CINXE.COM

***Chromosomy - Biomach, výpisky z biologie

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.biomach.cz:80/genetika/-chromosomy","20111010233102","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1318289462"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1"/> <script type="text/javascript">/* Copyright 2008 Google. */ (function() { var a=window,b="start";function e(d){this.t={};this.tick=function(d,g,c){c=c!=void 0?c:(new Date).getTime();this.t[d]=[c,g]};this.tick(b,null,d)}var f=new e;a.jstiming={Timer:e,load:f};try{var h=null;a.chrome&&a.chrome.csi&&(h=Math.floor(a.chrome.csi().pageT));h==null&&a.gtbExternal&&(h=a.gtbExternal.pageT());h==null&&a.external&&(h=a.external.pageT);h&&(a.jstiming.pt=h)}catch(i){}; })() </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.google.com/images/icons/product/sites-16.ico"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/app/images/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png"/> <script type="text/javascript">/* Copyright 2008 Google. */ (function() { var e=parseInt,h=window,i="length",j='title="',k="string",l="right",m="px; height:",n="px;",o="left",p='id="',q="function",r="float:right;",s="float:left;",t="float:",u="display:inline-block;",v="cursor:hand;",w='class="',x="__duration__",y="MSIE",z="<span ",A=";padding: 0;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='",B=";",C="6.0",D="', sizingMethod='scale');\"></span><span style=\"padding: ",E='"></span>',F='" ',G=' style="width:',H=" ",I="";function J(c){return document.getElementById(c)}h.byId=J;function K(c){return c.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g,I)}h.trim=K; h.ie6ImgFix=function(c){var b=h.navigator?navigator.userAgent:I;if(b.indexOf(y)!=-1&&typeof opera=="undefined"){var d=/MSIE\s+([^\);]+)(\)|;)/;d.test(b);b=RegExp.$1;if(b==C){var a=typeof c==k?J(c):c,c=a.id?p+a.id+F:I,b=a.className?w+a.className+F:I,d=a.title?j+a.title+F:j+a.alt+F,f=u+a.style.cssText;a.align==o&&(f=s+f);a.align==l&&(f=r+f);a.parentElement.href&&(f=v+f);var g=a.currentStyle,M=a.width-e(g.paddingLeft,10)-e(g.paddingRight,10),N=a.height-e(g.paddingTop,10)-e(g.paddingBottom,10),O=z+c+ b+d+G+M+m+N+n+f+A+a.src+D+g.paddingTop+H+g.paddingRight+H+g.paddingBottom+H+g.paddingLeft+B+(g.styleFloat?t+g.styleFloat+B:I)+E;h.setTimeout(function(){a.outerHTML=O},1)}}};var L=[],P=0;h.JOT_addListener=function(c,b,d){var a=new String(P++),c={eventName:c,handler:b,compId:d,key:a};L.push(c);return a};h.JOT_removeListenerByKey=function(c){for(var b=0;b<L[i];b++)if(L[b].key==c){L.splice(b,1);break}};h.JOT_removeAllListenersForName=function(c){for(var b=0;b<L[i];b++)L[b].eventName==c&&L.splice(b,1)}; h.JOT_postEvent=function(c,b,d){var a={eventName:c,eventSrc:b||{},payload:d||{}};if(h.JOT_fullyLoaded){b=L[i];for(d=0;d<b&&d<L[i];d++){var f=L[d];if(f&&f.eventName==c)a.listenerCompId=f.compId||I,(f=typeof f.handler==q?f.handler:h[f.handler])&&f(a)}}else h.JOT_delayedEvents.push({eventName:c,eventSrc:b,payload:d})};h.JOT_delayedEvents=[];h.JOT_fullyLoaded=false; h.JOT_formatRelativeToNow=function(c,b){var d=((new Date).getTime()-c)/6E4;if(d>=1440||d<0)return null;var a=0;d>=60&&(d/=60,a=2);d>=2&&a++;return b?h.JOT_siteRelTimeStrs[a].replace(x,Math.floor(d)):h.JOT_userRelTimeStrs[a].replace(x,Math.floor(d))}; })() </script> <script> var webspace = {"pageSharingId":"jotspot_page","isConsumer":true,"termsUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.google.com/sites/help/intl/en/terms.html","enableAnalytics":false,"isPublic":true,"serverFlags":{"embeddedEditorUrlPrefix":"/docembed"},"canPublishScriptToAnyone":true,"homePath":"/","sharingId":"jotspot","csiReportUri":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://csi.gstatic.com/csi","sharingPolicy":"OPENED","isAdsenseEnabled":true,"analyticsAccountId":"","adsensePromoClickedOrSiteIneligible":true,"baseUri":"","name":"biomachgbn","domain":"defaultdomain","features":{"kixEditorPageType":false,"pdfEmbedSupport":false,"docosCommenting":false,"useStandardEmbedsInSidebar":false,"pageLevelPermissions":true,"kixServerSideSave":true,"dragDropHierarchy":true,"googleDocsVideoEmbedSupport":true,"plusOneButtonOptions":true,"myMapsInOnePick":true,"newPermissionsUi":true,"plusOneButton":true,"newDialogUi":true,"newAdSenseUi":true,"customSystemFooter":true,"maestroEmbedAnonymous":true,"spreadsheetsEmbedLoadRedirect":true,"kennedyUserPref":true,"ieSevenUnsupportedError":false,"photoAlbumsInOnePick":true,"adSensePromo":true,"pageLevelPermissionInherits":true,"subpageNav":false,"maestroIntegration":true,"autoCompleteSearch":false,"maestroEmbed":true,"commonSharingUriChange":false,"editorKeyboardShortcuts":true,"experimental":{"displayEditorLockExceptions":false,"commonSharingExperiment":false},"webspaceSoftDeletion":true,"kennedyUi":false,"kennedyUserPrefOnByDefault":true,"autoFillSidebarNavTree":true,"gvizCharts":true,"kennedyLight":true,"cajaEditorPageType":false,"keyboardShortcuts":true,"punchEmbedSupport":false,"accessibleButtons":true,"commonSharing":true,"webfonts":true,"kixEditorRevertButton":false},"enableAutoComplete":true,"adsensePublisherId":null,"isStartPageEnabled":false,"domainAnalyticsAccountId":"","siteTitle":"Biomach, v\u00fdpisky z biologie"}; webspace.kennedyRequestStateMap = {"1":true,"0":true}; webspace.gadgets = {"isGadgetDirectoryEnabled":true,"baseUri":"/system/app/pages/gadgets","isGgsRenderingEnabled":true}; webspace.user = {"uid":"","useNewUi":null,"renderMobile":false,"primaryEmail":"guest","sessionIndex":"","namespaceUser":false,"displayNameOrEmail":"guest","namespace":"","hasAdminAccess":false,"guest_":true,"keyboardShortcuts":true,"domain":"","hasWriteAccess":false,"dasherUser":false,"userName":"guest"}; webspace.page = {"canDeleteWebspace":null,"locale":"en","state":"","wuid":"wuid:gx:2880e8db408b218a","pageInheritsPermissions":null,"timeZone":"America/Los_Angeles","properties":{},"type":"text","canChangePath":true,"parentWuid":"wuid:gx:7622f11a2ae923ec","revision":23,"title":"***Chromosomy","isRtlLocale":false,"bidiEnabled":false,"siteLocale":"cs","name":"-chromosomy","path":"/genetika/-chromosomy","isSiteRtlLocale":false,"parentPath":"/genetika"}; webspace.page.breadcrumbs = [{"title":"Genetika","dir":"ltr","path":"/genetika","deleted":false},{"title":"***Chromosomy","dir":"ltr","path":"/genetika/-chromosomy","deleted":false}]; webspace.editorResources = [ 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/js/trog_edit__en.js', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/app/css/trogedit.css', '/_/rsrc/1317320098000/system/app/css/editor.css' , '/_/rsrc/1317320098000/system/app/css/camelot/editor-jfk.css' ]; webspace.kixEditorResources = [ 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/js/kixembed_editor__en.js', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/app/css/kixeditor.css' ]; var JOT_clearDotPath = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/app/images/cleardot.gif'; var JOT_userRelTimeStrs = ["a minute ago","__duration__ minutes ago","an hour ago","__duration__ hours ago"]; webspace.siteTemplateId = false; webspace.page.currentTemplate = {"title":"Web Page","path":"/system/app/pagetemplates/text"}; var JOT_siteRelTimeStrs = ["p\u0159ed minutou","p\u0159ed __duration__ minutami","p\u0159ed hodinou","p\u0159ed __duration__ hodinami"]; webspace.jsResourcesDirectory = '/_/rsrc/1317320098000/system/js'; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.jstiming.load.tick('scl'); </script> <meta name="Description" content="Kompletní poznámky ze středoškolské biologie a ještě něco navíc. Výpisky, testy, poznávačky, rozšiřující materiály SŠ/VŠ úrovně."/> <style type="text/css"> </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102cs_/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/app/themes/toothpaste/standard-css-toothpaste-ltr-ltr-jfk.css"/> <style type="text/css"> .goog-ws-layout-system-footer { background: #EAF3FD; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20111010233102cs_/http://www.biomach.cz/_/rsrc/1317320098000/system/app/css/overlay.css?cb=toothpaste100%25%25210goog-ws-nav-leftcontent30themedefaultstandard"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20111010233102cs_/http://www.biomach.cz/_/rsrc/1317320098000/system/app/css/camelot/allthemes-view.css"/> <!--[if IE]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/system/app/css/camelot/allthemes%2die.css" /> <![endif]--> <title>***Chromosomy - Biomach, výpisky z biologie</title> <script type="text/javascript"> window.jstiming.load.tick('cl'); </script> </head> <body xmlns="http://www.google.com/ns/jotspot" id="body" class=" cs "> <div id="sites-page-toolbar"> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="sites-status" class="sites-status" style="display:none;"><div id="sites-notice" class="sites-notice" role="alert" aria-live="assertive"> </div></div> </div> <div id="sites-chrome-everything"> <div id="sites-chrome-page-wrapper" style="direction: ltr"> <div id="sites-chrome-page-wrapper-inside"> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="sites-chrome-header-wrapper"> <table id="sites-chrome-header" class="sites-layout-hbox" cellspacing="0"> <tr class="sites-header-primary-row"> <td id="sites-header-title"> <div class="sites-header-cell-buffer-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/"> <img src="/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.biomach.cz/_/rsrc/1317403951006/config/customLogo.gif?revision=2" id="logo-img-id" onload="ie6ImgFix('logo-img-id');" alt="Logo" class="sites-logo"/> </a> <h2> </h2> </div> </td> <td class="sites-layout-searchbox"> <div class="sites-header-cell-buffer-wrapper"> <div> <form id="sites-searchbox-form" action="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/system/app/pages/search"><input type="hidden" id="sites-searchbox-scope" name="scope" value="search-site"/><input type="text" id="jot-ui-searchInput" name="q" size="20" value="" autocomplete="off"/><div id="sites-searchbox-button-set" class="goog-inline-block"><div role="button" id="sites-searchbox-search-button" class="goog-inline-block jfk-button jfk-button-standard" tabindex="0">Prohledat tento web</div></div></form> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="sites-header-secondary-row"> <td colspan="2"> <div class="sites-header-nav"><ul class="sites-header-nav-container-tabs"><li class="unselected sites-header-nav-dropdown"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4">Obecná biologie</a><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menu" style="display:none"><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/obecne-vlastnosti-organismua-zivych-soustav">Obecné vlastnosti organismů (živých soustav)</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/hierarchie-organismua">Hierarchie organismů</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/zakladni-strukturalni-typy-zivych-soustav">Základní strukturální typy živých soustav</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/tri-domeny-zivota-na-zemi">Tři domény života na Zemi</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/novy-system-organismua-1">Systém eukaryot</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/nejnovejsi-system-organismua">***Nový systém eukaryot</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/vznik-a-vyvoj-zivota">Vznik a vývoj života</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/biologicka-evoluce">Biologická evoluce</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/prehled-dejin-biologie">Přehled dějin biologie</a></div></div></li><li class="current sites-header-nav-dropdown"><a class="sites-navigation-link current" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky">Buněčná a molekulární biologie</a><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menu" style="display:none"><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/bunka">Buňka - obecné schéma</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/deleni-bunky-a-bunecny-cyklus">Dělení buňky a buněčný cyklus</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/bunecny-metabolismus">Buněčný metabolismus (základní dráhy)</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-cytoskelet-eukaryot">***Cytoskelet eukaryot a molekulární motory</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem current"><a class="sites-navigation-link current" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/-chromosomy">***Chromosomy</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-rna">***RNA</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/https://sites.google.com/site/biomachgbn/genetika/molekularni-genetika#TOC-P-ENOS-GENETICK-INFORMACE">Exprese genu</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/exprese-genu-videa">***Exprese genu (videa)</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-regulace-genove-exprese">***Regulace genové exprese</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-proteiny">***Proteiny</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/metody-molekularni-biologie">***Metody molekulární biologie</a></div></div></li><li class="unselected sites-header-nav-dropdown"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie">Mikrobiologie a virologie</a><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menu" style="display:none"><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/uvod-do-mikrobiologie">Úvod do bakteriologie</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/bakterie">Bakterie</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/system-bakterii">***Systém bakterií</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/https://sites.google.com/site/biomachgbn/mikrobiologie/system-bakterii#TOC-OXYGENN-FOTOTROFN-BAKTERIE">„Sinice“</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/viry">Viry</a></div></div></li><li class="unselected sites-header-nav-dropdown"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist">Biologie protist</a><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menu" style="display:none"><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/novy-system-organismua-1">Systém eukaryot</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/nejnovejsi-system-organismua">***Nový systém eukaryot</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist/nizci-rostliny">„Nižší rostliny“</a></div><div class="sites-header-nav-dropdown-menuitem unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist/prvoci">„Prvoci“</a></div></div></li><li class="unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin">Biologie rostlin a hub</a></li><li class="unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua">Biologie živočichů</a></li><li class="unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka">Biologie člověka</a></li><li class="unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika">Genetika</a></li><li class="unselected"><a class="sites-navigation-link unselected" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie">Ekologie a ochrana přírody</a></li></ul><div style="clear: both;"></div></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="sites-chrome-main-wrapper"> <div id="sites-chrome-main-wrapper-inside"> <table id="sites-chrome-main" class="sites-layout-hbox" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td id="sites-chrome-sidebar-left" class="sites-layout-sidebar-left"> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_6695053533185273" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title"></h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/oznameni/biomachvyhlasujesoutezocenyzatisice" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.biomach.cz/_/rsrc/1317144254681/config/plakat%20-%20Kopie.jpg" width="190"/></a></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_2bd" class="sites-embed"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">SEKCE WEBU</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content sites-sidebar-nav "> <ul jotid="navList"> <li class="topLevel nav-first parent" wuid="gx:38d93edb15195263"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4" jotid="wuid:gx:38d93edb15195263" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Obecná biologie</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/obecne-vlastnosti-organismua-zivych-soustav" jotid="wuid:gx:565f09b26236a5a7" class="sites-navigation-link">Obecné vlastnosti organismů (živých soustav)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/hierarchie-organismua" jotid="wuid:gx:28801f585c780b74" class="sites-navigation-link">Hierarchie organismů</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/zakladni-strukturalni-typy-zivych-soustav" jotid="wuid:gx:71a45ffb98fc5b70" class="sites-navigation-link">Základní strukturální typy živých soustav</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/tri-domeny-zivota-na-zemi" jotid="wuid:gx:2f86a24271734d6c" class="sites-navigation-link">Tři domény života na Zemi</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/novy-system-organismua-1" jotid="wuid:gx:2a2cd4b513e1429c" class="sites-navigation-link">Systém eukaryot</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/nejnovejsi-system-organismua" jotid="wuid:gx:648568dbf678590f" class="sites-navigation-link">***Nový systém eukaryot</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/vznik-a-vyvoj-zivota" jotid="wuid:gx:4b5debb9239d5514" class="sites-navigation-link">Vznik a vývoj života</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/biologicka-evoluce" jotid="wuid:gx:6b6a3b37d1ca93a9" class="sites-navigation-link">Biologická evoluce</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/prehled-dejin-biologie" jotid="wuid:gx:63ef304f2df91252" class="sites-navigation-link">Přehled dějin biologie</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:5b0c8addfa661da4"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky" jotid="wuid:gx:5b0c8addfa661da4" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Buněčná a molekulární biologie</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/bunka" jotid="wuid:gx:6bab4a6ea170f15c" class="sites-navigation-link">Buňka - obecné schéma</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/deleni-bunky-a-bunecny-cyklus" jotid="wuid:gx:2f2b50b0a09faf2a" class="sites-navigation-link">Dělení buňky a buněčný cyklus</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/bunecny-metabolismus" jotid="wuid:gx:6895c3b7eb0d1507" class="sites-navigation-link">Buněčný metabolismus (základní dráhy)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-cytoskelet-eukaryot" jotid="wuid:gx:4a9e7dcc454eb7d2" class="sites-navigation-link">***Cytoskelet eukaryot a molekulární motory</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div class="current-bg" jotid="wuid:gx:2880e8db408b218a" dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;">***Chromosomy </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-rna" jotid="wuid:gx:703bad0e84aa1ac2" class="sites-navigation-link">***RNA</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/https://sites.google.com/site/biomachgbn/genetika/molekularni-genetika#TOC-P-ENOS-GENETICK-INFORMACE" class="sites-navigation-link">Exprese genu</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/exprese-genu-videa" jotid="wuid:gx:5a6659ee24ef161c" class="sites-navigation-link">***Exprese genu (videa)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-regulace-genove-exprese" jotid="wuid:gx:36657327d4617587" class="sites-navigation-link">***Regulace genové exprese</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/-proteiny" jotid="wuid:gx:65054a3becac4d8e" class="sites-navigation-link">***Proteiny</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-bunky/metody-molekularni-biologie" jotid="wuid:gx:413b2facb5e98281" class="sites-navigation-link">***Metody molekulární biologie</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:7271c3294ff9e03b"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie" jotid="wuid:gx:7271c3294ff9e03b" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Mikrobiologie a virologie</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/uvod-do-mikrobiologie" jotid="wuid:gx:52ad0a66a7620d5c" class="sites-navigation-link">Úvod do bakteriologie</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/bakterie" jotid="wuid:gx:24f797d3a24c5974" class="sites-navigation-link">Bakterie</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/system-bakterii" jotid="wuid:gx:2171c450ef3969a1" class="sites-navigation-link">***Systém bakterií</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/mikrobiologie/viry" jotid="wuid:gx:1d37571021cc492f" class="sites-navigation-link">Viry</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:1ebc692c050cabc0"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist" jotid="wuid:gx:1ebc692c050cabc0" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Biologie protist</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/novy-system-organismua-1" jotid="wuid:gx:2a2cd4b513e1429c" class="sites-navigation-link">Systém