 1998 introduction to the <i><a href="/wiki/Vagina_Monologues" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagina Monologues">Vagina Monologues</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random043/97029393.htm">online copy</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>; "For example, the shape we call a heart—whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name—is probably a residual female genital symbol. It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance.", based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer (1969) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii. Tanzer (1969). <i>The Common People of Pompeii. A study of the graffiti. With illustrations and a map</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010182226">"Incrustation de meuble"</a>. 539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incrustation+de+meuble&rft.date=539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010182226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/73127077">"اسب های بالدار"</a>. <i>Bukhara 147</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bukhara+147&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft.date=2022-01&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F73127077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/325650">"Plate with youths and winged horses | Sasanian | Sasanian"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Plate+with+youths+and+winged+horses+%26%23124%3B+Sasanian+%26%23124%3B+Sasanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F325650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iamm.org.my/galleries/textiles/">"Textile Gallery | IAMM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Textile+Gallery+%26%23124%3B+IAMM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iamm.org.my%2Fgalleries%2Ftextiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7B60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633%7D&oid=322631">"Roundel with radiating palmettes | Sasanian | Sasanian"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Roundel+with+radiating+palmettes+%7C+Sasanian+%7C+Sasanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fview%3FexhibitionId%3D%257B60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633%257D%26oid%3D322631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fragments of stucco roundels in situ, Taq-i Kisra, south building, Ctesiphon, Iraq, 1931–32. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2015, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg">http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/322640">"Wall panel with a bird in roundel | Sasanian | Sasanian"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Wall+panel+with+a+bird+in+roundel+%7C+Sasanian+%7C+Sasanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F322640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/Playing%20Cards/decks/france/index.html">gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010201917/http://gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/Playing%20Cards/decks/france/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-p-c-s.org/faq/history_6.php">i-p-c-s.org</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927130238/http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-11469.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-11469.jpg">the original</a> on 2013-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquemapsandprints.com%2Fp-11469.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/a-history-of-wood-engraving.htm">antiquemapsandprints.com</a>, obviously more research is needed here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cologne Mn Kn 28-1181 fol. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=stowe_ms_955_f013r">fol. 13r</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything from software to Yorkshire terriers. It was a stamp that validated lifestyles. People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha." Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, <i>The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart</i> (2011), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the heart-check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995. The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold, efficient check mark. It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association (AHA), which licenses it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content." Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, <i>The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart</i> (2011), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Weyers in: Stengel (ed.), <i>Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel, und Wappenkunde</i>, Volume 54, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNPEDfce9fgC&pg=PA100">p. 100</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, John and George Burnett (1969). <i>Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonherald00wooduoft#page/202/mode/2up">page 203</a>. Originally published 1892, Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-4464-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-4464-1">0-7153-4464-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/02020303">02-20303</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAndrew, <i>Scotland's Historic Heraldry</i>, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFkI3G31HTMC&pg=PA141">p. 141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAndrew 2006, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favorito, E. N.; Baty, K. (February 1995). "The Silphium Connection". Celator. 9 (2): 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. V. Buttrey, "The Coins and the Cult", Expedition magazine vol. 34, Nos. 1–2 "Special Issue: Gifts to the Goddesses—Cyrene's Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone", Spring–Summer 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerperKolls1999" class="citation journal cs1">Koerper, H.; Kolls, A. L. (1999). "The silphium motif adorning ancient libyan coinage: Marketing a medicinal plant". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 133–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02866492">10.1007/BF02866492</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256173">4256173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32144481">32144481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=The+silphium+motif+adorning+ancient+libyan+coinage%3A+Marketing+a+medicinal+plant&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-143&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32144481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4256173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02866492&rft.aulast=Koerper&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kolls%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com/post/42771270639/aphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida">"Aphrodisiac - Asafoetida (Ferula asa foetida)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aphrodisiac+-+Asafoetida+%28Ferula+asa+foetida%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepoisondiaries.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F42771270639%2Faphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Weisstein, Eric W.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cardioid.html">Cardioid</a>" from <a href="/wiki/MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeartCurve.html">"Heart Curve."</a> From <a href="/wiki/MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martin Kemp, "The Heart" in <i>Christ to Coke: How Image Becomes Icon</i>, Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLCNfSPzO-8C&pg=PA81">81–113</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Vinken2000" class="citation cs2">P. J. Vinken (2000), <i>The Shape of the Heart: A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart</i> (illustrated ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82987-0"><bdi>978-0-444-82987-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+Heart%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+Iconology+of+the+Heart&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82987-0&rft.au=P.+J.+Vinken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinken,_P2001" class="citation cs2">Vinken, P (2001), "How the heart was held in medieval art", <i>The Lancet</i>, <b>358</b> (9299): 2155–2157, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2907224-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07224-5</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784647">11784647</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37917232">37917232</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=How+the+heart+was+held+in+medieval+art&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=9299&rft.pages=2155-2157&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37917232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11784647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2907224-5&rft.au=Vinken%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart+symbol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_symbol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Unicode/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Unicode/Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heart_symbols" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Heart symbols">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heart" class="extiw" title="q:Heart">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826930" class="extiw" title="d:Q826930">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826930#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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