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<li id="toc-Origins_and_the_National_Democratic_Revolution_(1945–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_the_National_Democratic_Revolution_(1945–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and the National Democratic Revolution (1945–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_the_National_Democratic_Revolution_(1945–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruling_party_of_Laos_(1975–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_party_of_Laos_(1975–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ruling party of Laos (1975–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_party_of_Laos_(1975–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_centralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_centralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Democratic centralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_centralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Favoritism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Favoritism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Favoritism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Favoritism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monopoly_on_state_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monopoly_on_state_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Monopoly on state power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monopoly_on_state_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Election process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanguardism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanguardism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vanguardism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanguardism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower-level_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower-level_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lower-level organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower-level_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International outreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissertations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissertations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Dissertations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissertations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="حزب الشعب الثوري اللاوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الشعب الثوري اللاوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_Xalq_%C4%B0nqilab%C4%B1_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Laos Xalq İnqilabı Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laos Xalq İnqilabı Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="লাও গণবিপ্লবী দল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাও গণবিপ্লবী দল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Народна-рэвалюцыйная партыя Лаоса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народна-рэвалюцыйная партыя Лаоса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Popular_Revolucionari_de_Laos" title="Partit Popular Revolucionari de Laos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Popular Revolucionari de Laos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotische_Revolution%C3%A4re_Volkspartei" title="Laotische Revolutionäre Volkspartei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laotische Revolutionäre Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Revolucionario_de_Laos" title="Partido Popular Revolucionario de Laos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Popular Revolucionario de Laos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa_Popola_Revolucia_Partio" title="Laosa Popola Revolucia Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laosa Popola Revolucia Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="حزب انقلابی خلق لائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب انقلابی خلق لائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9volutionnaire_populaire_lao" title="Parti révolutionnaire populaire lao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti révolutionnaire populaire lao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85%EB%8B%B9" title="라오인민혁명당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라오인민혁명당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Revolusioner_Rakyat_Lao" title="Partai Revolusioner Rakyat Lao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Revolusioner Rakyat Lao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Rivoluzionario_del_Popolo_Lao" title="Partito Rivoluzionario del Popolo Lao – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Rivoluzionario del Popolo Lao" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Лаос элдик революциячыл партиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лаос элдик революциячыл партиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosas_Tautas_revolucion%C4%81r%C4%81_partija" title="Laosas Tautas revolucionārā partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laosas Tautas revolucionārā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoso_pilie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_revoliucin%C4%97_partija" title="Laoso piliečių revoliucinė partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laoso piliečių revoliucinė partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoszi_N%C3%A9pi_Forradalmi_P%C3%A1rt" title="Laoszi Népi Forradalmi Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laoszi Népi Forradalmi Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="حزب الشعب الثورى اللاوسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الشعب الثورى اللاوسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лаос Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лаос Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotiaanse_Revolutionaire_Volkspartij" title="Laotiaanse Revolutionaire Volkspartij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laotiaanse Revolutionaire Volkspartij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="ラオス人民革命党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラオス人民革命党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="បក្សបដិវត្តន៍ប្រជាជនឡាវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បក្សបដិវត្តន៍ប្រជាជនឡាវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laota%C5%84ska_Partia_Ludowo-Rewolucyjna" title="Laotańska Partia Ludowo-Rewolucyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laotańska Partia Ludowo-Rewolucyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_do_Laos" title="Partido Popular Revolucionário do Laos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Popular Revolucionário do Laos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Народно-революционная партия Лаоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народно-революционная партия Лаоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Fowk%27s_Revolutionary_Pairty" title="Lao Fowk's Revolutionary Pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lao Fowk's Revolutionary Pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Народна револуционарна партија Лаоса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народна револуционарна партија Лаоса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_revolucionarna_partija_Laosa" title="Narodna revolucionarna partija Laosa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narodna revolucionarna partija Laosa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotiska_revolution%C3%A4ra_folkpartiet" title="Laotiska revolutionära folkpartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laotiska revolutionära folkpartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="พรรคประชาชนปฏิวัติลาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคประชาชนปฏิวัติลาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Halk%C4%B1n_Devrimci_Partisi" title="Lao Halkın Devrimci Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lao Halkın Devrimci Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Народно-революційна партія Лаосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народно-революційна партія Лаосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_L%C3%A0o" title="Đảng Nhân dân Cách mạng Lào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Nhân dân Cách mạng Lào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%BB%A8" title="老撾人民革命黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="老撾人民革命黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老挝人民革命党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sole ruling party of Laos</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LPRP" redirects here. For the NASA program, see <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CE1126; border-bottom:2px solid #CE1126; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="lo">ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LPRP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/180px-LPRP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/270px-LPRP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/360px-LPRP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Standing Member</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bounthong_Chitmany" title="Bounthong Chitmany">Bounthong Chitmany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">22 March 1955<span class="noprint"><br />(69 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1955-03-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasaxon" title="Pasaxon">Pasaxon</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union">Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">348,686</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Development" title="Lao Front for National Development">Lao Front for National Development</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties">IMCWP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Laos)">National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">158 / 164</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 96%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pccob.gov.la/">www<wbr />.pccob<wbr />.gov<wbr />.la</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #CE1126;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics of Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Laos" title="List of political parties in Laos">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lao People's Revolutionary Party</b> (<b>LPRP</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the founding and <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">ruling party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a>. The party's monopoly on state power is guaranteed by Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution of Laos</a>, and it maintains a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> with centralised control over the economy and military. </p><p>The LPRP was established on 22 March 1955 by former members of the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a>. It led the insurgency against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Royal Lao Government</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The insurgency culminated with the LPRP seizing power in Laos in 1975. During its first years in power, the party strengthened party-state control over society and tried to establish a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet model</a>. In the 1980s, influenced by market reforms in China and Vietnam, the LPRP initiated economic reforms that privatised state companies and legalised <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a>, a concept conceived by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, is the organisational form of the LPRP. The highest institution of the party is the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">National Congress</a>, which elects the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Central Committee</a>. In between party congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making organ regarding party affairs. After a party congress, the Central Committee elects the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Politburo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Secretariat</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a>, the highest party officer. In between sessions of the Central Committee, the Politburo is the highest decision-making body. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th Politburo</a> comprises 13 members. The current party leader is <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a>, who holds the titles of General Secretary of the Central Committee, Chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_and_Public_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence and Public Security Commission (page does not exist)">Defence and Public Security Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister of Laos</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. </p><p>The LPRP is committed to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and participates in the <a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties</a>, an annual international forum of communist parties. According to the party statute, the party adheres to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a>. Upon taking power in 1975, the party sought to immediately abolish the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> and establish a <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">socialist society</a>. By the 1990s, the direction of the party had changed, and the party leadership believed that Laos was too underdeveloped to <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">build socialism</a>. The party thus adopted <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> as a tool for working towards a socialist society. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_the_National_Democratic_Revolution_(1945–1975)"><span id="Origins_and_the_National_Democratic_Revolution_.281945.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Origins and the National Democratic Revolution (1945–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and the National Democratic Revolution (1945–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></div> <p>The forerunner of the LPRP was the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> (ICP),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established by the Vietnamese leader <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> in February 1930 on orders from the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Communist International</a> (Comintern).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICP was tasked "to wipe out feudal remnants, to distribute land to the tillers, to overthrow imperialism and to make Indochina completely independent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominated by the Vietnamese, the ICP was originally named the "Vietnamese Communist Party",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was changed due to the Comintern's displeasure with the organisation's tone of Vietnamese nationalism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Comintern's belief that the workers of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos had more in common than had differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its claims to be an Indochinese party, the ICP remained a completely Vietnamese-dominated one until after its formal dissolution on 11 November 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which date the Indochinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Democratic_Revolution_(Indochina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Democratic Revolution (Indochina) (page does not exist)">National Democratic Revolution</a> was proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its previous existence, the ICP had had no Cambodian or Laotian members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, a concerted drive was begun by the underground ICP to recruit Laotian communist cadres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half-Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysone Phomvihan">Kaysone Phomvihan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">LPRP General Secretary</a> from 1955 until he died in 1992, was recruited sometime in 1946–47 while a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hanoi">University of Hanoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lack of Lao representation among the underground ICP would remain a problem; and by February 1951 only 81 of the 2,091 members were Lao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a136_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a136-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1951, the underground ICP convened its 2nd National Congress and changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Workers' Party of Vietnam</a> (WPV).