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planning</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: contingency planning"> <meta name="keywords" content="contingency planning"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="contingency planning"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3497</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: contingency planning</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3467</span> Tracing the Developmental Repertoire of the Progressive: Evidence from L2 Construction Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianqi%20Wu">Tianqi Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Wang"> Min Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research investigating language acquisition from a constructionist perspective has demonstrated that language is learned as constructions at various linguistic levels, which is related to factors of frequency, semantic prototypicality, and form-meaning contingency. However, previous research on construction learning tended to focus on clause-level constructions such as verb argument constructions but few attempts were made to study morpheme-level constructions such as the progressive construction, which is regarded as a source of acquisition problems for English learners from diverse L1 backgrounds, especially for those whose L1 do not have an equivalent construction such as German and Chinese. To trace the developmental trajectory of Chinese EFL learners’ use of the progressive with respect to verb frequency, verb-progressive contingency, and verbal prototypicality and generality, a learner corpus consisting of three sub-corpora representing three different English proficiency levels was extracted from the Chinese Learners of English Corpora (CLEC). As the reference point, a native speakers’ corpus extracted from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays was also established. All the texts were annotated with C7 tagset by part-of-speech tagging software. After annotation all valid progressive hits were retrieved with AntConc 3.4.3 followed by a manual check. Frequency-related data showed that from the lowest to the highest proficiency level, (1) the type token ratio increased steadily from 23.5% to 35.6%, getting closer to 36.4% in the native speakers’ corpus, indicating a wider use of verbs in the progressive; (2) the normalized entropy value rose from 0.776 to 0.876, working towards the target score of 0.886 in native speakers’ corpus, revealing that upper-intermediate learners exhibited a more even distribution and more productive use of verbs in the progressive; (3) activity verbs (i.e., verbs with prototypical progressive meanings like running and singing) dropped from 59% to 34% but non-prototypical verbs such as state verbs (e.g., being and living) and achievement verbs (e.g., dying and finishing) were increasingly used in the progressive. Apart from raw frequency analyses, collostructional analyses were conducted to quantify verb-progressive contingency and to determine what verbs were distinctively associated with the progressive construction. Results were in line with raw frequency findings, which showed that contingency between the progressive and non-prototypical verbs represented by light verbs (e.g., going, doing, making, and coming) increased as English proficiency proceeded. These findings altogether suggested that beginning Chinese EFL learners were less productive in using the progressive construction: they were constrained by a small set of verbs which had concrete and typical progressive meanings (e.g., the activity verbs). But with English proficiency increasing, their use of the progressive began to spread to marginal members such as the light verbs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Construction%20learning" title="Construction learning">Construction learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corpus-based" title=" Corpus-based"> Corpus-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Progressives" title=" Progressives"> Progressives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prototype" title=" Prototype"> Prototype</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123459/tracing-the-developmental-repertoire-of-the-progressive-evidence-from-l2-construction-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123459.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3466</span> Tourism Oriented Planning Experience in the Historical City Center of Trabzon (Turkey) with Strategic Spatial Planning Approach: Evaluation of Approach and Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emrehan%20Ozcan">Emrehan Ozcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilek%20Beyazl%C4%B1"> Dilek Beyazlı</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of tourism depends on an accurate planning approach as well as on the right planning process. This dependency is also a key factor in ensuring sustainability of tourism. The types of tourism, social expectations, planning practice, the socio-economic and the cultural structure of the region are determinants of planning approaches for tourism development. The tourism plans prepared for the historic city centers are usually based on the revitalization of cultural and historical values. The preservation and development of the tourism potentials of the historic city centers are important for providing an economic contribution to the locality, creating livable solutions for local residents and also the sustainability of tourism. This research is about experiencing and discussing a planning approach that will provide tourism development based on historical and cultural values. Historical and cultural values in the historical city center of Trabzon -which has a settlement history of approximately 4000 years, is located on the Black Sea coast of Turkey- wear out over years and lose their tourism potential. A planning study has been experienced with strategic spatial planning approach for Trabzon, which has not done a tourism-oriented planning study until now. The stages of the planning process provided by strategic spatial planning approach are an assessment of the current situation; vision, strategies, and actions; action planning; designing and implementation of actions and monitoring-evaluation. In the discussion section, the advantages, planning process, methods and techniques of the approach are discussed for the possibilities and constraints in terms of tourism planning. In this context, it is aimed to put forth tourism planning process, stages, and implementation tools within the scope of strategic spatial planning approach by comparing approaches used in the tourism-oriented/priority planning of historical city centers. Suggestions on the position and effect of the preferred planning approach in the existing spatial planning practice are the outputs of the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title="cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20oriented%20planning" title=" tourism oriented planning"> tourism oriented planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trabzon" title=" Trabzon"> Trabzon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20spatial%20Planning" title=" strategic spatial Planning"> strategic spatial Planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80244/tourism-oriented-planning-experience-in-the-historical-city-center-of-trabzon-turkey-with-strategic-spatial-planning-approach-evaluation-of-approach-and-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3465</span> Multi-Actors’ Scenario for Measuring Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: A Case Study of Bangalore, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Kumara">H. S. Kumara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid process of urbanization and the growing number of the metropolitan cities and its region call for better governance in India. This article attempts to argue that spatial planning really matters for measuring the governance at metropolitan scale. These study explore to metropolitan governance and spatial planning and its interrelationship issues, concepts and evolution of spatial planning in India and critically examines the multi actors’ scenario for measuring metropolitan governance by means of spatial planning in context with reviewing various master plans, concept of multi-actors viewpoint on role of spatial planning related to zoning regulations, master plan implementations and effective service delivery issues. This paper argues and concludes that the spatial planning of Bangalore directly impact on measuring metropolitan governance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metropolitan%20governance" title="metropolitan governance">metropolitan governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20planning" title=" spatial planning"> spatial planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20delivery" title=" service delivery"> service delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-actors%E2%80%99" title=" multi-actors’"> multi-actors’</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opinion%20survey" title=" opinion