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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Chalcolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ninevite_5_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninevite_5_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ninevite 5 period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninevite_5_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akkadian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Akkadian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ur_III_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ur_III_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Ur III period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ur_III_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Assyrian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Assyrian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Old Assyrian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Assyrian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitanni_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitanni_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Mitanni period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitanni_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Assyrian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Assyrian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Middle Assyrian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Assyrian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-Assyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Neo-Assyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sennacherib's_development_of_Nineveh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sennacherib's_development_of_Nineveh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Sennacherib's development of Nineveh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sennacherib's_development_of_Nineveh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Ashurbanipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Ashurbanipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>After Ashurbanipal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Ashurbanipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_Nineveh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_Nineveh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biblical Nineveh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_Nineveh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excavation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Excavation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Archaeological remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_wall_and_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_wall_and_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>City wall and gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_wall_and_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_the_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_the_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats to the site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_the_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rogation_of_the_Ninevites_(Nineveh's_Wish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rogation_of_the_Ninevites_(Nineveh's_Wish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Wish)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rogation_of_the_Ninevites_(Nineveh's_Wish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nineveh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nineve" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%90%E1%8B%8C" title="ነነዌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ነነዌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="نينوى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نينوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܢܝܢܘܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܢܘܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADnive" title="Nínive – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nínive" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineviya" title="Nineviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nineviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9" title="নিনেভেহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিনেভেহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ниневия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ниневия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ніневія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніневія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ниневия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ниневия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniva" title="Niniva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niniva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADnive" title="Nínive – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nínive" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ниневи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ниневи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninefeh" title="Ninefeh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ninefeh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nineve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%AE" title="Νινευή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νινευή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADnive" title="Nínive – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nínive" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninivo" title="Ninivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ninivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نینوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نینوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADnive" title="Nínive – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nínive" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%84%A4%EB%B2%A0" title="니네베 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니네베" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Նինվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նինվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="निनवेह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निनवेह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniva" title="Niniva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niniva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniwe" title="Niniwe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niniwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADneve" title="Níneve – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níneve" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%94" title="נינוה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נינוה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნინევია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნინევია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ниневия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ниневия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninawi" title="Ninawi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ninawi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEnewa" title="Nînewa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nînewa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin%C4%ABve" title="Ninīve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ninīve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninevija" title="Ninevija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ninevija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Ninive (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ninive (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87" title="നിനവേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിനവേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="निनेवे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निनेवे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="نينوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نينوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="နင်နီဗေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နင်နီဗေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7" title="ニネヴェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニネヴェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineviya" title="Nineviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nineviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نینوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نینوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniwa" title="Niniwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niniwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADnive" title="Nínive – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nínive" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Нініве – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нініве" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ниневия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ниневия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nineveh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نەینەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەینەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нинива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нинива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niniva" title="Niniva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niniva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ninive" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nineve" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nineveh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="நினிவே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நினிவே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="นิเนเวห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิเนเวห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninova" title="Ninova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ninova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ніневія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніневія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نینوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نینوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nineveh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninibe" title="Ninibe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ninibe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼尼微" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼尼微" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼尼微" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5680#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nineveh&params=36_21_34_N_43_09_10_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°21′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°09′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.35944°N 43.15278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.35944; 43.15278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Assyrian city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nineveh (disambiguation)">Nineveh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ninevites" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nineveh%22">"Nineveh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nineveh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nineveh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nineveh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nineveh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nineveh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nineveh</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg/220px-Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg/330px-Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg/440px-Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5405" data-file-height="3696" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The reconstructed Mashki Gate of Nineveh (<a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">since destroyed</a> by <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nineveh is located in Iraq"><img alt="Nineveh is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.415%;left:45.265%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nineveh"><img alt="Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nineveh is located in Near East"><img alt="Nineveh is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/250px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/375px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/500px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34%;left:49.062%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nineveh"><img alt="Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Nineveh (Near East)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a>, Iraq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nineveh&params=36_21_34_N_43_09_10_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°21′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°09′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.35944°N 43.15278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.35944; 43.15278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">7.5 km<sup>2</sup> (2.9 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">612 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)" title="Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)">Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nineveh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NIN</span>-iv-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk">𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀</span>, <i><small><sup>URU</sup>NI.NU.A</small>, Ninua</i>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נִינְוֵה</span>, <i>Nīnəwē</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَيْنَوَىٰ</span>, <i>Naynawā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ</span>, <i>Nīnwē</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known in early modern times as <b>Kouyunjik</b>, was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, located in the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (itself built out of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> town of Mepsila) in northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> River and was the capital and largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city in the world</a> for several decades. Today, it is a common name for the half of Mosul that lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and the country's <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a> takes its name from it. </p><p>It was the largest city in the world for approximately fifty years<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the year 612 BC when, after a bitter period of civil war in Assyria, it was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)" title="Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)">sacked</a> by a coalition of its former subject peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. The city was never again a political or administrative centre, but by <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> it was the seat of an Assyrian Christian bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It declined relative to Mosul during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and was mostly abandoned by the 14th century AD after the massacres and dispersal of Assyrian Christians by <a href="/wiki/Tamurlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamurlane">Tamurlane</a>. </p><p>Its ruins lie across the river from the historical city center of Mosul. The two main <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a>, or mound-ruins, within the walls are Tell Kuyunjiq and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Yunus_Mosque" title="Al-Nabi Yunus Mosque">Tell Nabī Yūnus</a>, site of a shrine to <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Quran</a>, Jonah was a prophet who preached to Nineveh.