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class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 42 Issue 2</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img src="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/IPA_0_0_0/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association.jpg" alt="" class="journal__image" data-v-146270e8> <a href="/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association" class="app-link journal__title app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-146270e8><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Journal of the International Phonetic Association </span> </a> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Extract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>02 August 2012</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka%20%C5%A0im%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Šárka Šimáčková</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=V%C3%A1clav%20Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1%20Podlipsk%C3%BD&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Václav Jonáš Podlipský</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Kate%C5%99ina%20Chl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Kateřina Chládková</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Šárka Šimáčková" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Šárka Šimáčková</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of English and American Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republicsarka.simackova@upol.cz</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Václav Jonáš Podlipský" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Václav Jonáš Podlipský</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of English and American Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republicvaclav.j.podlipsky@upol.cz</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Kateřina Chládková" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Kateřina Chládková</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdamk.chladkova@uva.nl</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a 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target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=IPA&title=Czech%20spoken%20in%20Bohemia%20and%20Moravia&publicationDate=02%20August%202012&author=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka%20%C5%A0im%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1%2C%20V%C3%A1clav%20Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1%20Podlipsk%C3%BD%2C%20Kate%C5%99ina%20Chl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20International%20Phonetic%20Association%202012&contentID=10.1017%2FS0025100312000102&startPage=225&endPage=232&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=42&issueNum=2&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Extract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="text-abstract"><p>As a western Slavic language of the Indo-European family, Czech is closest to Slovak and Polish. It is spoken as a native language by nearly 10 million people in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office n.d.). About two million people living abroad, mostly in the USA, Canada, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, and the UK, claim Czech heritage (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 2009). However, it is not known how many of them are native speakers of Czech.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Illustrations of the IPA</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Journal of the International Phonetic Association </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/volume/FFCFB4E919108754D08B8976BF3A4F19" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 42 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/issue/72344EB35017D2DDF0A26B741F0ACFC6" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 2 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, August 2012</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 225 - 232</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100312000102" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100312000102 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © International Phonetic Association 2012 </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572><div class="content-box"><div class="article research-article NLM"><div class="body"><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1" id="sec1"><h2 class="A"> </h2><p class="p"> As a western Slavic language of the Indo-European family, Czech is closest to Slovak and Polish. It is spoken as a native language by nearly 10 million people in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office n.d.). About two million people living abroad, mostly in the USA, Canada, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, and the UK, claim Czech heritage (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref11">2009</a>). However, it is not known how many of them are native speakers of Czech.</p><p class="p"> Sociolinguistically, the language situation in the Czech Republic bears diglossic features. There is a substantial gap between formal, highly codified language and the language used in everyday situations. Our aim is to describe the way most people speak most of the time rather than artificial orthoepic norms (for the latter see Palková <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref12"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Palková</span>1997</a>: 320–345).</p><p class="p"> Geographically, in the western part of the country (Bohemia and western Moravia) pronunciation is relatively homogeneous compared to the greater dialectal diversity of the east (the rest of Moravia), where several dialectal areas can be distinguished (Cvrček <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Cvrček and Cvrček</span>2010</a>: 24). Still, there are a number of features common to Moravian dialects, distinguishing them clearly from the pronunciation of Bohemia and allowing native speakers to identify someone as either Bohemian or Moravian. The present paper elaborates on the earlier illustration of Czech (Dankovičová <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dankovičová</span>1997a</a>) by describing the differences between Bohemian Czech (BC), spoken by more than six million Czech citizens, and Moravian Czech (MC), spoken by about three-and-a-half million Czech citizens. At the same time, our illustration provides additional information about what both varieties have in common.</p><p class="p"> The transcriptions of the sample text are based on recordings of a 32-year-old male native speaker of BC from the south of Bohemia, and a 44-year-old female native speaker of MC from the east of Moravia. Examples given throughout the text are recorded by the Bohemian speaker and, where MC differs from BC, also by the speaker from Moravia.</p><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-1" id="sec1-1"><h3 class="B"> Consonants</h3><h2 class="A clr-fn-label"> </h2><ul class="list simple"><li class="list-item"><p class="p"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-62244-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="544" height="175" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU1.gif" data-zoomable="false" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-11442-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-14177-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-19035-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg"></p></li><li class="list-item"><p class="p"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-29687-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="621" height="254" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU2.gif" data-zoomable="true" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-52620-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-20091-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-82341-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg"></p></li></ul><p class="p continuation"> The consonant inventories of BC and MC are the same. Phonemes /</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="15" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">/, /ɡ/ and /<span class="monospace">f</span>/ came into Czech with borrowings. The youngest and most easily identified as foreign is /</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="15" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">/, whereas /<span class="monospace">f</span>/, as the oldest of the three, occurs in a few native Czech words, such as <em class="italic">foukat</em> /<span class="monospace">foukat</span>/ ‘blow'and <em class="italic">doufat</em> /<span class="monospace">doufat</span>/ ‘hope’. Phonetic implementation of consonant phonemes does not differ in BC and MC either. In the stop series, /<span class="monospace">b</span><span class="monospace">d</span> ɡ/ are prevoiced (i.e. voiced during closure) and contrast with voiceless unaspirated /<span class="monospace">p</span><span class="monospace">t</span><span class="monospace">k</span>/. While /<span class="monospace">d</span>/ is realized as apico-alveolar, /<span class="monospace">t</span>/ is more likely to be lamino-dental (Machač <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref8"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Machač</span>2006</a>: 139–141). A stop before another stop is generally released. The release of palatal stops is affricated (Machač & Skarnitzl <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref9"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Machač, Skarnitzl and Vích</span>2004</a>: 30–31). Intervocalically, /<span class="monospace">d</span>/ is sometimes reduced to [ɾ] (Machač & Skarnitzl <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref10"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Machač and Skarnitzl</span>2009</a>: 37–38), and /<span class="monospace">v</span>/ becomes a labio-dental approximant [ʋ] (Skarnitzl & Volín <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Skarnitzl and Volín</span>2005</a>). Sibilants /ʃ ʒ </p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="15" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">/ are non-retroflex post-alveolars articulated with tongue blade rather than with the tongue tip (Żygis <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref18"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Żygis, Hall and Hamann</span>2003</a>). Both /<span class="monospace">r</span>/ and /</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">/ are trills though commonly realized with a single contact. Phonetically, the sound /</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">/ is a period of friction interrupted at the beginning by a contact or contacts created by a retracted apico-alveolar gesture (see <a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>). The approximant /<span class="monospace">l</span>/ is mainly pronounced apico-alveolar, although a velarized pronunciation without a firm tongue tip contact is not unusual (Šimáčková <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref14"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Šimáčková, Kügler, Féry and van de Vijver</span>2009</a>). Sonorants /<span class="monospace">r</span>/, /<span class="monospace">l</span>/, and marginally also /<span class="monospace">m</span>/ and /<span class="monospace">n</span>/, become syllabic between two consonants or after a consonant at the end of a word, e.g. <em class="italic">vlk</em> [<span class="monospace">v</span></p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation"><span class="monospace">k</span>] ‘wolf’, <em class="italic">kopr</em> [<span class="monospace">kop</span></p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">] ‘dill’, <em class="italic">Rožmberkové</em> [<span class="monospace">ro</span>ʒ</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char18.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="13" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char18.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation"><span class="monospace">b</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">rkov</span>ɛː] ‘House of Rosenberg’, <em class="italic">sedmnáct</em> [<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">d</span></p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char19.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="8" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char19.