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to political scientist Joseph J. Zasloff, "Eliminating the 'Indochinese' label of the Communist party seemed designed to appeal to nationalist sentiments in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. To demonstrate close links among the three peoples, the Vietnamese organisers of this congress invited several Cambodian and Lao leaders to attend."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate aftermath of the 2nd National Congress, a Viet-Lao-Khmer alliance was announced which declared a shared commitment to fighting against French colonialism and American imperialism in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1952, the WPV established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_the_Organization_of_the_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for the Organization of the Party (page does not exist)">Committee for the Organization of the Party</a>, which was composed of five members: Kaysone Phomvihan (as Secretary), <a href="/wiki/Nouhak_Phoumsavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouhak Phoumsavan">Nouhak Phoumsavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisavath_Keobounphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisavath Keobounphan">Sisavath Keobounphan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boun_Phommahaxai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boun Phommahaxai (page does not exist)">Boun Phommahaxai</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamsen (page does not exist)">Khamsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b66_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b66-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, The WPV initiated a purification of the Lao membership that expelled all but seventeen full members and an unknown number of candidate members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following two years, several communist cells were established throughout Laos; and on 22 March 1955, the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Lao People's Party">founding congress</a> met and established the Lao People's Party (LPP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not everything went according to plan, and the LPP was nearly annihilated by 1959, by severe government repression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Vietnamese reacted by increasing their support to the LPP and its military, the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the early 1960s the party controlled nearly half the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being the leading force behind the insurgency from 1955 to 1975, the party kept its existence secret, preferring to direct their activities through fronts. Few Laotians knew about the party's existence or the name of its leaders during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not preclude organisational activities. In February 1972, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd National Congress</a> was convened and changed the party's name to the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP).<sup id="cite_ref-secret_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 1973, after years of warfare, a peace agreement was brokered with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Royal Lao Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Laos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional Government of National Unity (Laos) (page does not exist)">Provisional Government of National Unity</a> (PGNU) was established; it was composed of communist sympathisers and led by royalist <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the unravelling of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> from 1974 to 1975, the Royal Lao Government faced several rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 1974 to January 1975 royal troops in the <a href="/wiki/Houei_Sai_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Houei Sai district">Houei Sai district</a> of Houa Khong Province, and in Khammouane Province, began an uprising against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacting to unfolding events, the party, through the Pathet Lao, seized control of the roads leading to Vientiane, effectively cutting off supplies to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During April and May, a city-wide anti-government protest took place in Vientiane, which led to the resignation of five cabinet members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976195_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976195-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, the government announced new elections for 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 November, LPRP representatives managed to get the monarchy officially to "voluntarily" renounce its <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">royal wealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976196–7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976196–7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party thus convened a <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Congress_of_People%27s_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Congress of People's Representatives (page does not exist)">National Congress of People's Representatives</a> for 1–2 December 1975. The congress dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>, established the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and announced the end of the 30-year-old National Democratic Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_party_of_Laos_(1975–present)"><span id="Ruling_party_of_Laos_.281975.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Ruling party of Laos (1975–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ruling party of Laos (1975–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collapse of the royal government and the ensuing communist takeover produced an <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">exodus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a176–7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a176–7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1980 ten percent of the population had left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its first years of power, the party retained its secretive ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysone Phomvihan">Kaysone Phomvihan</a>, the LPRP General Secretary, was unknown to most people at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a177-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading public voices of the communist movement before 1975, such as <a href="/wiki/Lao_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Patriotic Front">Lao Patriotic Front</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvong</a>, were swept aside after the communist seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government swiftly closed down independent news organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such organisations that were not dissolved were forced to seek membership in the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Front for National Construction">Lao Front for National Construction</a> (LFNC), a mass organisation controlled by the LPRP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a179_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a179-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To spread the new government's word, the LPRP and the LFNC organised meetings around the country to educate the people about the party line and spread Marxist–Leninist doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end goal of this process was the creation of <a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">the new socialist man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, the LPRP continued its socialist transformation by <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivising agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a191_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a191-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to journalist and historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stuart-Fox" title="Martin Stuart-Fox">Martin Stuart-Fox</a>, the LPRP believed that "productivity of agriculture could only be raised through economies of scale (by analogy with an industrial model), and this could only be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collective ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. Cooperatives, they argued, could maximise the use of modern inputs into agriculture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twin-goal of the collectivisation process was (1) abolishing <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> in the countryside and (2) strengthening political control in areas formerly controlled by the Royal Lao Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a193_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a193-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectivisation proved hard to implement, and several areas actively resisted the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a193_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a193-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the LPRP Central Committee gave up on collectivisation in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a194_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It argued that "Efforts to mobilise farmers to join agricultural cooperatives or set up new ones during the current production season should be immediately and strictly suspended while the people are engaging in production in order rapidly and effectively to increase production."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a194_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of emphasising collectivisation, the LPRP began focusing on employing modern agricultural equipment to improve economic efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a195_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a195-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988, Kaysone Phomvihan conceded that collectivisation had been a failure: "Our previous cooperative policy was in the old style practised by other socialist countries. After some investigations into the actual situation in Laos, we decided to change direction and start from the family."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a195_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a195-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later in 1990, virtually all agricultural cooperatives had ceased to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a196_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a196-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, at the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th National Congress</a>, the LPRP began dismantling its system of economic planning, which was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet model">Soviet model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a197_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a197-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysone Phomvihan, in his Political Report of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd Central Committee</a>, noted that "Our main shortcomings lie in subjectivism and haste, in our inclination to abolish the non-socialist economic sectors promptly<span class="nowrap"> </span>... We are bent on <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>. Consequently, we did not encourage good workers with high <a href="/wiki/Labour_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour productivity">labour productivity</a>. There was no relationship between responsibility, rights, obligations, and interests."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a197_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a197-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the banner term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_economic_accounting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist economic accounting (page does not exist)">socialist economic accounting</a> the LPRP began severing state enterprises from the <a href="/wiki/State_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="State budget">state budget</a>, forcing them to survive in the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, in light of the crisis taking place in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, further reforms were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A code of laws friendly to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> was adopted, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a> were encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important, unspoken reason for these changes was a drastic decline in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign assistance">foreign assistance</a> on which Laos totally depended, of which 70 per cent originated from the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, total foreign aid from the Eastern Bloc stood at US$52 million; by 1989 it was US$1 million, and none was received in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a198-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collapse of communism in Europe greatly impacted Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some students began criticising the LPRP's monopoly on state power and began calling for a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were supported by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democrat_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Democrat Club (page does not exist)">Social Democrat Club</a>, a group of forty Lao intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by events, LPRP official <a href="/wiki/Thongsouk_Saisangkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thongsouk Saisangkhi">Thongsouk Saisangkhi</a>, the Vice-Minister for Science and Technology, submitted an open resignation letter and accused the LPRP of establishing a "communist monarchy" and a "dynasty of the Politburo", a reference to the growing influence of the children of the leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPRP did not budge, and Thongsouk Saisangkhi together with Vice-Minister of Economics and Planning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latsami_Khamphoui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latsami Khamphoui (page does not exist)">Latsami Khamphoui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Justice (Laos)">Ministry of Justice</a> official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pheng_Sakchittaphong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pheng Sakchittaphong (page does not exist)">Pheng Sakchittaphong</a> were imprisoned in October 1990, and sentenced to fourteen years in prison in November 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that same year a new constitution was adopted, which stated that Laos was