eukaryot</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/obecna-biologie-4/nejnovejsi-system-organismua" jotid="wuid:gx:648568dbf678590f" class="sites-navigation-link">***Nový systém eukaryot</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist/nizci-rostliny" jotid="wuid:gx:29492ff74c9894af" class="sites-navigation-link">„Nižší rostliny“</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-protist/prvoci" jotid="wuid:gx:6c59a5b92fb21697" class="sites-navigation-link">„Prvoci“</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:5f672d8b9de61073"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:5f672d8b9de61073" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Biologie rostlin a hub</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/uvod-do-biologie-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:2afbe907cd4ed562" class="sites-navigation-link">Úvod do biologie rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/rostlinna-bunka" jotid="wuid:gx:122cba4853056e5b" class="sites-navigation-link">Rostlinná buňka</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/rostlinna-pletiva" jotid="wuid:gx:57e21cd1fe0007f9" class="sites-navigation-link">Rostlinná pletiva</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/-sekundarni-stavba-rostlinnych-organua" jotid="wuid:gx:66c6879b2a81a60a" class="sites-navigation-link">***Sekundární stavba rostlinných orgánů</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/rostlinne-organy" jotid="wuid:gx:7723dafb70fdc805" class="sites-navigation-link">Rostlinné orgány</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/vodni-rezim-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:5f33986d13917707" class="sites-navigation-link">Vodní režim rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/metabolismus-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:61b2d7539976eec3" class="sites-navigation-link">Metabolismus rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/ruast-a-vyvoj-rostlin-pohyby-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:175a457c065e4af8" class="sites-navigation-link">Růst a vývoj rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/pohyby-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:21f36095fad15329" class="sites-navigation-link">Pohyby rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/rozmnozovani-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:20ca9ff026ffdffd" class="sites-navigation-link">Rozmnožování rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class="parent closed" wuid="gx:3b4fa33c8f1d107b"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin" jotid="wuid:gx:3b4fa33c8f1d107b" class="sites-navigation-link">Systém a evoluce rostlin</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin/mechorosty" jotid="wuid:gx:90f0f28e5d9fcf2" class="sites-navigation-link">Mechorosty</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin/kapradorosty" jotid="wuid:gx:5b6a9e7a2beee3a1" class="sites-navigation-link">Kapraďorosty</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin/vyssi-rostliny" jotid="wuid:gx:4472fc7a191f158" class="sites-navigation-link">Vyšší rostliny</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin/nahosemenne-rostliny" jotid="wuid:gx:5cad1fc58bbd5d37" class="sites-navigation-link">Nahosemenné rostliny</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/system-a-evoluce-rostlin/krytosemenne-rostliny" jotid="wuid:gx:1ed80e53abfbd0c3" class="sites-navigation-link">Krytosemenné rostliny</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://sites.google.com/site/biomachgbn/biologie-zivocichua/-mimikry#TOC-MIMIKRY-U-ROSTLIN" class="sites-navigation-link">***Mimikry rostlin</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-rostlin/biologie-hub" jotid="wuid:gx:22fddf3f9f36a796" class="sites-navigation-link">Biologie hub</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:31ed72bf22b641d9"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua" jotid="wuid:gx:31ed72bf22b641d9" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Biologie živočichů</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/uvod-do-zoologie" jotid="wuid:gx:4fa7407b386e8355" class="sites-navigation-link">Úvod do zoologie</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/system-a-evoluce-zivocichua" jotid="wuid:gx:4814c147ae539075" class="sites-navigation-link">Systém a evoluce živočichů</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/mnohobunecni---uvod" jotid="wuid:gx:18eb90dc1bf62fed" class="sites-navigation-link">Rozmnožování a vývin mnohobuněčných</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/tkane-mnohobunecnych" jotid="wuid:gx:34738e4bad17fc90" class="sites-navigation-link">Tkáně mnohobuněčných</a> </div></li> <li class="parent closed" wuid="gx:66c138194c91900b"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav" jotid="wuid:gx:66c138194c91900b" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze orgánových soustav</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-operne-soustavy-1" jotid="wuid:gx:69935c7f26a4178a" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze opěrné soustavy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-svalove-soustavy" jotid="wuid:gx:11e8464728b56ded" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze svalové soustavy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-trvic-soustavy" jotid="wuid:gx:63baf97d4bdb571b" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze trávicí soustavy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-dychaci-soustavy" jotid="wuid:gx:401b4465a7bf3a0d" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze dýchací soustavy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-vylucovaci-soustavy" jotid="wuid:gx:2f607e989a6b4416" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze vylučovací soustavy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/fylogeneze-organovych-soustav/fylogeneze-nervove-soustavy" jotid="wuid:gx:175b683cd4af2a9d" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze nervové soustavy</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/diblastica" jotid="wuid:gx:6d108d7a9952b42f" class="sites-navigation-link">Diblastica</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/schizocoelia" jotid="wuid:gx:59e100b8335ef265" class="sites-navigation-link">Schizocoelia</a> </div></li> <li class="parent closed" wuid="gx:17ef153e4c4dbe98"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/pseudocoelia" jotid="wuid:gx:17ef153e4c4dbe98" class="sites-navigation-link">Pseudocoelia</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/pseudocoelia/-vrtejsi-acanthocephala" jotid="wuid:gx:633b8038333dbb64" class="sites-navigation-link">***Vrtejši (Acanthocephala)</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/krouzkovci" jotid="wuid:gx:3c3f2102768449a8" class="sites-navigation-link">Kroužkovci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/bradatice-ploutvenky" jotid="wuid:gx:116fe7288de44e5a" class="sites-navigation-link">Bradatice, ploutvenky</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/drapkovci-zelvusky" jotid="wuid:gx:7f058ca656ca4453" class="sites-navigation-link">Drápkovci, želvušky</a> </div></li> <li class="parent closed" wuid="gx:91d1d248aae7e8b"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci" jotid="wuid:gx:91d1d248aae7e8b" class="sites-navigation-link">Členovci</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci/trojlalocnatci" jotid="wuid:gx:65503af9d2f9563b" class="sites-navigation-link">Trojlaločnatci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci/klepitkatci" jotid="wuid:gx:5482d8c453f6bd54" class="sites-navigation-link">Klepítkatci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci/zabernati" jotid="wuid:gx:73ea00fc5167b6f8" class="sites-navigation-link">Korýši</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci/vzdusnicovci" jotid="wuid:gx:5be2775a72ae3d02" class="sites-navigation-link">Vzdušnicovci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 57px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/clenovci/vzdusnicovci/hmyz" jotid="wuid:gx:6362ac99b671b8e5" class="sites-navigation-link">Hmyz</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/mekkysi" jotid="wuid:gx:33cf811c028fef6f" class="sites-navigation-link">Měkkýši</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/chapadlovci-ploutvenky-bradatice" jotid="wuid:gx:475aba219de1e27b" class="sites-navigation-link">Mechovky, chapadlovky, ramenonožci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/ostnokozci" jotid="wuid:gx:34991adb19357627" class="sites-navigation-link">Ostnokožci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/sumysovci-rypohlavci" jotid="wuid:gx:55fb32a3158aa3f7" class="sites-navigation-link">Sumýšovci, rypohlavci, liliovci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/polostrunatci" jotid="wuid:gx:3d92b4ecf1d0eb96" class="sites-navigation-link">Polostrunatci</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/strunatci-plastenci-bezlebecni-obratlovci" jotid="wuid:gx:2f605f58d164465f" class="sites-navigation-link">Strunatci (pláštěnci, bezlebeční, obratlovci)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/kruhost-cyclostomata" jotid="wuid:gx:7d8a801cc690db26" class="sites-navigation-link">Kruhoústí (Cyclostomata)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/paryby-chondrichtes" jotid="wuid:gx:611a8df39b81a264" class="sites-navigation-link">Paryby (Chondrichthyes)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/ryby-pisces" jotid="wuid:gx:197c738120bfeefa" class="sites-navigation-link">Paprskoploutvé ryby (Actinopterygii)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/svaloploutvi-sarcopterygii" jotid="wuid:gx:224b75cf51f5117b" class="sites-navigation-link">Svaloploutví (Sarcopterygii)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/obojzivelnici-amphibia" jotid="wuid:gx:532ba55866dd28e8" class="sites-navigation-link">Obojživelníci (Amphibia)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/plazi-reptilia" jotid="wuid:gx:257fd6f0d2c2cae7" class="sites-navigation-link">Plazi (Reptilia)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/ptaci-aves-1" jotid="wuid:gx:7964ad387db4399f" class="sites-navigation-link">Ptáci (Aves)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/savci-mammalia" jotid="wuid:gx:3f8f0480b3b8bd92" class="sites-navigation-link">Savci (Mammalia)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/-mimikry" jotid="wuid:gx:7d108eeebcebf6e1" class="sites-navigation-link">***Mimikry</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/-mimikry-videa" jotid="wuid:gx:6803182a82e048dc" class="sites-navigation-link">***Mimikry (videa)</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/-uvod-do-parazitologie" jotid="wuid:gx:412a4ed9000e2e1b" class="sites-navigation-link">*** Úvod do parazitologie</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/-paraziticti-cervi-helminti" jotid="wuid:gx:73cc18c021feb89f" class="sites-navigation-link">***Parazitičtí červi (= helminti)</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:7c358757bb77aaa2"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka" jotid="wuid:gx:7c358757bb77aaa2" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Biologie člověka</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/operna-soustava" jotid="wuid:gx:103b2cc1b0d34d73" class="sites-navigation-link">Opěrná soustava</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/pohybova-soustava" jotid="wuid:gx:1798e2ba5cbfd28a" class="sites-navigation-link">Pohybová soustava</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/telni-tekutiny" jotid="wuid:gx:2e2f7461f1d3f309" class="sites-navigation-link">Tělní tekutiny</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/imunitni-system" jotid="wuid:gx:6118368e8e03545a" class="sites-navigation-link">Imunitní systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/obehovy-a-mizni-system" jotid="wuid:gx:7d8813a97b4d6e36" class="sites-navigation-link">Oběhový a mízní systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/dychaci-system" jotid="wuid:gx:11e2795a344f2c" class="sites-navigation-link">Dýchací systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/travici-system" jotid="wuid:gx:67afc0c7e932ecc8" class="sites-navigation-link">Trávicí systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/metabolismus" jotid="wuid:gx:483535a19bb20723" class="sites-navigation-link">Metabolismus</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/exkrece-a-vylucovaci-system" jotid="wuid:gx:4fdd3890c1ccf644" class="sites-navigation-link">Vylučovací systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/kozni-system-termoregulace" jotid="wuid:gx:1ca453a92d0b1181" class="sites-navigation-link">Kožní systém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/termoregulace" jotid="wuid:gx:59652f10f9d199da" class="sites-navigation-link">Termoregulace</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/nervova-soustava" jotid="wuid:gx:6e60d01ba012c7ce" class="sites-navigation-link">Nervová soustava</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/soustava-zlaz-s-vnitrni-sekreci" jotid="wuid:gx:7af6ebd6d797038c" class="sites-navigation-link">Soustava žláz s vnitřní sekrecí</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/smyslove-organy" jotid="wuid:gx:1e37f3d097628c0c" class="sites-navigation-link">Smyslové orgány</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/rozmnozovani-a-ontogeneze" jotid="wuid:gx:3b6432f0ca3cfe00" class="sites-navigation-link">Rozmnožování a ontogeneze</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/fylogeneze-cloveka" jotid="wuid:gx:6a4c9b7087ae6a98" class="sites-navigation-link">Fylogeneze člověka</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-cloveka/-evolucni-vyhody-a-nevyhody-moderniho-cloveka" jotid="wuid:gx:afc2ca8f4bf75f7" class="sites-navigation-link">***Evoluční výhody a nevýhody moderního člověka</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:7622f11a2ae923ec"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika" jotid="wuid:gx:7622f11a2ae923ec" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Genetika</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/zakladni-pojmy" jotid="wuid:gx:38cd32d5f09fa1de" class="sites-navigation-link">Základní pojmy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/alelova-analyza-mendelovy-zakony" jotid="wuid:gx:23dfe72f87de3810" class="sites-navigation-link">Alelová analýza, Mendelovy zákony</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/genove-interakce" jotid="wuid:gx:68afb956443624c7" class="sites-navigation-link">Genové interakce</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/monogenni-polygenni-dedicnost" jotid="wuid:gx:5a99411d87afed1a" class="sites-navigation-link">Monogenní a polygenní dědičnost</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/kvantitativni-genetika" jotid="wuid:gx:4f4b0dcb83130428" class="sites-navigation-link">***Kvantitativní genetika</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/vazba-genua" jotid="wuid:gx:c9a97612ad41c23" class="sites-navigation-link">Vazba genů</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/gonozomalni-a-mimojaderna-dedicnost" jotid="wuid:gx:8dc0b3811e202e2" class="sites-navigation-link">Gonozomální dědičnost</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/mimojaderna-ded" jotid="wuid:gx:13eb31b0b9047576" class="sites-navigation-link">Mimojaderná dědičnost</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/genetika-populaci" jotid="wuid:gx:328179a07f0a561a" class="sites-navigation-link">Genetika populací</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/faktory-narusujici-genetickou-rovnovahu" jotid="wuid:gx:26fa84707c30a04e" class="sites-navigation-link">Faktory narušující genetickou rovnováhu</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/geneticke-inzenyrstvi" jotid="wuid:gx:68f056b993d8f106" class="sites-navigation-link">Genetické inženýrství</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/genetika-cloveka" jotid="wuid:gx:1b8a828f4d1cbfa5" class="sites-navigation-link">Genetika člověka</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/-rodokmenova-analyza" jotid="wuid:gx:44b637a60b8f14bf" class="sites-navigation-link">***Rodokmenová analýza, typy dědičnosti, dědičné choroby</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/-geneticke-poradenstvi" jotid="wuid:gx:5bfbf090502289af" class="sites-navigation-link">***Genetické poradenství</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/molekularni-genetika" jotid="wuid:gx:649c77fa595ad672" class="sites-navigation-link">Molekulární genetika</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div class="current-bg" jotid="wuid:gx:2880e8db408b218a" dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;">***Chromosomy </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/-onkogenetika" jotid="wuid:gx:5162b5f63038d7c3" class="sites-navigation-link">***Onkogenetika</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika/ulohy-z-genetiky" jotid="wuid:gx:2f98b7c351c8ecb5" class="sites-navigation-link">***Úlohy z genetiky</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="topLevel parent" wuid="gx:48c3568d62947ddb"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander"></div><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie" jotid="wuid:gx:48c3568d62947ddb" class="sites-navigation-link topLevel">Ekologie a ochrana přírody</a> </div><ul> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/organismus-a-prostredi" jotid="wuid:gx:50cdee26dbf2c880" class="sites-navigation-link">Organismus a prostředí</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/abioticke-faktory-prostredi" jotid="wuid:gx:73d8152df7fe5c8b" class="sites-navigation-link">Abiotické faktory prostředí</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/populace" jotid="wuid:gx:16847e145a9ac922" class="sites-navigation-link">Populace</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologie-zivocichua/-uvod-do-parazitologie" jotid="wuid:gx:412a4ed9000e2e1b" class="sites-navigation-link">*** Úvod do parazitologie</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/spolecenstva-biomy" jotid="wuid:gx:390ab3a315891541" class="sites-navigation-link">Společenstva, biomy</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/ekosystem" jotid="wuid:gx:65e24e0f0eb500e5" class="sites-navigation-link">Ekosystém</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/biosfera" jotid="wuid:gx:7b74af881deba655" class="sites-navigation-link">Biosféra</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/historicky-vyvoj-vztahua-cloveka-a-prostredi" jotid="wuid:gx:5e50e9f461244948" class="sites-navigation-link">Historický vývoj vztahů člověka a prostředí</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/konflikt-lovka-se-ivotnm-prostedm" jotid="wuid:gx:6967ce86dd5e30d1" class="sites-navigation-link">Konflikt člověka se životním prostředím</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/problmy-ivotnho-prosted-a-jejich-een" jotid="wuid:gx:69140babc6719724" class="sites-navigation-link">Problémy životního prostředí a jejich řešení</a> </div></li> <li class=""><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/ekologie/ochrana-prirody" jotid="wuid:gx:42c2c884225db1e0" class="sites-navigation-link">Ochrana přírody</a> </div></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_9603928254165764" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">DALŠÍ MATERIÁLY</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><div style="text-align:left"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/uloziste-test">Testy</a> | </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/poznavacka">Poznávačky</a></b></div> <div style="text-align:left"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/literatura">Literatura</a> | </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/odkazy">Odkazy</a></b><font size="3"><br/> </font><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/banner.1315598093925"><b> </b></a></div></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_9308489756658673" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">DALŠÍ AKTIVITY</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><div style="display:block;text-align:left"><font size="3"><span style="font-size:12px"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/biologicky-krouzek-gymnazia-benesov" style="color:rgb(220, 41, 30)">Biologický kroužek GBN</a><br/></b><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/kurz" style="color:rgb(220, 41, 30)">Vybrané kapitoly z buněčné a molekulární biologie 2011/2012</a></b></span></font></div></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_7011705940434627" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">KONTAKT</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/autorsky-tym">Autorský tým, o webu</a></b><b><font size="3"><br/></font></b><b> </b><div><font size="3">›</font><b> </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/navstevni-kniha">Návštěvní kniha</a></b></div></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_35955022484995425" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">EXTERNÍ ODKAZY</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><div><b><b><b><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b></span></b></b></b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://natur.cuni.cz/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><b>Přírodovědecká fakulta UK</b></a></div> <div><b><b><b><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b></span></b></b></b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.gbn.cz/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Gymnázium Benešov</a></b></div> <div><b><b><b><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><font size="3">›</font><b> </b></span></b></b></b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.natur.cuni.cz/biologie/ucitelstvi/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Katedra učitelství a didaktiky biologie PřF UK v Praze</a></b></div> <div><b><b><b><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/autorsky-tym" style="color:rgb(220, 41, 30)"></a></b></span><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><font size="3">›</font></span><span style="font-size:12px;font-weight:normal"><b> </b></span></b></b></b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.sciencedaily.