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">naː</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation"><span class="monospace">t</span>] ‘seventeen’. Alveolar /<span class="monospace">n</span>/ as well as bilabial /<span class="monospace">m</span>/ commonly undergo place assimilation. Before labiodentals, /<span class="monospace">n</span>/ and /<span class="monospace">m</span>/ change into [ɱ], e.g. <em class="italic">konference</em> [<span class="monospace">ko</span>ɱ<span class="monospace">f</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">r</span>ɛn</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">ɛ] ‘conference’, <em class="italic">tramvaj</em> [<span class="monospace">tra</span>ɱ<span class="monospace">vaj</span>] ‘tram’. The alveolar nasal is realized as velar before /<span class="monospace">k</span>/ and /g/. Word-internally only sequences [ŋ<span class="monospace">k</span>] and [ŋɡ] are permitted, e.g. <em class="italic">tenká</em> [<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛŋ<span class="monospace">ka</span>ː] ‘thin (f)’, while across the word boundary place assimilation is optional, e.g. <em class="italic">ten kout</em> [<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛŋ <span class="monospace">kout</span>] ~ [<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span><span class="monospace">kout</span>] ‘the corner’. Sequences /<span class="monospace">ns</span>/, /<span class="monospace">nz</span>/, /<span class="monospace">n</span>ʃ/ and /<span class="monospace">n</span>ʒ/ are optionally pronounced with an epenthetic stop, e.g. <em class="italic">ženská</em> [ʒɛ<span class="monospace">ntska</span>ː] ‘female’, <em class="italic">Honza</em> [ɦ<span class="monospace">ondza</span>] ‘Johnny’, <em class="italic">zmenšovat</em> [<span class="monospace">zm</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">nt</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">ovat</span>] ‘make smaller’, <em class="italic">manžel</em> [<span class="monospace">mand</span>ʒɛ<span class="monospace">l</span>] ‘husband’. Plosives followed by homorganic nasals may have a nasal release, e.g. <em class="italic">pocestný</em> [po</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation">ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">ni</span>ː] ‘traveler’. In fast casual speech, sequences /<span class="monospace">dn</span>/ and /<span class="monospace">d</span>ɲ/ may be rendered [<span class="monospace">n</span>˺<span class="monospace">n</span>] and [ɲ˺ɲ], e.g. <em class="italic">jednou</em> [<span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span>˺<span class="monospace">nou</span>] ‘once’, <em class="italic">hodně</em> /ɦ<span class="monospace">od</span>ɲɛ/ [ɦ<span class="monospace">o</span>ɲ˺ɲɛ] ‘a lot of’ (Volín <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref16"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Volín and Cvrček</span>2010</a>: 53). Stop–fricative sequences, especially if voiceless, may be simplified to affricates, e.g. <em class="italic">dětská</em> [ɟɛ</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation"><span class="monospace">ka</span>ː] ‘children's (adj, f)’, <em class="italic">větší</em> [<span class="monospace">v</span>jɛ</p><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><p class="p continuation"><span class="monospace">i</span>ː] ‘bigger’. </p><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig1" id="fig1"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-18947-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image graphic" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig1g.gif" data-zoomable="false" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-80754-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-00703-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-86581-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 1</span> A devoiced allophone of Czech /<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>/ in the BC speaker's production of the word <em class="italic">kouř</em> ‘smoke’.</p></div></div></section><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-1-1" id="sec1-1-1"><h4 class="C"> Obstruent voicing</h4><p class="p"> The key source of differences between pronouncing consonants in Bohemian and in Moravian Czech are voice assimilations. In addition, there is a difference in how voice assimilation interacts with word-final devoicing.</p><p class="p"> Both in BC and MC, obstruents devoice word-finally, e.g. <em class="italic">závod</em> [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vot</span>] ‘race’, <em class="italic">rez</em> [<span class="monospace">r</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">s</span>] ‘rust’. In connected speech, BC and MC differ with respect to final obstruent devoicing when the next word begins in a vowel, e.g. <em class="italic">závod aut</em> ‘car race’. Speakers of BC insert a glottal stop before the initial vowel and devoice the word-final obstruent: [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vot</span> ʔ<span class="monospace">aut</span>]. In MC the final obstruent becomes the onset of the following syllable and keeps its voicing [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vo</span>.<span class="monospace">daut</span>]. In both varieties, word-final devoicing usually does not occur if the following obstruent is voiced (compare <em class="italic">bez dechu</em> [<span class="monospace">b</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">z</span><span class="monospace">d</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">xu</span>] ‘out of breath’ and <em class="italic">bez tebe</em> [<span class="monospace">b</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">s</span><span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">b</span>ɛ] ‘without you’). This is because Czech prefers adjacent obstruents to agree in voicing.</p><p class="p"> Underlying mismatches in the voicing of adjacent obstruents are usually resolved by voice assimilation which is generally regressive. The voicing agreement is obligatory word-internally, thus <em class="italic">prosba</em> ‘plea’ is pronounced as [<span class="monospace">prozba</span>] and <em class="italic">lebka</em> ‘skull’ as [<span class="monospace">l</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">pka</span>]. Across a word boundary, voicing of adjacent obstruents varies within and across speakers. In BC, regressive voicing assimilation in consonant clusters applies in fewer contexts than in MC. First, a BC exception to the regressive direction of voice assimilation is the cluster /<span class="monospace">s</span>ɦ/ pronounced as voiceless [<span class="monospace">sx</span>] (e.g. <em class="italic">shoda</em> [<span class="monospace">sxoda</span>] ‘agreement’, <em class="italic">shnít</em> [<span class="monospace">sx</span>ɲ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː<span class="monospace">t</span>] ‘rot’), although in a small number of words voiced [<span class="monospace">z</span>ɦ] occurs (e.g. <em class="italic">shora</em> [<span class="monospace">z</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">ora</span>] ‘from above’, <em class="italic">shluk</em> [<span class="monospace">z</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">luk</span>] ‘cluster’). More notably, in MC but not in BC is word-boundary regressive assimilation triggered by sonorants as well as obstruents, yielding MC pronunciations such as <em class="italic">k lesu</em> [ɡ <span class="monospace">l</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">su</span>] ‘to the forest’.</p><p class="p"> In this context, it is important to discuss the classification of sounds /<span class="monospace">v</span>/ and /<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>/ as sonorant or obstruent. The labiodental ‘fricative’ /<span class="monospace">v</span>/ behaves as an obstruent in that it undergoes voice assimilation (e.g. in <em class="italic">vplout</em> [<span class="monospace">fplout</span>] ‘sail into’, <em class="italic">krev teče</em> [<span class="monospace">kr</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">f</span> tɛ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ] ‘blood flows’) but at the same time it has some properties of sonorants. First, like other sonorants it does not trigger voice assimilation within a word, e.g. <em class="italic">tvar</em> [<span class="monospace">tvar</span>] ‘shape’, <em class="italic">sval</em> [<span class="monospace">sval</span>] ‘muscle’. Second, in MC always, but in BC only about half of the time, /<span class="monospace">v</span>/ triggers voice assimilation across a word boundary, e.g. <em class="italic">napsat větu</em> [<span class="monospace">napsat</span><span class="monospace">vj</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">tu</span>] ~ [<span class="monospace">napsad</span><span class="monospace">vj</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">tu</span>] ‘write a sentence’ (Volín & Skarnitzl <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref17"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Volín, Skarnitzl, Palková and Janoušková</span>2006</a>). And third, in both MC and BC, it is phonetically often weakened to the approximant [ʋ] (Skarnitzl & Volín <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Skarnitzl and Volín</span>2005</a>). The sound /<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>/ is usually paired off with the alveolar trill /<span class="monospace">r</span>/ in tables of Czech consonant phonemes. However, it is in fact an obstruent. Phonetically it is a trilled fricative (see above), phonologically, it does not behave as a sonorant in that it cannot occupy the position of a syllable nucleus, and unlike /<span class="monospace">r</span>/ and other sonorants which do not devoice contextually, it loses voicing word-finally and when it is adjacent to a voiceless obstruent, e.g. <em class="italic">kouř</em> [<span class="monospace">kou</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>] ‘smoke’, <em class="italic">dvířka</em> [<span class="monospace">dvi</span>ː<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">ka</span>] ‘little door’, <em class="italic">přes</em> [<span class="monospace">p</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">s</span>] ‘over’. In addition, /<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>/ triggers voicing agreement across a word boundary in both Czech varieties (e.g. <em class="italic">až řekneš</em> ‘when you say’ pronounced as [<span class="monospace">a</span>ʒ <span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">kn</span>ɛʃ] and <em class="italic">jak řekneš</em> ‘how you say’ as [<span class="monospace">ja</span>ɡ <span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">kn</span>ɛʃ]), although in BC only obstruents do that.</p><p class="p"> Two obstruent phonemes lack an opposite voicing counterpart at the same place of articulation – the voiceless velar fricative /<span class="monospace">x</span>/ and the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/. The two fricatives are connected through processes of final devoicing and voice assimilation. In devoicing contexts /ɦ/ is substituted by [<span class="monospace">x</span>], e.g. in <em class="italic">sníh taje</em> [<span class="monospace">s</span>ɲ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː<span class="monospace">x</span><span class="monospace">taj</span>ɛ] ‘snow is melting’, <em class="italic">lehká</em> [<span class="monospace">l</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">xka</span>ː] ‘light (f)’. In voicing contexts, /<span class="monospace">x</span>/ has the voiced allophone [ɣ], e.g. <em class="italic">prach země</em> /<span class="monospace">prax</span><span class="monospace">z</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span>ɲɛ/ [<span class="monospace">pra</span>ɣ <span class="monospace">z</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span>ɲɛ] ‘dust of the earth’, but there are speakers who pronounce [ɦ] here instead, i.e. [<span class="monospace">pra</span>ɦ <span class="monospace">z</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span>ɲɛ]. Another allophone arising from voicing assimilation is [<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="16" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>] substituted for /<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>/, e.g. <em class="italic">moc dobrá</em> /mo<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">dobra</span>ː/ [<span class="monospace">mo</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="16" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span> dobraː] ‘very good (f)’.</p></div></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-2" id="sec1-2"><h3 class="B"> Vowels</h3><h2 class="A clr-fn-label"> </h2><ul class="list simple"><li class="list-item"><p class="p"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-28730-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="584" height="253" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU3.gif" data-zoomable="false" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-12516-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-15905-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-26257-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg"></p></li></ul><p class="p continuation"> The Czech vowel inventory contains ten monophthongs and three diphthongs. The monophthongal vowel system has been described as consisting of five different vowel qualities /<span class="monospace">i</span> ɛ <span class="monospace">a</span><span class="monospace">o</span><span class="monospace">u</span>/ occurring in two quantities, i.e. as short and long vowels. More recently, it has been accepted (see e.g. Dankovičová <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dankovičová</span>1997a</a>) that the short–long distinction in the high front vowel pair is not realized on the basis of duration only but entails a qualitative difference as well. This is especially clear in BC where the short counterpart of the ‘long’ high front vowel is realized as mid-high [ɪ]. It can be seen in <a class="xref fig" href="#fig3">Figure 3</a> that for BC speakers the two (mid-)high front vowels differ in their F1 and F2 values to a much larger extent than they do for MC speakers. As a consequence, BC speakers rely less on the durational difference between the short and the long high front vowel. Podlipský et al. (<a class="xref bibr" href="#ref13"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Podlipský, Skarnitzl and Volín</span>2009</a>) show that the long high front vowel is only about 1.3 times longer than its short counterpart, while the long:short ratio is about 1.7 for the other four vowel pairs. This is why in this illustration the high front vowels are transcribed as [<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ ɪ] for BC. In MC, the high front vowels are spectrally more similar, the primary difference between them being duration, hence the transcription [<span class="monospace">i</span>ː <span class="monospace">i</span>]. The front mid vowels in both varieties are realized as mid-low, i.e. as [ɛ] and [ɛː], while the corresponding mid-back vowels /<span class="monospace">o</span>/ and /<span class="monospace">o</span>ː/ remain mid, resulting in less vowel height symmetry between front and back vowels (see <a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figures 2</a> and <a class="xref fig" href="#fig3">3</a>). </p><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig2" id="fig2"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-06269-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image graphic" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig2g.gif" data-zoomable="false" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-44212-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-21574-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-94634-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 2</span> Bohemian Czech (left) and Moravian Czech (right) monophthongs in the IPA chart.