survey"> opinion survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=master%20plan" title=" master plan"> master plan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29857/multi-actors-scenario-for-measuring-metropolitan-governance-and-spatial-planning-a-case-study-of-bangalore-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">595</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3464</span> Characteristics of New Town Planning between Neighborhood Unit and New Urbanism in Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20Su%20Na">In Su Na</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongyeon%20Seo"> Dongyeon Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hwanyong%20Kim"> Hwanyong Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research focuses on new town planning methodology in aspects of Neighborhood Unit Formula and New Urbanism. In Korea, there were built many new towns since 1980’s. The urban design concepts also shifted variously in land use, transportation, open spaces and architectural design. This research aims to find out urban design planning and factors in each new town planning through comparison of four new town cases in aspects of land use, transportation and building design of metropolitan area of Seoul. In conclusion the recent new town has created an area with a unique place that has not been seen in the early new town, and it has a certain aspect that is in line with the planning principles of New Urbanism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compact%20city" title="compact city">compact city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neighborhood%20unit%20formula" title=" neighborhood unit formula"> neighborhood unit formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20town%20planning" title=" new town planning"> new town planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20urbanism" title=" new urbanism"> new urbanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62628/characteristics-of-new-town-planning-between-neighborhood-unit-and-new-urbanism-in-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3463</span> Joint Path and Push Planning among Moveable Obstacles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Emeli">Victor Emeli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akansel%20Cosgun"> Akansel Cosgun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the navigation among movable obstacles (NAMO) problem and proposes joint path and push planning: which path to take and in what direction the obstacles should be pushed at, given a start and goal position. We present a planning algorithm for selecting a path and the obstacles to be pushed, where a rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT)-based heuristic is employed to calculate a minimal collision path. When it is necessary to apply a pushing force to slide an obstacle out of the way, the planners leverage means-end analysis through a dynamic physics simulation to determine the sequence of linear pushes to clear the necessary space. Simulation experiments show that our approach finds solutions in higher clutter percentages (up to 49%) compared to the straight-line push planner (37%) and RRT without pushing (18%). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20planning" title="motion planning">motion planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title=" path planning"> path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=push%20planning" title=" push planning"> push planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot%20navigation" title=" robot navigation"> robot navigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128403/joint-path-and-push-planning-among-moveable-obstacles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3462</span> Concept for Planning Sustainable Factories</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Mersmann">T. Mersmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Nyhuis"> P. Nyhuis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current economic climate, for many businesses it is generally no longer sufficient to pursue exclusively economic interests. Instead, integrating ecological and social goals into the corporate targets is becoming ever more important. However, the holistic integration of these new goals is missing from current factory planning approaches. This article describes the conceptual framework for a planning methodology for sustainable factories. To this end, the description of the key areas for action is followed by a description of the principal components for the systematization of sustainability for factories and their stakeholders. Finally, a conceptual framework is presented which integrates the components formulated into an established factory planning procedure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factory%20planning" title="factory planning">factory planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholder" title=" stakeholder"> stakeholder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematization" title=" systematization"> systematization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10526/concept-for-planning-sustainable-factories" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3461</span> The Study of the Correlation of Proactive Coping and Retirement Planning: An Example of Senior Civil Servants in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya-Hui%20Lee">Ya-Hui Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Hung%20Hsieh"> Chien-Hung Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Yi%20Lu"> Ching-Yi Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Demographic aging is the major problem that Taiwanese society is facing, and retirement life adaptation is the most concerning issue. In recent years, studies have suggested that in order to have successful aging and retirement planning, a view for the future is necessary. In Taiwan, civil servants receive better pensions and retirement benefits than do other industries. Therefore, their retirement preparation is considerably more significant than other senior groups in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to understand the correlation of proactive coping and retirement planning of senior civil servants in Taiwan. The method is conducted by questionnaire surveys, with 342 valid questionnaires collected. The results of this study are: 1. The background variables of the interviewees, including age, perceived economic statuses, and retirement statuses, are all significantly related to their proactive coping and retirement planning. 2. Regarding age, the interviewees with ages 55 and above have better proactive coping and retirement planning than those with ages 45 and below. 3. In the aspect of perceived economic statuses, the participants who feel “very good” economic statuses have better proactive coping ability and retirement readiness than those who feel “bad” and “very bad”. 4. Retirees have better proactive coping and retirement planning than those who are still working. 5. Monthly income is significant in retirement planning only. The participants’ retirement planning would be better if they have higher incomes. Furthermore, the participants’ retirement planning would be better if their revenue were €1453~€1937, than if their revenue were below €968. 6. There are positive correlations between proactive coping and retirement planning. 7. Proactive coping can predict retirement planning. The result of this study will be provided as references to the Taiwan government for educational retirement planning policies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proactive%20coping" title="proactive coping">proactive coping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retirement%20planning" title=" retirement planning"> retirement planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20servants" title=" civil servants"> civil servants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demographic%20aging" title=" demographic aging"> demographic aging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6833/the-study-of-the-correlation-of-proactive-coping-and-retirement-planning-an-example-of-senior-civil-servants-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3460</span> On the Differentiation of Strategic Spatial Planning Mechanisms in New Era: Between Melbourne and Tianjin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhao%20Liu">Zhao Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kang%20Cao"> Kang Cao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Strategic spatial planning, which is taken as an effective and competitive way for the governors of the city to improve the development and management level of a city, has been blooming in recent years all over the world. In the context of globalization and informatization, strategic spatial planning must transfer its focus on three different levels: global, regional and urban. Internal and external changes in environmental conditions lead to new advances in strategic planning both