a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">people's democratic dictatorship</a> under the leadership of the LPRP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a201_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a201-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of appeasing the critics, <a href="/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamtai Siphandon">Khamtai Siphandon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Politburo member</a> at the time, stated unequivocally that "The Party is also the sole Party whom the people trust. All slanders and attempts designed to undermine the leadership role of the Party are regarded as contradictory to historical reality and the national interest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a200-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The governance of the party and state has stabilised since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWescott2003246_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWescott2003246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management consultant Clay Wescott notes that the party "has shown itself to be remarkably resilient. Transitions of power have tended to be smooth, the new generation of leaders has proven more open to reform, and the Politburo now has some ethnic diversity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWescott2003246_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWescott2003246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving fourteen years as LPRP General Secretary, Khamtai Siphandon left office in 2006, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone" title="Choummaly Sayasone">Choummaly Sayasone</a> who served ten years in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunn2007183–4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn2007183–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Sayasone was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Bounnhang_Vorachith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounnhang Vorachith">Bounnhang Vorachith</a>, who served until 2021<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunn2017206_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn2017206-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by the current LPRP General Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_centralism">Democratic centralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic centralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party's centralised and hierarchical organisational structure is based on <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, which was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure entails that lower party organs obey the decisions of the higher ones, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">LPRP Central Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also entails a ban on internal party factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, every decision-making organ has to be guided by the principle of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>, a process that emphasises collegial decision-making, in contrast to one-person dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPRP General Secretary Kaysone Phomvihane, in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">5th National Congress</a> in 1991, stated "that our Party's democracy is a centralised one. Therefore, we must strictly implement the principle according to which the minority must yield to the majority; the lower leading organisation execute the upper leading organisation's orders. The whole Party follows the Central Committee."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeng1993187–8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeng1993187–8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Favoritism">Favoritism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Favoritism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a>, meaning <a href="/wiki/In-group_favouritism" class="mw-redirect" title="In-group favouritism">favouritism</a> that is granted to relatives, and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>, the support a powerful individual bestows on another, is a mainstay of LPRP politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017187_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 25 per cent of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th Central Committee</a> members are connected through birth or marriage to one of the founding revolutionary families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent example is <a href="/wiki/Xaysomphone_Phomvihane" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaysomphone Phomvihane">Xaysomphone Phomvihane</a>, the eldest son of Kaysone Phomvihane, who was elected to the <a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th</a> and <a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a> politburos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysone Phomvihane's wife, <a href="/wiki/Thongvin_Phomvihane" title="Thongvin Phomvihane">Thongvin Phomvihane</a>, served as General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union">Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union</a> from 1988 to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khampheng_Saysompheng" title="Khampheng Saysompheng">Khampheng Saysompheng</a>, the son-in-law of former LPRP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamtai Siphandon">Khamtai Siphandon</a>, was elected to the <a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th Central Committee</a>, was appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Welfare_(Laos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (Laos) (page does not exist)">Minister of Labour and Social Welfare</a> in 2015, and was elected to the 10th Central Committee in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Viengthong_Siphandone" title="Viengthong Siphandone">Viengthong Siphandone</a>, the wife of Khampheng Saysompheng and daughter of Khamtai Siphandon, was appointed chairwoman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Audit_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Audit Organisation (page does not exist)">State Audit Organisation</a>, and in 2016 was elected to the 10th Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viengthong Siphandone's brother <a href="/wiki/Sonexay_Siphandone" title="Sonexay Siphandone">Sonexay Siphandone</a> was transferred from his governorship of <a href="/wiki/Champasak_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Champasak Province">Champasak Province</a> and appointed Minister of the Office of Government in 2015, elected to the 10th Politburo in 2016, and reelected to the 11th in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This tendency continued under the stewardship of LPRP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone" title="Choummaly Sayasone">Choummaly Sayasone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Brother-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother-in-law">brother-in-law</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khammeung_Phongthady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khammeung Phongthady (page does not exist)">Khammeung Phongthady</a> was elected to the 9th Central Committee and was reassigned from his governorship of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane_province" title="Vientiane province">Vientiane province</a> to be cabinet chief of the Office of the Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182–3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182–3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khammeung's reassignment opened the door for Choummaly Sayasone to appoint his eldest son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidong_Sayasone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidong Sayasone (page does not exist)">Vidong Sayasone</a>, to become Secretary of the Vientiane LPRP Provincial Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his secretaryship, Vidong Sayasone was later elected to the 9th Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choummaly Sayasone's two other sons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoxay_Sayasone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoxay Sayasone (page does not exist)">Phoxay Sayasone</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phokham_Sayasone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phokham Sayasone (page does not exist)">Phokham Sayasone</a>, were also appointed to leading party offices, with Phoxay Sayasone elected as a substitute member of the 10th Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017183-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current LPRP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a> married the adopted daughter of former acting president <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Vongvichit" title="Phoumi Vongvichit">Phoumi Vongvichit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201966_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201966-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i>Politics and Reform in Laos</i>, Stuart-Fox remarks that "senior Party members [after the revolution] soon began to dispense patronage in the traditional Lao way, rewarding extended family members and loyal retainers with favours and jobs, for which they were often poorly qualified, to build a political support base<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Ironically, this process of political-economic elite formation was powerfully assisted by the introduction of the economic reforms of the 1980s".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, Lao <a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">political culture</a> has changed little with the communist seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inherent tendency in the LPRP could explain the <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> behaviour of some of its members and its limited organisational capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPRP differs in this way from its counterparts in China and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200664_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200664-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart-Fox contends that Laos's lack of a state bureaucratic tradition throughout its history has forced Laotians to rely on their extended families and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth2006100_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth2006100-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lao specialists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Barney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Barney (page does not exist)">Keith Barney</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Creak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Creak (page does not exist)">Simon Creak</a> disagree with Stuart-Fox's assertion and argue "[that] the relatively institutionalised character of Lao authoritarianism, which has placed the top leadership positions less as powers in themselves, and more under the broad discipline of the LPRP. To express this another way, the LPRP provides a disciplining mechanism for the patron-client relations that continue to function throughout society, which in turn depends on party connections."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakBarney2018699_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakBarney2018699-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monopoly_on_state_power">Monopoly on state power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monopoly on state power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos_congress_flags.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laos_congress_flags.svg/220px-Laos_congress_flags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laos_congress_flags.svg/330px-Laos_congress_flags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laos_congress_flags.svg/440px-Laos_congress_flags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The LPRP has a monopoly on state power in the country.</figcaption></figure> <p>The LPRP has a legal monopoly on state power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020211-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, the state maintains a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary power">centralised and unitary state power</a> based on democratic centralism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020211-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having the status as "the most ethnically diverse" country of Southeast Asia, the Laotian unitary state system is legitimised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_integrationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist integrationism (page does not exist)">socialist integrationism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020211-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This school of thought "[regards] social classes as the key component of social thought and practice, and [regards] the promotion of distributive justice as the appropriate public priority."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020211-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, differences in class, income, and status are more important than ethnic differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020212_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020212-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Stuart-Fox, the party controls this unitary state through "the government, the bureaucracy, mass organisations and the military. In all four, it is virtually <i>de rigueur</i> for leading figures to be Party members. They would not be in those positions unless they were members of the Party. Party cells operate in all institutions, and there is active recruitment of promising younger personnel into the Party; membership is by invitation only."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020232-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist Bounlonh J.Soukamneuth concurs with Stuart-Fox's assessment and writes that the "Party monopolises political ambition and regulates public life. Party operatives penetrate all institutions of government and many areas of society. All party-state organisations (from the government bureaucracy, the mass organisation, to the military) implement party directives and administer its monopoly on power."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200653–4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200653–4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party has established cells in every state institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention is to ensure "the party's all-around absolute and direct leadership over all links, from the mapping out of lines and policies to the organisation of execution and control."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit of this labour is, according to former LPRP General Secretary Khamtai Siphandon, that "the party leadership commands historical events."