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><b>ScienceDaily</b></a> | <b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://osel.cz/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">OSEL</a> | </b><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biolib.cz/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Biolib</a></b></div> <hr/> <img alt="Zjistit Google Pagerank" border="0" height="15" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://rank.webatlas.cz/pagerank.php?typ=gpr&amp;ch=c33945a1&amp;url=www.biomach.cz" title="Pagerank" width="80"/> <img alt="Zjistit S-rank" border="0" height="15" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://rank.webatlas.cz/pagerank.php?typ=sr&amp;ch=c33945a1&amp;url=www.biomach.cz" title="S-rank" width="80"/></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_08407910261303186" class="sites-embed" style="width:"> <h4 class="sites-embed-title">POČÍTADLO PŘÍSTUPŮ</h4> <div class="sites-embed-content" style="padding:5px;"> <div dir="ltr"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://toplist.cz/count.asp?id=165939&amp;logo=mc&amp;start=19" style="margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;display:block;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"/></div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="sites-embed-align-left-wrapping-off"><div class="sites-embed-border-on sites-embed sites-embed-full-width" style="width:100%;"><h4 class="sites-embed-title">Autoři stránky</h4><div class="sites-embed-content sites-embed-type-recentauthors"><div class="sites-sidebar-recent-activity"><div><ul><li><span class="sites-admininfobox-hovercard" uid="106406879167989730529">Tomáš Macháček</span><div><span class="sites-text-secondary">září 7, 2011</span></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td id="sites-canvas-wrapper"> <div id="sites-canvas"> <div id="goog-ws-editor-toolbar-container"> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="title-crumbs" style=""> <a dir="ltr" href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/genetika">Genetika</a>‎ &gt; ‎ </div> <h3 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="sites-page-title-header" style="" align="left"> <span id="sites-page-title" dir="ltr">***Chromosomy</span> </h3> <div id="sites-canvas-main" class="sites-canvas-main"> <div id="sites-canvas-main-content"> <table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" cellspacing="0" class="sites-layout-name-one-column sites-layout-hbox"><tbody><tr><td class="sites-layout-tile sites-tile-name-content-1"><div dir="ltr"><div class="sites-embed-align-left-wrapping-off"><div class="sites-embed-border-off sites-embed" style="width:500px;"><div class="sites-embed-content sites-embed-type-toc"><div class="goog-toc sites-embed-toc-maxdepth-6"><p>Obsah</p><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-STAVBA-CHROMOSOMU"><strong>1 </strong>STAVBA CHROMOSOMU</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-TYPY-CHROMOSOM-"><strong>2 </strong>TYPY CHROMOSOMŮ</a><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-stav-chromosom-se-m-n-b-hem-bun-n-h"><strong>2.1 </strong>stav chromosomů se mění během buněčného cyklu</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-specializovan-sekvence-DNA-zaji-uj-"><strong>2.2 </strong>specializované sekvence DNA zajišťují  účinnou replikaci chromosomů</a></li></ol></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-CHROMATIN-komplex-DNA-a-protein-"><strong>3 </strong>CHROMATIN = komplex DNA a proteinů</a><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-epigenetika-"><strong>3.1 </strong>epigenetika </a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-nukleosom"><strong>3.2 </strong>nukleosom</a></li></ol></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-STRUKTURA-CHROMOSOMU-spiralizace-"><strong>4 </strong>STRUKTURA CHROMOSOMU (spiralizace)</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-INTERF-ZOV-CHROMOSOMY"><strong>5 </strong>INTERFÁZOVÉ CHROMOSOMY</a><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-heterochromatin"><strong>5.1 </strong>heterochromatin</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-euchromatin"><strong>5.2 </strong>euchromatin</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-interf-zov-chromosomy-jsou-v-j-d-e-"><strong>5.3 </strong>interfázové chromosomy jsou v jádře organizovány</a></li></ol></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-KARYOTYP"><strong>6 </strong>KARYOTYP</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-POHLAVN-CHROMOSOMY-GONOZOMY-"><strong>7 </strong>POHLAVNÍ CHROMOSOMY (GONOZOMY)</a><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-vznik-a-diferenciace-gonozom-"><strong>7.1 </strong>vznik a diferenciace gonozomů</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-gonozomy-XY-i-ZW-vznikly-v-evoluci-"><strong>7.2 </strong>gonozomy XY i ZW vznikly v evoluci mnohokrát – ale mají spoustu společných znaků</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-d-sledky-evoluce-gonozom-"><strong>7.3 </strong>důsledky evoluce gonozomů</a></li></ol></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-LYONIZACE"><strong>8 </strong>LYONIZACE</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-CHROMOSOMOV-ABERACE-MUTACE-"><strong>9 </strong>CHROMOSOMOVÉ ABERACE (MUTACE)</a></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-VIZUALIZACE-CHROMOSOM-"><strong>10 </strong>VIZUALIZACE CHROMOSOMŮ</a><ol class="goog-toc"><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-FISH-fluorescent-in-situ-hybridizat"><strong>10.1 </strong>FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)</a></li></ol></li><li class="goog-toc"><a href="#TOC-METODA-BUN-N-HYBRIDIZACE"><strong>11 </strong>METODA BUNĚČNÉ HYBRIDIZACE</a></li></ol></div></div></div></div><br/> <br/> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ro lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span> </span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y pr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> asi 5</font></font></span><span><font size="2">-</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">8 </font></font></span><span><font size="2">m</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> DNA v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">2 m! </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA velmi sbalena </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tak, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e interagovat s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">enzymy + dal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mi proteiny nutn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i pro transkripci, replikaci a reparaci</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom se skl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span> </span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1 dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">line</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">molekuly DNA, na kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jsou nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y proteiny </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">svinut</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">do kompaktn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> struktury</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zdvojen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">2 chromatidy (ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatida = 1 vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">no DNA)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">komplex DNA a protein</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromatin</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">chroma</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = barva</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">barviteln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">proteiny napom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sbalen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">+ pod</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se na genov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">expresi, replikaci a reparaci DNA</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chny </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">somatick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">2 kopie ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o chromosomu 1 p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u = </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">homologn</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> × jediný </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">nehomologní</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> pár – pohlavní chromosomy X a Y</font></font></span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align:left"><a name="TOC-1"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2"><br/></font></b></font></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:left"><a name="TOC-STAVBA-CHROMOSOMU"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">STAVBA CHROMOSOMU</font></b></font></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromatida</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">(p-) ram</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ko</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">(q-) ram</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ko</font></b></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">telomery</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na konc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h (repetitivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sekvence)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">centromera</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (repetitivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sekvence)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> + </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">kinetochory</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> = proteinové struktury; při mitóze se na ně připojují kinetochorová</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vlákna (~ mikrotubuly); pokud poškozeny či chybí → chromosom se při mitóze ztrácí a vznikají aneuploidní buňky</font></font></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-TYPY-CHROMOSOM-"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">TYPY CHROMOSOMŮ</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">autoz</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">om</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nepohlavn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">klasick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e 22 p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">autozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost = d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">le</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h na autozomech</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">gonozom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pohlavn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sestava </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se li</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> dle pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a typu ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X a Y)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost = d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">le</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nehomologn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sti </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">homologick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">(homologn</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">)</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromosomy</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy 1 p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">maj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">shodnou velikost, polohu centromery, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obsah gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(ne alel!)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> zp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obem se barv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mei</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">bivalenty</font></i></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zaji</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ť</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uje </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">synaptick</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ý</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">komplex</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">proteinov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">struktura (2 later</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">elementy spojeny p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">centr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> elementem; na obvodu spiralizovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">no obou chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bivalentech</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> doch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">procesu </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">crossing-over</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, jeho</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ledkem je </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">rekombinace</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatid; m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ta p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">chiazmata</font></i></font></span></li></ul></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">metacentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> (</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">mediocentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">) chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p- a q-ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> centromera uprost</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e vzniknout p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mutaci translokac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">2 akrocentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Robertsonovsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> translokace)</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">submetacentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> (</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">submediocentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">) chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(p-) a dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(q-) ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko, centromera nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uprost</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d chromosomu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">akrocentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">to p-ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka satelit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dist</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">segment chromozomu odd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">od vlastn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o chromozomu </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ú</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kou </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">naz</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">anou sekund</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">konstrikce</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, centromera t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na konci chromosomu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">telocentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p-ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko chyb</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> centromera na konci chromosomu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">acentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ztratil centromeru</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> <div style="display:inline;margin:5px 10px;float:right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_celldivision/celldivisionfig6.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_celldivision/celldivisionfig6.jpg" width="200"/></a></div> <div style="display:inline;margin:5px 10px;float:right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n7/images/nrg1110-f6.gif" imageanchor="1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n7/images/nrg1110-f6.gif" width="200"/></a></div> holocentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom, u kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">centromera lokalizov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a do 1 m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ta, ale centromerick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aktivita je rozpt</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ena po cel</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomu = cel</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom je centromerou</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nelze rozli</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e se p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pojuje k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ic</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka po cel</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ce; pokud se rozpadne na v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e men</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">fragment</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">si zachov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">schopnost aktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pojit k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ic</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ku</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pouze u n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h organism</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">:</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> u rostlin </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ledi </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Juncaceae</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">iny) a</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Cyperaceae</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chorovit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ce</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ti a pavoukovci</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> <div style="display:inline;float:right;margin:5px 10px"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Polyten_chromosome.