theoretically and practically. However, such advances or changes respond differently to cities on account of different dynamic mechanisms. This article aims at two cities of Tianjin in China and Melbourne in Australia, through a comparative study on strategic planning, to explore the differentiation of mechanisms in urban planning. By comparison and exploration, the purpose of this article is to exhibit two different planning worlds, western and Chinese, in a new way. The article can be divided into four parts. The first part outlines strategic planning transformations in the new era on three levels, generally analysing the internal and external environmental factors of today. The second part indicates the concepts of strategic planning theoretically, demonstrating briefly its development background and process in western and China, respectively. The third part takes Tianjin and Melbourne urban strategic spatial planning as examples to mainly carry on the contrast research from the aspects of strategic planning mode, competitive mechanism, contents, strategy implementation and management. It is expected to summarize the differences and similarities of the two plans, meanwhile, to explore the inherent factors or mechanisms probably spatial, material, political and etc., which affect cities in the course of urban planning. The final part is a summary of general mechanisms of planning from the perspective of strategic spatial planning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differentiation" title="differentiation">differentiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20planning" title=" strategic planning"> strategic planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melbourne" title=" Melbourne"> Melbourne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianjin" title=" Tianjin"> Tianjin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3769/on-the-differentiation-of-strategic-spatial-planning-mechanisms-in-new-era-between-melbourne-and-tianjin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">525</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3459</span> Aggregate Production Planning Framework in a Multi-Product Factory: A Case Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ignatio%20Madanhire">Ignatio Madanhire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Mbohwa"> Charles Mbohwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study looks at the best model of aggregate planning activity in an industrial entity and uses the trial and error method on spreadsheets to solve aggregate production planning problems. Also linear programming model is introduced to optimize the aggregate production planning problem. Application of the models in a furniture production firm is evaluated to demonstrate that practical and beneficial solutions can be obtained from the models. Finally some benchmarking of other furniture manufacturing industries was undertaken to assess relevance and level of use in other furniture firms <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate%20production%20planning" title="aggregate production planning">aggregate production planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trial%20and%20error" title=" trial and error"> trial and error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20programming" title=" linear programming"> linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furniture%20industry" title=" furniture industry "> furniture industry </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13776/aggregate-production-planning-framework-in-a-multi-product-factory-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3458</span> Reliability and Availability Analysis of Satellite Data Reception System using Reliability Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ch.%20Sridevi">Ch. Sridevi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20P.%20Shailender%20Kumar"> S. P. Shailender Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Gurudayal"> B. Gurudayal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Chalapathi%20Rao"> A. Chalapathi Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Koteswara%20Rao"> K. Koteswara Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Srinivasulu"> P. Srinivasulu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> System reliability and system availability evaluation plays a crucial role in ensuring the seamless operation of complex satellite data reception system with consistent performance for longer periods. This paper presents a novel approach for the same using a case study on one of the antenna systems at satellite data reception ground station in India. The methodology involves analyzing system's components, their failure rates, system's architecture, generation of logical reliability block diagram model and estimating the reliability of the system using the component level mean time between failures considering exponential distribution to derive a baseline estimate of the system's reliability. The model is then validated with collected system level field failure data from the operational satellite data reception systems that includes failure occurred, failure time, criticality of the failure and repair times by using statistical techniques like median rank, regression and Weibull analysis to extract meaningful insights regarding failure patterns and practical reliability of the system and to assess the accuracy of the developed reliability model. The study mainly focused on identification of critical units within the system, which are prone to failures and have a significant impact on overall performance and brought out a reliability model of the identified critical unit. This model takes into account the interdependencies among system components and their impact on overall system reliability and provides valuable insights into the performance of the system to understand the Improvement or degradation of the system over a period of time and will be the vital input to arrive at the optimized design for future development. It also provides a plug and play framework to understand the effect on performance of the system in case of any up gradations or new designs of the unit. It helps in effective planning and formulating contingency plans to address potential system failures, ensuring the continuity of operations. Furthermore, to instill confidence in system users, the duration for which the system can operate continuously with the desired level of 3 sigma reliability was estimated that turned out to be a vital input to maintenance plan. System availability and station availability was also assessed by considering scenarios of clash and non-clash to determine the overall system performance and potential bottlenecks. Overall, this paper establishes a comprehensive methodology for reliability and availability analysis of complex satellite data reception systems. The results derived from this approach facilitate effective planning contingency measures, and provide users with confidence in system performance and enables decision-makers to make informed choices about system maintenance, upgrades and replacements. It also aids in identifying critical units and assessing system availability in various scenarios and helps in minimizing downtime and optimizing resource allocation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exponential%20distribution" title="exponential distribution">exponential distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20modeling" title=" reliability modeling"> reliability modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20block%20diagram" title=" reliability block diagram"> reliability block diagram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20data%20reception%20system" title=" satellite data reception system"> satellite data reception system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20availability" title=" system availability"> system availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weibull%20analysis" title=" weibull analysis"> weibull analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167594/reliability-and-availability-analysis-of-satellite-data-reception-system-using-reliability-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3457</span> Family Planning Use among Women Living with HIV in Malawi: Analysis from Malawi DHS-2010 Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dereje%20Habte">Dereje Habte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jane%20Namasasu"> Jane Namasasu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The aim of the analysis was to assess the practice of family planning (FP) among HIV-infected women and the influence of women’s awareness of HIV-positive status in the practice of FP. Methods: The analysis was made among 489 non-pregnant, sexually active, fecund women living with HIV. Result: Of the 489 confirmed HIV positive women, 184 (37.6%) reported that they knew they are HIV positive. The number of women with current use and unmet need of any family planning method were found to be 251 (51.2%) and 107 (21.9%) respectively. Women’s knowledge of HIV-positive status (AOR: 2.32(1.54,3.50)), secondary and above education (AOR: 2.36(1.16,4.78)), presence of 3-4 (AOR: 2.60(1.08,6.28)) and more than four alive children (AOR: 3.03(1.18,7.82)) were significantly associated with current use of family planning. Conclusion: Women’s awareness of HIV-positive status was found to significantly predict family planning practice among women living with HIV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20planning" title="family planning">family planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malawi" title=" Malawi"> Malawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women "> women </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17688/family-planning-use-among-women-living-with-hiv-in-malawi-analysis-from-malawi-dhs-2010-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">601</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3456</span> A Review on Comparative Analysis of Path Planning and Collision Avoidance Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divya%20Agarwal">Divya Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pushpendra%20S.