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that state institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Laos">Lao Government</a>, implements party directives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each government ministry appoints a vice minister responsible for implementing party directives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Lao constitution</a> states that "the correct leadership of the former <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> and the present Lao People's Revolutionary Party" explains the party's role in society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020232-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory roles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>, the Laotian constitution does not firmly establish the LPRP's leadership over state and society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020232-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, Article 3 of the constitution states that "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020233_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020233-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legal scholar Bui Ngoc Son, Article 3 "is not merely expressive of the Marxist orthodoxy of party vanguard but also responsive to the local concern of integration of ethnic diversity. This is an ambiguous constitutional commitment as a response to ethnic plurality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020233_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020233-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the constitution states in Article 10 that the party is subject to the law: "[the Party] must function within the bounds of the Constitution and the laws."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020234_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020234-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a> (LPAF), the military, is tasked by the constitution to defend the gains of the revolution and the achievements of LPRP rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution says little about civil-military relations and political control over it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPRP's own statute clearly states that its political leadership over the military (and other security forces) emanates from the LPRP Central Committee's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_and_Public_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence and Public Security Commission (page does not exist)">Defence and Public Security Commission</a> (DPSC) and that the DPSC maintains direct, united, and full control of the LPAF.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_process">Election process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Election process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Term </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Laotian parliamentary election">1989</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_National_Assembly_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd National Assembly of Laos (page does not exist)">2nd</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">65 / 79</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 82%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Laotian parliamentary election">1992</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_National_Assembly_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd National Assembly of Laos (page does not exist)">3rd</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">85 / 85</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1997_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="1997 Laotian parliamentary election">1997</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_National_Assembly_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th National Assembly of Laos (page does not exist)">4th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">98 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 99%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2002 Laotian parliamentary election">2002</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="5th National Assembly of Laos">5th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">109 / 109</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Laotian parliamentary election">2006</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="6th National Assembly of Laos">6th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">113 / 115</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 98%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Laotian parliamentary election">2011</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="7th National Assembly of Laos">7th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">128 / 132</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 97%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Laotian parliamentary election">2016</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="8th National Assembly of Laos">8th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">144 / 149</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 97%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Laotian parliamentary election">2021</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="9th National Assembly of Laos">9th</a></b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">158 / 164</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #CE1126; color:inherit; width: 96%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Elections to the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="National Assembly of Laos">National Assembly</a> are held every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly is defined by the constitution as "the representative of the rights, powers and interests of the multi-ethnic people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body is elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election laws state that to stand for election a candidate must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Front for National Construction">Lao Front for National Construction</a>, which decides if the candidate passes criteria outlined in the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the criteria are quite general, such as a candidate having to "be patriotic, be devoted to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democracy</a>, be loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">New Economic Mechanism</a> of the Party, be true to the nation, always serve the interests of the people, and have a strong, clear and absolute attitude towards friends and enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201959_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201959-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other criteria such as a candidate's having to "have a sufficient level of knowledge of the Party's policies and strategic programs, and of State laws and regulations, and have the capacity to undertake propaganda and motivate people to be aware of and to participate in the implementation of Party policies and State laws" makes it easier for LPRP members to be approved as candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most candidates, therefore, end up being members of the LPRP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are usually more candidates than seats; at the 2016 election, 210 candidates were competing for the 149 seats in the <a href="/wiki/7th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="7th National Assembly of Laos">7th National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While elected representatives have used the National Assembly to question the government on a wide range of policies, such as corruption, the assembly has never punished the government in any sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart-Fox opines that it is unlikely that [LPRP members] will jeopardise their chances for promotion within the party by questioning their own leaders too closely."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist Holly High disagrees, and notes that "While in the past the role of the NA [National Assembly] was often dismissed as a mere symbolic nod towards representational politics and a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">rubber stamp</a> for party directives, perceptions have changed in recent years with the NA now thought of as a key avenue for popular recourse."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes that National Assembly chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Pany_Yathotou" title="Pany Yathotou">Pany Yathotou</a> has sought to simplify the process whereby constituents can contact and inform their elected representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same spirit the National Assembly has established a <a href="/wiki/Hotline" title="Hotline">hotline</a> by which any Lao citizen can contact their representative via free-call, letter, or e-mail. At the mid-year plenary session of the National Assembly in 2012, representatives received 280 calls over 17 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of complaints were about the handling of land issues and compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vanguardism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LPRP is a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist party</a> deeply influenced by the Vietnamese and Soviet communists' examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party sees itself as "the sole faithful representative of the interests of the working classes, the working people of all Lao nationalities and the entire Lao people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>, the LPRP nurtures the idea that socialism can only succeed if a disciplined and genuinely revolutionary party is in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the party considers itself the directing force of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution and socialist construction</a>, and sees as its responsibility to propagate Marxist values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, it considers itself to be a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the LPRP contends that there is no reason, ideologically, for other parties to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-no_need_for_other_parties_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_need_for_other_parties-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of this, Kayasone Phomvihane once told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that "The Laotian people have faith in and agree with the People's Revolutionary Party's leadership since the party belongs to the people, originates from the people and serves the people. Our Laotian party does not yet see any need for establishing other political parties."<sup id="cite_ref-no_need_for_other_parties_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_need_for_other_parties-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LPRP study material states that earlier revolutionary heroes against French oppression—such as <a href="/wiki/Ong_Keo" title="Ong Keo">Ong Keo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kommadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommadam">Kommadam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chao-Fa_Patchai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chao-Fa Patchai (page does not exist)">Chao-Fa Patchai</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pho_Kadout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pho Kadout (page does not exist)">Pho Kadout</a>—"were defeated because there was no Party to lead the struggle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party cadres are therefore told that they are the "vanguard of the revolution" since they've acquired knowledge of the contradictions in Lao society and, during the <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a>, understood that the only way to establish a free Laos was through armed struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good cadre is therefore defined by the LPRP as someone "who is loyal to the nation and willing to <a href="/wiki/Serve_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Serve the people">serve the people</a>, obeys his leaders without question, keeps good discipline, respects the system, improves himself through study<span class="nowrap"> </span>... [and] be resolute, brave, and undiscouraged in the face of difficulties."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics of Laos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Revolutionary Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">National Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rules of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Member_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Standing Member</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounthong_Chitmany" title="Bounthong Chitmany">Bounthong Chitmany</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Inspection Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/11th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th</a>) <ul><li>Chairman <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamphan_Phommathat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamphan Phommathat (page does not exist)">Khamphan Phommathat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice Chairman <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilayvanh_Boudakham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilayvanh Boudakham (page does not exist)">Vilayvanh Boudakham</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Defence_and_Public_Security_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Defence and Public Security Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Defence and Public Security Commission</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Defence_and_Public_Security_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Defence and Public Security Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">11th</a>) <ul><li>Chairman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="National Assembly of Laos">National Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="9th National Assembly of Laos">9th term</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="President of the National Assembly of Laos">President</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saysomphone_Phomvihane" title="Saysomphone Phomvihane">Saysomphone Phomvihane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Laos (page does not exist)">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Laos (page does not exist)">9th</a>) <ul><li>President <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saysomphone_Phomvihane" title="Saysomphone Phomvihane">Saysomphone Phomvihane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Presidency (9th) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Laos" title="Vice President of Laos">Vice President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pany_Yathotou" title="Pany Yathotou">Pany Yathotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounthong_Chitmany" title="Bounthong Chitmany">Bounthong Chitmany</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Laos">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/9th_Government_of_Laos" title="9th Government of Laos">9th</a>—<a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_Laos" title="List of governments of Laos">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phankham_Viphavanh" title="Phankham Viphavanh">Phankham Viphavanh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Laos">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chansamone_Chanyalath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chansamone Chanyalath (page does not exist)">Chansamone Chanyalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonexay_Siphandone" title="Sonexay Siphandone">Sonexay Siphandone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikeo_Khaykhamphithoune" title="Kikeo Khaykhamphithoune">Kikeo Khaykhamphithoune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Audit_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Audit Organisation (page does not exist)">State Audit Organisation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_State_Audit_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th State Audit Organisation (page does not exist)">9th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_State_Audit_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the State Audit Organisation (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaythong_Kommasith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaythong Kommasith (page does not exist)">Malaythong