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Do <strong>NOT</strong> fill this in!</label><input type="text" name="wpAntispam" id="wpAntispam" value=""/></div> <input type="hidden" value="631660142" name="baseRevId"/> <input type="hidden" value="0" name="altBaseRevId"/> <input type="hidden" value="0" name="undidRev"/><input type="hidden" value="3" name="wpSection"/> <input type="hidden" value="20141031190641" name="wpStarttime"/> <input type="hidden" value="20141029204831" name="wpEdittime"/> <input type="hidden" value="" name="wpScrolltop" id="wpScrolltop"/> <input type="hidden" value="db4a97e464b64811ffe035ac8a68bfdf" name="wpAutoSummary"/><input type="hidden" value="0" name="oldid"/><input type="hidden" value="text/x-wiki" name="format"/><input type="hidden" value="wikitext" name="model"/><div class="wikiEditor-oldToolbar"><div id="toolbar"></div></div><textarea tabindex="1" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1" class="mw-ui-input">==Overview== ===Parties to contract=== There is a difference between the insured and the policy owner, although the owner and the insured are often the same person. For example, if Joe buys a policy on his own life, he is both the owner and the insured. But if Jane, his wife, buys a policy on Joe's life, she is the owner and he is the insured. The policy owner is the guarantor and he will be the person to pay for the policy. The insured is a participant in the contract, but not necessarily a party to it. Also, most companies allow the payer and owner to be different, e. g. a grandparent paying premiums for a policy on a child, owned by a grandchild. [[File:Chart of a life insurance.jpg|thumb|Chart of a life insurance]] The beneficiary receives policy proceeds upon the insured person's death. The owner designates the beneficiary, but the beneficiary is not a party to the policy. The owner can change the beneficiary unless the policy has an irrevocable beneficiary designation. If a policy has an irrevocable beneficiary, any beneficiary changes, policy assignments, or cash value borrowing would require the agreement of the original beneficiary. In cases where the policy owner is not the insured (also referred to as the ''celui qui vit'' or CQV), insurance companies have sought to limit policy purchases to those with an [[insurable interest]] in the CQV. For life insurance policies, close family members and business partners will usually be found to have an insurable interest. The insurable interest requirement usually demonstrates that the purchaser will actually suffer some kind of loss if the CQV dies. Such a requirement prevents people from benefiting from the purchase of purely speculative policies on people they expect to die. With no insurable interest requirement, the risk that a purchaser would murder the CQV for insurance proceeds would be great. In at least one case, an insurance company which sold a policy to a purchaser with no insurable interest (who later murdered the CQV for the proceeds), was found liable in court for contributing to the [[wrongful death]] of the victim (Liberty National Life v. Weldon, 267 Ala.171 (1957)). ===Contract terms=== Special exclusions may apply, such as suicide clauses, whereby the policy becomes null and void if the insured commits [[suicide]] within a specified time (usually two years after the purchase date; some states provide a statutory one-year suicide clause). Any misrepresentations by the insured on the application may also be grounds for nullification. Most US states specify a maximum contestability period, often no more than two years. Only if the insured dies within this period will the insurer have a legal right to contest the claim on the basis of misrepresentation and request additional information before deciding whether to pay or deny the claim. The face amount of the policy is the initial amount that the policy will pay at the death of the insured or when the policy [[Maturity (finance)|matures]], although the actual death benefit can provide for greater or lesser than the face amount. The policy matures when the insured dies or reaches a specified age (such as 100 years old). ===Costs, insurability, and underwriting=== The insurer (the life insurance company) calculates the policy prices with intent to fund claims to be paid and administrative costs, and to make a profit. The cost of insurance is determined using mortality tables calculated by [[actuary|actuaries]]. Actuaries are professionals who employ [[actuarial science]], which is based on mathematics (primarily probability and statistics). Mortality tables are statistically based tables showing expected annual mortality rates. It is possible to derive life expectancy estimates from these mortality assumptions. Such estimates can be important in taxation regulation.<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/retirement/article/0,,id=103045,00.html#12 IRS Retirement Plans FAQs regarding Revenue Ruling 2002-62]</ref><ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb02-42.pdf IRS Bulletin No. 2002–42]</ref> The three main variables in a mortality table are commonly age, gender, and use of [[tobacco]], but more recently in the US, preferred class-specific tables have been introduced. The mortality tables provide a baseline for the cost of insurance, but in practice these mortality tables are used in conjunction with the health and family history of the individual applying for a policy to determine premiums and insurability. Mortality tables currently in use by life insurance companies in the United States are individually modified by each company using pooled industry experience studies as a starting point. In the 1980s and 1990s, the SOA 1975–80 Basic Select & Ultimate tables were the typical reference points, while the 2001 VBT and 2001 CSO tables were published more recently. The newer tables include separate mortality tables for [[smoking|smokers]] and non-smokers, and the CSO tables include separate tables for preferred classes.<ref>[http://www.actuary.org/pdf/life/interim_aug06.pdf "AAA/SOA Review of the Interim Mortality Tables Developed by Tillinghast and Proposed for Use by the ACLI from the Joint American Academy of Actuaries/Society of Actuaries Review Team"] August 29, 2006</ref> Recent US mortality tables predict that roughly 0.35 in 1,000 non-smoking males aged 25 will die during the first year of coverage after underwriting.<ref name="Actuary.org">[http://www.actuary.org/life/cso/appendix_a_jun02.xls Actuary.org]</ref> Mortality approximately doubles for every extra ten years of age, so the mortality rate in the first year for underwritten non-smoking men is about 2.5 in 1,000 people at age 65.<ref name="Actuary.org"/> Compare this with the US population male mortality rates of 1.3 per 1,000 at age 25 and 19.3 at age 65 (without regard to health or smoking status).