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian sculptures</a> and other artifacts have been excavated from the ruins of Nineveh, and are now located in museums around the world. <span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard,_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/495px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/660px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Assyrian_palaces_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of Assyrian palaces from <i>The Monuments of Nineveh</i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>The English placename <i>Nineveh</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nīnevē</i></span></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <i>Nineuḗ</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νινευή</span></span>) under influence of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> <i>Nīnəweh</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נִינְוֶה</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i><span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk">Ninua</i></span></i> (<abbr title="variant">var.</abbr> <i>Ninâ</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-jenc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk">Ninuwā</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was also known as <i>Ninuwa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-jenc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ninawa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-jenc_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninwe (ܢܸܢܘܵܐ) in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <i>Ninawa</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نینوا</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. </p><p>The original meaning of the name is unclear but may have referred to a <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">patron goddess</a>. The city was said to be devoted to "the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> of Nineveh" and <i>Nina</i> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and Assyrian names for that goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-jenc_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform#Assyrian_cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</a> for <i>Ninâ</i> (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀏">𒀏</a></span>) is a fish within a house (cf. <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <i>nuna</i>, "fish"). This may have simply intended "Place of Fish" or may have indicated a goddess associated with fish or the Tigris, possibly originally of <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-jenc_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word נון/נונא in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Old Babylonian</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Anthiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthiinae">Anthiinae</a> genus of fish,<sup id="cite_ref-Jastrow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jastrow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further indicating the possibility of an association between the name Nineveh and fish. In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Jonah is referred to as <i>Dhu'n-Nun</i> "owner of the fish", though this may be related to the story of him being swallowed by a "large fish". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This paragraph <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the paragraph</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nineveh" title="Talk:Nineveh">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><i>Nabī Yūnus</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> for "Prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>". <i>Kuyunjiq</i> was, according to <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Layard</a>, a Turkish name (Layard used the form <i>kouyunjik</i>, diminutive of <i>koyun</i> "sheep" in Turkish); known as <i>Armousheeah</i> by the Arabs,<sup id="cite_ref-Layard1849_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layard1849-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is thought to have some connection with the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These toponyms refer to the areas to the North and South of the Khosr stream, respectively: Kuyunjiq is the name for the whole northern sector enclosed by the city walls and is dominated by the large (35 ha) mound of Tell Kuyunjiq, while Nabī (or more commonly Nebi) Yunus is the southern sector around of the mosque of Prophet Yunus/Jonah, which is located on Tell Nebi Yunus. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive,_Niebuhr_1778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg/220px-View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg/330px-View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg/440px-View_of_the_village_of_Nunia_or_Ninive%2C_Niebuhr_1778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>View of the village of "Nunia" or "Ninive", published by <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> in 1778</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul,_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Views_of_the_archaeological_site_of_Nineveh_in_modern-day_Mosul%2C_currently_occupied_by_squatters_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Village in Nineveh in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The remains of ancient Nineveh, the areas of Kuyunjiq and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Yunus_Mosque" title="Al-Nabi Yunus Mosque">Nabī Yūnus</a> with their mounds, are located on a level part of the plain at the junction of the Tigris and the <a href="/wiki/Khosr_River" title="Khosr River">Khosr Rivers</a> within an area of 750 hectares (1,900 acres)<sup id="cite_ref-mieroop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mieroop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circumscribed by a 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) fortification wall. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins overlaid by c. one third by the Nebi Yunus suburbs of the city of eastern Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of ancient Nineveh is bisected by the Khosr river. North of the Khosr, the site is called Kuyunjiq, including the acropolis of Tell Kuyunjiq; the illegal village of Rahmaniye lay in eastern Kuyunjiq. South of the Khosr, the urbanized area is called Nebi Yunus (also Ghazliya, Jezayr, Jammasa), including Tell Nebi Yunus where the mosque of the Prophet Jonah and a palace of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> below it are located. South of the street Al-'Asady (made by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Daesh</a> destroying swaths of the city walls) the area is called Jounub Ninawah or Shara Pepsi. </p><p>Nineveh was an important junction for commercial routes crossing the Tigris on the great roadway between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, thus uniting the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">East</a> and the West, it received wealth from many sources, so that it became one of the greatest of all the region's ancient cities,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last capital of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_head_of_an_Akkadian_ruler,_discovered_in_Nineveh_in_1931,_presumably_depicting_either_Sargon_or_Sargon%27s_grandson_Naram-Sin_(Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_head_of_an_Akkadian_ruler%2C_discovered_in_Nineveh_in_1931%2C_presumably_depicting_either_Sargon_or_Sargon%27s_grandson_Naram-Sin_%28Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_head_of_an_Akkadian_ruler%2C_discovered_in_Nineveh_in_1931%2C_presumably_depicting_either_Sargon_or_Sargon%27s_grandson_Naram-Sin_%28Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bronze_head_of_an_Akkadian_ruler%2C_discovered_in_Nineveh_in_1931%2C_presumably_depicting_either_Sargon_or_Sargon%27s_grandson_Naram-Sin_%28Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="3761" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> ruler, discovered in Nineveh in 1931, presumably depicting <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2270 BC</span>, Iraq Museum. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nineveh was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. Texts from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period later offered an <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a> as the founder of Νίνου πόλις (Ninopolis), although there is no historical basis for this. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 10:11 says that <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, depending on the translation, built Nineveh. The context of Nineveh was as one of many centers within the regional development of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>. This area is defined as the plains which can support rain-fed agriculture. It exists as a narrow band from the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syrian coast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros mountains</a>. It is bordered by deserts to the south and mountains to the north. The cultural practices, technology, and economy in this region were shared and they followed a similar trajectory out of the neolithic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caves in the Zagros Mountains adjacent to the north side of the Nineveh Plains were used as <a href="/wiki/PPNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNA">PPNA</a> settlements, most famously <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a>. Nineveh itself was founded as early as 6000 BC during the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Vertical_electrical_sounding" title="Vertical electrical sounding">Deep sounding</a> at Nineveh uncovered soil layers that have been dated to early in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development and culture of Nineveh paralleled <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Tepe Gawra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Arpachiyah" title="Tell Arpachiyah">Tell Arpachiyah</a> a few kilometers to the northeast. Nineveh was a typical farming village in the <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf Period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 5000 BC, Nineveh transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a> village to an <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> village. During the Late Chalcolithic period Nineveh was part one of the few Ubaid villages in Upper Mesopotamia which became a proto-city. Others include <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Brak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Alep</a>, and regionally <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>. During the period between 4500 and 4000 BC it grew to 40 hectares in size. </p><p>The greater Nineveh area is notable in the diffusion of metal technology across the near east as the first location outside of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to smelt copper. Tell Arpachiyah has the oldest copper smelting remains, and Tepe Gawra has the oldest metal work. The copper came from the mines at <a href="/wiki/Ergani" title="Ergani">Ergani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze_Age">Early Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nineveh became a trade colony of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk Expansion</a> because of its location as the highest navigable point on the Tigris. It was contemporary and had a similar function to <a href="/wiki/Habuba_Kabira" title="Habuba Kabira">Habuba Kabira</a> on the Euphrates. By 3000 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a> had expanded into Nineveh. At this time, the main temple of Nineveh becomes known as Ishtar temple, re-dedicated to the Semite goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ishtar</a>, in the form of Ishtar of Nineveh. Ishtar of Nineveh was conflated with <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a> from the Hurro-Urartian pantheon. This temple was called 'House of Exorcists' (<a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a>: 𒂷𒈦𒈦 GA<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ.MAŠ; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: e<sub>2</sub> mašmaš).