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Polyten_chromosome.jpg" width="106"/></a></div> polyt</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom, na kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> do</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">olikan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikaci, ale </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nedo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ledn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u rozpadu na jednotliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatidy (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednochromatidov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomy)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ide</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">model pro studium strukturn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h aberac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (obrovsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> snadno pozorovateln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font size="2"><br/> </font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">feminizuj</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">c</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">X* chromosom</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">podmi</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">je vznik sami</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ho pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XX </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> X*X </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> X*Y </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> XY </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obuje p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vahu samic</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">samice X*Y maj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">potomky X*X : X*Y : XY : YY (ne</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">votaschopn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u 1 : 1 : 1 : 1</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vyskytuje se u lum</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a velk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-weight:bold"><u><font size="2"><br/></font></u></span></p><h4><a name="TOC-stav-chromosom-se-m-n-b-hem-bun-n-h"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-weight:bold"><font color="#cc0000" size="2">stav chromosomů se mění během buněčného cyklu</font></span></h4> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy obvykle </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">rozvoln</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ě</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> tenk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vz</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">emn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">propleten</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> × </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">kondenzované</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> jen v malé části buněčného cyklu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vysoce kondenzovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h se bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h (p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e) = </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">mitotick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromosomy</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> × rozvolněnější chromosomy = </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">interfázové (interfázní) chromosomy</font></b></font></span></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kondenzovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stav d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> snadn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> odd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zduplikovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(asistence mitotick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vysoce kondenzovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy tak</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mei</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span></li></ul> <p><br/></p> <h4 style="text-align:left"><a name="TOC-specializovan-sekvence-DNA-zaji-uj-"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><font color="#cc0000" size="2">specializované sekvence DNA zajišťují  účinnou replikaci chromosomů</font></font></span></h4> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy funguj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jako samostatn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">strukturn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednotky </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se mus</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">samostatn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zreplikovat</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">…</font></font></span><span><font size="2"><br/> →</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">to kontrolují 3 typy specializovaných sekvencí:</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">replika</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">po</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">tky</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">za</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tek duplikace DNA</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obsahuje v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e po</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zrychlen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikace</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">centromery</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zaji</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ť</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rozchod replik</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">do dce</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na centromer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h proteinov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">komplexy = </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">kinetochory</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ty v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy na d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko a umo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tak odd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">it se od sebe</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">telomery</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na obou konc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">repetitivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sekvence, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">umo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikaci konc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA-polymer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e syntetizovat DNA jen </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ve sm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">5</font></font></span><span><font size="2">′</font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">3</font></font></span><span><font size="2">′</font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">probl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> opo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ď</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">řet</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zci </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">primery</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nemohou vzniknout na </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ú</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> konci chromosomu </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikaci by doch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">elo ke ztr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> koncov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h oblast</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">enzym </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">telomer</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">z</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">a</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(reverzn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkript</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">id</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mnoho kopi</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sekvence (m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vlastn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> RNA komplement</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">repetitivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sekvenci DNA) </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vznikne </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">templ</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pro </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dosyntetizov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> opo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ď</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ce</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">funguje jen v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">embryon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oji </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(pak</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">je jej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">funkce blokov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a)</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> po narozen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vota ji</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nepracuje </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomery</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zkracuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dos</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nou ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ky, kdy se bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">it </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> 1 z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nut</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomery</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> dlouh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na 50</font></font></span><span><font size="2">-</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">60 d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Hayflick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> limit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Hayflick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> L., </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Moorhead</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">P.S.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (1961) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">The</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">serial</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">cultivation</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">of</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">human</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> diploid cell </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">strains</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">. </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Experimental</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2"> Cell </font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Research</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">25</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">:585-621</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">× pro postaven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">eho t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">la sta</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í mnohem m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> + asi 20 % se vyu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ije pro regeneraci</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pojistka proti n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">or</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pokus: my</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> odebr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y geny pro </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nestalo se j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nic, pouze m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a krat</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomery</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v 7. generaci zkr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">eny natolik, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> byl probl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se rychle obnovuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">epitel)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Nobelova cena za objeven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (2009) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Jack W. </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Szostak</font></font></span></a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul> <ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> funkce</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: repetice </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sekvenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lehl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oblasti vytvo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> strukturu, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d DNA-nukle</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ami (ty p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dnostn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">degraduj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">konce molekul DNA)</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></font></span></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-CHROMATIN-komplex-DNA-a-protein-"></a><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><font color="#cc0000"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">CHROMATIN</font></b></font></span></font><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = komplex DNA a proteinů</font></font></span></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dle f</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o cyklu se m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jeho stav</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">interf</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> rozvoln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">umo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uje p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stup protein</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pot</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h pro expresi gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">/</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikaci</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d vstupem do mit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y dal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> postupn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sbalov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatinu</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vzniknou vysoce kondenzovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mitotick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zde ji</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zreplikovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> DNA + transkripce zastavena</font></font></span><span><font size="2"><br/> →</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kontrola genové exprese</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <h4><a name="TOC-epigenetika-"></a><span style="font-weight:bold"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">epigenetika</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><font color="#cc0000"> </font></font></font></span></span></h4><ul><ul><li>tzv. <b>chromatinová dědičnost </b>→ strukturní i chemické modifikace chromatinu (ne změny v sekvenci nukleotidů!) → <i>acetylace</i>, <i>methylace</i>, <i>ubiquitylace</i>, <i>sumoylace</i>, <i>fosforylace</i></li><li>velké změny v epigenetické úpravě chromatinu hlavně v embryonálním vývoji, pubertě a při stárnutí; mladí jedinci zpravidla rezistentní; v průběhu ontogeneze epigenetické změny reverzibilní</li><li>např. <b>genomový imprinting </b>(též parentální, gametický)</li><ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">imprintovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> alela = </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">methylovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> alela (nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">CH</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><sub><font size="2">3</font></sub></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) = neaktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">alela</font></font></span><span><font size="2"><br/> →</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nemá fenotypový projev </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pokud heterozygot a methylovaná alela je dominantní, neprojeví se a fenotyp závisí na recesivní alele (tento heterozygot se pak chová jako recesivní homozygot)</font></font></span></li><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">alela </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">A</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pro </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rvenou barvu a alela </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">a</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pro b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ou barvu kv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font size="2"><br/> →</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> normálně heterozygot </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Aa</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> červené květy × pokud alela </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">A</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> imprintovaná, heterozygot </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Aa</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> má bílé květ</font></font></span></li></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, od kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o rodi</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">imprintovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> alela zd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a </font></font></span></li><ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">matern</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> imprinting (od matky), </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">patern</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> imprinting (od otce)</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h4><a name="TOC-nukleosom"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">nukleosom</font></b></span></h4> <ul><li><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:small">nukleosomové jádro + sousední spojovací úsek DNA</span></li><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ladn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednotka kondenzace chromatinu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">objeven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">struktury: </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> rozvinut</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o chromatinu specifickou nukle</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ou </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> roz</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ila DNA mezi jednotliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (ne </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">úpln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na jednotliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleotidy)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">j</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">d</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ro </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">nukleosomu</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: komplex 8 histon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">histonov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">oktamer</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">histony </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">H2A, H2B, H3, H4</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">po 2 molekul</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> + dvouřetězcová DNA o délce 146 nukleotidových párů</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA obto</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na kolem </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oktameru</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1,45x</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tak se zkr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na 1/3 sv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ky</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">histony</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = mal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">proteiny s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vysok</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> obsahem kladn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nabit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h AK (lysin, arginin) </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pevn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">áz</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> histon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">porn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nabit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> fosf</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> skupiny</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> DNA (bez ohledu na sekvenci)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e kolem 60 mil. molekul od ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o typu! </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">evolu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nejv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e konzervovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">proteiny u eukaryot </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nezbytn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> formov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatinu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">N-konce c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">posttransla</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> modifikac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(tr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ven z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">acetylace, </font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">methylace</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">, </font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ubiquitylace</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">, </font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">sumoylace</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">, </font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">fosforylace</font></i></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> modifikace vedou ke zm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vazby histon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na DNA </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rozvol</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">/</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kompaktuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> strukturu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> od sebe vzd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">asi 200 nukleotidov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(146 omot</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o kolem j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ra </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, zbytek asi 50 spojuje sousedn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ra)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nebrzd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">RNA-polymer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> transkripci, nejsou p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kou ani p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> replikaci</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">doch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">reorganizaci </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> protein</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li></ul> <h3><a name="TOC-2"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></font></span></h3><h3><a name="TOC-STRUKTURA-CHROMOSOMU-spiralizace-"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2"> STRUKTURA CHROMOSOMU (spiralizace)</font></b></font></span></h3><span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:normal"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Chromatin_Structures.png" style="display:inline;float:right;margin-top:5px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-left:10px" width="400"/></span> <ul><li><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:small">několik úrovní:</span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><u><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">„kor</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">lkov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">“ forma</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromatinu</font></b></font></span></u><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">10</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nm) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen velmi z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dka</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><u><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">30nmetrov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">vl</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">k</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">no</font></b></font></span></u><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (30 nm)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sob</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kompaktn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> struktura</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">histon H1</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sousedn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleosomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> u sebe v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pravideln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se opakuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> uspo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rozvoln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom nej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tomto stavu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><u><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">smy</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">k</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">y p</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ř</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">i</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">pojen</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">k </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">centr</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">l</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ose</font></b></font></span></u> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odstupuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em ven (= pr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomu</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">700</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nm)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><u><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">celkov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromosom</font></b></font></span></u> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(1400 nm)</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vysok</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span> </span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kondenzace </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> zablokov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkripce (RNA-polymer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a a ostatn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">proteiny se nemohou v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">at na DNA)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stupe</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">spiralizace</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> jednotliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h oblast</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">is</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tak</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na jej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aktu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aktivit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-INTERF-ZOV-CHROMOSOMY"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">INTERFÁZOVÉ CHROMOSOMY</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">po mit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e se chromosomy rozvol</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dekondenzuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> × ne ve všech oblastech chromosomu stejně – v rámci 1 chromosomu se mohou vyskytovat všechny stupně kondenzace (transkribované oblasti rozvolněnější, nepřepisované kondenzovanější)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednotliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy se li</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h typech (v z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">islosti na tom, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">geny jsou p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pisov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y)</font></font></span></li></ul> <h4 style="text-align:left"><a name="TOC-heterochromatin"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">heterochromatin</font></b></font></span></h4> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nejvíce kondenzovaná forma chromatinu (</font><span><i><font size="2">heteros</font></i></span><font size="2"> = odlišný)</font></font></span><br/> </li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">siln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se barv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oblasti chromatinu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">&gt; 10 % </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">interf</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> hl. v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">okol</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">centromer a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomer</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkrip</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">konstitutivn</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (nikdy se nep</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pisuje) a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">fakultativn</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pisuje se jen za ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h podm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ek)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pokud se norm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">geny dostanou do heterochromatinov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oblasti, inaktivuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">polohov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">efekt</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> gen </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">white</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Drosophila</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">), gen ADE2 (kvasinka)</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">typick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">klad: inaktivace 1 z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X u samic savc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dvojn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mno</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">produkt</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X chromosomu by bylo let</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> 1 chromosom X (od otce nebo od matky) trvale inaktivov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na za</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tku embryon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oje, kondenzace n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (v dal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h generac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h pak kondenzov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X chromosom)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> inaktivovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h a aktivovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h X chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">od otce a od matky je zhruba 1 </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">az n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odnosti procesu)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">imka jen va</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">atci, tam v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y inaktivov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> X od otce</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <h4 style="text-align:left"><a name="TOC-euchromatin"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">euchromatin</font></b></font></span></h4> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zbytek v různém stupni kondenzace (</font><span><i><font size="2">eu</font></i></span><font size="2"> = pravý, normální)</font></font></span><br/> </li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">typick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">diferencovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">eukaryotn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e asi 10 % chromatinu aktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pisov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o nebo ve stavu snadno p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stupn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> transkripci</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromatin</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">špatn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> barviteln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span></li></ul> <p><br/></p> <p style="text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><u> </u></font></font></span></p><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><u><div style="display:inline;margin:5px 10px;float:right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig1bNucleus46Chromosomes.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig1bNucleus46Chromosomes.jpg" width="142"/></a></div></u></font></font><h4><a name="TOC-interf-zov-chromosomy-jsou-v-j-d-e-"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><font color="#cc0000" size="2">interfázové chromosomy jsou v jádře organizovány</font></font></span></h4> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">to </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">teritorium</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– pod</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se i vazba ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">it</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ást</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomu na membr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nu j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dra, laminu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">poloha chromosomu z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">is</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">:</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">velikosti chromosomu</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy jsou sp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e ve st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">du</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, velk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">okrajov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stech</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">na genov</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">é</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">denzit</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ě</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">genov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chud</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oblasti bl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jadern</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u obalu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">dob</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ě</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">replikace</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oblasti, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y pozd</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i, jsou v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">perifern</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h oblastech a kolem jad</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">poloha by se nem</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">it </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">expresi </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">orech doch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ke zm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uspo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">nukleolus</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (jad</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko) = spojen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kde jsou geny pro synt</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u rRNA </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a ribozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h protein</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(satelity akrocentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> + zde sestavov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y ribozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">podjednotky (proteiny transportov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">cytoplazmy)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ohrani</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">no </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dnou membr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ou</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">NOR (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nucleolus</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">organizer</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> region) = oblast formov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jad</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka, u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a jsou to kr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ram</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka chromozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">13, 14, 15, 21 a 22</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">geny pro </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">5</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">8S</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> 18S, a</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">28S</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> rRNA</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mezi teritorii voln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">prostory </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nich enzymy pro transkripci, replikaci, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">splicing</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">…</font></font></span></li></ul> <font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></font><h3><a name="TOC-3"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></font></span></h3><h3><a name="TOC-KARYOTYP"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2"> KARYOTYP</font></b></font></span></h3><span style="font-size:13px;font-weight:normal"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png" style="display:inline;float:right;margin-top:5px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-left:10px" width="320"/></span> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">druhov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">charakteristick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">soubor chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e (po</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t, struktura, eventu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pruhovac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pattern</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">skupiny (d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se podle jejich </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">makrostavby</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">):</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> </font></b></font></span> <div style="margin-left:40px"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">A</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 1, 2, 3 – velké metacentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> B</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 4, 5 – velké submetacentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> C</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, X – střední submetacentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> D</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 13, 14, 15 – střední akrocentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> E</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 16, 17, 18 – malé submetacentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> F</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 19, 20 – malé metacentrické</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><br/> G</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> – chromosomy 21, 22, Y – malé akrocentrické</font></font></span></div> </li></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">člov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k nem</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> telocentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomy</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-POHLAVN-CHROMOSOMY-GONOZOMY-"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">POHLAVNÍ CHROMOSOMY (GONOZOMY)</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">X</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Y</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (XX </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> XY </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">savci </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">!) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ryby, oboj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">veln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i, plazi, kor</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i, hmyz (nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Drosophila</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) a n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rostliny</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Z </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">W</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (ZZ </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ZW </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pt</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, mot</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ryby, oboj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">veln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i, pl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">azi, kor</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rostliny</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">homogametick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: XX, ZZ </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">heterogametick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: XY, ZW</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">nep</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">r</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chromosom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = Y, W</font></font></span> </li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><h4><a name="TOC-vznik-a-diferenciace-gonozom-"></a><font color="#cc0000"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">vznik a diferenciace</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">gonozom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span></font></h4></li></ul> <ul> <ol><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vznik </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(mutac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">genu</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2"> ur</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">č</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">u</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">j</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">c</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">h</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">o pohlav</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na autozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span></li> </ol> <ol><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nahromad</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">sexu</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">á</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">l</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">n</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ě</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">antagonistick</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ý</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">c</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">h gen</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ů</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h pro 1 pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pro druh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nev</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h) kolem genu ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nce dostat se znovu do stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">potla</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">č</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">e</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">n</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">rekombinace</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">okol</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">genu ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> prost</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">dnictv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> inverze</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u vzniku lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> do</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o postupn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k 4 inverz</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> aby se nikdy nedostal do </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">atn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">postupn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">divergence a degenerace</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nerekombinuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sti nep</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozomu</font></font></span></li> </ol></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><h4><a name="TOC-gonozomy-XY-i-ZW-vznikly-v-evoluci-"></a><font color="#cc0000"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">gonozomy</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> XY i ZW vznikly v </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">evoluci mnohokr</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">t</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">–</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ale maj</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">spoustu spole</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ý</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">c</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">h znak</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span></font></h4></li></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Y, W</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> men</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nebo chyb</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Y, W obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o funk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Y, W nesou hodn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nefunk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pseudogen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">úsek DNA, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vysokou homologii s funk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m genem, ale s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> transkribov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ředpokl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pseudogeny</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vznikly z funk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em evoluce</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transpozon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (pohybliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">„</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">“</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sekvence DNA)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">repetitivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sekvenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">;</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">velk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sti tvo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny heterochromatinem</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Y, W obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">velk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mno</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">palindrom</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">ů</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (sekvenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ou stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zep</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">du i zezadu) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mezi </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">homologn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sekvencemi doch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sto ke </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">genov</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">é</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">konverzi</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pisu 1 sekvence podle druh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e si vybrat, jestli bude p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ovat se sekvenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na stejn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nebo druh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e zp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obit zpomalen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hromad</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h mutac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">genov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obsah</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XY a ZW prod</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">aj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">podobn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">epigenetick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em gametogeneze u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">heterogametick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy X a Y (resp. Z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a W) maj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">homologn</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pseudoautosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">geny jsou v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sti v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obou kopi</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h, d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ost se m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e jevit jako autozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">heterologn</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">í</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st, geny obsa</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny jen v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1 kopii)</font></font></span><br/> </li></ul></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><h4><a name="TOC-d-sledky-evoluce-gonozom-"></a><font color="#cc0000"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">d</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">s</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ledky evoluce </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">gonozom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span></font></h4></li></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">kompenzace d</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">v</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ky gen</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">na chromosomu X </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">(transkrip</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">up</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">-regulace)</font></b></font></span></li></ul></ul> <ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vznik</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nerovnov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ce gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mezi pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nesou 2 kopie X-v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">an</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nesou jen 1 kopii) </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kdyby nebyla vyrovn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XX by vykazovaly dvojn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obnou expresi X-v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">an</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ne</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">savci: </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivace 1 chromosomu X</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lyonizace</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, viz n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Drosophil</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">a</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♂</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkripce chromosomu X</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Caenorhabditis</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">elegans</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">: u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">♀</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkripce obou chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u ZW organism</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kompenzace d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ky gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(jen lok</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ody nejasn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">meiotick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">inaktivace </font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">gonozom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span></li></ul></ul> <ul> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transkrip</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivace </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em mei</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">heterogametick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XY inaktivace b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em spermatogeneze, ZW inaktivace b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oogeneze</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny organism</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozomy</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = heterochromatinov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ko (sex body)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nam: speci</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">forma b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivace jak</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oli nesp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA, ochrana p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d sobeck</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i geny na </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozomech</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">probl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y:</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Turner</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">v</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> syndrom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (45, X) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">monosomie</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chyb</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1 gonozom</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Klineferter</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ů</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">v</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> syndrom</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (47, XXY) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">trisomie</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> 1 chromosom X</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">super</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">fe</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">male</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (47, XXX) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e X chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">super</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">male</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (47, XYY) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> 1 Y chromosom</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-LYONIZACE"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">LYONIZACE</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">inaktivace chromosomu X</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> u savc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ob kompenzace d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ávky u homogamet</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pohlav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pokud v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e ne</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">2 