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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Gis" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Gis" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Groei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ekologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermeerdering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermeerdering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vermeerdering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermeerdering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gebruike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gebruike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gebruike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gebruike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Gebruike subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gebruike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkoholiese_drankies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkoholiese_drankies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alkoholiese drankies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkoholiese_drankies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorloper_van_vitamienaanvullings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorloper_van_vitamienaanvullings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Voorloper van vitamienaanvullings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorloper_van_vitamienaanvullings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industriële_alkohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industriële_alkohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Industriële alkohol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industriële_alkohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gisekstrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gisekstrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Gisekstrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gisekstrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 100 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BE" title="እርሾ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እርሾ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaduras" title="Levaduras – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Levaduras" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="خميرة – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خميرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleldu" title="Lleldu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleldu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_g%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99yi" title="Maya göbələyi – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maya göbələyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BF%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ" title="Germ – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Germ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Дрожджы – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дрожджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрожди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ঈস্ট – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goell" title="Goell – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasci" title="Kvasci – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvasci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent" title="Rent – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Совсорг – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Совсорг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinky" title="Kvasinky – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvasinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Çĕпре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕпре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burum" title="Burum – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Burum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gærsvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefen" title="Hefen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hefen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ζυμομύκητες – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζυμομύκητες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisto" title="Gisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levadura" title="Levadura – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levadura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rmseened" title="Pärmseened – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärmseened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legamia" title="Legamia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Legamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مخمر – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiivat" title="Hiivat – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiivat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levure" title="Levure – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Levure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAst" title="Gêst – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gêst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosta" title="Giosta – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giosta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirm" title="Beirm – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beirm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vedo" title="Lévedo – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lévedo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yis" title="Yis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שמרים – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89leszt%C5%91" title="Élesztő – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élesztő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խմորասնկեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խմորասնկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levatura" title="Levatura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Levatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefo" title="Hefo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hefo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger" title="Ger – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ger" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lievito" title="Lievito – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lievito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საფუარები – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფუარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamtunt" title="Tamtunt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamtunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашытқылар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашытқылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EB%AA%A8" title="효모 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meya" title="Meya – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ачыткы козу карын – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ачыткы козу карын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermento" title="Fermento – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fermento" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A0t_(f%C3%B3ns)" title="Leàt (fóns) – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leàt (fóns)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel%C4%97s" title="Mielės – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mielės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raugs" title="Raugs – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raugs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ragi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Квасец – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квасец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="യീസ്റ്റ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യീസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="किण्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किण्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yis" title="Yis – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="တဆေး – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Оргат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оргат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gist" title="Gist – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%A6r" title="Gjær – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raacitii" title="Raacitii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raacitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C5%BCd%C5%BCe" title="Drożdże – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drożdże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levedura" title="Levedura – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Levedura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunchu" title="Qunchu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qunchu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drojdie" title="Drojdie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drojdie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Дрожжи – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрожжи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8vitu" title="Lèvitu – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lèvitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baurm" title="Baurm – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baurm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinka" title="Kvasinka – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvasinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasovka" title="Kvasovka – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvasovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiriso" title="Mbiriso – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbiriso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaja" title="Majaja – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Majaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Квасац – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квасац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4st" title="Jäst – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jäst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamira" title="Hamira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மதுவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ยีสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยีสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(biyoloji)" title="Maya (biyoloji) – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maya (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%86%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%87" title="ئېچىتقۇ – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېچىتقۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Дріжджі – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дріжджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="خمیر – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_men" title="Nấm men – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm men" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesse" title="Yesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libadura" title="Libadura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libadura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הייוון – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייוון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-b%C3%BA" title="Kàⁿ-bú – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàⁿ-bú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250) ; color:var(--color-base)">Gis </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/250px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/330px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/500px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Gis van die spesie <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, waarmee jogurt gemaak word </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250) ; color:var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_klassifikasie" title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie">Wetenskaplike klassifikasie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domein: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="domein"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koninkryk: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="koninkryk"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250) ; color:var(--color-base)">Phylum en Subphyla </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomycotina (bladsy bestaan nie)">Saccharomycotina</a> <small>(egte gis)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taphrinomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taphrinomycotina (bladsy bestaan nie)">Taphrinomycotina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizosaccharomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizosaccharomycetes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schizosaccharomycetes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaricomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaricomycotina (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agaricomycotina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tremellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tremellomycetes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tremellomycetes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucciniomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucciniomycotina (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pucciniomycotina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbotryomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbotryomycetes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Microbotryomycetes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Gis</b> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot">eukariotiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikro-organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikro-organisme">mikro-organisme</a> (enkelselorganisme) wat deel vorm van die <a href="/wiki/Swam" title="Swam">swam</a><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_(biologie)" title="Koninkryk (biologie)">koninkryk</a> met ongeveer 1 500 <a href="/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie">spesies</a> wat reeds geïdentifiseer is.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar word beraam dat hulle ongeveer 1% van alle swamspesies uitmaak.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtzman2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alhoewel giste enkelselorganismes is, kan sekere spesies kettings vorm waar die onafhanklike selle nie skei na ontkieming nie, en 'n pseudohife vorm as gevolg hiervan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtzman1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die grootte van 'n gissel verskil baie en is afhanklik van die gisspesie en die omgewing waarin dit leef. 'n Gissel is so 3–4 <a href="/wiki/Mikron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikron">µm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diameter">diameter</a>, alhoewel sekere giste tot 40 µm kan groei.