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig3" id="fig3"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-17727-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image graphic" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig3g.gif" data-zoomable="false" data-large-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-82427-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg" data-small-thumb="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-84276-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg" data-optimised-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-75102-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 3</span> F1 and F2 values of Bohemian (left) and Moravian (right) monophthongs produced by three speakers per gender per variety. The vowels were embedded in a number of different consonantal contexts in monosyllabic Czech words. Larger grey symbols represent average F1 and F2 of vowels produced by women, smaller black symbols represent average values of vowels produced by men. Although the marks are in Hz, the axes have logarithmic scaling.</p></div></div></section><p class="p"> In Czech, short vowels are about 3.5 times more frequent than their long counterparts (Ludvíková <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref7"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ludvíková and Těšitelová</span>1987</a>: 93). In both varieties, long /<span class="monospace">o</span>ː/ occurs very rarely and almost exclusively in loanwords, e.g. <em class="italic">tón</em> /<span class="monospace">to</span>ː<span class="monospace">n</span>/ ‘tone’, <em class="italic">óda</em> /<span class="monospace">o</span>ː<span class="monospace">da</span>/ ‘ode’. In BC, the vowel /ɛː/ is also infrequent because in many native morphemes it is replaced by /<span class="monospace">i</span>ː/ (e.g. ‘small (n)’: <em class="italic">malé</em> /<span class="monospace">mal</span>ɛː/ in MC and <em class="italic">malý</em> /<span class="monospace">mali</span>ː/ in BC; ‘length’: <em class="italic">délka</em> /<span class="monospace">d</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">lka</span>/ in MC and <em class="italic">dýlka</em> /<span class="monospace">di</span>ː<span class="monospace">lka</span>/ in BC).</p><p class="p"> The diphthongs are /<span class="monospace">au</span>/, /ɛ<span class="monospace">u</span>/ and /<span class="monospace">ou</span>/ in both Czech varieties, but /<span class="monospace">au</span>/ and /ɛ<span class="monospace">u</span>/ occur only in loanwords and interjections, e.g. <em class="italic">euro</em> /ɛ<span class="monospace">uro</span>/ ‘euro’, <em class="italic">leukémie</em> /<span class="monospace">l</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">uk</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">m</span>ɪ<span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ/ ‘leukemia’, <em class="italic">autor</em> /<span class="monospace">autor</span>/ ‘author’, <em class="italic">au</em> /<span class="monospace">au</span>/ ‘ouch’.</p><p class="p"> Phonetically, short vowels in both varieties may be subject to articulatory undershoot induced by increased speech tempo or casual speech style (see Volín <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref16"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Volín and Cvrček</span>2010</a>: 44).</p></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-3" id="sec1-3"><h3 class="B"> Phonotactics</h3><p class="p"> Phonotactically, Czech allows as many as four consonants in a syllable onset (<em class="italic">pstruh</em> /<span class="monospace">pstrux</span>/ ‘trout’) and three in a coda (<em class="italic">pomst</em> /<span class="monospace">pomst</span>/ ‘revenge (gen pl)’), although this is rare and about half of all syllables are in fact CV (Palková <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref12"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Palková</span>1997</a>: 272). A number of Czech onset clusters violate the sonority hierarchy (e.g. <em class="italic">mzda</em> /<span class="monospace">mzda</span>/ ‘wage’, <em class="italic">rtut</em> ˈ /<span class="monospace">rtuc</span>/ ‘mercury’, <em class="italic">pták</em> /<span class="monospace">pta</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span>/ ‘bird’) but the complexity of these structures is often reduced in actual pronunciation. One strategy is insertion of a short epenthetic vowel, e.g. <em class="italic">lpět</em> [<span class="monospace">l</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">pj</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">t</span>] ‘adhere to’, <em class="italic">dbát</em> [<span class="monospace">d</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">ba</span>ː<span class="monospace">t</span>] ‘observe (a rule)’. Another strategy is deletion, e.g. <em class="italic">která</em> [<span class="monospace">k</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">ra</span>ː] ‘which (f)’. Most words beginning with the cluster /<span class="monospace">j</span>/ + C are lexicalized also without the /<span class="monospace">j</span>/ (<em class="italic">jméno</em> /<span class="monospace">jm</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">no</span>/ ~ /<span class="monospace">m</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">no</span>/ ‘name’, <em class="italic">jde</em> /<span class="monospace">jd</span>ɛ/ ~ /<span class="monospace">d</span>ɛ/ ‘go (3sg)’, jsem /<span class="monospace">js</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span>/ ~ /<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span>/ ‘I am’). The preference for the canonical CV structure is also evident in strategies repairing onsetless syllables. In MC, a coda of the preceding syllable will usually be resyllabified into the missing onset (<em class="italic">závod aut</em> ‘car race’ [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vo</span>.<span class="monospace">daut</span>], see above), otherwise a glottal stop is used, e.g. <em class="italic">nejupřímější</em> [<span class="monospace">n</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʔ<span class="monospace">up</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">i</span>ː<span class="monospace">m</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː] ‘the most sincere’, <em class="italic">Sezame, otevři se.</em> [<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">zam</span>ɛǀʔ<span class="monospace">ot</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">v</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">i</span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ] ‘Open, Sesame.’. In BC, glottal stop insertion is preferred and resyllabification is relatively infrequent. When it does occur the resyllabified obstruent is never voiced as it is in MC, e.g. <em class="italic">závod aut</em> is in BC [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vot</span> ʔ<span class="monospace">aut</span>], possibly [<span class="monospace">za</span>ː<span class="monospace">vo</span>.<span class="monospace">taut</span>], never *[<span class="monospace">zavo</span>.<span class="monospace">daut</span>]. In BC frequent native words beginning with /<span class="monospace">o</span>/ are also lexicalized with a prothetic /<span class="monospace">v</span>/, e.g. <em class="italic">oči</em> /<span class="monospace">o</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɪ/ ~ /<span class="monospace">vo</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɪ/ ‘eyes’.</p></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-4" id="sec1-4"><h3 class="B"> Suprasegmentals</h3><p class="p"> Czech has stress fixed to the first syllable of a word, with the exception that a monosyllabic preposition mostly forms a single metrical unit with the following word and bears stress, e.g. <em class="italic">moře</em> [ˈ<span class="monospace">mo</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ] ‘sea’ vs. <em class="italic">do moře</em> [ˈ<span class="monospace">domo</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ] ‘into the sea’. As is common in fixed-stress languages (see Cutler <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref1"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Cutler, Pisoni and Remez</span>2005</a>: 273), phonetic realization of Czech stress is weak (Volín <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref16"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Volín and Cvrček</span>2010</a>: 57). Vowel duration does not function as a cue to stress, it is reserved for marking vowel quantity contrasts which occur independently of stress, e.g. <em class="italic">uhel</em> [ˈʔ<span class="monospace">u</span>ɦɛ<span class="monospace">l</span>] ‘charcoal’ vs. <em class="italic">úhel</em> [ˈʔ<span class="monospace">u</span>ːɦɛ<span class="monospace">l</span>] ‘angle’, <em class="italic">plocha</em> [ˈ<span class="monospace">ploxa</span>] ‘area’ vs. <em class="italic">plochá</em> [ˈ<span class="monospace">ploxa</span>ː] ‘flat (f)’. Nevertheless, vowel duration is variable to some extent: final syllables in intonation phrases are subject to substantial lengthening (e.g. Dankovičová <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref5"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dankovičová</span>1997b</a>).</p><p class="p"> Czech rhythm has proved difficult to classify using acoustic measures (e.g. Dankovičová & Dellwo <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref6"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dankovičová and Dellwo</span>2007</a>). As is typical of syllable-timed languages, Czech exhibits little vowel reduction. On the other hand, compared to syllable-timed languages, Czech allows more complex consonant clusters, which contributes to relatively greater variability of consonant-interval durations.</p><p class="p"> It should be noted that prosodic structure exerts influence on word-boundary phenomena such as assimilations, glottal stop insertion and resyllabification (as described in the previous section). In both dialects, the preference for glottal stop insertion as opposed to resyllabificiation increases across stronger prosodic boundaries.</p></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-5" id="sec1-5"><h3 class="B"> Transcription</h3><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-5-1" id="sec1-5-1"><h4 class="C"> Bohemian Czech</h4><p class="p"> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">v</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span><span class="monospace">a</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ <span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ ˈɦ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">dal</span>ɪ | ɡ<span class="monospace">do</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">z</span>ɲɪ<span class="monospace">x</span><span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɪ<span class="monospace">l</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">f</span><span class="monospace">tom</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">spat</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɪ<span class="monospace">l</span>ɪ ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ə<span class="monospace">st</span>˺<span class="monospace">n</span>ɛːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">kt</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ ˈ<span class="monospace">k</span>ɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ə<span class="monospace">l</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">al</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span> ‖ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">uj</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">d</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">nal</span>ɪ ˈ<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">d</span>ɪ ‖ ʒɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ <span class="monospace">ma</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">pova</span>ʒ<span class="monospace">ovad</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɪ<span class="monospace">l</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ‖ ɡ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">do</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">p</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">v</span>ɲ<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ ˈ<span class="monospace">doka</span>ːʒɛ | ˈʔ<span class="monospace">ab</span>ɪ <span class="monospace">s</span>ɪ ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">stni</span>ˑ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ʋ<span class="monospace">l</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">k</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">tu</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">al</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">v</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">foukad</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">z</span>ɛ <span class="monospace">f</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ ˈ<span class="monospace">si</span>ˑ<span class="monospace">l</span>ɪ ‖ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">al</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">i</span>ˑ<span class="monospace">m</span><span class="monospace">vi</span>ˑ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span> ˈ<span class="monospace">foukal</span> | ˈ<span class="monospace">ci</span>ˑ<span class="monospace">m</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">vi</span>ˑ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">ni</span>ˑ ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">alo</span>ʋ<span class="monospace">al</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">do</span><span class="monospace">sv</span>ɛːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span>ɛ ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">kon</span>ɛ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɲɛ <span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">v</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ːɡ ˈ<span class="monospace">vzdal</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">marn</span>ɛːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ˈʔ<span class="monospace">u</span>ː<span class="monospace">s</span>ɪ<span class="monospace">li</span>ː ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">pa</span>ɡ ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">alo</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">svi</span>ˑ<span