chromosomy X (nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Klineferter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> syndrom), inaktivace v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch krom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednoho (bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">schopnost po</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tat si X chromosomy)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">1961</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> objev inaktivace </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Mary Lyon</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (odtud </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lyonizace</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oba X chromosomy aktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">časn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m embryon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">voji </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> inaktivace </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">po vzniku blastuly (p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> diferenciaci bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oogeneze</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> op</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> X-reaktivace</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivace u v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ny placent</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h savc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">h</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">odn</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (nez</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, jestli X chromosom poch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">od matky nebo od otce)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u va</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">atc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y inaktivov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> X chromosom od otce </font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><u><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inaktivovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">X chromosom</font></font></span></u><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> = </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Barrovo</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> t</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ě</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">l</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">s</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ko</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">heterochromatin</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kondenzovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">em </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">interf</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">sex chromatin</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">; je barviteln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> netranskribov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">imkou jsou nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> geny nach</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sti </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">homologn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomem Y)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">replikace v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pozdn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">S-f</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i bun</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o cyklu </font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><u><font size="2">regulace inaktivace</font></u></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">XIC</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(X chromosome </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inactivation</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> center</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, sekvence asi 10</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><sup><font size="2">6</font></sup></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nukleotidov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– zde inaktivace za</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ín</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> a pokra</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uje pod</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pokud delece </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→ </font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom nem</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e b</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> inaktivov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">translokace na autozom </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> inaktivuje se autozom</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sou</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XIC je </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">XCE</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">regula</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">element </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> rozhoduje o tom, zda X chromosom bude inaktivov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sou</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">XIC je </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lokus</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">XIS</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">T</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (X-</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">inactive</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">specific</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">transcript</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> transkribov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> jen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">neaktivn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o X chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">produktem je </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nek</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">RNA </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> obaluje chromosom </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– po sest</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ihu z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, je sou</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Xist</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> body</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> × gen </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">TSIX</font></b></font></span><font size="2"> (antisence XIST) – udržuje v aktivním stavu druhý X chromosom</font></font></span></li></ul></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-CHROMOSOMOV-ABERACE-MUTACE-"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">CHROMOSOMOVÉ ABERACE (MUTACE)</font></b></span></h3> <p style="text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">A) </font><u><font size="2">Změna počtu:</font></u></font></span></p> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">aneuploidie</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se 1 chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">monozomie</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Turner</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> syndrom</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">45, X0</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">trisomie</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Down</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> syndrom</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">47, XX, +21</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Klineferter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> syndrom</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">47, XXY</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na: </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nondisjunkce</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (nerozpojen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> homologick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mei</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oba chromosomy p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jdou do 1 bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jedn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e je chromosom nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">trisomie</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">), ve druh</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e chyb</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">monosomie</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">trisomie</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se objevuje </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i (jedinci p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomem nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, ne</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kdyby chyb</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">trisomie</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> tolerov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y sp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e u mal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gonozom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a posti</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">is</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na velikosti chromosomu a jeho genov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> obsahu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e sn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rostliny </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> aneuploidie u durmanu ovliv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">je tvar plodu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">polyploidie</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">, euploidie</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se cel</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sady chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= genomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mutace (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e tolerov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sud</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">po</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">obk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">polyploidie u rostlin </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vyu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zem</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">os</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> </font></font></span> <div style="margin-left:40px"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tetraploidi: kukuřice, bavlna, brambor, zelí</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> hexaploidi: pšenice, chysantéma</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><br/> oktaploid: jahodník</font></font></span></div> </li></ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">polyploidie u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ch</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">tolerov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">Drosophily</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> je</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ek, oboj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">veln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ryb (hojn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kapr, pstruh,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">…</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vyskytuje se i u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a a je norm</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">l</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hepatocyty</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">y jater)</font></font></span> </li></ul></ul></ul> <p style="text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">B) </font><u><font size="2">Změna struktury:</font></u></font></span></p> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> reparaci chromosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h zlom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">interchromosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stavby v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ho rozsahu), n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ledkem nerovnom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o crossing-overu (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">intrachromosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stavby mal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">o rozsahu)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mutagen schopn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vyvolat zlom </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">= </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">klastogen</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">. UV-z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">řen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chemick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> mutageny</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">delece</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vypadnut</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jednoho nebo v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e nukleotid</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Cry</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">du</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chat syndrom </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(delece v </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">5p) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– pl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č novorozenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ipom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ouk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> porodn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ha, n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> svalov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> tonus, IQ asi 20</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">duplikace</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">oben</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nukleotid</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">inverze</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">olika nukleotid</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">;</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> nemus</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vadit, pokud na 1 ramen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">×</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">probl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> gametogenezi</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">pericentrick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> inverze</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zahrnuje centromeru; m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">typ chromosomu</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">translokace</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">nereciprok</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">translokace</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– odtr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ásti chromatidy a p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ipojen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> na jinou chromatidu jin</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ho chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">reciprok</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">translokace</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">– vym</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> se </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ásti </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">nehomologn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Robertsonovsk</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> translokace</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">akrocentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vznikne metacentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-VIZUALIZACE-CHROMOSOM-"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">VIZUALIZACE CHROMOSOMŮ</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">klasick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">barven</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">roztok </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Giemsa</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">-</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Romanowski (obr. a)<br/> </font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">G-pruhov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (GTG) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">trypsin + </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">Giemsa</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">G-pruh (oblasti gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na chromosomu) m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">slo</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">R-pruhov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">r</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">everse </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">banding</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">acridine</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">-</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">orange (obr. c)<br/> </font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">reverzn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ke G-pruhov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">C-pruhov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">c</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">onstitutive</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> heterochromatin) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">barven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">centromer (obr. d)<br/> </font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Ag</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">-NOR</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ucleolar</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">or</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ganizers</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">barven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">brem </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zviditeln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">satelit</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">akrocentrick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(oblast</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ó</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rRNA)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">fluorescen</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">č</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">barviva</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/support/Research-Tools/Image-Gallery/Image-Detail.alternateID.g000679.