%20Bharti"> Pushpendra S. Bharti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous mobile robots (AMR) are expected as smart tools for operations in every automation industry. Path planning and obstacle avoidance is the backbone of AMR as robots have to reach their goal location avoiding obstacles while traversing through optimized path defined according to some criteria such as distance, time or energy. Path planning can be classified into global and local path planning where environmental information is known and unknown/partially known, respectively. A number of sensors are used for data collection. A number of algorithms such as artificial potential field (APF), rapidly exploring random trees (RRT), bidirectional RRT, Fuzzy approach, Purepursuit, A* algorithm, vector field histogram (VFH) and modified local path planning algorithm, etc. have been used in the last three decades for path planning and obstacle avoidance for AMR. This paper makes an attempt to review some of the path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms used in the field of AMR. The review includes comparative analysis of simulation and mathematical computations of path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms using MATLAB 2018a. From the review, it could be concluded that different algorithms may complete the same task (i.e. with a different set of instructions) in less or more time, space, effort, etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title="path planning">path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title=" obstacle avoidance"> obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20mobile%20robots" title=" autonomous mobile robots"> autonomous mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithms" title=" algorithms"> algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93693/a-review-on-comparative-analysis-of-path-planning-and-collision-avoidance-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3455</span> Commoning as an Approach to Community Planning: An Inquiry into the Role of Urban Local Bodies and Commoners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pruthvi%20Nath%20Palleti">Pruthvi Nath Palleti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarmada%20Madhulika%20Kone"> Sarmada Madhulika Kone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Communities are formed based on the commonalities that exist in a set of individuals and when the group comes together on identifying those commonalities and to achieve their common goals. Thus, community planning with its vision to strengthen the community mostly involves with making or remaking of commons, which results in making or remaking of communities. This paper looks into different practices of planning around the world and tried to establish a link between commoning (the act of exercising the rights over commons by commoners) and participatory approach to community planning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commoners" title="commoners">commoners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commoning" title=" commoning"> commoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community" title=" community"> community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20planning" title=" participatory planning"> participatory planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20local%20bodies" title=" urban local bodies"> urban local bodies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58735/commoning-as-an-approach-to-community-planning-an-inquiry-into-the-role-of-urban-local-bodies-and-commoners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3454</span> Overview of Time, Resource and Cost Planning Techniques in Construction Management Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Gupta">R. Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Jain"> P. Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Das"> S. Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One way to approach construction scheduling optimization problem is to focus on the individual aspects of planning, which can be broadly classified as time scheduling, crew and resource management, and cost control. During the last four decades, construction planning has seen a lot of research, but to date, no paper had attempted to summarize the literature available under important heads. This paper addresses each of aspects separately, and presents the findings of an in-depth literature of the various planning techniques. For techniques dealing with time scheduling, the authors have adopted a rough chronological documentation. For crew and resource management, classification has been done on the basis of the different steps involved in the resource planning process. For cost control, techniques dealing with both estimation of costs and the subsequent optimization of costs have been dealt with separately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20planning%20techniques" title="construction planning techniques">construction planning techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20scheduling" title=" time scheduling"> time scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resource%20planning" title=" resource planning"> resource planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20control" title=" cost control"> cost control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24164/overview-of-time-resource-and-cost-planning-techniques-in-construction-management-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3453</span> Optimising Urban Climate at Mesoscale: The Case of Floor-Area-Ratio Modelling and Energy Planning Integration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Cheshmehzangi">Ali Cheshmehzangi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayotunde%20Dawodu"> Ayotunde Dawodu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In urban planning, Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of the site plays a major role in the multiplicity of performances, from humane living environments to energy performance. When one considers the astounding volume of new housing that is going to be constructed across the globe during the next few decades due to growing urbanisation (e.g. particularly in developing world), it is imperative that we have an empirically grounded grasp of which building configurations are more energy efficient. As a common planning metric, it would be helpful to know exactly how managing FAR connects with energy efficiency. Hence, this study puts together a set of modelling of various FARs for a typical residential compound and address the considerations of energy planning integration in the practice of building configuration and urban planning. Such decision makings at the planning and design stage enable us to provide pathways of optimising urban climate at mesoscale of the built environment, i.e. the neighbourhood or community level. In this study, a comparative study is conducted using Eco-Tect Software, using a case study in the City of Ningbo, China. Findings of the study contribute to identifying scenarios of various FAR use and energy planning at mesoscale. The final results contribute to studies in urban climate, from the perspectives of urban planning, energy planning, and urban modelling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20planning" title=" energy planning"> energy planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FAR" title=" FAR"> FAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floor-area-ratio" title=" floor-area-ratio"> floor-area-ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoscale" title=" mesoscale"> mesoscale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20climate" title=" urban climate"> urban climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20modelling" title=" urban modelling"> urban modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107433/optimising-urban-climate-at-mesoscale-the-case-of-floor-area-ratio-modelling-and-energy-planning-integration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3452</span> Overview