class="monospace">cit</span> ʔ<span class="monospace">a</span> ˈɦ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">t</span> ‖ ʔ<span class="monospace">a</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span> ɲɛ<span class="monospace">jaki</span>ˑ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">okam</span>ʒɪ<span class="monospace">k</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ə<span class="monospace">st</span>˺<span class="monospace">ni</span>ː ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">kt</span>ɛɾɛː<span class="monospace">mu</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">b</span>ɪ<span class="monospace">lo</span> ˈɦ<span class="monospace">o</span>ɾ<span class="monospace">ko</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">sxo</span>ɟɪ<span class="monospace">l</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">tak</span><span class="monospace">mus</span>ə<span class="monospace">l</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">v</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span> ˈʔ<span class="monospace">uznad</span> | ʒɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɪɫɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ‖</p></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-5-2" id="sec1-5-2"><h4 class="C"> Moravian Czech</h4><p class="p"> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛʋɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span> ʔ<span class="monospace">a</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ <span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ ˈɦ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">dali</span> ‖ ɡ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">do</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">z</span>ɲ<span class="monospace">i</span>ɦ <span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">sil</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">f</span><span class="monospace">tom</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">spat</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="16" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">ili</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">n</span>ɛːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">kt</span>ɛɾ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">kra</span>ː<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">l</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">al</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">m</span> ‖ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">uj</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">dnali</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">di</span> ‖ ʒɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">t</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">n</span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ <span class="monospace">ma</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span>ʋ<span class="monospace">a</span>ʒ<span class="monospace">ovad</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span><span class="monospace">sil</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ‖ ˈɡ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">do</span><span class="monospace">p</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="6" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">v</span>ɲ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">doka</span>ːʒɛ ‖ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">abi</span><span class="monospace">si</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">ni</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char22.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="8" height="13" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char22.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">l</span>ɛː<span class="monospace">k</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="4" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span> ‖ <span class="monospace">tu</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">al</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛʋɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">foukad</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">z</span>ɛ <span class="monospace">f</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">si</span>ːɫ<span class="monospace">i</span> ‖ ˈʔ<span class="monospace">al</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">i</span>ː<span class="monospace">m</span> ʋ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span> ˈ<span class="monospace">foukal</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">ci</span>ː<span class="monospace">m</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">vi</span>ː<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">s</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">ni</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">alo</span>ʋ<span class="monospace">al</span><span class="monospace">do</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">sv</span>ɛːɦo ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span>ɛ ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">kon</span>ɛ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɲɛ sɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛʋɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ːɡ ˈ<span class="monospace">vzdal</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">marn</span>ɛːɦ<span class="monospace">o</span> ˈʔ<span class="monospace">u</span>ː<span class="monospace">sili</span>ː ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">pa</span>ɡ <span class="monospace">za</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="18" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">alo</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">svi</span>ː<span class="monospace">cid</span><span class="monospace">a</span> ˈɦ<span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="12" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span><span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">t</span> ‖ ʔ<span class="monospace">a</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">za</span> ɲɛ<span class="monospace">jaki</span>ː ˈ<span class="monospace">okam</span>ʒ<span class="monospace">ik</span>˺ ˈ<span class="monospace">po</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ<span class="monospace">st</span><sup class="sup">n</sup><span class="monospace">ni</span>ː | ˈ<span class="monospace">kt</span>ɛɾɛː<span class="monospace">mu</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">b</span>ə<span class="monospace">lo</span> ˈɦ<span class="monospace">orko</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">z</span>ɦ<span class="monospace">o</span>ɟ<span class="monospace">il</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">pla</span>ːʃ<span class="monospace">c</span> ‖ ˈ<span class="monospace">ta</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char21.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="7" height="17" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char21.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span> ˈ<span class="monospace">mus</span>ɛ<span class="monospace">l</span> ˈ<span class="monospace">s</span>ɛʋɛɾ<span class="monospace">a</span>ː<span class="monospace">k</span> ˈʔ<span class="monospace">uznat</span> ‖ ʒɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">slun</span><span class="private-char"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic" width="14" height="15" data-original-image="urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif" data-zoomable="false"></span>ɛ <span class="monospace">j</span>ɛ ˈ<span class="monospace">sil</span>ɲɛ<span class="monospace">j</span>ʃ<span class="monospace">i</span>ː ‖</p></div><div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1-5-3" id="sec1-5-3"><h4 class="C"> Orthographic version</h4><p class="p"> Severák a Slunce se hádali, kdo z nich je silnější. V tom spatřili pocestného, který kráčel zahalen pláštěm. Ujednali tedy, že ten se má považovat za silnějšího, kdo první dokáže, aby si pocestný svlékl pláš<span class="monospace">t</span>'. Tu začal Severák foukat ze vší síly, ale čím víc foukal, tím víc se pocestný zahaloval do svého pláště. Konečně se Severák vzdal marného úsilí. Pak začalo Slunce svítit a hřát a za nějaký okamžik pocestný, kterému bylo horko, shodil pláš<span class="monospace">t</span>'. 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The vowels were embedded in a number of different consonantal contexts in monosyllabic Czech words. Larger grey symbols represent average F1 and F2 of vowels produced by women, smaller black symbols represent average values of vowels produced by men. Although the marks are in Hz, the axes have logarithmic scaling.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> </div></div> <div id="supplementary-materials-tab" class="supplementary-materials tab-pane"><div class="materials-table"><div class="materials-table__item"><div class="materials-table__row"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Supplementary material: File" class="app-icon materials-table__row__left-elem file" data-v-d2c09870> <div class="materials-table__row__main-elem"><h3 class="materials-table__row__title">Šárka Šimáčková, Václav Jonáš Podlipský and Kateřina Chládková</h3> <div class="materials-table__row__description"><p>Sound files zip. These audio files are licensed to the IPA by their authors and accompany the phonetic descriptions published in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association. The audio files may be downloaded for personal use but may not be incorporated in another product without the permission of Cambridge University Press</p></div></div> <a href="https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:article:S0025100312000102/resource/name/S0025100312000102sup001.zip" download="" class="app-link clickable-button materials-table__row__right-elem materials-table__row__download-button app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e><img 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{layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"CABA8E8D07B7534CACAD18BC0F0A6BDE",metadata:{title:l,htmlTitle:l,subtitle:b,authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Šárka",surname:"Šimáčková",nameStyle:o,affiliations:[{text:"Department of English and American Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republicsarka.simackova@upol.cz",email:"sarka.simackova@upol.cz"}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Šárka Šimáčková",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka%20%C5%A0im%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Václav Jonáš",surname:"Podlipský",nameStyle:o,affiliations:[{text:"Department of English and American Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republicvaclav.j.podlipsky@upol.cz",email:"vaclav.j.podlipsky@upol.cz"}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Václav Jonáš Podlipský",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=V%C3%A1clav%20Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1%20Podlipsk%C3%BD&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Kateřina",surname:"Chládková",nameStyle:o,affiliations:[{text:"Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdamk.chladkova@uva.nl",email:"k.chladkova@uva.nl"}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Kateřina Chládková",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Kate%C5%99ina%20Chl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"02 August 2012",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0025100312000102",value:"10.1017\u002FS0025100312000102"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © International Phonetic Association 2012"],holder:["International Phonetic Association"],year:[2012]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:a,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"225 - 232",firstPage:"225",lastPage:"232"},typeDescription:"Illustrations of the IPA",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:z,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:A,title:h,titleSlug:B,mnemonic:"IPA",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:a,journalSlug:B,isCompanion:a,parentCompanionJournalName:h,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:m,skuNew:k,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:m,skuNew:k,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:m,skuNew:k,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:m,skuNew:k,currency:"AU$"}}},url:C,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FIPA_0_0_0\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:a,latestTitle:h,latestId:A,hasPastTitle:a,issue:{id:"72344EB35017D2DDF0A26B741F0ACFC6",number:"2",title:"Issue 2",publishedDate:"August 2012",printPublishTimestamp:1343782800000,url:D},volume:{id:"FFCFB4E919108754D08B8976BF3A4F19",number:"42",title:"Volume 42",publishedDate:"December 2012",printPublishTimestamp:1354320000000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association\u002Fvolume\u002FFFCFB4E919108754D08B8976BF3A4F19"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Extract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"text-abstract\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs a western Slavic language of the Indo-European family, Czech is closest to Slovak and Polish. It is spoken as a native language by nearly 10 million people in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office n.d.). About two million people living abroad, mostly in the USA, Canada, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, and the UK, claim Czech heritage (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 2009). However, it is not known how many of them are native speakers of Czech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:E}]},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article research-article NLM\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"body\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1\" id=\"sec1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E As a western Slavic language of the Indo-European family, Czech is closest to Slovak and Polish. It is spoken as a native language by nearly 10 million people in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office n.d.). About two million people living abroad, mostly in the USA, Canada, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, and the UK, claim Czech heritage (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref11\"\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, it is not known how many of them are native speakers of Czech.