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">DAPI</font></b></font></span></a><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">4,6-</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">diamidino</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">-2-</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">phenylindole</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">modr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">PI</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (proprium </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">iodide</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">rven</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">chinakrin</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zelen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">Q-pruhov</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">á</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">n</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b><font size="2"> (obr. b)<br/> </font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.molbio.unige.ch/laemmli/images/lfig2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ethdium bromid</font></b></font></span></a> </li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">TOTO</font></b></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/support/Research-Tools/Image-Gallery/Image-Detail.alternateID.g000674.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">YOYO</font></b></font></span></a></li></ul></ul> <p> </p> <p style="margin-left:35pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> </font></b></font></span></p><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"><div style="display:inline;margin:5px 10px;float:right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Sky_spectral_karyotype.png" imageanchor="1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Sky_spectral_karyotype.png" width="320"/></a></div> </font></b></font><h4 style="margin-left:40px"><a name="TOC-FISH-fluorescent-in-situ-hybridizat"></a><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">FISH</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"><font color="#cc0000"> </font>(</font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">f</font></b></font></span><font size="2">luorescent </font><span><font face="'arial'"><b><i><font size="2">i</font></i></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">n </font></i><span><font face="'arial'"><b><i><font size="2">s</font></i></b></font></span><i><font size="2">itu</font></i></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">h</font></b></font></span><font size="2">ybridization)</font></font></span></h4> <ul> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">umo</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uje lokalizovat geny nebo jinou specifickou DNA p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mo na cytogenetick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> prepar</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">sonda</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (angl. </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><i><font size="2">probe</font></i></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zna</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">fluorescen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e se ke komplement</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">u </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ú</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">eku na denaturovan</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomu</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e sekvenci DNA, jej</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> poloha n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> zaj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">na chromosomu </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> ozna</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">me </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ú</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">s</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ek komplement</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ke genu, na kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> je nav</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a fluorescen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">molekula (sonda) </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> denaturace DNA i sondy </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">renaturace</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> spoj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se vl</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">no sondy a p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">DNA </font></font></span><span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> sv</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">st chromosomu s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">komplement</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">r</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sekvenc</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">typy sond:</font></b></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">satelitn</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">centromerick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">telomerick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, Y-heterochromatinov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">lokus</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">-specifick</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">„</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">g</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">enov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">“</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">malovac</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">celochromosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hybridizuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">stmi chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vizualizaci </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sto kombinace v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e typ</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">sond (nap</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lokus</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">-specifick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pro </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lokus</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> SRY na Y chromosomu a centromerick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">SKY</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> (</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">spectral</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">karyotyping</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ka</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom specifick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odst</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, detekce chromosomov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h aberac</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hlavn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">translokace)</font></font></span></li></ul></ul> <p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font size="2"><br/></font></b></span></p><h3><a name="TOC-METODA-BUN-N-HYBRIDIZACE"></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold"><b><font color="#cc0000" size="2">METODA BUNĚČNÉ HYBRIDIZACE</font></b></span></h3> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">pou</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">v</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">se pro p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h gen</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">vyu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">t</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mezidruhov</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hybridizace mezi my</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">mi a lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i bu</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ň</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ami</font></font></span></li> <ul><li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">f</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ú</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">z</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">e my</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">š</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2"> a lidsk</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">é</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">bu</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ň</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">k</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">y</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vhodn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h genotyp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vznik</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">hybridn</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">í</font></b></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">bu</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">ň</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">k</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">a</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> obsahuj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">my</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> i lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">selekce produkt</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">f</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ú</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e na vhodn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">iu (HAT m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">d</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ium </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">viny + </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">h</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ypoxantin</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> + </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">a</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">minopterin</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> + </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><b><font size="2">t</font></b></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">hymidin</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">) </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">–</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">p</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">jen hybridi</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">cytogenetick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a biochemick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> pop</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ř</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">.</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> imunologick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">,</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> anal</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">z</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a hybridn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h klon</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span></li></ul> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">charakteristick</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> rysem je nestabilita a postupn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">(n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">odn</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">)</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> vytr</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">á</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">en</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">c</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">h chromosom</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ů</font></font></span> <span><font size="2">→</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> dosp</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">j</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">e se ke stabiln</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">linii jen s </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ě</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">k</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">olika lidsk</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">i chromosomy</font></font></span></li> <li style="margin-left:0pt;text-align:left"><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">zji</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">š</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ť</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">uje se, kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">gen maj</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">linie spole</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">n</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ý</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">a tak</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">chromosomy </font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">→</font></font></span> <span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">podle toho se ur</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">č</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">, n</font></font></span><span><font size="2">a</font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> kter</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">é</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">m</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2"> chromosomu gen le</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">ž</font></font></span><span><font face="'arial'"><font size="2">í</font></font></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div id="sites-canvas-bottom-panel"> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_page-subpages"> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_page-attachments" style="display:none" class="sites-canvas-bottom-no-items"> <div id="sites-attachment-wrapper" class="sites-canvas-bottom-panel-wrapper"> <div jotid="sites-attachment-inner" style="display:none;" class="sites-attachment-inner"> <ul id="JOT_ATTACH_container"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <a xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" name="page-comments"></a> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="COMP_page-comments" style="display:none;" class="sites-canvas-bottom-no-items"> <div id="sites-comment-wrapper" class="sites-canvas-bottom-panel-wrapper"> <div> <h3 id="sites-comment-header"> <strong>Komentáře</strong> </h3> </div> <div id="sites-comment-inner" class="sites-comment-inner"> <div jotid="comments" class="sites-comments"> <div id="_wuid_" jotid="template" class="sites-comment" style="display:none"> <div><strong>_displayNameOrEmail_</strong> - _time_ - <a href="javascript:;" onclick="JOT_postEvent('removeComment', this, {wuid:'_wuid_'});">Odebrat</a></div> <p dir="_dir_">_text_</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div id="sites-chrome-footer-wrapper"> <div id="sites-chrome-footer-wrapper-inside"> <div id="sites-chrome-footer"> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="sites-subfooter"><div class="sites-subfooter-content"><html xmlns:jot="http://www.google.com/ns/jotspot/srvtmpl/"><div dir="ltr"><div style="text-align:center"><b><font color="#cc0000">Použitá licence: Uveďte autora-Neužívejte dílo komerčně-Nezasahujte do díla 3.0 Česko, pravidla pro užívání viz <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cz/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">zde</a>. | Sledujte náš kanál na <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.facebook.com/biomach" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Facebooku</a>.</font></b></div></div></html></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="sites-adminfooter"> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/https://www.google.com/a/UniversalLogin?service=jotspot&amp;continue=http://sites.google.com/site/biomachgbn/genetika/-chromosomy" class="sites-system-link">Sign in</a>  |  <a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/system/app/pages/recentChanges" rel="nofollow" class="sites-system-link">Recent Site Activity</a>  |  <a href="javascript:void(window.open('https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.google.com/sites/help/intl/en/terms.html'))" class="sites-system-link">Terms</a>  |  <a href="/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/system/app/pages/reportAbuse?src=/genetika/-chromosomy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" class="sites-system-link">Report Abuse</a>  |  <a href="javascript:;" onclick="window.open(webspace.printUrl)" class="sites-system-link">Print page</a>  |  <b class="powered-by">Powered by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://sites.google.com/">Google Sites</a></b> </p> </div> </div> <div id="sites-chrome-onebar-footer"> </div> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> window.jstiming.load.tick('sjl'); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102js_/http://www.gstatic.com/sites/p/bf3350/system/js/jot_min_view__cs.js"></script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> window.jstiming.load.tick('jl'); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> var searchBox = new sites.Searchbox('sites-searchbox-search-button', true); searchBox.initListeners([], true, 'search-site', false); searchBox.setScopesMenu(webspace.page.isSiteRtlLocale); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> gsites.HoverPopupMenu.createSiteDropdownMenus('sites-header-nav-dropdown', false); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript" defer="true"> JOT_setupNav("2bd", "SEKCE WEBU", false); JOT_addListener('titleChange', 'JOT_NAVIGATION_titleChange', 'COMP_2bd'); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> // TODO(jenniferking): move to somewhere it only gets called once on // page render new sites.Hovercard(); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> setTimeout(function() { var fingerprint = gsites.date.TimeZone.getFingerprint([]); gsites.Xhr.send('https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.biomach.cz/_/tz', null, null, 'GET', null, null, { afjstz: fingerprint }); }, 500); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> window.onload = function() { if (false) { JOT_setMobilePreview(); } var loadTimer = window.jstiming.load; loadTimer.tick("ol"); loadTimer["name"] = "load," + webspace.page.type; window.jstiming.report(loadTimer, {}, 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://csi.gstatic.com/csi'); } </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> JOT_insertAnalyticsCode(false); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> var maestroRunner = new gsites.pages.view.SitesMaestroRunner( webspace, "cs"); maestroRunner.initListeners(); maestroRunner.installEditRender(); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> JOT_insertTranslateCode('en', 'cs'); </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript" defer="true"> //<![CDATA[ // Decorate any fastUI buttons on the page with a class of 'goog-button'. if (webspace.user.hasWriteAccess) { JOT_decorateButtons(); } // Fires delayed events. (function() { JOT_fullyLoaded = true; var delayedEvents = JOT_delayedEvents; for (var x = 0; x < delayedEvents.length; x++) { var event = delayedEvents[x]; JOT_postEvent(event.eventName, event.eventSrc, event.payload); } JOT_delayedEvents = null; JOT_postEvent('pageLoaded'); })(); //]]> </script> <script xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" type="text/javascript"> // Dynamically render GViz charts. // TODO(hillel): Optimize by doing a server-side check for presence of // at least one gviz chart. JOT_postEvent('decorateGvizCharts'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102js_/https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js"> {'parsetags': 'explicit', 'lang': 'en'} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> JOT_createCanonicalUrlLink(); gapi.plusone.go('sites-chrome-main'); </script> <div id="server-timer-div" style="display:none"> </div> <script> window.jstiming.load.tick('render'); </script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 23:31:02 Oct 10, 2011 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 13:56:21 Nov 28, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.488 exclusion.robots: 0.023 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.014 esindex: 0.011 cdx.remote: 22.15 LoadShardBlock: 129.128 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 92.126 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 280.688 (2) load_resource: 295.59 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10