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The context of the etymology surrounding the name is the Exorcist called a Mashmash in Sumerian, was a freelance magician who operated independent of the official priesthood, and was in part a medical professional via the act of expelling demons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninevite_5_period">Ninevite 5 period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ninevite 5 period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regional influence of Nineveh became particularly pronounced during the archaeological period known as <i>Ninevite 5</i>, or <i>Ninevite V</i> (2900–2600 BC). This period is defined primarily by the characteristic pottery that is found widely throughout Upper Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, for the Upper Mesopotamian region, the <i>Early Jezirah</i> chronology has been developed by archaeologists. According to this regional chronology, 'Ninevite 5' is equivalent to the Early Jezirah I–II period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychrome_painted_jar,_geometric_designs_and_animals,_the_so-called_%22Scarlet_Ware%22._From_Iraq,_Tell_Abu_Qasim_(Arabic_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85),_Hamrin_Basin,_Diyala_Valley._2800-2000_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Polychrome_painted_jar%2C_geometric_designs_and_animals%2C_the_so-called_%22Scarlet_Ware%22._From_Iraq%2C_Tell_Abu_Qasim_%28Arabic_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%29%2C_Hamrin_Basin%2C_Diyala_Valley._2800-2000_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Polychrome_painted_jar%2C_geometric_designs_and_animals%2C_the_so-called_%22Scarlet_Ware%22._From_Iraq%2C_Tell_Abu_Qasim_%28Arabic_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%29%2C_Hamrin_Basin%2C_Diyala_Valley._2800-2000_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Polychrome_painted_jar%2C_geometric_designs_and_animals%2C_the_so-called_%22Scarlet_Ware%22._From_Iraq%2C_Tell_Abu_Qasim_%28Arabic_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%29%2C_Hamrin_Basin%2C_Diyala_Valley._2800-2000_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Polychrome painted jar, geometric designs and animals, the so-called "Scarlet Ware". From Tell Abu Qasim at Hamrin Basin, Iraq. 2800–2600 BCE. Iraq Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Ninevite 5 was preceded by the Late <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. Ninevite 5 pottery is roughly contemporary to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Transcaucasian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Transcaucasian culture">Early Transcaucasian culture</a> ware, and the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> ware.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi <i>Scarlet Ware</i> culture also belongs to this period; this colourful painted pottery is somewhat similar to Jemdet Nasr ware. Scarlet Ware was first documented in the <a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala River</a> basin in Iraq. Later, it was also found in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hamrin" title="Lake Hamrin">Hamrin Basin</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>. It is also contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> period in Susa. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Styles related to Nineveh 5</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted jar – Ninevite 5"><img alt="Painted jar – Ninevite 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg/108px-Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg/162px-Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg/216px-Painted_Jar_-_Ninevite_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted jar – Ninevite 5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted bowl – Uruk-Nineveh 5 transition"><img alt="Painted bowl – Uruk-Nineveh 5 transition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg/118px-Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg/177px-Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg/236px-Painted_bowl_-_Uruk-Nineveh_5_transition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted bowl – Uruk-Nineveh 5 transition</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jemdet Nasr ware"><img alt="Jemdet Nasr ware" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG/86px-Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG/130px-Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG/173px-Jamdat_Nasr_Period_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3619" data-file-height="5021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jemdet Nasr ware</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Elamite ware 3100 BC"><img alt="Proto-Elamite ware 3100 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg/90px-Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg/134px-Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg/179px-Vaso_cer%C3%A1mico_del_periodo_protoelamita_-_MARQ_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="3568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proto-Elamite ware 3100 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp,_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery jar, Tepeyatagi, Khudat district, Kura-Araxtes culture"><img alt="Pottery jar, Tepeyatagi, Khudat district, Kura-Araxtes culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/88px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/132px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/176px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="4065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery jar, Tepeyatagi, Khudat district, Kura-Araxtes culture</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akkadian_period">Akkadian period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Akkadian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time, Nineveh was still an autonomous <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>. It was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>. The early city (and subsequent buildings) was constructed on a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault line</a> and, consequently, suffered damage from a number of earthquakes. One such event destroyed the first temple of Ishtar, which was rebuilt in 2260 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ur_III_period">Ur III period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ur III period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the final phase of the Early Bronze, Mesopotamia was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a> empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> in 2000 BC, with the transition into the Middle Bronze, Nineveh was absorbed into the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Assyrian_period">Old Assyrian period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Old Assyrian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historic Nineveh is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian Empire</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> (1809–1775) in about 1800 BC as a centre of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, whose cult was responsible for the city's early importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitanni_period">Mitanni period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mitanni period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard,_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/495px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg/660px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_a_hall_in_an_Assyrian_palace_from_The_Monuments_of_Nineveh_by_Sir_Austen_Henry_Layard%2C_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a hall in an Assyrian palace from <i>The Monuments of Nineveh</i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a>, 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>The goddess's statue was sent to Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in the 14th century BC, by orders of the king of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> city of Nineveh became one of Mitanni's vassals for half a century until the early 14th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Assyrian_period">Middle Assyrian period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle Assyrian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> reclaimed it in 1365 BC while overthrowing the Mitanni Empire and creating the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1365–1050 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a large body of evidence to show that Assyrian monarchs built extensively in Nineveh during the late 3rd and 2nd millennia BC; it appears to have been originally an "Assyrian provincial town". Later monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the high city include the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> kings <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> (1274–1245 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> (1114–1076 BC), both of whom were active builders in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> (Ashur). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Assyrians">Neo-Assyrians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, particularly from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (ruled 883–859 BC) onward, there was considerable architectural expansion. Successive monarchs such as <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-pileser_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiglath-pileser III">Tiglath-pileser III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> maintained and founded new palaces, as well as temples to <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (deity)">Tammuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisroch" title="Nisroch">Nisroch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sennacherib's_development_of_Nineveh"><span id="Sennacherib.27s_development_of_Nineveh"></span><span id="Sennacherib's_Nineveh"></span>Sennacherib's development of Nineveh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sennacherib's development of Nineveh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/220px-Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/330px-Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/440px-Relief_from_Nineveh_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="3195" /></a><figcaption>Refined low-relief section of a bull-hunt frieze from Nineveh, <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 695 BC</span> (<a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, Berlin)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/220px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/330px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/440px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Relief of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> hunting a <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian lion">Mesopotamian lion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrafian2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrafian2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Northern Palace in Nineveh, as seen at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> who made Nineveh a truly influential city (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BC</span>), as he laid out new streets and squares and built within it the South West Palace, or "palace without a rival", the plan of which has been mostly recovered and has overall dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650 ft × 794 ft). It had at least 80 rooms, many of which were lined with sculpture. A large number of <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets were found in the palace. The solid foundation was made out of limestone blocks and mud bricks; it was 22 metres (72 ft) tall. In total, the foundation is made of roughly 2,680,000 cubic metres (3,505,308 cu yd) of brick (approximately 160 million bricks). The walls on top, made out of mud brick, were an additional 20 metres (66 ft) tall. </p><p>Some of the principal doorways were flanked by colossal stone <i><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a></i> door figures weighing up to 30,000 kilograms (30 t); these were winged <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Mesopotamian lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ashrafian2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrafian2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bulls</a>, with human heads. These were transported 50 kilometres (31 mi) from quarries at Balatai, and they had to be lifted up 20 metres (66 ft) once they arrived at the site, presumably by a <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">ramp</a>. There are also 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) of stone <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_palace_reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian palace reliefs">Assyrian palace reliefs</a>, that include pictorial records documenting every construction step including carving the statues and transporting them on a barge. One picture shows 44 men towing a colossal statue. The carving shows three men directing the operation while standing on the Colossus. Once the statues arrived at their destination, the final carving was done. Most of the statues weigh between 9,000 and 27,000 kilograms (19,842 and 59,525 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes, impalings and scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the spoils of war before him. The inscriptions boasted of his conquests: he wrote of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>: "Its inhabitants, young and old, I did not spare, and with their corpses I filled the streets of the city." A full and characteristic <a href="/wiki/Lachish_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish relief">set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish</a> in 701; it is the "finest" from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, and now in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote about a battle in <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>: "And <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> of Judah who had not submitted to my yoke ... him I shut up in Jerusalem his royal city like a caged bird. Earthworks I threw up against him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I made pay for his crime. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his land."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, Nineveh comprised about 7 square kilometres (1,730 acres) of land, and fifteen great gates penetrated its walls. An elaborate system of eighteen canals brought water from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Jerwan" title="Jerwan">Jerwan</a>, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) distant.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enclosed area had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000), about twice as many as <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> at the time, placing it among the largest settlements worldwide. </p><p>Some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Stephanie Dalley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> believe that the garden which Sennacherib built next to his palace, with its associated irrigation works, were the original <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a>; Dalley's argument is based on a disputation of the traditional placement of the Hanging Gardens attributed to <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> together with a combination of literary and archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalley2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalley2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_Ashurbanipal">After Ashurbanipal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: After Ashurbanipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg/390px-2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg/585px-2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg/780px-2018_Ashurbanipal_-_Nineveh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The walls of Nineveh at the time of Ashurbanipal. 645–640 BC. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> BM 124938.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The greatness of Nineveh was short-lived. In around 627 BC, after the death of its last great king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, the Neo-Assyrian Empire began to unravel through a series of bitter <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> between rival claimants for the throne, and in 616 BC Assyria was attacked by its own former vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. In about 616 BC <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Kalhu</a> was sacked, the allied forces eventually reached Nineveh, besieging and sacking the city in 612 BC, following bitter house-to-house fighting, after which it was razed. Most of the people in the city who could not escape to the last Assyrian strongholds in the north and west were either massacred or deported out of the city and into the countryside where they founded new settlements. Many unburied skeletons were found by the archaeologists at the site. The Assyrian Empire then came to an end by 605 BC, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its colonies between themselves. </p><p>It is not clear whether Nineveh came under the rule of the Medes or the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in 612. The Babylonian <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronicle_Concerning_the_Fall_of_Nineveh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronicle Concerning the Fall of Nineveh (page does not exist)">Chronicle Concerning the Fall of Nineveh</a></i> records that Nineveh was "turned into mounds and heaps", but this is literary hyperbole. The complete destruction of Nineveh has traditionally been seen as confirmed by the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> and the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Retreat of the Ten Thousand</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (d. 354 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-SD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no later cuneiform tablets in Akkadian from Nineveh. Although devastated in 612 BC, the city was not completely abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, to the Greek historians <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (c. 400 BC), Nineveh was a thing of the past; and when Xenophon passed the place in the 4th century BC he described it as abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest piece of written evidence for the persistence of Nineveh as a settlement is possibly the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> of 539/538 BC, but the reading of this is disputed. If correctly read as Nineveh, it indicates that <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> restored the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh and probably encouraged resettlement. A number of cuneiform <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> tablets have been found at Nineveh. They probably date from the time of the revival of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> in the century following the collapse of Assyria. The Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, which was most likely written between 793 and 758 BC, is an account of the city's repentance and God's mercy which prevented destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologically, there is evidence of repairs at the temple of Nabu after 612 BC and for the continued use of Sennacherib's palace. There is evidence of syncretic <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> cults. A statue of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> has been found and a Greek inscription attached to a shrine of the <a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a>. A statue of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Herakles Epitrapezios</a> dated to the 2nd century AD has also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">library of Ashurbanipal</a> may still have been in use until around the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Niniveh#After_Ashurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Niniveh"><span title="According to Xenophon, the place was abandoned in the 4th century and he didn't even know which people once inhabited these places. (November 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city was actively resettled under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PAW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of more changes in Sennacherib's palace under the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. The Parthians also established a municipal mint at Nineveh coining in bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, in AD 50 <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a>, a claimant to the Parthian throne with Roman support, took Nineveh.<sup id="cite_ref-JER_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JER-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, Nineveh was restricted to the east bank of the Tigris and the west bank was uninhabited. Under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, Nineveh was not an administrative centre. By the 2nd century AD there were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> present and by 554 it was a <a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">bishopric</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (591–628) built a fortress on the west bank, and two Christian monasteries were constructed around 570 and 595. This growing settlement was not called <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> until after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab conquests</a>. It may have been called Hesnā ʿEbrāyē (Jews' Fort).<sup id="cite_ref-PAW_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 627, the city was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(627)" title="Battle of Nineveh (627)">Battle of Nineveh</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> and the Sasanians. In 641, it was <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquered by the Arabs</a>, who built a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> on the west bank and turned it into an administrative centre. Under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a>, Mosul eclipsed Nineveh, which was reduced to a Christian suburb with limited new construction. By the 13th century, Nineveh was mostly ruins and was subsequently absorbed into Mosul. A church was converted into <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sites_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sites of Mosul">a Muslim shrine</a> to the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, which continued to attract pilgrims until <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">its destruction by ISIL in 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PAW_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern city of Mosul is occasionally referred to as Nineveh, such as during the operation to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">retake Mosul</a> in 2016–17.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic1020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic1020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_Nineveh">Biblical Nineveh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biblical Nineveh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Nineveh is first mentioned in Genesis 10:11: "<a href="/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)" title="Ashur (Bible)">Ashur</a> left that land, and built Nineveh". Some modern English translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse as the country "Assyria" rather than a person, thus making <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a>, rather than Ashur, the founder of Nineveh. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>'s notion that Nimrod built Nineveh has been disputed by eighteenth century scholar <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shuckford" title="Samuel Shuckford">Samuel Shuckford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the fifteen <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a> texts found amongst the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> has since shown that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> sects of Qumran, Genesis 10:11 affirms the apportionment of Nineveh to Ashur.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attribution of Nineveh to Ashur is also supported by the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Greek Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a>, and by Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (Antiquities, i, vi, 4).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh,_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_The_Prophet_Jonah_before_the_Walls_of_Nineveh%2C_c._1655_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption><i>The Prophet Jonah before the Walls of Nineveh</i>, drawing by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1655</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Nineveh was the flourishing capital of the Assyrian Empire<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the home of King <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, King of Assyria, during the Biblical reign of King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִזְקִיָּהוּ</span></span>) and the lifetime of Judean prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישעיה</span></span>). As recorded in Hebrew scripture, Nineveh was also the place where Sennacherib died at the hands of his two sons, who then fled to the vassal land of <i>`rrt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a> is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic denunciations against Nineveh. Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its end was strange, sudden, and tragic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bible, it was God's doing, his judgment on Assyria's pride.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fulfillment of prophecy, God made "an utter end of the place". It became a "desolation". The prophet <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> also<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. Nineveh is also the setting of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, set in the days of the Assyrian Empire, describes it<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an "exceedingly great city of three days' journey in breadth", whose population at that time is given as "more than 120,000". Genesis 10:11–12 lists four cities "Nineveh, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(Bible)" title="Rehoboth (Bible)">Rehoboth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Calah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resen_(Bible)" title="Resen (Bible)">Resen</a>", ambiguously stating that either Resen or Calah is "the great city".