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Sociolinguistically, the language situation in the Czech Republic bears diglossic features. There is a substantial gap between formal, highly codified language and the language used in everyday situations. Our aim is to describe the way most people speak most of the time rather than artificial orthoepic norms (for the latter see Palková \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref12\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Palková\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 320–345).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Geographically, in the western part of the country (Bohemia and western Moravia) pronunciation is relatively homogeneous compared to the greater dialectal diversity of the east (the rest of Moravia), where several dialectal areas can be distinguished (Cvrček \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Cvrček and Cvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 24). Still, there are a number of features common to Moravian dialects, distinguishing them clearly from the pronunciation of Bohemia and allowing native speakers to identify someone as either Bohemian or Moravian. The present paper elaborates on the earlier illustration of Czech (Dankovičová \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dankovičová\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1997a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) by describing the differences between Bohemian Czech (BC), spoken by more than six million Czech citizens, and Moravian Czech (MC), spoken by about three-and-a-half million Czech citizens. At the same time, our illustration provides additional information about what both varieties have in common.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The transcriptions of the sample text are based on recordings of a 32-year-old male native speaker of BC from the south of Bohemia, and a 44-year-old female native speaker of MC from the east of Moravia. Examples given throughout the text are recorded by the Bohemian speaker and, where MC differs from BC, also by the speaker from Moravia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-1\" id=\"sec1-1\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Consonants\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A clr-fn-label\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cul class=\"list simple\"\u003E\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-62244-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"544\" height=\"175\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU1.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-11442-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-14177-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052515-19035-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU1.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-29687-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"621\" height=\"254\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU2.gif\" data-zoomable=\"true\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-52620-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-20091-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052507-82341-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU2.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\nThe consonant inventories of BC and MC are the same. Phonemes \u002F\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"15\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u002F, \u002Fɡ\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F came into Czech with borrowings. The youngest and most easily identified as foreign is \u002F\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"15\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u002F, whereas \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, as the oldest of the three, occurs in a few native Czech words, such as \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Efoukat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efoukat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘blow'and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edoufat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edoufat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘hope’. Phonetic implementation of consonant phonemes does not differ in BC and MC either. In the stop series, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ɡ\u002F are prevoiced (i.e. voiced during closure) and contrast with voiceless unaspirated \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F. While \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F is realized as apico-alveolar, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F is more likely to be lamino-dental (Machač \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref8\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Machač\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 139–141). A stop before another stop is generally released. The release of palatal stops is affricated (Machač & Skarnitzl \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref9\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Machač, Skarnitzl and Vích\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 30–31). Intervocalically, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F is sometimes reduced to [ɾ] (Machač & Skarnitzl \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref10\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Machač and Skarnitzl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 37–38), and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F becomes a labio-dental approximant [ʋ] (Skarnitzl & Volín \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Skarnitzl and Volín\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Sibilants \u002Fʃ ʒ \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"15\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char24.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u002F are non-retroflex post-alveolars articulated with tongue blade rather than with the tongue tip (Żygis \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref18\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Żygis, Hall and Hamann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Both \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u002F are trills though commonly realized with a single contact. Phonetically, the sound \u002F\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u002F is a period of friction interrupted at the beginning by a contact or contacts created by a retracted apico-alveolar gesture (see \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The approximant \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F is mainly pronounced apico-alveolar, although a velarized pronunciation without a firm tongue tip contact is not unusual (Šimáčková \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Šimáčková, Kügler, Féry and van de Vijver\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Sonorants \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, and marginally also \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, become syllabic between two consonants or after a consonant at the end of a word, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Evlk\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘wolf’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekopr\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekop\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E] ‘dill’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ERožmberkové\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ero\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒ\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char18.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char18.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Erkov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː] ‘House of Rosenberg’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esedmnáct\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char19.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"8\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char19.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003Enaː\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘seventeen’. Alveolar \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F as well as bilabial \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F commonly undergo place assimilation. Before labiodentals, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F change into [ɱ], e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekonference\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eko\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɱ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛn\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003Eɛ] ‘conference’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etramvaj\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etra\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɱ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evaj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘tram’. The alveolar nasal is realized as velar before \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002Fg\u002F. Word-internally only sequences [ŋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] and [ŋɡ] are permitted, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etenká\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛŋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘thin (f)’, while across the word boundary place assimilation is optional, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eten kout\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛŋ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekout\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ~ [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekout\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘the corner’. Sequences \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Enz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒ\u002F are optionally pronounced with an epenthetic stop, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eženská\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ʒɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Entska\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘female’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EHonza\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eondza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘Johnny’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ezmenšovat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ezm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ent\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eovat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘make smaller’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emanžel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emand\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘husband’. Plosives followed by homorganic nasals may have a nasal release, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Epocestný\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [po\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘traveler’. In fast casual speech, sequences \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ\u002F may be rendered [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E˺\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] and [ɲ˺ɲ], e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ejednou\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E˺\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Enou\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘once’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ehodně\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002Fɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eod\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u002F [ɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ˺ɲɛ] ‘a lot of’ (Volín \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Volín and Cvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 53). Stop–fricative sequences, especially if voiceless, may be simplified to affricates, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edětská\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ɟɛ\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘children's (adj, f)’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Evětší\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ejɛ\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘bigger’.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig1\" id=\"fig1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-18947-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image graphic\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig1g.