Kommasith</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Inspection_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Inspection Authority (page does not exist)">State Inspection Authority</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_State_Inspection_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th State Inspection Authority (page does not exist)">9th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_State_Inspection_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the State Inspection Authority (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamphan_Phommathat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamphan Phommathat (page does not exist)">Khamphan Phommathat</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Laos">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Supreme_Court_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Supreme Court of Laos">People's Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_People%27s_Supreme_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th People's Supreme Court (page does not exist)">9th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_People%27s_Supreme_Court_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the People's Supreme Court of Laos (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viengthong_Siphandone" title="Viengthong Siphandone">Viengthong Siphandone</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Laos (page does not exist)">Supreme People's Procuracy</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Supreme People's Procuracy (page does not exist)">9th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Prosecutor_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Prosecutor of Laos (page does not exist)">Supreme Prosecutor</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xaysana_Khotphouthone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xaysana Khotphouthone (page does not exist)">Xaysana Khotphouthone</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Mass organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Development" title="Lao Front for National Development">Front for National Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_Lao_Front_for_National_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the Lao Front for National Development (page does not exist)">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Lao_Front_for_National_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Lao Front for National Development (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saysomphone_Phomvihane" title="Saysomphone Phomvihane">Saysomphone Phomvihane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Women%27s_Union" title="Lao Women's Union">Women's Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_Women%27s_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Lao Women's Union (page does not exist)">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Lao_Women%27s_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Lao Women's Union (page does not exist)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inlavanh_Keobounphanh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inlavanh Keobounphanh (page does not exist)">Inlavanh Keobounphanh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union">Youth Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union (page does not exist)">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union (page does not exist)">General Secretary</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alounxay_Sounnalath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alounxay Sounnalath (page does not exist)">Alounxay Sounnalath</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Military</li><li>Defense</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Ministry of Defense <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Laos)" title="Minister of Defense (Laos)">Minister</a>: C. Chanyalath</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Saleumxay_Kommasith" title="Saleumxay Kommasith">Saleumxay Kommasith</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Laos" title="List of diplomatic missions of Laos">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Laos" title="List of diplomatic missions in Laos">in Laos</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_passport" title="Laotian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Laotian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Laotian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Laos" title="Visa policy of Laos">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Elections</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Laos" title="Administrative divisions of Laos">Administrative divisions</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Laos" title="Provinces of Laos">provinces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Laos" title="Districts of Laos">districts</a>)</li></ul></div> </div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Independence_and_Democracy_in_Laos" title="Committee for Independence and Democracy in Laos">Committee for Independence and<br />Democracy (CIDL)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/32px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/48px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/64px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Laos portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Laos" title="Template:Politics of Laos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Laos" title="Template talk:Politics of Laos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Laos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Laos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_organisation">Central organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">National Congress</a> is the party's highest body, and convenes every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017179_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017179-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">party statute</a>, the Central Committee convenes the national congress. The party statute gives the Congress the following responsibilities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201998-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Hearing the Political Report of the outgoing Central Committee</li> <li>Examining the Political Report of the outgoing Central Committee</li> <li>Adopting a Five-Year Plan of Socio-Economic Development</li> <li>Electing a Central Committee</li> <li>Discussing and enacting party policies</li> <li>Revising the party statute</li></ol> <p>In between LPRP convocations of the National Congress, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201998-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Committee elects the membership of several bodies to carry out its work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Plenary Session of a newly elected Central Committee elects the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">party's General Secretary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_and_Public_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence and Public Security Commission (page does not exist)">Defence and Public Security Commission</a> (DPSC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Secretariat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201998-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Politburo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Inspection Commission</a>. The Politburo exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when the latter is not in session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201998-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DPSC is the highest decision-making institution regarding military and security affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPRP General Secretary is by right of office the DPSC chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Secretariat is the top implementation body and is headed by the LPRP General Secretary as the 1st-ranking member and the Inspection Commission chairman as the 2nd-ranking member, with the 3rd-ranking member serving as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Member_of_the_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Member of the Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Standing Member</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200655_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200655-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPRP secretaries normally head or work in Central Committee commissions, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pasaxon" title="Pasaxon">Pasaxon</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alun_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alun Mai (page does not exist)">Alun Mai</a></i> publications,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b231_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b231-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inspection Commission resolves disciplinary issues involving party members. Subjects for investigation range from graft to anti-party and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> activities, and generally encompass all party rules violations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower-level_organisation">Lower-level organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lower-level organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union">Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union</a> (LPRYU) is the LPRP's <a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">youth league</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established in 1983, and is modelled organisationally on the LPRP; it has its own General Secretary, Politburo, Secretariat, and Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It convenes a national congress, its highest decision-making body, every five years;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it publishes its own newspaper, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num_Lao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Num Lao (page does not exist)">Num Lao</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Karl Marx in 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/125px-Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/188px-Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/250px-Karl_Marx_001_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vladimir Lenin in 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/125px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/188px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ho Chi Minh in 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg/125px-Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg/188px-Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg/250px-Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kaysone Phomvihane in 1978" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg/125px-Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg/188px-Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg/250px-Kaysone_Phomvihane_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The four most important contributors to the ideology of the LPRP (top-down, left to right): <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The party is guided by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, a synthesis of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a>, which builds upon Marxism–Leninism and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a> said as much in 1970: "The resounding victories of the Indochinese peoples in the past quarter-century cannot be separated from the introduction of Marxism–Leninism into Indochina [and that it] provides guidance for its action and points out practical ways to advance the revolution in Laos."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party pamphlets further note that it was Karl Marx and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> that discovered the universal principles of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1975, at the 3rd Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd Central Committee</a>, the party made clear its intention to skip the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist phase</a> in its advance towards socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the same plenary session considered the socialist transformation of agriculture (<a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>) as unlikely considering the country's level of development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It went on to say that the LPRP had no intention of abolishing capitalist property relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reigning belief was that the country's low level of political and cultural maturity, the LPRP's weak organisational capacity, and the state sector's immaturity made it impossible to skip capitalism and immediately initiate socialist construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party thus decided on a long-term strategy of transitioning towards socialism: (1) it sought to eliminate traces of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, while building a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">people's democratic regime</a> by extending administrative power from the centre to the grassroots; and (2) normalising people's lives by reestablishing capitalist relations alongside establishing new socialist <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1975, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee further clarified party ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysone Phomvihane believed that Laos was facing a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialetical struggle</a> against American imperialism and its local puppets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This he identified as part of a "two-line struggle" between socialism and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 5th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee, Kaysone Phomvihane stated that "the struggle against imperialism, struggle between them and us, class struggle, and struggle to build a new regime were related to 'who is winning over whom' between socialism and capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ideological change to the "two-line struggle" needed to be followed by speeding up socialist construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1977, the 4th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee decided that <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> and collectivisation were the means to accomplish this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysone Phomvihane quipped "that abolishing feudalistic ownership and exploitation, confiscating the assets of a reactionary feudalist and <a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">comprador capitalists</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>... [and] constructing socialist relations of production in the state economy based on two forms of primary ownership: ownership by all the people and <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, at the 7th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee, the party line changed yet again, and now emphasised introducing market relations into the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was grounded in the idea that the transition to socialism was a long historical process, and that Laos was still in the early stages of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party confirmed that the state and collective enterprises would play a major role in the economy, but that <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a>, and individual economic activity would continue and be utilised by the state for socialist construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to