of Standard Unit System of Shenzhen Land Spatial Planning and Case Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziwei%20Huang">Ziwei Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The standard unit of Shenzhen land spatial planning has the characteristics of vertical conduction, horizontal evaluation, internal balance and supervision of implementation. It mainly assumes the role of geospatial unit, assists in promoting the complex development of the business in Shenzhen and undertakes the management and transmission of upper and lower levels of planning as well as the Urban management functions such as gap analysis of public facilities, planning evaluation and dynamic monitoring of planning information. Combining with the application examples of the analysis of gaps in public facilities in Longgang District, it can be found that the standard unit of land spatial planning in Shenzhen as a small-scale geographic basic unit, has a stronger urban spatial coupling effect. However, the universality of the application of the system is still lacking and it is necessary to propose more scientific and powerful standard unit delineation standards and planning function evaluation indicators to guide the implementation of the system's popularization and application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shenzhen%20city" title="Shenzhen city">Shenzhen city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20spatial%20planning" title=" land spatial planning"> land spatial planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20unit%20system" title=" standard unit system"> standard unit system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20delicacy%20management" title=" urban delicacy management"> urban delicacy management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146407/overview-of-standard-unit-system-of-shenzhen-land-spatial-planning-and-case-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3451</span> A Refinement Strategy Coupling Event-B and Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) for Planning Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabrine%20Ammar">Sabrine Ammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Tahar%20Bhiri"> Mohamed Tahar Bhiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Automatic planning has a de facto standard language called Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) for describing planning problems. It aims to formalize the planning problems described by the concept of state space. PDDL-related dynamic analysis tools, namely planners and validators, are insufficient for verifying and validating PDDL descriptions. Indeed, these tools made it possible to detect errors a posteriori by means of test activity. In this paper, we recommend a formal approach coupling the two languages Event-B and PDDL, for automatic planning. Event-B is used for formal modeling by stepwise refinement with mathematical proofs of planning problems. Thus, this paper proposes a refinement strategy allowing to obtain reliable PDDL descriptions from an ultimate Event-B model correct by construction. The ultimate Event-B model, correct by construction which is supposed to be translatable into PDDL, is automatically translated into PDDL using our MDE Event-B2PDDL tool. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20generation" title="code generation">code generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-b" title=" event-b"> event-b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDDL" title=" PDDL"> PDDL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refinement%20strategy" title=" refinement strategy"> refinement strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20rules" title=" translation rules"> translation rules</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135577/a-refinement-strategy-coupling-event-b-and-planning-domain-definition-language-pddl-for-planning-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3450</span> Effective Financial Planning: A Study of Comprehensive Retirement Planning for Financial Independence </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stanley%20Yap">Stanley Yap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chong%20Wei%20Ying"> Chong Wei Ying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leow%20Hon%20Wei"> Leow Hon Wei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: In Malaysia, an effective financial planning is vital to accumulate wealth and financial independence. However, retirees are required to resume working due to insufficient pension fund. This study examines how the financial decision in retirement planning is being made based on the net worth from the household. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses financial data from a married working couple with children to evaluate their composition of financial position. Numerous financial methods are made pertaining to net worth analysis, insurance needs analysis, investment portfolio rebalancing, estate planning, education planning and retirement planning to enhance the financial decision. Findings: Our results show, firstly, financial planning is essential to achieve financial independence; secondly, insurance needs, education and retirement funding are the most significant for household. Thirdly, current resources are critical to maintain family lifestyle after retirement, emergency funds for critical illness, and the long term children education funding. Practical implications: Refer to the findings, sufficient net worth is priority in financial planning. Different suggestions for household include reduction of unnecessary expenses, re-allocate of cash flow, adequate insurance coverage and re-balancing of investment portfolios to accumulate wealth. It is a challenge to obtain financial independence, hence, there is a need to increase the literature on financial planning. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the important paper that uses financial information from household to provide solutions to enhance the efficiency of financial planning industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20worth" title="net worth">net worth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20planning" title=" financial planning"> financial planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wealth%20and%20financial%20independence" title=" wealth and financial independence"> wealth and financial independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retirement%20planning" title=" retirement planning"> retirement planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79079/effective-financial-planning-a-study-of-comprehensive-retirement-planning-for-financial-independence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3449</span> Knowledge and Practice of Family Planning among Rural Women in Ogun State, South West Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tope%20Olubodun">Tope Olubodun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Family planning practices help individuals and couples avoid unwanted pregnancies, regulate intervals between pregnancies, and determine the number of children in the family. Family planning is an effective intervention for promoting maternal health, but its acceptability and utilization are impeded by many factors in Southwest Nigeria. Aim: This study was conducted to assess women’s knowledge and practice of family planning in two rural communities in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria, and to determine factors associated with the utilization of family planning among these women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 561 women of reproductive age selected by multistage sampling. The data collection was done using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data obtained were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Frequencies were generated, and chi-square test was used to explore associations. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Result: The majority of the respondents were aware of family planning 410 (73.1%). The method most commonly known was male condom 348 (62.0%), then pills 276 (49.2%) and injectables 231(41.3%). The commonest sources of information on family planning were health workers 158 (26.8%), outreaches 162 (27.5%) and TV/radio 136 (23.1%). Respondents that had used family planning, however, only constituted forty–five percent. The methods commonly used were injectables 104 (39.2%) and pills 85 (32.1%). Reasons for choosing not to use family planning include the desire for more children 78 (26.3%), because spouse does not support family planning 56 (18.9%), fear of unbearable side effects 44 (14.9%), and poor knowledge of the methods of family planning as well as where the services can be obtained 39 (13.2%). There is a statistically significant association between age, ethnicity, education, occupation, average monthly income, and use of family planning. Conclusion: Campaigns that promote male involvement in family planning, use of family planning for child spacing, and dispelling of fears is recommended to improve the practice of family planning among such a group of women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20planning" title="family planning">family planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural" title=" rural"> rural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practice" title=" practice"> practice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113111/knowledge-and-practice-of-family-planning-among-rural-women-in-ogun-state-south-west-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113111.