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-80754-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-00703-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-86581-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E A devoiced allophone of Czech \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F in the BC speaker's production of the word \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekouř\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘smoke’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-1-1\" id=\"sec1-1-1\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"C\"\u003E Obstruent voicing\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The key source of differences between pronouncing consonants in Bohemian and in Moravian Czech are voice assimilations. In addition, there is a difference in how voice assimilation interacts with word-final devoicing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Both in BC and MC, obstruents devoice word-finally, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ezávod\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘race’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Erez\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘rust’. In connected speech, BC and MC differ with respect to final obstruent devoicing when the next word begins in a vowel, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ezávod aut\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘car race’. Speakers of BC insert a glottal stop before the initial vowel and devoice the word-final obstruent: [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]. In MC the final obstruent becomes the onset of the following syllable and keeps its voicing [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]. In both varieties, word-final devoicing usually does not occur if the following obstruent is voiced (compare \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ebez dechu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Exu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘out of breath’ and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ebez tebe\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘without you’). This is because Czech prefers adjacent obstruents to agree in voicing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Underlying mismatches in the voicing of adjacent obstruents are usually resolved by voice assimilation which is generally regressive. The voicing agreement is obligatory word-internally, thus \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eprosba\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘plea’ is pronounced as [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eprozba\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Elebka\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘skull’ as [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]. Across a word boundary, voicing of adjacent obstruents varies within and across speakers. In BC, regressive voicing assimilation in consonant clusters applies in fewer contexts than in MC. First, a BC exception to the regressive direction of voice assimilation is the cluster \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u002F pronounced as voiceless [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esx\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] (e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eshoda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esxoda\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘agreement’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eshnít\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esx\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘rot’), although in a small number of words voiced [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ] occurs (e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eshora\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eora\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘from above’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eshluk\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eluk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘cluster’). More notably, in MC but not in BC is word-boundary regressive assimilation triggered by sonorants as well as obstruents, yielding MC pronunciations such as \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ek lesu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ɡ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘to the forest’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In this context, it is important to discuss the classification of sounds \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F as sonorant or obstruent. The labiodental ‘fricative’ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F behaves as an obstruent in that it undergoes voice assimilation (e.g. in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Evplout\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efplout\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘sail into’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekrev teče\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekr\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E tɛ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘blood flows’) but at the same time it has some properties of sonorants. First, like other sonorants it does not trigger voice assimilation within a word, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etvar\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etvar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘shape’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esval\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esval\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘muscle’. Second, in MC always, but in BC only about half of the time, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F triggers voice assimilation across a word boundary, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Enapsat větu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Enapsat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ~ [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Enapsad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘write a sentence’ (Volín & Skarnitzl \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref17\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Volín, Skarnitzl, Palková and Janoušková\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). And third, in both MC and BC, it is phonetically often weakened to the approximant [ʋ] (Skarnitzl & Volín \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Skarnitzl and Volín\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The sound \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F is usually paired off with the alveolar trill \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F in tables of Czech consonant phonemes. However, it is in fact an obstruent. Phonetically it is a trilled fricative (see above), phonologically, it does not behave as a sonorant in that it cannot occupy the position of a syllable nucleus, and unlike \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Er\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and other sonorants which do not devoice contextually, it loses voicing word-finally and when it is adjacent to a voiceless obstruent, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekouř\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekou\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" height=\"16\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘smoke’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edvířka\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edvi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" height=\"16\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘little door’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Epřes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" height=\"16\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘over’. In addition, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F triggers voicing agreement across a word boundary in both Czech varieties (e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eaž řekneš\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘when you say’ pronounced as [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒ \u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʃ] and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ejak řekneš\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘how you say’ as [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eja\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɡ \u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʃ]), although in BC only obstruents do that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Two obstruent phonemes lack an opposite voicing counterpart at the same place of articulation – the voiceless velar fricative \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and the voiced glottal fricative \u002Fɦ\u002F. The two fricatives are connected through processes of final devoicing and voice assimilation. In devoicing contexts \u002Fɦ\u002F is substituted by [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E], e.g. in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esníh taje\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etaj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘snow is melting’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Elehká\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Exka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘light (f)’. In voicing contexts, \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F has the voiced allophone [ɣ], e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eprach země\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eprax\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u002F [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epra\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɣ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ] ‘dust of the earth’, but there are speakers who pronounce [ɦ] here instead, i.e. [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epra\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ]. Another allophone arising from voicing assimilation is [\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"16\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] substituted for \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emoc dobrá\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002Fmo\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edobra\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u002F [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"16\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char15.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E dobraː] ‘very good (f)’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-2\" id=\"sec1-2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Vowels\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A clr-fn-label\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cul class=\"list simple\"\u003E\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-28730-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"584\" height=\"253\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_eqnU3.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-12516-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-15905-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20170128165944-26257-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_eqnU3.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p continuation\"\u003E\nThe Czech vowel inventory contains ten monophthongs and three diphthongs. The monophthongal vowel system has been described as consisting of five different vowel qualities \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F occurring in two quantities, i.e. as short and long vowels. More recently, it has been accepted (see e.g. Dankovičová \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dankovičová\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1997a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) that the short–long distinction in the high front vowel pair is not realized on the basis of duration only but entails a qualitative difference as well. This is especially clear in BC where the short counterpart of the ‘long’ high front vowel is realized as mid-high [ɪ]. It can be seen in \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig3\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that for BC speakers the two (mid-)high front vowels differ in their F1 and F2 values to a much larger extent than they do for MC speakers. As a consequence, BC speakers rely less on the durational difference between the short and the long high front vowel. Podlipský et al. (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref13\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Podlipský, Skarnitzl and Volín\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) show that the long high front vowel is only about 1.3 times longer than its short counterpart, while the long:short ratio is about 1.7 for the other four vowel pairs. This is why in this illustration the high front vowels are transcribed as [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ɪ] for BC. In MC, the high front vowels are spectrally more similar, the primary difference between them being duration, hence the transcription [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]. The front mid vowels in both varieties are realized as mid-low, i.e. as [ɛ] and [ɛː], while the corresponding mid-back vowels \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u002F remain mid, resulting in less vowel height symmetry between front and back vowels (see \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigures 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig3\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig2\" id=\"fig2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-06269-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image graphic\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig2g.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-44212-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-21574-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-94634-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bohemian Czech (left) and Moravian Czech (right) monophthongs in the IPA chart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig3\" id=\"fig3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-17727-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image graphic\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_fig3g.