economist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norihiko_Yamada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norihiko Yamada (page does not exist)">Norihiko Yamada</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>socialism lost its substantial meaning and was no longer considered a realistic national goal. While socialism remained the LPRP's eventual goal, as it does today, the party acknowledged that the transition period would be longer than expected. Even though the party did not abandon socialism, it was unsure how long the transition would be and when socialist construction would be complete. In other words, socialism became ideal. In its place, post-war reconstruction and establishing the necessary foundations for state-building became the realistic goal of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722–3_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722–3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The implications of the 1979 changes did not dawn on the party leadership before the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning, the market reforms were promoted under the umbrella of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Economic_Management_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist Economic Management Mechanism (page does not exist)">Socialist Economic Management Mechanism</a>, and by 1984 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Economic_Management_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Economic Management Mechanism (page does not exist)">New Economic Management Mechanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these terms stressed the importance of state management of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPRP still deemed "that the state economy, collective economy and state capitalism were based on the principle of a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, whereas the private and individual sectors were based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">commodity-money relations</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 8th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee, Kaysone Phomvihane told the plenum that the two-line struggle between socialism and capitalism had entered a new and complex stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd National Congress</a> Kaysone Phomvihane further clarified his statement, claiming that the two-line struggle was between those who supported and those who opposed economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018724_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018724-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction to opposition from party officials, especially those centred around <a href="/wiki/Nouhak_Phoumsavanh" title="Nouhak Phoumsavanh">Nouhak Phoumsavanh</a>, Kaysone Phomvihane introduced the term <a href="/wiki/New_Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="New Thinking">New Thinking</a> into ideological discourse at the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was defined in opposition to what Kayasone Phomvihane termed "old thinking":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Previously, we defined the basic struggle in our socialist country as a two-line struggle between socialism and capitalism and argued that with the transition to socialism, we had to resolve this struggle and a struggle between collective ownership and private ownership. This shows a misunderstanding. Although we must distinguish between our enemy and us, as we transition to socialism, based on social conditions in our country, addressing that struggle is not the top priority.<br /><br /> Considering the current socio-economic situation in our country, the most fundamental struggle that the revolution must resolve is the one between old-fashioned forces of production and increasing production to supply the demand in society that is increasing daily." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Member of the 4th Central Committee <a href="/wiki/Mounkeo_Oraboun" title="Mounkeo Oraboun">Mounkeo Oraboun</a> in his article "The Path from People's Democracy to Socialism, Step by Step", published in the party's theoretical journal <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alun_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alun Mai (page does not exist)">Alun Mai</a></i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018727_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018727-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <blockquote><p>"Sometimes in the past, they [leaders] did not have the courage to speak frankly about the facts, difficulties and shortcomings of their work with the people, but they were trying to speak about only achievements and victories. That is not a scientific way of thinking, and it is wrong<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Speaking in accordance with facts is new thinking<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Trusting the people, speaking frankly, and talking with people according to facts is the new way of thinking and the new work style. The other way around, not trusting the people, distorting the facts, not revealing the difficulties and shortcomings, are the outdated way of thinking and the old way. Old thinking is subjective and impatient.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... One example of old thinking is to see only negative aspects of a non-socialist economic sector but not to see any of its advantages in economic development and the improvement of people's lives. Therefore, we think that changing the ownership of the means of production is the key to developing a production force, which will automatically lead to the improvement of people's lives."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While economic reforms increased <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and raised the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, the reforms also produced what the LPRP termed "negative phenomena" such as corruption, fraud, economic disparity, and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPRP Chairman <a href="/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamtai Siphandon">Khamtai Siphandon</a> therefore initiated a campaign to strengthen socialist values, and told a party gathering that "to control the grassroots and people is a serious struggle of 'who will win over whom?' between our enemies and us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, Secretariat member <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chueang_Sombounkhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chueang Sombounkhan (page does not exist)">Chueang Sombounkhan</a> published in <i>Alun Mai</i> an article that clarified the party's position on socialism: "to prepare for the transition phase it is necessary to reserve a certain period of time, which means 'transition for transition' or 'indirect transition', for reaching socialism. Generally, such a transition path is the longest, a complex and difficult route."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Yamada: </p> <blockquote><p>"[the LPRP] claimed that Laos was in transition for transition, or in an ultra-long transition and that the negative aspects of economic growth were caused by this process. The party used this argument to legitimate their line as well as to trivialise the problems. However, even if such a theory could legitimate the long transition to socialism and its concomitant problems, it did not necessarily resolve the gap between socialism and the market economy. In other words, the party did not have a theoretical measure to deal with the problems, except for socialism. Therefore, the party trivialised problems arising from economic development as an ideological struggle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">8th National Congress</a> the LPRP sought yet again to clarify its Marxist–Leninist position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It decided that as long as the party's policies were "(i) developing economic power; (ii) strengthening the state and ensuring political stability; and (iii) improving living standards and creating benefits for the people" it was socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Political Report of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">7th Central Committee</a> to the 8th National Congress further stated that "to achieve the long-term goal defined by the party, we must consider industrialisation and modernisation as the priority in development because the socialist transformation has the same target and goal as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernisation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the party tried to clarify why it was both logical and legitimate to use markets to construct socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It claimed that successful nation-state building was a prerequisite for creating socialist conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th National Congress</a>, LPRP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone" title="Choummaly Sayasone">Choummaly Sayasone</a> stressed the importance of strengthening ideological work and understanding:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"[We must] continue to adhere firmly to Marxism–Leninism and socialist ideals, pay attention to research and grasp some [of the] basic principles of Marxism–Leninism, then apply them creatively and appropriately to the real situation of our state by adjusting the [party] line to the requirement of national development. In order to provide direction for the party's actual leadership and to solve problems appropriately, we always learn lessons from practice and stick to the renovation line by opposing <a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">primordialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radicalism</a> and thought not grasping the real situation and principle of renovation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 2016, the party had modernised its ideological framework. The <a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th National Congress</a> amended the party statute, and Kaysone Phomvihane Thought was added. By adopting Kaysone Phomvihane Thought, the party sought to legitimise party rule and its economic policies further. Its adoption was a breach of party tradition, for the LPRP had never named a theory after an individual before. While the party failed to expound on the term's meaning at the 10th National Congress, the term itself had been used occasionally earlier. To celebrate Kaysone Phomvihane's 85th anniversary in 2006, the LPRP organised the seminar "Kaysone Phomvihane Thought in the Construction and Development of the People's Democratic Regime along the Road of Socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seminar extolled him "as the key thinker and theorist of the party, the initiator of the 1979 reforms, and as an heir to Marx and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> who creatively applied Marxism-Leninism to Laos."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysone Phomvihane Thought was in turn defined as a fundamental theory for the renovation of the party and as a guide for the party and the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_outreach">International outreach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International outreach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LPRP maintains party-to-party relations with <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist</a> and non-communist parties, alike. It is a regular attendee of the <a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties</a>, an international forum of communist parties. It also maintains close party-to-party relations with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> (CPC), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV), the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPV and the CPC usually compete for influence in Laos, but the LPRP remains closest to the CPV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the CPC often gives aid to Laos and the LPRP, the relationship lacks the rituals that characterise the LPRP–CPV relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To exemplify, during a routine visit to Laos in December 2015, the Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_B%C3%ACnh_Minh" title="Phạm Bình Minh">Phạm Bình Minh</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Independence" title="Order of Independence">Order of Independence</a> (Class 2 and 3), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Labour_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Labour (Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Order of Labour</a> (Class 3), and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Friendship (Vietnam)">Order of Friendship</a> to his Laotian counterparts for their "outstanding performance" in enhancing ties between Laos and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199–200_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199–200-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priority given to ties with the CPV is seen in other areas as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, upon his election as LPRP General Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Bounnhang_Vorachith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounnhang Vorachith">Bounnhang Vorachith</a> reached out to his Vietnamese counterpart first and to the CPC at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a>, ruling party since 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, ruling party since 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a>, ruling party since 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>, ruling party since 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>, ruling party (of North Korea) since 1946</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ</span>, <span title="Lao-language romanization"><i lang="lo-Latn">Phak Pasaxon Pativat Lao</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti révolutionnaire populaire lao</i></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197312_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a136-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a136_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008a">Stuart-Fox 2008a</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197313_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b66-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b66_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008b">Stuart-Fox 2008b</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197314–5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, pp. 14–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/laos/85.htm">"Lao People's Revolutionary Party – LPRP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party+%E2%80%93+LPRP&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Flaos%2F85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976193_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownZasloff1976">Brown & Zasloff 1976</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976194_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownZasloff1976">Brown & Zasloff 1976</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976195-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976195_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownZasloff1976">Brown & Zasloff 1976</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976197_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownZasloff1976">Brown & Zasloff 1976</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownZasloff1976196–7-13"><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a178_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008a">Stuart-Fox 2008a</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a179-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a179_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008a">Stuart-Fox 