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of Kuyunjiq, <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karamlesh" title="Karamlesh">Karamlesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Khorsabad</a> form the four corners of an irregular quadrilateral. The ruins of the "great city" Nineveh, with the whole area included within the parallelogram they form by lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as consisting of these four sites. The description of Nineveh in Jonah likely was a reference to greater Nineveh, including the surrounding cities of Rehoboth, Calah and Resen<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Jonah depicts Nineveh as a wicked city worthy of destruction. God sent Jonah to preach to the Ninevites of their coming destruction, and they fasted and repented because of this. As a result, God spared the city; when Jonah protests against this, God states he is showing mercy for the population who are ignorant of the difference between right and wrong ("who cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand"<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and mercy for the beasts in the city. </p><p>Nineveh's repentance and salvation from evil can be found in the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and referred to in the Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches commemorate the three days Jonah spent inside the fish during the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a>. Some Christians observe this holiday fast by refraining from food and drink, with churches encouraging followers to refrain from dairy products, fish and other meats.<sup id="cite_ref-SycOrth_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of Nineveh was known, to some, continuously through the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> visited it in 1170; <a href="/wiki/Petachiah_of_Regensburg" title="Petachiah of Regensburg">Petachiah of Regensburg</a> soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> recorded its location during the 1761–1767 <a href="/wiki/Danish_Arabia_expedition_(1761%E2%80%931767)" title="Danish Arabia expedition (1761–1767)">Danish expedition</a>. Niebuhr wrote afterwards that "I did not learn that I was at so remarkable a spot, till near the river. Then they showed me a village on a great hill, which they call Nunia, and a mosque, in which the prophet Jonah was buried. Another hill in this district is called Kalla Nunia, or the Castle of Nineveh. On that lies a village Koindsjug."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_history">Excavation history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Excavation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Botta" title="Paul-Émile Botta">Paul-Émile Botta</a>, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. While at Tell Kuyunjiq he had little success, the locals whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the 20 km far-away mound of <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, which, on further exploration, turned out to be the royal palace of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, in which large numbers of reliefs were found and recorded, though they had been damaged by fire and were mostly too fragile to remove. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nineve.jpg/90px-Nineve.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nineve.jpg/135px-Nineve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nineve.jpg/180px-Nineve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Bronze lion from Nineveh</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847 the young British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> explored the ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layard did not use modern archaeological methods; his stated goal was "to obtain the largest possible number of well preserved objects of art at the least possible outlay of time and money".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Kuyunjiq mound, Layard rediscovered in 1849 the lost palace of Sennacherib with its 71 rooms and colossal <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a>. He also unearthed the palace and famous <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">library of Ashurbanipal</a> with 22,000 cuneiform clay tablets. Most of Layard's material was sent to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, but others were dispersed elsewhere as two large pieces which were given to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest" title="Lady Charlotte Guest">Lady Charlotte Guest</a> and eventually found their way to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum">Metropolitan Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the archaeology of Nineveh reveals the wealth and glory of ancient Assyria under kings such as <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (681–669 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (669–626 BC). </p><p>The work of exploration was carried on by <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a> and others, and a vast treasury of specimens of Assyria was incrementally exhumed for European museums. Palace after palace was discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of their monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mound of Kuyunjiq was excavated again by the archaeologists of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_William_King" title="Leonard William King">Leonard William King</a>, at the beginning of the 20th century. Their efforts concentrated on the site of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, the god of writing, where another cuneiform library was supposed to exist. However, no such library was ever found: most likely, it had been destroyed by the activities of later residents. </p><p>The excavations started again in 1927, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Campbell_Thompson" title="Reginald Campbell Thompson">Campbell Thompson</a>, who had taken part in King's expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works were carried out outside Kuyunjiq, for instance on the mound of Tell Nebi Yunus, which was the ancient arsenal of Nineveh, or along the outside walls. Here, near the northwestern corner of the walls, beyond the pavement of a later building, the archaeologists found almost 300 fragments of prisms recording the royal annals of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal, beside a prism of Esarhaddon which was almost perfect. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, several excavations were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> archaeologists. From 1951 to 1958, Mohammed Ali Mustafa worked the site.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was continued from 1967 through 1971 by Tariq Madhloom.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some additional excavation occurred by Manhal Jabur from the early 1970s to 1987. For the most part, these digs focused on Tell Nebi Yunus. </p><p>The British archaeologist and Assyriologist Professor <a href="/wiki/David_Stronach" title="David Stronach">David Stronach</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> conducted a series of surveys and digs at the site from 1987 to 1990, focusing his attentions on the several gates and the existent mudbrick walls, as well as the system that supplied water to the city in times of siege. The excavation reports are in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mosul’s liberation from the control of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_A._Miglus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter A. Miglus (page does not exist)">Peter A. Miglus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Miglus" class="extiw" title="de:Peter A. Miglus">de</a>]</span>, University of Heidelberg, established a rescue project in 2018, exploring and documenting the intrusive IS tunnels in the Assyrian Military Palace that is located below the destroyed Mosque of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> on Tell Nebi Yunus. Archaeological excavations have been conducted since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, an extensive research project, currently under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Maul" title="Stefan Maul">Stefan M. Maul</a>, University of Heidelberg, developed, focusing also on other areas of Nineveh. At Tell Kuyunjiq, activities started in 2021 with rescue and restoration measures for the destroyed reliefs in the throne room wing of the Southwest Palace. Excavations in the North Palace commenced in 2022. Since 2023, work has also been conducted at the Nergal Gate, which was bulldozed by IS. In the lower town, geophysical surveys were carried out north of Kuyunjiq in 2021 and 2023 in preparation of future research on residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_remains">Archaeological remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Archaeological remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg/220px-Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg/330px-Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg/440px-Humvee_down_after_isis_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Humvee down after ISIL attack</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Nineveh's location is marked by two large mounds, Tell Kuyunjiq and Tell <i>Nabī Yūnus</i> "Prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>", and the remains of the city walls (about 12 kilometres (7 mi) in circumference). The Neo-Assyrian levels of Kuyunjiq have been extensively explored. The other mound, <i>Nabī Yūnus</i>, has not been as extensively explored because there was an Arab Muslim shrine dedicated to that prophet on the site. On July 24, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> destroyed the shrine as part of a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">campaign to destroy</a> religious sanctuaries it deemed "un-Islamic",<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also to loot that site through tunneling. </p><p>The ruin mound of Kuyunjiq rises about 20 metres (66 ft) above the surrounding plain of the ancient city. It is quite broad, measuring about 800 by 500 metres (2,625 ft × 1,640 ft). Its upper layers have been extensively excavated, and several Neo-Assyrian palaces and temples have been found there. A deep sounding by Max Mallowan revealed evidence of habitation as early as the 6th millennium BC. Today, there is little evidence of these old excavations other than weathered pits and earth piles. In 1990, the only Assyrian remains visible were those of the entry court and the first few chambers of the Palace of Sennacherib. Since that time, the palace chambers have received significant damage by looters. Portions of relief sculptures that were in the palace chambers in 1990 were seen on the antiquities market by 1996. Photographs of the chambers made in 2003 show that many of the fine relief sculptures there have been reduced to piles of rubble. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG/220px-Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG/330px-Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG/440px-Nineveh_Nebi_Yunus_Excavation_Bull-Man_Head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Winged Bull</a> excavated at Tell Nebi Yunus by Iraqi archaeologists</figcaption></figure> <p>Tell Nebi Yunus is located about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of Kuyunjiq and is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. On the basis of texts of Sennacherib, the site has traditionally been identified as the "armory" of Nineveh, and a gate and pavements excavated by Iraqis in 1954 have been considered to be part of the "armory" complex. Excavations in 1990 revealed a monumental entryway consisting of a number of large inscribed <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements#Orthostat" title="Megalithic architectural elements">orthostats</a> and "bull-man" sculptures, some apparently unfinished. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">liberation of Mosul</a>, the tunnels under Tell Nebi Yunus were explored in 2018, in which a 3000-year-old palace was discovered, including a pair of reliefs, each showing a row of women, along with reliefs of <i><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This library or store of clay tablets was found in the royal palace complex in Nineveh; it contained thousands of tablets inscribed with cuneiform text.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_wall_and_gates">City wall and gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: City wall and gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/220px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/330px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG/440px-Nineveh_map_city_walls_%26_gates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Simplified plan of ancient Nineveh showing city wall and location of gateways</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/220px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/330px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/440px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the restored <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> Gate, taken prior to the gate's destruction by IS in April 2016<sup id="cite_ref-Romey2016_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romey2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG/220px-Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG/330px-Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG/440px-Nineveh_walls_east_Shamash_Gate_from_rampart.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Eastern city wall and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> Gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. About 12 km in length, the wall system consisted of an ashlar stone retaining wall about 6 metres (20 ft) high surmounted by a mudbrick wall about 10 metres (33 ft) high and 15 metres (49 ft) thick. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every 18 metres (59 ft). The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>. </p><p>Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists: </p> <ul><li>Mashki Gate <i>Masqi Gate</i> (Arabic: بوابة مسقي Derived from the passive participle of سَقَى saqā, "to give (sb) a drink, to water, to irrigate")<sup id="cite_ref-main_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was perhaps used to take livestock to water from the Tigris which currently flows about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) to the west. It has been reconstructed in fortified mudbrick to the height of the top of the vaulted passageway. The Assyrian original may have been plastered and ornamented. It was bulldozed along with the Nergal and Adad Gates during <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">IS</a> occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Romey2016_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romey2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the restoration project, seven damaged alabaster carvings from the time of Sennacherib were found at the gate in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nergal Gate: Named for the god <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, it may have been used for some ceremonial purpose, as it is the only known gate flanked by stone sculptures of winged bull-men (<i><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a></i>). The reconstruction is conjectural, as the gate was excavated by Layard in the mid-19th century and reconstructed in the mid-20th century. The lamassu on this gate were defaced with a jackhammer by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">IS</a> forces and the gate was utterly destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adad Gate: Named for the god <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>. A roofing above it was begun in the late 1960s by Iraqis but was not completed. The result was a mixture of concrete and eroding mudbrick, which nonetheless does give some idea of the original structure. The excavator left some features unexcavated, allowing a view of the original Assyrian construction. The original brickwork of the outer vaulted passageway was well exposed, as was the entrance of the vaulted stairway to the upper levels. The actions of Nineveh's last defenders could be seen in the hastily built mudbrick construction which narrowed the passageway from 4 to 2 metres (13 to 7 ft). Around April 13, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">IS</a> demolished both the gate and the adjacent wall by flattening them with a bulldozer.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romey2016_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romey2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been restored by the Iraqi-Italian expedition.</li> <li>Shamash Gate: Named for the sun god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, it opens to the road to <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>. It was excavated by Layard in the 19th century. The stone retaining wall and part of the mudbrick structure were reconstructed in the 1960s. The mudbrick reconstruction has deteriorated significantly. The stone wall projects outward about 20 metres (66 ft) from the line of main wall for a width of about 70 metres (230 ft). It is the only gate with such a significant projection. The mound of its remains towers above the surrounding terrain. Its size and design suggest it was the most important gate in Neo-Assyrian times.</li> <li>Halzi Gate: Near the south end of the eastern city wall. Exploratory excavations were undertaken here by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> expedition of 1989–1990 and again in 2022 by the Iraqi-Italian Expedition. There is an outward projection of the city wall, though not as pronounced as at the Shamash Gate. The entry passage had been narrowed with mudbrick to about 2 metres (7 ft) as at the Adad Gate. Human remains from the final battle of Nineveh were found in the passageway.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in the eastern wall, it is the southernmost and largest of all the remaining gates of ancient Nineveh.<sup id="cite_ref-main_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Besides the possible <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> Gate at the north-west end of the site, a new gate has been discovered in 2021 to the north of the Shamash Gate and south of the Khosr river (in the area labeled as N by the Iraqi-Italian expedition).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_the_site">Threats to the site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Threats to the site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2003, the site of Nineveh was exposed to decay of its <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> by a lack of proper protective roofing, vandalism and looting holes dug into chamber floors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future preservation is further compromised by the site's proximity to expanding suburbs. </p><p>The ailing <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul Dam</a> is a persistent threat to Nineveh as well as the city of Mosul. This is in no small part due to years of disrepair (in 2006, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> cited it as the most dangerous dam in the world), the cancellation of a second dam project in the 1980s to act as flood relief in case of failure, and occupation by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> in 2014 resulting in fleeing workers and stolen equipment. If the dam fails, the entire site could be under as much as 45 feet (14 m) of water.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 2010 report titled <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Our_Vanishing_Heritage" title="Saving Our Vanishing Heritage">Saving Our Vanishing Heritage</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund" title="Global Heritage Fund">Global Heritage Fund</a> named Nineveh one of 12 sites most "on the verge" of irreparable destruction and loss, citing insufficient management, development pressures and looting as primary causes.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far, the greatest threat to Nineveh has been purposeful human actions by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>, which first occupied the area in 2014. In early 2015, they announced their intention to destroy the walls of Nineveh if the Iraqis tried to liberate the city. They also threatened to destroy artifacts and the destruction of archaeological heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 26, video footage showing ISIL destroying the smashing of statues and artifacts at the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are believed to have plundered others to sell overseas. The items were mostly from the Assyrian exhibit, which Daesh declared <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry#Islam" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a>. There were 300 items remaining in the museum out of a total of 1,900, with the other 1,600 being taken to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> for security reasons prior to the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2016)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the artifacts sold and/or destroyed were from Nineveh.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a few days after the destruction of the museum pieces, Daesh terrorists demolished parts of three other major UNESCO world heritage sites, <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>. In 2016, Daesh effectively destroyed the Adad Gate (along with the adjoining northern city walls), as well as the Mashki Gate (along with the eastern fortifications) (the Mashki Gate is in the process of being restored)).<sup id="cite_ref-heritagedaily_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritagedaily-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daesh also called for intensive new housing in the Kuyunjiq part and opened a large road across the southern part of the site (currently known as Al Asady Road). </p><p>After the cultural destruction and between 2014-2020, international efforts by archeologists began recording, evaluating and monitoring the damage and destruction inflicted on sensitive archaeological contexts in Nineveh, using satellite-based <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results found that a few high-profile acts of deliberate vandalism were accompanied by much more extensive damage caused by construction and rubbish dumping extending across substantial parts of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rogation_of_the_Ninevites_(Nineveh's_Wish)"><span id="Rogation_of_the_Ninevites_.28Nineveh.27s_Wish.29"></span>Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Wish)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Wish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> observe a fast called <i>Ba'uta d-Ninwe</i> (ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ) which means <i>Nineveh's Prayer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> also maintain this fast.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English Romantic poet <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atherstone" title="Edwin Atherstone">Edwin Atherstone</a> wrote an epic titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Nineveh" title="The Fall of Nineveh">The Fall of Nineveh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work tells of an uprising against king Sardanapalus by all the nations that were dominated by the Assyrian Empire. He is a great criminal who had one hundred prisoners of war executed. After a long struggle, the town is conquered by Median and Babylonian troops, led by prince Arbaces and priest Belesis. The king then sets his own palace on fire and dies inside together with all his concubines. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_nineveh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fall_of_nineveh.jpg/240px-Fall_of_nineveh.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fall_of_nineveh.jpg/360px-Fall_of_nineveh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fall_of_nineveh.jpg/480px-Fall_of_nineveh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>John Martin, <i>The Fall of Nineveh</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Atherstone's friend, artist <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, created a painting of the same name inspired by the poem. English poet <a href="/wiki/John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">John Masefield</a>'s well-known, fanciful 1903 poem <i><a href="/wiki/Salt-Water_Poems_and_Ballads#"Cargoes"" title="Salt-Water Poems and Ballads">Cargoes</a></i> mentions Nineveh in its first line. Nineveh is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s 1897 poem <i><a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_O%27Shaughnessy" title="Arthur O'Shaughnessy">Arthur O'Shaughnessy</a>'s 1873 poem <i><a href="/wiki/Ode_(poem)" title="Ode (poem)">Ode</a></i>. </p><p>The 1962 Italian <a href="/wiki/Peplum_(film_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum (film genre)">peplum</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/War_Gods_of_Babylon" title="War Gods of Babylon">War Gods of Babylon</a></i> is based on the sacking and fall of Nineveh by the combined rebel armies led by the Babylonians. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah:_A_VeggieTales_Movie" title="Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie">Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie</a></i>, Jonah, much like his biblical counterpart, must travel to Nineveh due to God's demands. </p><p>The Wright/Forrest/Borodin Broadway hit musical <i><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(musical)" title="Kismet (musical)">Kismet</a></i> contains a rousing song "Not Since Niniveh", sung by <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Gray" title="Dolores Gray">Dolores Gray</a> in the movie version. </p><p>In the 1973 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist" title="The Exorcist">The Exorcist</a></i>, Father <a href="/wiki/Lankester_Merrin" title="Lankester Merrin">Lankester Merrin</a> was on an archeological dig near Nineveh before returning to the United States and leading the exorcism of <a href="/wiki/Regan_MacNeil" title="Regan MacNeil">Regan MacNeil</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a></i> universe, Ollanius Persson was supposedly born in Nineveh in 15,000 BCE, making him the oldest of the Perpetuals. </p><p>Nineveh, one of the antagonists from the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Zenless_Zone_Zero" title="Zenless Zone Zero">Zenless Zone Zero</a></i>, is named after this city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">Historical urban community sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Nineveh — ܢܝܢܘܐ " in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://syriaca.org/place/144">http://syriaca.org/place/144</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. geography.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=geography.about.com&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matt+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripke1980" class="citation cs2">Kripke, Saul A. (1980) [1972], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vvAlOBfq0kC&q=Jonah+was+not+a+real+person&pg=PA67"><i>Naming and Necessity</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-59846-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-59846-6"><bdi>0-674-59846-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+and+Necessity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-674-59846-6&rft.aulast=Kripke&rft.aufirst=Saul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vvAlOBfq0kC%26q%3DJonah%2Bwas%2Bnot%2Ba%2Breal%2Bperson%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jenson, Philip Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: A Theological Commentary</i></a>. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-44289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-44289-5"><bdi>978-0-567-44289-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obadiah%2C+Jonah%2C+Micah%3A+A+Theological+Commentary&rft.series=The+Library+of+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-567-44289-5&rft.aulast=Jenson&rft.aufirst=Philip+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLKoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm2009" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN1FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT382"><i>Handbook on the Prophets</i></a>. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-365-2"><bdi>978-1-58558-365-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>. <q>Despite the modern scholarly consensus that the book is fictional</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Prophets&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58558-365-2&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN1FEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "Ninevite, <i>n.</i> and <i>adj.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenc_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenc_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenc_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14857.html">"Nineveh"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Gale Group. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nineveh&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0015_0_14857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jastrow-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jastrow_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJastrow1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Jastrow, Marcus</a> (1996). <i>A Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature</i>. New York: The Judaica Press, Inc. p. 888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Targumim%2C+Talmud+Babli%2C+Talmud+Yerushalmi+and+Midrashic+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=888&rft.pub=The+Judaica+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Layard1849-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Layard1849_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Layard, 1849, p.xxi, "...called Kuyunjiq by the Turks, and Armousheeah by the Arabs"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1083">"Koyundjik"</a>, <i>E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, p. 1083</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koyundjik&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=1083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26pg%3DPA1083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mieroop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mieroop_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieroop1997" class="citation book cs1">Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YKlbIp9pYMC&pg=PA95"><i>The Ancient Mesopotamian City</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191588457" title="Special:BookSources/9780191588457"><bdi>9780191588457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mesopotamian+City&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780191588457&rft.aulast=Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc+van+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YKlbIp9pYMC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Turner, "Tell Nebi Yūnus: The ekal māšarti of Nineveh", <i>Iraq</i>, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 68–85, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proud Nineveh" is an emblem of earthly pride in the Old Testament prophecies: "And He will stretch out His hand against the north And destroy Assyria, And He will make Nineveh a desolation, Parched like the wilderness." (<a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> 2:13).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. E. L. Mallowan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241589">The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh</a>", <i>Iraq</i> Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), 104–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq05-044.html">Kuyunjiq / Tell Nebi Yunis (ancient: Nineveh)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105010507/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq05-044.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> colostate.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, W. (2004). "Ištar of Nineveh". <i>Iraq</i>. <b>66</b> (Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900001595">10.1017/S0021088900001595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163889444">163889444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=I%C5%A1tar+of+Nineveh&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=Papers+of+the+49th+Rencontre+Assyriologique+Internationale&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021088900001595&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163889444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney1936" class="citation journal cs1">Gurney, O.R. (1936). "Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T. G. Pinches. Aus dem Nachlass veröffentlicht und bearbeitet". <i>Rchiv Fiir Orientforschung</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">358–</span>359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rchiv+Fiir+Orientforschung&rft.atitle=Keilschrifttexte+nach+Kopien+von+T.+G.+Pinches.+Aus+dem+Nachlass+ver%C3%B6ffentlicht+und+bearbeitet&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=O.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Archaeology_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA427"><i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631235833" title="Special:BookSources/0631235833">0631235833</a> p. 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellarbid.uw.edu.pl/research">Polish-Syrian Expedition to Tell Arbid</a> 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)" title="Ashur (Bible)">Asshur</a>: "Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashrafian2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrafian2011_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrafian2011_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshrafian2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ashrafian, H. (2011). "An extinct Mesopotamian lion subspecies". <i>Veterinary Heritage</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Heritage&rft.atitle=An+extinct+Mesopotamian+lion+subspecies&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ashrafian&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reade, Julian, <i>Assyrian Sculpture</i>, pp. 56 (quoted), 65–71, 1998 (2nd ed.), The British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714121413" title="Special:BookSources/9780714121413">9780714121413</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Life Lost Civilizations series: <i>Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings</i> (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf">"Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan"</a>, Oriental Institute Publication 24, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalley2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalley2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2013). <i>The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966226-5"><bdi>978-0-19-966226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Hanging+Garden+of+Babylon%3A+an+elusive+World+Wonder+traced&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966226-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1856-0909-35">"Wall panel; relief British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Wall+panel%3B+relief+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_1856-0909-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SD-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SD_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie Dalley (1993), "Nineveh after 612 BC", <i>Altorientalische Forschungen</i> <b>20</b>(1): 134–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menko Vlaardingerbroek (2004), "The Founding of Nineveh and Babylon in Greek Historiography", <i>Iraq</i>, vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th <a href="/wiki/Rencontre_Assyriologique_Internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale">Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale</a>, Part One, pp. 233–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAW-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PAW_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAW_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAW_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Webb, "Nineveh and Mosul", in O. Nicholason (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i> (Oxford University Press, 2018), vol. 2, p. 1078.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JER-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JER_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Reade (1998), "Greco-Parthian Nineveh", <i>Iraq</i> <b>60</b>: 65–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsumaria.tv/news/182977/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A/ar">"العبادي يطلق على عمليات تحرير نينوى تسمية "قادمون يا نينوى" أمن"</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Al_Sumaria" title="Al Sumaria">Al Sumaria</a>. 17 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019170941/http://www.alsumaria.tv/news/182977/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A/ar">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%22%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89%22+%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alsumaria.tv%2Fnews%2F182977%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%2Far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic1020-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic1020_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2016" class="citation news cs1">Winter, Charlie (20 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/10/isis-mosul-propaganda-iraq-kurds-peshmerga/504854/">"How ISIS Is Spinning the Mosul Battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020230854/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/10/isis-mosul-propaganda-iraq-kurds-peshmerga/504854/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+ISIS+Is+Spinning+the+Mosul+Battle&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F10%2Fisis-mosul-propaganda-iraq-kurds-peshmerga%2F504854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuckfordJames_Talboys_Wheeler1858" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shuckford" title="Samuel Shuckford">Shuckford, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Talboys_Wheeler" title="James Talboys Wheeler">James Talboys Wheeler</a> (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zV9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA106"><i>The sacred and profane history of the world connected</i></a>, vol. 1, pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>107</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sacred+and+profane+history+of+the+world+connected&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Shuckford&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=James+Talboys+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zV9AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/9.htm">"Jubilees 9"</a>. <i>www.pseudepigrapha.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pseudepigrapha.com&rft.atitle=Jubilees+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pseudepigrapha.com%2Fjubilees%2F9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam, "Jubilees, Book of", in L. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKam (eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>, Oxford University Press (2000), Vol. I, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Greek Septuagint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Septuagint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Geneva Bible</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geneva+Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>1611 King James Bible</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1611+King+James+Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:11&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+19:36&version=nkjv">2 Kings 19:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+37:37–38&version=nkjv">Isaiah 37:37–38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum+1:14&version=nkjv">Nahum 1:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum+3:19&version=nkjv">Nahum 3:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nahum+2:6–11&version=nkjv">Nahum 2:6–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+10:5–19&version=nkjv">Isaiah 10:5–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zephaniah+2:13–15&version=nkjv">Zephaniah 2:13–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+3:3&version=nkjv">Jonah 3:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+4:11&version=nkjv">Jonah 4:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#10:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 10:11–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerBurdick1995" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Kenneth L.; Burdick, Donald W., eds. (1995). <i>The NIV Study Bible</i> (10th anniversary ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 1361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-92568-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-92568-1"><bdi>0-310-92568-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33344874">33344874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NIV+Study+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=1361&rft.edition=10th+anniversary&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33344874&rft.isbn=0-310-92568-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1704.htm">"Jonah 4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>www.mechon-mamre.