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\" data-large-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-82427-largeThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg\" data-small-thumb=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-84276-smallThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg\" data-optimised-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-75102-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E F1 and F2 values of Bohemian (left) and Moravian (right) monophthongs produced by three speakers per gender per variety. The vowels were embedded in a number of different consonantal contexts in monosyllabic Czech words. Larger grey symbols represent average F1 and F2 of vowels produced by women, smaller black symbols represent average values of vowels produced by men. Although the marks are in Hz, the axes have logarithmic scaling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In Czech, short vowels are about 3.5 times more frequent than their long counterparts (Ludvíková \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref7\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ludvíková and Těšitelová\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 93). In both varieties, long \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u002F occurs very rarely and almost exclusively in loanwords, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etón\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘tone’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eóda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eda\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘ode’. In BC, the vowel \u002Fɛː\u002F is also infrequent because in many native morphemes it is replaced by \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u002F (e.g. ‘small (n)’: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emalé\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u002F in MC and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emalý\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emali\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u002F in BC; ‘length’: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edélka\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Elka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F in MC and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edýlka\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Elka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F in BC).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The diphthongs are \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, \u002Fɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eou\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F in both Czech varieties, but \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F and \u002Fɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F occur only in loanwords and interjections, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eeuro\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002Fɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Euro\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘euro’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eleukémie\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Euk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u002F ‘leukemia’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eautor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eautor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘author’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eau\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘ouch’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Phonetically, short vowels in both varieties may be subject to articulatory undershoot induced by increased speech tempo or casual speech style (see Volín \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Volín and Cvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 44).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-3\" id=\"sec1-3\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Phonotactics\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Phonotactically, Czech allows as many as four consonants in a syllable onset (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Epstruh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epstrux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘trout’) and three in a coda (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Epomst\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epomst\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘revenge (gen pl)’), although this is rare and about half of all syllables are in fact CV (Palková \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref12\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Palková\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 272). A number of Czech onset clusters violate the sonority hierarchy (e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emzda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emzda\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘wage’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ertut\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ˈ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ertuc\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘mercury’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Epták\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘bird’) but the complexity of these structures is often reduced in actual pronunciation. One strategy is insertion of a short epenthetic vowel, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Elpět\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘adhere to’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edbát\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eba\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘observe (a rule)’. Another strategy is deletion, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ekterá\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Era\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘which (f)’. Most words beginning with the cluster \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F + C are lexicalized also without the \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ejméno\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ejm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eno\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ~ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eno\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘name’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ejde\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ejd\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u002F ~ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u002F ‘go (3sg)’, jsem \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ejs\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ~ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F ‘I am’). The preference for the canonical CV structure is also evident in strategies repairing onsetless syllables. In MC, a coda of the preceding syllable will usually be resyllabified into the missing onset (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ezávod aut\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ‘car race’ [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E], see above), otherwise a glottal stop is used, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Enejupřímější\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eup\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"16\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘the most sincere’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ESezame, otevři se.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ezam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛǀʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘Open, Sesame.’. In BC, glottal stop insertion is preferred and resyllabification is relatively infrequent. When it does occur the resyllabified obstruent is never voiced as it is in MC, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ezávod aut\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is in BC [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E], possibly [\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E], never *[\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ezavo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edaut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]. In BC frequent native words beginning with \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F are also lexicalized with a prothetic \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eoči\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u002F ~ \u002F\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u002F ‘eyes’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-4\" id=\"sec1-4\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Suprasegmentals\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Czech has stress fixed to the first syllable of a word, with the exception that a monosyllabic preposition mostly forms a single metrical unit with the following word and bears stress, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emoře\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘sea’ vs. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Edo moře\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edomo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char10.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ] ‘into the sea’. As is common in fixed-stress languages (see Cutler \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref1\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Cutler, Pisoni and Remez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 273), phonetic realization of Czech stress is weak (Volín \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Volín and Cvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 57). Vowel duration does not function as a cue to stress, it is reserved for marking vowel quantity contrasts which occur independently of stress, e.g. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Euhel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘charcoal’ vs. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eúhel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːɦɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘angle’, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eplocha\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eploxa\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E] ‘area’ vs. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eplochá\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eploxa\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː] ‘flat (f)’. Nevertheless, vowel duration is variable to some extent: final syllables in intonation phrases are subject to substantial lengthening (e.g. Dankovičová \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref5\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dankovičová\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1997b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Czech rhythm has proved difficult to classify using acoustic measures (e.g. Dankovičová & Dellwo \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref6\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dankovičová and Dellwo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As is typical of syllable-timed languages, Czech exhibits little vowel reduction. On the other hand, compared to syllable-timed languages, Czech allows more complex consonant clusters, which contributes to relatively greater variability of consonant-interval durations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E It should be noted that prosodic structure exerts influence on word-boundary phenomena such as assimilations, glottal stop insertion and resyllabification (as described in the previous section). In both dialects, the preference for glottal stop insertion as opposed to resyllabificiation increases across stronger prosodic boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-5\" id=\"sec1-5\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Transcription\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-5-1\" id=\"sec1-5-1\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"C\"\u003E Bohemian Czech\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ | ɡ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Espat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"16\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char12.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eə\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E˺\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛːɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eə\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Euj\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Enal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ed\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ ‖ ʒɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ema\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eovad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ɡ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char17.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edoka\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʒɛ | ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eab\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Estni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live\" 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data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efoukad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ ‖ ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efoukal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E | ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eci\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ealo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esv\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛːɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːɡ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evzdal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emarn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛːɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eli\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epa\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɡ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ealo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esvi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ecit\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ejaki\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˑ ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eokam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eə\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E˺\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Elo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eko\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esxo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɟɪ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etak\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eə\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ev\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Euznad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E | ʒɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɪɫɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-5-2\" id=\"sec1-5-2\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"C\"\u003E Moravian Czech\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʋɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edali\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ɡ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char20.