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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germplasm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germoplasma" title="Germoplasma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germoplasma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germoplasma" title="Germoplasma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germoplasma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germoplasma" title="Germoplasma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germoplasma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ژرم‌پلاسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرم‌پلاسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_germinatif" title="Plasma germinatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plasma germinatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermoplasma" title="Xermoplasma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermoplasma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germoplasma" title="Germoplasma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germoplasma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kororoka" title="Kororoka – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kororoka" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ജെംപ്ലാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെംപ്ലാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genetic material of an organism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Germ_plasm" title="Germ plasm">germ plasm</a>, a germ cell's determining zone.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg/220px-INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg/330px-INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg/440px-INTA_-_Banco_de_germoplasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Germplasm bank of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_Agropecuaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria">Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germplasm</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in <a href="/wiki/Seedbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedbank">seed banks</a>, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding programs or <a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a>. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection. Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity, food security, and conservation efforts. </p><p>In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The <a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a> (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production. </p><p>Specifically for plants, there is the <a href="/wiki/National_Plant_Germplasm_System" title="National Plant Germplasm System">U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS)</a> which holds > 450,000 accessions with 10,000 species of the 85 most commonly grown crops. Many accessions held are international species, and NPGS distributes germplasm resources internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As genetic information moves largely online there is a transition in germplasm information from a physical location (seed banks, cryopreserving) to online platforms containing genetic sequences. In addition there are issues in the collection germplasm information and where they are shared. Historically some germplasm information had been collected in developing countries and then shared to researchers who then sell the donor country the original germplasm that they altered. There is a lack of compensation to the donor countries and this is an issue. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_methods">Storage methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Storage methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effective Germplasm work includes the collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange of genetic information. This information can be stored as <a href="/wiki/Accession_number_(bioinformatics)" title="Accession number (bioinformatics)">accessions</a>, which is DNA sequence information, or live cells/tissues that can be preserved. However, only about 5% of current germplasm resources are living samples.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For live cells/tissues, germplasm resources can be stored <a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation"><i>ex situ</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">seed banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanic gardens</a>, or through <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">cryopreservation</a>. Cryopreservation is the process of storing germplasm at very low temperatures, such as liquid nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process ensures that cells do not degrade and keeps the germplasm intact. In addition, resources can be stored <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> such as the natural area the species was found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_efforts">Conservation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conservation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 10,000 years ago is when humans began to domesticate plant species for the purpose of food, seeds, and vegetation. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, agriculture has been a staple for human civilizations and plant breeding has allowed more <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> and a more diverse gene pool.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germplasm resources allow for more genetic assets to be used and integrated for agricultural systems for <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> and bringing about new varieties. In addition, researchers are looking at crop wild relatives (CWRs) that could expand gene pools of crop species and provide more ability to select target traits. </p><p>Furthermore, we are currently facing a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity crisis</a> event that is caused by human activities and industrialization. Many plants and animals have gone extinct due to losing their habitat, their habitat being degraded with contaminants, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Germplasm resources are a way to conserve the pre-existing biological diversity and to possibly regenerate habitats. By storing this genetic information there is data about what species are present including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi and what a complete ecosystem in specific areas look like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_genetic_resources_for_food_and_agriculture" title="Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture">Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources" title="Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources">Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">Forest genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_saving" title="Seed saving">Seed saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_plasm" title="Germ plasm">Germ plasm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Day-Rubenstein, K and Heisey, P. 2003. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018011403/http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2003-june/plant-genetic-resources.aspx">Plant Genetic Resources: New Rules for International Exchange</a></i></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarmen_De_Vicente2005" class="citation book cs1">Carmen De Vicente, Maria (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503213405/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/pubfile.asp?id_pub=1079"><i>Issues on gene flow and germplasm management</i></a>. Bioversity International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290436935" title="Special:BookSources/9789290436935"><bdi>9789290436935</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1079">the original</a> on May 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+on+gene+flow+and+germplasm+management&rft.pub=Bioversity+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789290436935&rft.aulast=Carmen+De+Vicente&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioversityinternational.org%2FPublications%2Fpubfile.asp%3FID_PUB%3D1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span> 63 p.</li> <li>Economic Research Service. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchives.cdlib.org/sw1wp9v27r/http://ers.usda.gov/Briefing/GlobalResources/Questions/whyaregeneticresources.htm">Global resources and productivity: questions and answers</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2003" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Jan (2003). Engels, Jan; Visser, L (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070525135543/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899"><i>A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections</i></a>. Bioversity International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290435822" title="Special:BookSources/9789290435822"><bdi>9789290435822</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899">the original</a> on May 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Effective+Management+of+Germplasm+Collections&rft.pub=Bioversity+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789290435822&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioversityinternational.org%2FPublications%2Fpubfile.asp%3FID_PUB%3D899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span> 174 p.</li> <li>SeedQuest <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seedquest.com/keyword/seedbiotechnologies/primers/germplasmresources/introduction.htm">Primer Germplasm Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germplasm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/">"USDA ARS GRIN"</a>. <i>www.ars-grin.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ars-grin.gov&rft.atitle=USDA+ARS+GRIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinard" class="citation cs2">Kinard, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nal.usda.gov/system/files/FAOBIOVERSITY_MULTI-CROP_PASSPORT_DESCRIPTORS_V.2.1_2015_2020.pdf"><i>Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, USDA NAL<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network+%28GRIN%29&rft.pub=USDA+NAL&rft.aulast=Kinard&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.nal.usda.gov%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FFAOBIOVERSITY_MULTI-CROP_PASSPORT_DESCRIPTORS_V.2.1_2015_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018011403/http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2003-june/plant-genetic-resources.aspx#.WAV3XezP0Up">"USDA ERS - Plant Genetic Resources: New Rules for International Exchange"</a>. 2016-10-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2003-june/plant-genetic-resources.aspx#.WAV3XezP0Up">the original</a> on 2016-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+ERS+-+Plant+Genetic+Resources%3A+New+Rules+for+International+Exchange&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Famber-waves%2F2003-june%2Fplant-genetic-resources.aspx%23.WAV3XezP0Up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11232">"Germplasm Conservation"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.pub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.pub&rft.atitle=Germplasm+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.pub%2Fentry%2F11232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrittHaySwartsSommerville2014" class="citation journal cs1">Merritt, David J.; Hay, Fiona R.; Swarts, Nigel D.; Sommerville, Karen D.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Herendeen, Editor: Patrick S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673370">"Ex situ Conservation and Cryopreservation of Orchid Germplasm"</a>. <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>175</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F673370">10.1086/673370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893">1058-5893</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673370">10.1086/673370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53319038">53319038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ex+situ+Conservation+and+Cryopreservation+of+Orchid+Germplasm&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1058-5893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53319038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F673370%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F673370&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Fiona+R.&rft.au=Swarts%2C+Nigel+D.&rft.au=Sommerville%2C+Karen+D.&rft.au=Dixon%2C+Kingsley+W.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+Editor%3A+Patrick+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F673370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermplasm" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error 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href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org">Bioversity International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/scientific_information/themes/germplasm_collection.html">Bioversity International: Germplasm Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/scientific_information/information_sources/germplasm_databases/list_of_germplasm_databases.html">Bioversity International: Germplasm Databases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/scientific_information/themes/germplasm_documentation/overview.html">Bioversity International: Germplasm Documentation - overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioversityinternational.org/scientific_information/themes/germplasm_health.html">Bioversity International: Germplasm Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAD-IS" title="DAD-IS">DAD-IS: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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