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die meeste giste vermeerder deur 'n asimmetriese verdelingsproses wat as ontkieming bekend staan. </p><p>Giste is nie 'n enkele taksonomiese eenheid nie, maar eerder 'n groep organismes wat 'n soortgelyke voorkoms toon. Die woord "gis" word gereeld gebruik as 'n sinoniem vir <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtzman1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar die giste kan in een van twee aparte fila geplaas word, die <i>Ascomycota</i> en die <i>Basidiomycota</i>. Die ontkiemende giste ("ware giste") word onder die <a href="/wiki/Orde_(biologie)" title="Orde (biologie)">orde</a> <i>Saccharomycetales</i> geplaas.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die woord "gis" kom van die Oud-Engelse woord <i>gist</i>, <i>gyst</i>, asook van die Indo-Europese stam <i>yes-</i>, wat beteken "kook", "skuim", of "borrel"'.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartleby2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1680 het <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> vir die eerste keer gis onder 'n <a href="/wiki/Mikroskoop" title="Mikroskoop">mikroskoop</a> bestudeer. Maar hy het hulle nie as lewendige organismes beskou nie, maar eerder as ronde strukture.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1857 het <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> in sy werk "<i>Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>" bewys dat alkoholiese fermentasie deur lewendige giste veroorsaak word, en nie 'n chemiese katalis nie.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasteur het ook bewys dat deur <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a> deur die medium te borrel kan die selle groei, en die fermentasieproses word verhoed – die verskynsel was later die "Pasteureffek" genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groei">Groei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Groei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Groei"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giste het, soos alle swamme, organiese vastestowwe as energiebron nodig vir groei en het nie die vermoë om sonlig as 'n energiebron te gebruik nie (omdat hulle nie chlorofil bevat nie). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">Koolstof</a> word hoofsaaklik uit eenvoudige suikers, soos byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose">glukose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruktose" title="Fruktose">fruktose</a>, of disaggariede soos <a href="/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker">sukrose</a> en maltose verkry. </p><p>Giste is fakultatief anaerobies en kan sonder suurstof groei as daar lipiede in die vorm van vryevetsure en sterole in die medium beskikbaar is. Giste verkies 'n neutrale of effens-<a href="/wiki/Suur" title="Suur">suuromgewing</a> vir die beste groei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologie">Ekologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ekologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giste word wydverspreid in die omgewing waargeneem, en kan dikwels vanaf suikerryke voedsels geïsoleer word, soos byvoorbeeld vanaf <a href="/wiki/Vrugte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrugte">vrugteskil</a> of -nektar. Giste soos <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i>, <i>Torulopsis</i> en <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> is ook as deel van die natuurlike flora van die mens se vel geïsoleer.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyeka2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyeka2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die flora van die <a href="/wiki/Spysverteringskanaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Spysverteringskanaal">spysverteringskanaal</a> van soogdiere en sommige insekte bevat ook giste,<sup id="cite_ref-Martini1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en selfs in diepsee-omgewings is daar 'n hele reeks giste.<sup id="cite_ref-Bass2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bass2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vermeerdering">Vermeerdering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Vermeerdering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vermeerdering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soos alle swamme kan giste deur beide geslagtelike en nie-geslagtelike voortplanting vermeerder. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Yeast_lifecycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/250px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/375px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yeast_lifecycle.svg/500px-Yeast_lifecycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Die gissel se lewenssiklus: <br /> 1. Ontkieming <br /> 2. Konjugasie <br /> 3. Spoorvorming</figcaption></figure> <p>Die mees algemene manier van voortplanting in die haploiëde gis is deur 'n <b>bot</b> te vorm, die bot is 'n uitstulping van die selwand, wat groei om uiteindelik 'n dogtersel te laat ontstaan. Die nuutgevormde dogtersel is gewoonlik kleiner as die moedersel. </p><p>Sommige giste, soos byvoorbeeld <i>Schizosaccaromyces pombe</i>, verdeel deur binêre fissie om twee ewe groot dogterselle to vorm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gebruike">Gebruike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Gebruike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gebruike"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkoholiese_drankies">Alkoholiese drankies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Alkoholiese drankies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Alkoholiese drankies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alkoholiese drankies bevat <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH), en die etanol is amper altyd deur fermentasie gevorm – (die afbraak van koolhidrate deur sekere giste onder anaerobiese of lae-suurstoftoestande. Drankies soos mead, <a href="/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn">wyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a> en gedistilleerde alkohol benodig almal gis in hul produksieprosesse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bak">Bak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Bak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bak"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gis soos die kommersiële kitsgis (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>), word in broodbak gebruik, waar dit die suikers in die deeg omskakel en <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolsuurgas</a> produseer. Die gas veroorsaak holtes in die deeg en laat die deeg rys. In die bakproses gaan die gisselle dood, maar die gasborrels bly agter om die gebakte produk 'n sagte tekstuur te gee. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/250px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/330px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/500px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>'n Blokkie saamgepersde vars gis</figcaption></figure> <p>Die mees algemene gis wat vir bak gebruik word, is dieselfde spesie <i>S. cerevisiae</i> wat vir brou gebruik word. <i>Saccharomyces exiguus</i> (ook as <i>S. minor</i> bekend), 'n wildegis wat soms op plante, vrugte en <a href="/wiki/Graan" title="Graan">graan</a> voorkom word so af-en-toe vir bak gebruik. In broodbak maak die gis aanvanklik koolsuurgas en water (aerobies) maar wanneer die suurstof opgebruik is, begin fermentasie en daar word etanol gevorm, maar dié verdamp gedurende die bakproses.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dry_yeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/250px-Dry_yeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/330px-Dry_yeast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/500px-Dry_yeast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Korreltjies aktiewe droë gis vir die bak- of brouproses</figcaption></figure> <p>Dit is nie bekend wanneer gis vir die eerste keer in bakwerk gebruik is nie, maar dit was in die tyd van ou-Egipte.