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3448</span> The Impact of Social Media on Urban E-planning: A Review of the Literature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farnoosh%20Faal">Farnoosh Faal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid growth of social media has brought significant changes to the field of urban e-planning. This study aims to review the existing literature on the impact of social media on urban e-planning processes. The study begins with a discussion of the evolution of social media and its role in urban e-planning. The review covers research on the use of social media for public engagement, citizen participation, stakeholder communication, decision-making, and monitoring and evaluation of urban e-planning initiatives. The findings suggest that social media has the potential to enhance public participation and improve decision-making in urban e-planning processes. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram can provide a platform for citizens to engage with planners and policymakers, express their opinions, and provide feedback on planning proposals. Social media can also facilitate the collection and analysis of data, including real-time data, to inform urban e-planning decision-making. However, the literature also highlights some challenges associated with the use of social media in urban e-planning. These challenges include issues related to the representativeness of social media users, the quality of information obtained from social media, the potential for bias and manipulation of social media content, and the need for effective data management and analysis. The study concludes with recommendations for future research on the use of social media in urban e-planning. The recommendations include the need for further research on the impact of social media on equity and social justice in planning processes, the need for more research on effective strategies for engaging underrepresented groups, and the development of guidelines for the use of social media in urban e-planning processes. Overall, the study suggests that social media has the potential to transform urban e-planning processes but that careful consideration of the opportunities and challenges associated with its use is essential for effective and ethical planning practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title="social media">social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urban%20e-planning" title=" Urban e-planning"> Urban e-planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20participation" title=" public participation"> public participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizen%20engagement" title=" citizen engagement"> citizen engagement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163442/the-impact-of-social-media-on-urban-e-planning-a-review-of-the-literature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3447</span> Operations Research Applications in Audit Planning and Scheduling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel-Aziz%20M.%20Mohamed">Abdel-Aziz M. Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey of the operations research models developed for internal audit planning. Two alternative approaches have been followed in the literature for audit planning: (1) identifying the optimal audit frequency; and (2) determining the optimal audit resource allocation. The first approach identifies the elapsed time between two successive audits, which can be presented as the optimal number of audits in a given planning horizon, or the optimal number of transactions after which an audit should be performed. It also includes the optimal audit schedule. The second approach determines the optimal allocation of audit frequency among all auditable units in the firm. In our review, we discuss both the deterministic and probabilistic models developed for audit planning. In addition, game theory models are reviewed to find the optimal auditing strategy based on the interactions between the auditors and the clients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operations%20research%20applications" title="operations research applications">operations research applications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audit%20frequency" title=" audit frequency"> audit frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audit-staff%20scheduling" title=" audit-staff scheduling"> audit-staff scheduling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audit%20planning" title=" audit planning"> audit planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30968/operations-research-applications-in-audit-planning-and-scheduling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">815</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3446</span> Public Participation as a Social Inclusion Tool in the Urban Planning Process: A Case Study of Abuja, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nwachi%20Prosper%20Louis">Nwachi Prosper Louis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cynthia%20Ogonna%20Ikesee"> Cynthia Ogonna Ikesee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The urban planning system of cities varies by country, but in general, it is an instrument for establishing long-term sustainable frameworks and plans for social, institutional and economic development. There is limited knowledge, development, and implementation of effective and sustainable urban planning structures and plans that encourage social inclusion in most communities. This has led to social, economic and environmental deficiencies resulting in community isolation and segregation in class, ethnicity, and race. Encouraging public participation in the urban planning process is one of the instruments that cities can utilise to achieve better social inclusion outcomes. This paper explores how public participation can be used as a social inclusion tool in the urban planning process to achieve better outcomes in Abuja urban planning system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of this approach. Also, a conceptual model was developed which evaluates the relationship between public participation and social inclusion outcomes in the urban planning process. It was seen that every community has its peculiar way of life and challenges, and an understanding of these social societal needs is paramount in the urban planning process. Therefore, the involvement of the public in identifying their needs, selecting priorities and identifying strategies offer better chances for developing solutions that are sustainable, feasible and implementable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20participation" title="public participation">public participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20inclusion" title=" social inclusion"> social inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning" title=" urban planning"> urban planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning%20process" title=" urban planning process"> urban planning process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101255/public-participation-as-a-social-inclusion-tool-in-the-urban-planning-process-a-case-study-of-abuja-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3445</span> Urban Planning Compilation Problems in China and the Corresponding Optimization Ideas under the Vision of the Hyper-Cycle Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Dongchen">Hong Dongchen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Qiuxiao"> Chen Qiuxiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20Shuang"> Wu Shuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Systematic science reveals the complex nonlinear mechanisms of behaviour in urban system. However, in China, when the current city planners face with the system, most of them are still taking simple linear thinking to consider the open complex giant system. This paper introduces the hyper-cycle theory, which is one of the basis theories of systematic science, based on the analysis of the reasons why the current urban planning failed, and proposals for optimization ideas that urban planning compilation should change, from controlling quantitative to the changes of relationship, from blueprint planning to progressive planning based on the nonlinear characteristics and from management control to dynamically monitor feedback. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20science" title="systematic science">systematic science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyper-cycle%20theory" title=" hyper-cycle theory"> hyper-cycle theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning" title=" urban planning"> urban planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20management" title=" urban management"> urban management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3717/urban-planning-compilation-problems-in-china-and-the-corresponding-optimization-ideas-under-the-vision-of-the-hyper-cycle-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3444</span> Adaptive Motion Planning for 6-DOF Robots Based on Trigonometric Functions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jincan%20Li">Jincan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mingyu%20Gao"> Mingyu Gao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiwei%20He"> Zhiwei He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuxiang%20Yang"> Yuxiang Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhongfei%20Yu"> Zhongfei Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuanyuan%20Liu"> Yuanyuan Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building an appropriate motion model is crucial for trajectory planning of robots and determines the operational quality directly. An adaptive acceleration and deceleration motion planning based on trigonometric functions for the end-effector of 6-DOF robots in Cartesian coordinate system is proposed in this paper. This method not only achieves the smooth translation motion and rotation motion by constructing a continuous jerk model, but also automatically adjusts the parameters of trigonometric functions according to the variable inputs and the kinematic constraints. The results of computer simulation show that this method is correct and effective to achieve the adaptive motion planning for linear trajectories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematic%20constraints" title="kinematic constraints">kinematic constraints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20planning" title=" motion planning"> motion planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trigonometric%20function" title=" trigonometric function"> trigonometric function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=6-DOF%20robots" title=" 6-DOF robots"> 6-DOF robots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87082/adaptive-motion-planning-for-6-dof-robots-based-on-trigonometric-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3443</span> Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Planning in the United States: Evidences from North Carolina</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20Benbaba">Asmaa Benbaba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to reconsider relationships between animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and planning. It stresses the idea of the necessity for a methodological revolution in order to increase the chances for dialogue between different actors and various planning agencies and create possibilities to manage conflicts. The explored case of North Carolina shows limitations in environmental agencies’ actions and methods. It also calls for a more integrated approach among agencies including the local agencies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CAFOs" title="CAFOs">CAFOs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20Carolina" title=" North Carolina"> North Carolina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning" title=" planning"> planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20States" title=" United States"> United States</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6368/concentrated-animal-feeding-operations-and-planning-in-the-united-states-evidences-from-north-carolina" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3442</span> Governance and Local Planning for Sustainability: Need for Change - Implications of Legislation on Local Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahaf%20Suleiman%20Altallaa">Rahaf Suleiman Altallaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> City planning involves making plans, organizing and dealing with the cities urban areas. It attempts to organize socio-spatial relationships at exceptional ranges of governance Urban planning offers the social, monetary and environmental effects of defining spatial obstacles and the influence on the spatial distribution of resources. The dreams and methods of reaching such dissemination vary extensively traditionally and geographically and are often challenged through traditional strategies that expose the political nature of application interventions and the bounds of technical know-how claims. Space, network, argument, and postcolonial debates address how present-day socio-spatial organization is formed, what needs to or should not trade, and the way it underscores whether or not a good plan will contribute to a given situation. Inside the absence of an agreed-upon technical justification for the planning exercise, the planning idea has a tendency to focus on normative processes, positioning making plans as an area for participatory democracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20governance" title="environmental governance">environmental governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20planning" title=" environmental planning"> environmental planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20management" title=" environmental management"> environmental management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20competitiveness" title=" sustainable competitiveness"> sustainable competitiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161809/governance-and-local-planning-for-sustainability-need-for-change-implications-of-legislation-on-local-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3441</span> Application of the Building Information Modeling Planning Approach to the Factory Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peggy%20N%C3%A4ser">Peggy Näser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Factory planning is a systematic, objective-oriented process for planning a factory, structured into a sequence of phases, each of which is dependent on the preceding phase and makes use of particular methods and tools, and extending from the setting of objectives to the start of production. The digital factory, on the other hand, is the generic term for a comprehensive network of digital models, methods, and tools – including simulation and 3D visualisation – integrated by a continuous data management system. Its aim is the holistic planning, evaluation and ongoing improvement of all the main structures, processes and resources of the real factory in conjunction with the product. Digital factory planning has already become established in factory planning. The application of Building Information Modeling has not yet been established in factory planning but has been used predominantly in the planning of public buildings. Furthermore, this concept is limited to the planning of the buildings and does not include the planning of equipment of the factory (machines, technical equipment) and their interfaces to the building. BIM is a cooperative method of working, in which the information and data relevant to its lifecycle are consistently recorded, managed and exchanged in a transparent communication between the involved parties on the basis of digital models of a building. Both approaches, the planning approach of Building Information Modeling and the methodical approach of the Digital Factory, are based on the use of a comprehensive data model. Therefore it is necessary to examine how the approach of Building Information Modeling can be extended in the context of factory planning in such a way that an integration of the equipment planning, as well as the building planning, can take place in a common digital model. For this, a number of different perspectives have to be investigated: the equipment perspective including the tools used to implement a comprehensive digital planning process, the communication perspective between the planners of different fields, the legal perspective, that the legal certainty in each country and the quality perspective, on which the quality criteria are defined and the planning will be evaluated. The individual perspectives are examined and illustrated in the article. An approach model for the integration of factory planning into the BIM approach, in particular for the integrated planning of equipment and buildings and the continuous digital planning is developed. For this purpose, the individual factory planning phases are detailed in the sense of the integration of the BIM approach. A comprehensive software concept is shown on the tool. In addition, the prerequisites required for this integrated planning are presented. With the help of the newly developed approach, a better coordination between equipment and buildings is to be achieved, the continuity of the digital factory planning is improved, the data quality is improved and expensive implementation errors are avoided in the implementation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20information%20modeling" title="building information modeling">building information modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20factory" title=" digital factory"> digital factory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20planning" title=" digital planning"> digital planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factory%20planning" title=" factory planning"> factory planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75072/application-of-the-building-information-modeling-planning-approach-to-the-factory-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3440</span> Lactational Amenorrhea Method for Family Planning: An Evaluation of Compliance in the Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ellen%20Bautista">Ellen Bautista</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20M.