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Jonah+4+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt1704.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12:41&version=nkjv">Matthew 12:41</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+11:32&version=nkjv">Luke 11:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37/139-148">37:139–148</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SycOrth-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SycOrth_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123007/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/">"Three Day Fast of Nineveh"</a>. Syrian Orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Day+Fast+of+Nineveh&rft.pub=Syrian+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianorthodoxchurch.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fthree-day-fast-of-nineveh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liverani 2016, p. 23. "Toward 1170 the rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, who was traveling throughout the Near East passing from one Hebrew community to another, having arrived at Mosul (which he called 'Assur the Great') had a clear idea (thanks to information given to him by his local colleagues) that across the Tigris was the famous Ninevah, in ruins but covered with villages and farms ... Ten years later another rabbi, Petachia of Ratisbon [i.e. Regensburg], also arriving at Mosul (which he called the 'New Ninevah') and crossing the river, visited 'Old Ninevah', which he described as desolate and 'overthrown like Sodom' with the land black like pitch, without a blade of grass. ... Myths apart, the localization of Ninevah remained a matter of common knowledge and beyond argument; various western travelers (such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier in 1644, and then Bourguignon d'Anville in 1779) confirmed it, and some soundings followed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/minorprophetswit00puse#page/123/mode/1up/"><i>The Minor Prophets, with a Commentary, Explanatory and Practical, and Introductions to the Several Books</i></a>, Volume II, p.123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Layard, <i>Nineveh and Its Remains</i>, John Murray, 1849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Layard, <i>Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon</i>, John Murray, 1853</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Layard, <i>The Monuments of Nineveh; From Drawings Made on the Spot</i>, John Murray, 1849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. 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Mallowan, "The British Museum excavations at Nineveh 1931–32", <i>Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology</i>, vol. 20, pp. 71–186, 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed Ali Mustafa, <i>Sumer</i>, vol. 10, pp. 110–111, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed Ali Mustafa, <i>Sumer</i>, vol. 11, pp. 4, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report", <i>Sumer</i>, vol. 23, pp. 76–79, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: The 1967–68 Campaign", <i>Sumer</i>, vol 24, pp. 45–51, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: The 1968–69 Campaign", <i>Sumer</i>, vol. 25, pp. 43–49, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120816/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/digsites/Mesopotamia/Nineveh_07/index.htm">"Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications – Nineveh Publication Grant"</a>. 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Nineveh" class="extiw" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Nineveh">Nineveh</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nineveh&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1992" class="citation cs2">Russell, John Malcolm (1992), <i>Sennacherib's "Palace without Rival" at Nineveh</i>, University Of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73175-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73175-8"><bdi>0-226-73175-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sennacherib%27s+%22Palace+without+Rival%22+at+Nineveh&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-226-73175-8&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1976" class="citation cs2">Barnett, Richard David (1976), <i>Sculptures from the north palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.)</i>, British Museum Publications Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1046-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1046-9"><bdi>0-7141-1046-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sculptures+from+the+north+palace+of+Ashurbanipal+at+Nineveh+%28668-627+B.C.%29&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7141-1046-9&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Richard+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_ThompsonHutchinson1929" class="citation cs2">Campbell Thompson, R.; Hutchinson, R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+century+of+exploration+at+Nineveh&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1784268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1784268&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929GeogJ..74..406P&rft.aulast=Campbell+Thompson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezold" class="citation cs2">Bezold, Carl, <i>Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Cuneiform+Tablets+in+the+Kouyunjik+Collection+of+the+British+Museum&rft.aulast=Bezold&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NFI8AAAAMAAJ"><i>Volume I</i></a>, 1889</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+I&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_NFI8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074440304;view=1up;seq=9"><i>Volume II</i></a>, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1891</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+II&rft.pub=Printed+by+order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101074440304%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026972384"><i>Volume III</i></a>, 1893</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+III&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924026972384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fUE8AAAAMAAJ"><i>Volume IV</i></a>, 1896</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+IV&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_fUE8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101072701640;view=1up;seq=7"><i>Volume V</i></a>, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1899</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+V&rft.pub=Printed+by+order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101072701640%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum</i>, British Museum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Cuneiform+Tablets+in+the+Kouyunjik+Collection+of+the+British+Museum&rft.pub=British+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1914" class="citation cs2">King, W. L. (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcunei00brituoft"><i>Supplement I</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+I&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogueofcunei00brituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1968" class="citation cs2">Lambert, W. G. (1968), <i>Supplement II</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+II&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1992" class="citation cs2">Lambert, W. G. (1992), <i>Supplement III</i>, Trustees of the British Museum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1131-7"><bdi>0-7141-1131-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+III&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7141-1131-7&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiverani2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Liverani" title="Mario Liverani">Liverani, Mario</a> (2016) [2013], <i>Immaginare Babele</i> [<i>Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient City</i>], translated by Campbell, Alisa, De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-602-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-602-6"><bdi>978-1-61451-602-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immaginare+Babele&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-602-6&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottMacGinnis1990" class="citation cs2">Scott, M. Louise; MacGinnis, John (1990), <i>Notes on Nineveh, Iraq</i>, vol. 52, pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>73</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Nineveh%2C+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=M.+Louise&rft.au=MacGinnis%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrümpler2001" class="citation cs2">Trümpler, C., ed. (2001), <i>Agatha Christie and Archaeology</i>, The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714111483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714111483"><bdi>978-0714111483</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agatha+Christie+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0714111483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span> - Nineveh 5, Vessel Pottery 2900 BC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2010" class="citation cs2">Leick, Gwendolyn (2010), <i>The A to Z of Mesopotamia</i>, Scarecrow Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span> - Early worship of Ishtar, Early / Prehistoric Nineveh</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1954" class="citation cs2">Durant, Will (1954), <i>Our oriental heritage</i>, Simon & Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+oriental+heritage&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANineveh" class="Z3988"></span> – Early / Prehistoric Nineveh</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Wilkinson, Eleanor Barbanes, and Stephen Lumsden, "Pottery from the University of California, Berkeley Excavations in the Area of the Maški Gate (MG22), Nineveh, 1989-1990", Archaeopress, 2022 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803272153" title="Special:BookSources/9781803272153">9781803272153</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nineveh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Nineveh">Nineveh</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nineveh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nineveh">Nineveh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nineveh" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nineveh">Nineveh</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/IRAQ/dbfiles/farchakh/sitephotos.htm#niniveh_a">Joanne Farchakh-Bajjaly photos</a> of Nineveh taken in May 2003 showing damage from looters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/nineveh/">John Malcolm Russell, "Stolen stones: the modern sack of Nineveh"</a> in <i>Archaeology</i>; looting of sculptures in the 1990s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/middle_east/room_9_assyria_nineveh.aspx">Nineveh page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926084858/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/middle_east/room_9_assyria_nineveh.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Museum's website. Includes photographs of items from their collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930191753/http://okapi.berkeley.edu/nineveh/index.html">University of California Digital Nineveh Archives</a> A teaching and research tool presenting a comprehensive picture of Nineveh within the history of archaeology in the Near East, including a searchable data repository for meaningful analysis of currently unlinked sets of data from different areas of the site and different episodes in the 160-year history of excavations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613020427/http://archive.cyark.org/nineveh-region-info">CyArk Digital Nineveh Archives</a>, publicly accessible, free depository of the data from the previously linked UC Berkeley Nineveh Archives project, fully linked and georeferenced in a <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/CyArk" title="CyArk">CyArk</a> research partnership to develop the archive for open web use. Includes creative commons-licensed media items.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28803198@N06/sets/">Photos of Nineveh, 1989–1990</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nineveh/nineveh02.html"><i>ABC</i> 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110013048/http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nineveh/nineveh02.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Babylonian Chronicle Concerning the Fall of Nineveh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninevehanditsre02layagoog">Layard's Nineveh and its Remains- full text</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5680#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-5mqnm","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.186","walltime":"1.467","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8178,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":167543,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8929,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":254273,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1272.127 1 -total"," 30.30% 385.494 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.27% 245.146 1 Template:Infobox_ancient_site"," 18.80% 239.220 1 Template:Infobox"," 13.12% 166.938 19 Template:Cite_web"," 7.95% 101.089 9 Template:Lang"," 7.45% 94.711 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.62% 84.222 22 Template:Citation"," 6.06% 77.126 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.10% 64.887 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-29T06:37:30Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T19:35:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Nineveh_-_Mashki_Gate.jpg","headline":"ancient Assyrian city, capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire"}</script> </body> </html>