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legras2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navorsers bespiegel dat meel en water langer as gewoonlik op 'n warm dag laat staan is, en die giste wat natuurlik in die meel voorkom het die brood laat gis voordat dit gebak is. Die brood wat van dié deeg gemaak is sou dan ligter en smaakliker wees as die bestaande plat koeke wat heelwat harder was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voorloper_van_vitamienaanvullings">Voorloper van vitamienaanvullings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Voorloper van vitamienaanvullings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Voorloper van vitamienaanvullings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die groot kuipe waarin bier gebrou word, groei die gis so vinnig en so welig dat dit 'n dik laag bo-op die bier vorm. Hierdie gislaag is vroeër dikwels as 'n tonikum voorgeskryf omdat dit ryk aan <a href="/wiki/Vitamien" title="Vitamien">vitamien</a>e is. Dit het egter 'n onaangename <a href="/wiki/Smaak" title="Smaak">smaak</a>, en vandag word voorkeur aan sinteties-vervaardigde vitamienpille gegee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industriële_alkohol"><span id="Industri.C3.ABle_alkohol"></span>Industriële alkohol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Industriële alkohol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Industriële alkohol"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die fermentasie van suikers deur gis om etanol te vorm word in biotegnologie ingespan om biobrandstof te produseer. </p><p>Gewoonlik word 'n <a href="/wiki/Koolhidraat" title="Koolhidraat">koolhidraatbron</a> soos suiker, mielies of ander graansoorte eers omgesit in eenvoudige fermenteerbare <a href="/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker">suikers</a>. Hierdie proses word óf deur 'n sterksuur of deur ensieme bevorder. </p><p>Hierna word die suikers na etanol omgesit deur die giste. Maar die persentasie is laer (5 to 15%) as wat benodig word vir 'n <a href="/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof">brandstof</a> en dus moet die brousel <a href="/wiki/Distillasie" title="Distillasie">gedistilleer</a> word om 'n hoër alkoholinhoud te verkry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gisekstrak">Gisekstrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Gisekstrak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Gisekstrak"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marmite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Marmite.jpg/220px-Marmite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Marmite.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><i>Marmite</i> bevat gisekstrak</figcaption></figure> <p>Oortollige gis van die bierbrouproses word as roumateriaal gebruik om gisekstrak te maak. Die gis word eers verhit tot so 50°C<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> om dit deur outolise (selfvertering) te dood en die selwande word dan deur sentrifugasie verwyder. Die ekstrak word verdik deur die afdamping van oortollige water om die korrekte voginhoud te verseker. </p><p>'n Proses van liseering kan deur <a href="/wiki/Soutsuur" title="Soutsuur">soutsuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Natriumhidroksied" title="Natriumhidroksied">bytsoda</a> verkry word, die twee sterk chemikalië neutraliseer mekaar en vorm die sterk <a href="/wiki/Tafelsout" title="Tafelsout">soutgeur</a>. </p><p>Geurmiddels word bygevoeg en die gisekstrak word in bottels verpak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brood" title="Brood">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bron">Bron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Bron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bron"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>KENNIS,  vol 7, 1980, bl. 1273, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0798108290" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0 7981 0829 0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP,_Fell_JW.2006" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW. (2006). "Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny—Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765"><i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook,</i></a>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yeast+Systematics+and+Phylogeny%E2%80%94Implications+of+Molecular+Identification+Methods+for+Studies+in+Ecology&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts%2C+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpublications.htm%3FSEQ_NO_115%3D176765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP,_Piškur_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Piškur J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/aqmjetp24hpllwfa/"><i>Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts (in Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J, eds.)</i></a>. Berlyn: Springer. pp. 29–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-540-31480-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-540-31480-6"><bdi>978-3-540-31480-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxonomy+and+phylogenetic+diversity+among+the+yeasts+%28in+Comparative+Genomics%3A+Using+Fungi+as+Models.+Sunnerhagen+P%2C+Piskur+J%2C+eds.%29&rft.place=Berlyn&rft.pages=29-46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-31480-6&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Pi%C5%A1kur+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faqmjetp24hpllwfa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP,_Fell_JW2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, Gábor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. 11–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-26100-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-26100-1"><bdi>3-540-26100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=11-30&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker_K,_Skelton_H,_Smith_K.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). "Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>". <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 616–618. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12453301">12453301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+Blastomyces+dermatitidis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=616-618&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12453301&rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtzman CP (1994). "Molecular taxonomy of the yeasts". <i>Yeast</i>. <b>10</b> (13): 1727–1740. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.320101306">10.1002/yea.320101306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7747515">7747515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yeast&rft.atitle=Molecular+taxonomy+of+the+yeasts&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1727-1740&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fyea.320101306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7747515&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209193306/http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html">"What are yeasts?"</a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i> (in Engels). 13 September 2009. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 9 Februarie 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby2000_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Appendix I: Indo-European Roots". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010439/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (4th uitg.). 2000. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE598.