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Espat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char23.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"6\" 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src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char22.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"8\" height=\"13\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char22.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"4\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char16.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Etu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʋɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efoukad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːɫ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ʋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Efoukal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eci\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ealo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʋ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esv\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛːɦo ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ sɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʋɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːɡ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Evzdal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emarn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛːɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esili\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epa\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɡ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char11.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ealo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esvi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ecid\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"12\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char13.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eza\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ejaki\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eokam\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʒ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E˺ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Est\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003En\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː | ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ekt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛɾɛː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eb\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eə\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Elo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eorko\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɦ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɟ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Epla\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eːʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eta\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char21.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"7\" height=\"17\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char21.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Emus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛʋɛɾ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ˈʔ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Euznat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‖ ʒɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Eslun\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"private-char\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image inline-graphic\" width=\"14\" height=\"15\" data-original-image=\"urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160310111049371-0888:S0025100312000102_char14.gif\" data-zoomable=\"false\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ \u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɛ ˈ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Esil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eɲɛ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ej\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eʃ\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Ei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eː ‖\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1-5-3\" id=\"sec1-5-3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"C\"\u003E Orthographic version\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Severák a Slunce se hádali, kdo z nich je silnější. V tom spatřili pocestného, který kráčel zahalen pláštěm. Ujednali tedy, že ten se má považovat za silnějšího, kdo první dokáže, aby si pocestný svlékl pláš\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E'. Tu začal Severák foukat ze vší síly, ale čím víc foukal, tím víc se pocestný zahaloval do svého pláště. Konečně se Severák vzdal marného úsilí. Pak začalo Slunce svítit a hřát a za nějaký okamžik pocestný, kterému bylo horko, shodil pláš\u003Cspan class=\"monospace\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E'. Tak musel Severák uznat, že Slunce je silnější.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"back\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"manual_ref-1",displayNumber:b,existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECutler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAnne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Lexical stress. In \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPisoni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDavid B.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERemez\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERobert E.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (eds.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe handbook of speech perception\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E264\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E289\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EBlackwell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The handbook of speech perception' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F9780470757024.ch11\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The handbook of speech perception' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+handbook+of+speech+perception&author=Cutler+Anne&author=Pisoni+David+B.&author=Remez+Robert+E.&publication+year=2005&pages=264-289\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+handbook+of+speech+perception&author=Cutler+Anne&author=Pisoni+David+B.&author=Remez+Robert+E.&publication+year=2005&pages=264-289",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:"Blackwell",date:F,tpages:"289",doi:G,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref1",title:p,doi:G,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F9780470757024.ch11",pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"manual_ref-2",displayNumber:b,existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVáclav\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Obecné poučení o češtině [General information about the Czech language]. In \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECvrček\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVáclav\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMluvnice současné češtiny\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E [Grammar of contemporary Czech], \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EPrague\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EKarolinum\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mluvnice současné češtiny' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mluvnice+sou%C4%8Dasn%C3%A9+%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny&author=Cvr%C4%8Dek+V%C3%A1clav&author=Cvr%C4%8Dek+V%C3%A1clav&publication+year=2010&pages=21-26\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mluvnice+sou%C4%8Dasn%C3%A9+%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny&author=Cvr%C4%8Dek+V%C3%A1clav&author=Cvr%C4%8Dek+V%C3%A1clav&publication+year=2010&pages=21-26",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:i,title:i,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:q,date:H,tpages:"26",doi:b,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref2",title:i,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"manual_ref-3",displayNumber:b,existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"collab simple\"\u003ECzech Statistical Office\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. 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Czech speech rhythm and the rhythm class hypothesis. \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (ICPhS 16), Saarbrücken, Germany, 1241–1244.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dankovičová, Jana & Dellwo, Volker. 2007. Czech speech rhythm and the rhythm class hypothesis. 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Phonetic and phonological aspects of Slavic sibilant fricatives. In \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHall\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETracy A.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHamann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESilke\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (eds.), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPapers in phonology and phonetics\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ZAS Papers in Linguistics 32), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E175\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E213\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EZAS\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Papers in phonology and phonetics' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Papers+in+phonology+and+phonetics&author=%C5%BBygis+Marzena&author=Hall+Tracy+A.&author=Hamann+Silke&publication+year=2003&pages=175-213\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Papers+in+phonology+and+phonetics&author=%C5%BBygis+Marzena&author=Hall+Tracy+A.&author=Hamann+Silke&publication+year=2003&pages=175-213",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:y,title:y,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:"ZAS",date:"2003",tpages:"213",doi:b,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref18",title:y,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]}],figures:[{contentId:"fig1",label:"Figure 1",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EA devoiced allophone of Czech \u002F\u002F in the BC speaker's production of the word \u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003Ekouř\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘smoke’.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-18947-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-86581-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig1g.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig2",label:"Figure 2",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EBohemian Czech (left) and Moravian Czech (right) monophthongs in the IPA chart.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-06269-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052518-94634-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig2g.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig3",label:"Figure 3",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EF1 and F2 values of Bohemian (left) and Moravian (right) monophthongs produced by three speakers per gender per variety. The vowels were embedded in a number of different consonantal contexts in monosyllabic Czech words. Larger grey symbols represent average F1 and F2 of vowels produced by women, smaller black symbols represent average values of vowels produced by men. Although the marks are in Hz, the axes have logarithmic scaling.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-17727-mediumThumb-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20160626052512-75102-optimisedImage-S0025100312000102_fig3g.jpg",attrib:[]}]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002FCABA8E8D07B7534CACAD18BC0F0A6BDE\u002FS0025100312000102a.pdf\u002Fczech-spoken-in-bohemia-and-moravia.pdf",fileSizeInMb:.36,articleTitle:l,slugTitle:"czech-spoken-in-bohemia-and-moravia"},highResolution:e,media:e},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[{title:"Šárka Šimáčková, Václav Jonáš Podlipský and Kateřina Chládková",description:"\u003Cp\u003ESound files zip. 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of the International Phonetic Association","Mluvnice současné češtiny","unknown","S0025100312000102","Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia","article_ipa_ind_pur","2009","western","The handbook of speech perception","Karolinum","1997","O češtině v číslech","The 13th Czech-German Workshop – Speech Processing","Principles of phonetic segmentation","Fonetika a fonologie češtiny s obecným úvodem do problematiky oboru","Variation and gradience in phonetics and phonology","Kapitoly z fonetiky a fonologie slovanských jazyků","Papers in phonology and phonetics",0,"E6CBB9A7E793537BEA4B742F24AC9C3E","journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association\u002Fissue\u002F72344EB35017D2DDF0A26B741F0ACFC6","en","2005","10.1002\u002F9780470757024.ch11","2010","article","Czech","10.1017\u002FS0025100300005442","The domain of articulation rate variation in Czech","Journal of Phonetics","10.1006\u002Fjpho.1997.0045","2006","10.1515\u002F9783110219326.125"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="circular medium 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fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_--x--" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_--x--"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <mask 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