%20Flueckiger"> Rebecca M. Flueckiger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Easter%20Dasmarinas"> Easter Dasmarinas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajeev%20Colaco"> Rajeev Colaco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fulbert%20Alec%20R.%20Gillego"> Fulbert Alec R. Gillego</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alma%20M.%20Lozada"> Alma M. Lozada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristina%20Bisson"> Cristina Bisson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) for family planning is at least 98% effective at preventing pregnancy when all criteria are met; (1) the mother is exclusively or nearly exclusively breastfeeding, (2) the mother is amenorrheic (not menstruating), and (3) the baby is six months old or younger. LAM is particularly suited for women interested in family planning accepted by religious authorities. As a majority catholic nation, LAM is a common and accepted form of family planning in the Philippines. The USAID funded, LuzonHealth project conducted a prospective evaluation in Legazpi City to inform the enhancement of guidelines aimed at increasing LAM compliance and encouraging a second form of contraceptive once LAM protection expires. LAM compliance, reasons for non-compliance, family planning referral and uptake of secondary modern family planning methods were tracked over a nine-month period among 521 postpartum women. The evaluation found that at three months postpartum, 97% of women either met LAM criteria or had shifted to a non-LAM modern family planning method. In month six 87% of women no longer met LAM criteria and of these only 35% had shifted to an alternative modern family planning method. This means that at six-months postpartum 65% of the women in this evaluation were not protected against pregnancy through modern family planning methods. By postpartum month nine, 70% of the women had been referred to family planning counseling, yet of those referred only 34% reported using modern family planning methods. This evaluation clearly indicates scale-up of non-LAM modern family planning does not sufficiently complement the scale-down of LAM compliance. There is a need to increase client knowledge and understanding of LAM as a temporary family planning method with a strong focus on preparing to shift to another form of modern family planning once LAM protection expires. Additionally, there is great need to restructure the referral mechanism to ensure efficacy and quality of care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20planning" title=" family planning"> family planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactational%20amenorrhea%20method" title=" lactational amenorrhea method"> lactational amenorrhea method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contraceptives" title=" contraceptives"> contraceptives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83052/lactational-amenorrhea-method-for-family-planning-an-evaluation-of-compliance-in-the-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3439</span> The Influence of Theories and Approaches to Educational Policy and Planning in Ghana’s Current Educational Developments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruth%20Donkoh">Ruth Donkoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wing%20On%20Lee"> Wing On Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solomon%20A.%20Boateng"> Solomon A. Boateng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portia%20Oware%20Twerefoo"> Portia Oware Twerefoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josephine%20Donkor"> Josephine Donkor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we defend the value of theories and approaches to educational policy and planning in enhancing the educational developments in Ghana. This mission is achieved by enumerating the recent educational developments in Ghana and juxtaposing it with some educational theories, approaches to policy making, and policy planning to see if the educational developments conform with the theory principles as well as policy making and planning processes. Data collection for the research was made through textual analysis of policy documents as well as review of relevant literatures. The findings reveled that educational developments in Ghana are unable to attain its objectives due to the policies not conforming with the policy formation and planning principles. In addition, was that education planning in Ghana does not follow the policy-administration dichotomy theory principles and likewise the distribution of educational needs goes contrary to the equity theory. We recommend that educational policies in Ghana should be in conformity with the principles of theories as well as the approaches to educational policy making and planning to help meet the needs of learners, attain educational quality, and to help in the accomplishment of educational development objectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana%20education" title="Ghana education">Ghana education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equity%20theories" title=" equity theories"> equity theories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics-%20administration%20dichotomy%20theory" title=" politics- administration dichotomy theory"> politics- administration dichotomy theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20policies" title=" educational policies"> educational policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20planning" title=" educational planning"> educational planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145080/the-influence-of-theories-and-approaches-to-educational-policy-and-planning-in-ghanas-current-educational-developments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3438</span> A Conceptual E-Business Model and the Effect of Strategic Planning Parameters on E-Business Strategy Management and Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Lipitakis">Alexandra Lipitakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evangelia%20A.%20E.%20C.%20Lipitakis"> Evangelia A. E. C. Lipitakis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, a class of e-business strategy planning parameters are introduced and their effect on financial and non-financial performance of e-businesses and organizations is investigated. The relationships between these strategic planning parameters, i.e. Formality, Participation, Sophistication, Thoroughness, Synergy and Cooperation, Entropic Factor, Adaptivity, Uncertainty and Financial and Non-Financial Performance are examined and the directions of these relationships are given. A conceptual model has been constructed and quantitative research methods can be used to test the considered eight hypotheses. In the framework of e-business strategy planning this research study clearly demonstrates how strategic planning components have positive relationships with e-business strategy management and performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-business%20management" title="e-business management">e-business management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-business%20model" title=" e-business model"> e-business model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-business%20performance%20assessments" title=" e-business performance assessments"> e-business performance assessments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy%20management%20methodologies" title=" strategy management methodologies"> strategy management methodologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy%20planning" title=" strategy planning"> strategy planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20methods" title=" quantitative methods"> quantitative methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46598/a-conceptual-e-business-model-and-the-effect-of-strategic-planning-parameters-on-e-business-strategy-management-and-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46598.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contingency%20planning&page=1" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contingency%20planning&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item 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