2008a</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a191-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008a191_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008a">Stuart-Fox 2008a</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos+Communist+Party+names+PM+Thongloun+as+new+leader&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-laos-politics%2Flaos-communist-party-names-pm-thongloun-as-new-leader-idUSKBN29K0YU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017181_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201958-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201958_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPunya2019">Punya 2019</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeng1993187–8-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeng1993187–8_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeng1993">Meng 1993</a>, pp. 187–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017187-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017187_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200663_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b189_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008b">Stuart-Fox 2008b</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017182–3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200664_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth2006100-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth2006100_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakBarney2018699-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakBarney2018699_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakBarney2018">Creak & Barney 2018</a>, p. 699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020211-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020211_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020212-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020212_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020232-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020232_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200653–4-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200653–4_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, pp. 53–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200654_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200658_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020233-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020233_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020233_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020234-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020234_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2002309_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2002">Stuart-Fox 2002</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESon2020230-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESon2020230_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSon2020">Son 2020</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2007164_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2007">Stuart-Fox 2007</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201959-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201959_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPunya2019">Punya 2019</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013142_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigh2013">High 2013</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigh2013143_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigh2013">High 2013</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox1983438_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox1983">Stuart-Fox 1983</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-no_need_for_other_parties-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-no_need_for_other_parties_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-no_need_for_other_parties_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm,_Henry1990" class="citation web cs1">Hamm, Henry (27 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/communist-laos-mixes-strict-political-dogma-with-capitalist-economics.html">"Communist Laos Mixes Strict Political Dogma With Capitalist Economics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Communist+Laos+Mixes+Strict+Political+Dogma+With+Capitalist+Economics&rft.date=1990-01-27&rft.au=Hamm%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fcommunist-laos-mixes-strict-political-dogma-with-capitalist-economics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197320–1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, pp. 20–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017179-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017179_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPunya201998-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPunya201998_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPunya2019">Punya 2019</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200655-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoukamneuth200655_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoukamneuth2006">Soukamneuth 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpl.gov.la/En/Page/Politic/partyx.aspx">"10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lao_News_Agency" title="Lao News Agency">Lao News Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10th+Central+Committee+of+the+Lao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party&rft.pub=Lao+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpl.gov.la%2FEn%2FPage%2FPolitic%2Fpartyx.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b231-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart-Fox2008b231_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuart-Fox2008b">Stuart-Fox 2008b</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123012945/https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-LAO-2020.html">"Laos Country Report 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-LAO-2020.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos+Country+Report+2020&rft.pub=Bertelsmann+Transformation+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcountry-report-LAO-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZasloff197321_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZasloff1973">Zasloff 1973</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018732_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 732.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018719_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018721_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018720–1_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, pp. 720–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722–3-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018722–3_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, pp. 722–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018723_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 723.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018724-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018724_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018725_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 725.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018727-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018727_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018730_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 730.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamada2018731_82-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2018">Yamada 2018</a>, p. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017198–9_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, pp. 198–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199–200-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017199–200_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreakSayalath2017200_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreakSayalath2017">Creak & Sayalath 2017</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSon2020" class="citation book cs1">Son, Bui Ngoc (2020). <i>Constitutional Change in the Contemporary Socialist World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198851349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198851349"><bdi>978-0198851349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Change+in+the+Contemporary+Socialist+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0198851349&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=Bui+Ngoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Fox2002" class="citation book cs1">Stuart-Fox, Martin (2002). <i>Buddhist Kingdom, Marxist State: The Making of Modern Laos</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9748496481" title="Special:BookSources/978-9748496481"><bdi>978-9748496481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Kingdom%2C+Marxist+State%3A+The+Making+of+Modern+Laos&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9748496481&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Fox2008a" class="citation book cs1">Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008a). <i>A History of Laos</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521597463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521597463"><bdi>978-0521597463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Laos&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521597463&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Fox2008b" class="citation book cs1">Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008b). <i>Historical Dictionary of Laos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81086-411-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81086-411-5"><bdi>978-0-81086-411-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Laos&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-81086-411-5&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWescott2003" class="citation book cs1">Wescott, Clay (2003). "Combating Corruption in Southeast Asia". In Frank-jurgen Richter & John Kidd (ed.). <i>Fighting Corruption In Asia: Causes, Effects And Remedies</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814486934" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814486934"><bdi>978-9814486934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combating+Corruption+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Fighting+Corruption+In+Asia%3A+Causes%2C+Effects+And+Remedies&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9814486934&rft.aulast=Wescott&rft.aufirst=Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownZasloff1976" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, MacAlister; Zasloff, Joseph J. (1976). "Laos in 1975: People's Democratic Revolution — Lao Style". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643148">10.2307/2643148</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643148">2643148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Laos+in+1975%3A+People%27s+Democratic+Revolution+%E2%80%94+Lao+Style&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=MacAlister&rft.au=Zasloff%2C+Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreakSayalath2017" class="citation journal cs1">Creak, S.; Sayalath, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/191260/SEAA-17%20-%20Laos%20%28Soulatha%20and%20Creak%29-final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y">"Regime Renewal in Laos: The Tenth Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Asian Affairs (page does not exist)">Southeast Asian Affairs</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">177–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789814762878-014">10.1355/9789814762878-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157560697">157560697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Regime+Renewal+in+Laos%3A+The+Tenth+Congress+of+the+Lao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2F9789814762878-014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157560697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creak&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sayalath%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerva-access.unimelb.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11343%2F191260%2FSEAA-17%2520-%2520Laos%2520%2528Soulatha%2520and%2520Creak%2529-final.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreakBarney2018" class="citation journal cs1">Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849">"Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia" title="Journal of Contemporary Asia">Journal of Contemporary Asia</a></i>. <b>48</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849">10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158403649">158403649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Conceptualising+Party-State+Governance+and+Rule+in+Laos&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E716&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158403649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creak&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Barney%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00472336.2018.1494849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey (2007). "Laos in 2006: Changing of the Guard". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>47</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">183–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2007.47.1.183">10.1525/as.2007.47.1.183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2007.47.1.183">10.1525/as.2007.47.1.183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Laos+in+2006%3A+Changing+of+the+Guard&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2007.47.1.183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2007.47.1.183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey (2017). "Laos in 2016: Difficult History, Uncertain Future". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>57</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">206–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2017.57.1.206">10.1525/as.2017.57.1.206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26367743">26367743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Laos+in+2016%3A+Difficult+History%2C+Uncertain+Future&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2017.57.1.206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26367743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigh2013" class="citation journal cs1">High, Holly (2013). "LAOS IN 2012: In the Name of Democracy". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Asian Affairs (page does not exist)">Southeast Asian Affairs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISEAS%E2%80%93Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute</a>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2Faa13-1j">10.1355/aa13-1j</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471141">23471141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240415897">240415897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=LAOS+IN+2012%3A+In+the+Name+of+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240415897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23471141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2Faa13-1j&rft.aulast=High&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng1993" class="citation journal cs1">Meng, Ng Shui (1993). "LAOS 1992: At the Crossroads". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Asian Affairs (page does not exist)">Southeast Asian Affairs</a></i>. <b>1993</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISEAS%E2%80%93Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute</a>: <span class="nowrap">185–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FSEAA93J">10.1355/SEAA93J</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27912075">27912075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=LAOS+1992%3A+At+the+Crossroads&rft.volume=1993&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FSEAA93J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27912075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Ng+Shui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Fox1983" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart-Fox, Martin (Autumn 1983). "Marxism and Theravada Buddhism: The Legitimation of Political Authority in Laos". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>: <span class="nowrap">428–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2758191">10.2307/2758191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758191">2758191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Marxism+and+Theravada+Buddhism%3A+The+Legitimation+of+Political+Authority+in+Laos&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2758191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2758191%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Fox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart-Fox, Martin (2007). "LAOS: Politics in a Single-party State". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asian_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Asian Affairs (page does not exist)">Southeast Asian Affairs</a></i>. <b>2007</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISEAS%E2%80%93Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute</a>: <span class="nowrap">161–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FSEAA07H">10.1355/SEAA07H</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913331">27913331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154538190">154538190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=LAOS%3A+Politics+in+a+Single-party+State&rft.volume=2007&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154538190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913331%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FSEAA07H&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yamada, Norihiko (2018). "Legitimation of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party: Socialism, Chintanakan Mai (New Thinking) and Reform". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia" title="Journal of Contemporary Asia">Journal of Contemporary Asia</a></i>. <b>58</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">717–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1439081">10.1080/00472336.2018.1439081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158837854">158837854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Legitimation+of+the+Lao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party%3A+Socialism%2C+Chintanakan+Mai+%28New+Thinking%29+and+Reform&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1439081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158837854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Norihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissertations">Dissertations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dissertations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunya2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Punya, Supitcha (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/21324/dissertation_punya_supitcha.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y"><i>Restructuring Domestic Institutions: Democratization and Development in Laos</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Restructuring+Domestic+Institutions%3A+Democratization+and+Development+in+Laos&rft.inst=Humboldt+University+of+Berlin&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Punya&rft.aufirst=Supitcha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedoc.hu-berlin.de%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F18452%2F21324%2Fdissertation_punya_supitcha.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoukamneuth2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Soukamneuth, Bounlonh J. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/21324/dissertation_punya_supitcha.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y"><i>The Political Economy of Transition in Laos: From Peripheral Socialism to the Margins of Global Capital</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Political+Economy+of+Transition+in+Laos%3A+From+Peripheral+Socialism+to+the+Margins+of+Global+Capital&rft.inst=Cornell+University&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Soukamneuth&rft.aufirst=Bounlonh+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedoc.hu-berlin.de%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F18452%2F21324%2Fdissertation_punya_supitcha.pdf%3Fsequence%3D3%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reports">Reports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZasloff1973" class="citation report cs1">Zasloff, Joseph J. (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705114659/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/776698.pdf">THE PATHET LAO: Leadership and Organization</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/776698.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=THE+PATHET+LAO%3A+Leadership+and+Organization&rft.pub=Defense+Advanced+Research+Projects+Agency&rft.date=1973-07&rft.aulast=Zasloff&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F776698.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALao+People%27s+Revolutionary+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lao_People&#039;s_Revolutionary_Party_20px&#124;link=Lao_People&#039;s_Revolutionary_Party614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CC0000; color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Template:Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Template talk:Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lao_People&#039;s_Revolutionary_Party_20px&#124;link=Lao_People&#039;s_Revolutionary_Party614" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:yellow">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/20px-LPRP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/30px-LPRP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LPRP_logo.svg/40px-LPRP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CC0000; color:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a> (1955–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtai_Siphandone" title="Khamtai Siphandone">Khamtai Siphandone</a> (1992–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choummaly_Sayasone" title="Choummaly Sayasone">Choummaly Sayasone</a> (2006–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounnhang_Vorachit" title="Bounnhang Vorachit">Bounnhang Vorachit</a> (2016–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a> (since 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><span style="color:yellow">Decision-making bodies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Secretariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><span style="color:yellow">Work organs</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Office_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Office of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_and_Public_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense and Public Security Commission (page does not exist)">Defense and Public Security Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=External_Relations_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External Relations Committee (page does not exist)">External Relations Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Politics_and_Public_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Politics and Public Administration (page does not exist)">National Institute of Politics and Public Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_Training_Board" title="Propaganda and Training Board">Propaganda and Training Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Organisation Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Organisation Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><span style="color:yellow">Publications</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alun_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alun Mai (page does not exist)">Alun Mai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pasaxon" title="Pasaxon">Pasaxon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CC0000; color:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">National Congress</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Lao People's Party">1st (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">5th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">6th (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">7th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">8th (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CC0000; color:yellow;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">Politburo</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">5th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="6th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">6th (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">7th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">8th (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">Secretariat</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Executive_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="8th Executive Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">8th (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)"><span style="color:yellow">Inspection</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">3rd (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">4th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">5th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">6th (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">7th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">8th (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">9th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1126;color:#FFCC00;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Party" title="1st Central Committee of the Lao People's Party">1st (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="2nd Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">2nd (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="3rd Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">3rd (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="4th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">4th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">5th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">6th (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">7th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">8th (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">9th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">10th (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">11th (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CC0000; color:yellow;">Wider organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute Lao People's Revolutionary Party (page does not exist)">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union">Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Development" title="Lao Front for National Development">Lao Front for National Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CC0000; color:yellow;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Management_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Management Mechanism (page does not exist)">Economic Management Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Thinking_(Laos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Thinking (Laos) (page does not exist)">New Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renovation_(Laos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renovation (Laos) (page does not exist)">Renovation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #CC0000; color:yellow;"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Category:Lao People's Revolutionary Party"><span style="color:yellow;">Category</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Laos_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Laos&#124;link=Laos280" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laotian_political_parties" title="Template:Laotian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laotian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Laotian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laotian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laotian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Laos_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Laos&#124;link=Laos280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Laos" title="List of political parties in Laos">Political parties in Laos</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Northern_Deputies" title="Association of Northern Deputies">Association of Northern Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defence_of_National_Interests" title="Committee for the Defence of National Interests">Committee for the Defence of National Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Laos)" title="Democratic Party (Laos)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(Laos)" title="Independent Party (Laos)">Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Development_Association" title="Lao Development Association">Lao Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_National_Union_Party" title="Lao National Union Party">Lao National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Neutralist_Party" title="Lao Neutralist Party">Lao Neutralist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Rally" title="Lao People's Rally">Lao People's Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Party_(Laos)" title="National Progressive Party (Laos)">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Neutrality_Party" title="Peace and Neutrality Party">Peace and Neutrality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Movement_(Laos)" title="Youth Movement (Laos)">Youth Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics of Laos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template talk:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and former ruling parties of communist states</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a></i>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Benin" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Benin">People's Revolutionary Party of Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/African_Independence_Party_(Burkina_Faso)" title="African Independence Party (Burkina Faso)">African Independence Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">DK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">PRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Party of Labour</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Organizing_the_Party_of_the_Working_People_of_Ethiopia" title="Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia">COPWE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Revolutionary_Party" title="Malagasy Revolutionary Party">Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party">Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Seychelles" title="United Seychelles">Seychelles People's Progressive Front</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party">Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state</li> <li>An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107037090">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148952906">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/6074843-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82213598">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004809q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004809q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49287668">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90163504">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533117405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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