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Desember 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2Froots%2FIE598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFHuxley_A1871" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huxley A (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html">"Discourses: Biological & Geological (volume VIII) : Yeast"</a>. <i>Collected Essays</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507003801/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Mei 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collected+Essays&rft.atitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Huxley+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips_T" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phillips T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403055757/http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">"Planets in a bottle: more about yeast"</a>. <i>Science@NASA</i> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 3 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Januarie</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science%40NASA&rft.atitle=Planets+in+a+bottle%3A+more+about+yeast&rft.au=Phillips+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett_JA.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett JA. (2003). "Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research". <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i>. <b>149</b> (3): 557–567. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.26089-0">10.1099/mic.0.26089-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634325">12634325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-567&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.26089-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12634325&rft.au=Barnett+JA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyeka2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Oyeka2002_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFOyeka_CA,_Ugwu_LO.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). "Fungal flora of human toe webs". <i>Mycoses</i>. <b>45</b> (11–12): 488–491. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0507.2002.00796.x">10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00796.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472726">12472726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycoses&rft.atitle=Fungal+flora+of+human+toe+webs&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=488-491&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1439-0507.2002.00796.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12472726&rft.au=Oyeka+CA%2C+Ugwu+LO.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martini1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Martini1992_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMartini_A.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Martini A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w540551582n04358/">"Biodiversity and conservation of yeasts"</a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 324–333. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693768">10.1007/BF00693768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+conservation+of+yeasts&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=324-333&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00693768&rft.au=Martini+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw540551582n04358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bass2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bass2007_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFBass_D,_Howe_A,_Brown_N,_Barton_H,_Demidova_M,_Michelle_H,_Li_L,_Sanders_H,_Watkinson_SC,_Willcock_S,_Richards_TA.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2293941">"Yeast forms dominate fungal diversity in the deep oceans"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>274</b> (1629): 3069–3077. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067">10.1098/rspb.2007.1067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2293941">2293941</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17939990">17939990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Yeast+forms+dominate+fungal+diversity+in+the+deep+oceans&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1629&rft.pages=3069-3077&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2293941%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17939990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1067&rft.au=Bass+D%2C+Howe+A%2C+Brown+N%2C+Barton+H%2C+Demidova+M%2C+Michelle+H%2C+Li+L%2C+Sanders+H%2C+Watkinson+SC%2C+Willcock+S%2C+Richards+TA.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2293941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKuttyPhilip2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kutty, S. N.; Philip, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080517/http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/2035/Marine%20yeasts-a%20rewiew.pdf">"Marine yeasts—a review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yeast</i>. <b>25</b> (7): 465–483. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fyea.1599">10.1002/yea.1599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18615863">18615863</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/2035/Marine%20yeasts-a%20rewiew.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 5 Maart 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yeast&rft.atitle=Marine+yeasts%E2%80%94a+review&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=465-483&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fyea.1599&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18615863&rft.aulast=Kutty&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft.au=Philip%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdyuthi.cusat.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fpurl%2F2035%2FMarine%2520yeasts-a%2520rewiew.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLandecker1996p533-534-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLandecker1996p533-534_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore-Landecker, pp. 533–534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legras2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legras2007_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFLegras_JL,_Merdinoglu_D,_Cornuet_J-M,_Karst_F.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Legras JL, Merdinoglu D, Cornuet J-M, Karst F. (2007). "Bread, beer and wine: <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> diversity reflects human history". <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. <b>16</b> (10): 2091–2102. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03266.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17498234">17498234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Bread%2C+beer+and+wine%3A+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+diversity+reflects+human+history&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2091-2102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03266.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17498234&rft.au=Legras+JL%2C+Merdinoglu+D%2C+Cornuet+J-M%2C+Karst+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018141439/http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/SGM/sgmfoods20.html">"argiefkopie"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/SGM/sgmfoods20.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 18 Oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=argiefkopie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.schoolscience.co.uk%2FSGM%2Fsgmfoods20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45422&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45422&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45422" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85149060">sh85149060</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566076">00566076</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122058&CON_LNG=ENG">ph122058</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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