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arias|first=Elizabeth|title=United States Life Tables, 2001|journal=National Vital Statistics Reports|date=2004-02-18|volume=52|issue=14|url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr52/nvsr52_14.pdf|accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> The mortality of underwritten persons rises much more quickly than the general population. At the end of 10 years the mortality of that 25 year-old, non-smoking male is 0.66/1000/year. Consequently, in a group of one thousand 25-year-old males with a $100,000 policy, all of average health, a life insurance company would have to collect approximately $50 a year from each participant to cover the relatively few expected claims. (0.35 to 0.66 expected deaths in each year x $100,000 payout per death = $35 per policy). Other costs, such as administrative and sales expenses, also need to be considered when setting the premiums. A 10 year policy for a 25-year-old non-smoking male with preferred medical history may get offers as low as $90 per year for a $100,000 policy in the competitive US life insurance market. Most of the revenue received by insurance companies consists of premiums paid by policy holders, with some additional money being made through the investment of some of the cash raised from premiums. Rates charged for life insurance increase with the insured's age because, statistically, people are more likely to die as they get older. The insurance company will investigate the health of an applicant for a policy to assess the likelihood of incurring a claim, in the same way that a bank would investigate an applicant for a [[Bank loan|loan]] to assess the likelihood of a default. [[Group Insurance]] policies are an exception to this. This investigation and resulting evaluation of the risk is termed [[underwriting]]. [[Medical Underwriting|Health]] and lifestyle questions are asked, with certain responses or revelations possibly meriting further investigation. Life insurance companies in the United States support the Medical Information Bureau (MIB),<ref>[http://www.mib.com/ Medical Information Bureau (MIB)] website</ref> which is a clearing house of information on persons who have applied for life insurance with participating companies in the last seven years. As part of the application, the insurer often requires the applicant's permission to obtain information from their physicians.<ref>MIB [http://www.mib.com/html/consumer_faqs.html Consumer FAQs]</ref> Underwriters will determine the purpose of insurance; the most common being to protect the owner's family or financial interests in the event of the insured's death. Other purposes include estate planning or, in the case of cash-value contracts, investment for retirement planning. Bank loans or buy-sell provisions of business agreements are another acceptable purpose. In the USA, life insurance companies are never legally required to underwrite or to provide coverage to anyone, with the exception of [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] compliance requirements. Insurance companies alone determine insurability, and some people, for their own health or lifestyle reasons, are deemed uninsurable. The policy can be declined or rated (increasing the premium amount to compensate for a greater probability of a claim), and the amount of the premium will be proportional to the face value of the policy. Many companies separate applicants into four general categories. These categories are ''preferred best'', ''preferred'', ''standard'', and ''tobacco''. Preferred best is reserved only for the healthiest individuals in the general population. This may mean, that the proposed insured has no adverse medical history, is not under medication for any condition, and his family (immediate and extended) have no history of early-onset [[cancer]], [[diabetes]], or other conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do Insurance Rating Classifications Work?|url=http://seniorlifepolicies.com/how-do-insurance-rating-classifications-work/|accessdate=4 November 2011}}</ref> Preferred means that the proposed insured is currently under medication for a medical condition and has a family history of particular illnesses. Most people are in the standard category. People in the tobacco category typically have to pay higher premiums due to the inherent health problems that smoking tobacco creates. Profession, travel history, and lifestyle factor into whether the proposed insured will be granted a policy, and which category the insured falls. For example, a person who would otherwise be classified as preferred best may be denied a policy if he or she travels to a high risk country. Underwriting practices can vary from insurer to insurer, encouraging competition. ===Death proceeds=== Upon the insured's death, the insurer requires acceptable proof of death before it pays the claim. The normal minimum proof required is a [[death certificate]], and the insurer's claim form completed, signed, and typically [[Notary public|notarized]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} If the insured's death is suspicious and the policy amount is large, the insurer may investigate the circumstances surrounding the death before deciding whether it has an obligation to pay the claim. Payment from the policy may be as a lump sum or as an [[Annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]], which is paid in regular installments for either a specified period or [[Life annuity|for the beneficiary's lifetime]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} ===Insurance vs assurance=== The specific uses of the terms "insurance" and "assurance" are sometimes confused. In general, in jurisdictions where both terms are used, "insurance" refers to providing coverage for an event that ''might'' happen (fire, theft, flood, etc.), while "assurance" is the provision of coverage for an event that is ''certain'' to happen. In the United States both forms of coverage are called "insurance" for reasons of simplicity in companies selling both products.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} By some definitions, "insurance" is any coverage that determines benefits based on actual losses whereas "assurance" is coverage with predetermined benefits irrespective of the losses incurred. </textarea><div class="editOptions"> <span class="mw-summary" id="wpSummaryLabel"><label for="wpSummary"><span style="text-align: left;"><a href="/web/20141031190641/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">Edit summary</a> <small>(Briefly describe the changes you have made)</small></span></label></span> <input class="mw-summary mw-ui-input" id="wpSummary" maxlength="200" tabindex="1" size="60" spellcheck="true" title="Enter a short summary [b]" accesskey="b" value="/* Overview */ " name="wpSummary"/><div class="editCheckboxes"> </div> <div id="editpage-copywarn"> <p>By clicking the "Save page" button, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141031190641/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the <a href="/web/20141031190641/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">CC BY-SA 3.0 License</a> and the <a href="/web/20141031190641/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a> with the understanding that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient for CC BY-SA 3.0 attribution.</p> </div> <div class="editButtons"> <input id="wpSave" name="wpSave" tabindex="3" title="Save your changes [s]" accesskey="s" type="submit" value="Save page"/> <input id="wpPreview" name="wpPreview" tabindex="4" title="Preview your changes; please use this before saving. 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