CINXE.COM
Eritrea | Ethnologue
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:article="http://ogp.me/ns/article#" xmlns:book="http://ogp.me/ns/book#" xmlns:profile="http://ogp.me/ns/profile#" xmlns:video="http://ogp.me/ns/video#" xmlns:product="http://ogp.me/ns/product#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER","20190327112107","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1553685667"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,n,t){function r(t){if(!n[t]){var o=n[t]={exports:{}};e[t][0].call(o.exports,function(n){var o=e[t][1][n];return r(o||n)},o,o.exports)}return n[t].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<t.length;o++)r(t[o]);return r}({1:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function o(e,n,t){return function(){return i(e,[c.now()].concat(u(arguments)),n?null:this,t),n?void 0:this}}var i=e("handle"),a=e(3),u=e(4),f=e("ee").get("tracer"),c=e("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],d="api-",l=d+"ixn-";a(p,function(e,n){s[n]=o(d+n,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=o(d+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=o(d+"routeName",!0),n.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,n){var t={},r=this,o="function"==typeof n;return i(l+"tracer",[c.now(),e,t],r),function(){if(f.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[c.now(),r,o],t),o)try{return n.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw f.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],t),e}finally{f.emit("fn-end",[c.now()],t)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,n){m[n]=o(l+n)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e,n){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),i("err",[e,c.now(),!1,n])}},{}],2:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){if(!o)return!1;if(e!==o)return!1;if(!n)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var t=i.split("."),r=n.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==t[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var u=navigator.userAgent,f=u.match(a);f&&u.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&u.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=f[1])}n.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],3:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=[],r="",i=0;for(r in e)o.call(e,r)&&(t[i]=n(r,e[r]),i+=1);return t}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],4:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){n||(n=0),"undefined"==typeof t&&(t=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=t-n||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=e[n+r];return i}n.exports=r},{}],5:[function(e,n,t){n.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function o(e){function n(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?f(e,u,i):i()}function t(t,r,o,i){if(!d.aborted||i){e&&e(t,r,o);for(var a=n(o),u=v(t),f=u.length,c=0;c<f;c++)u[c].apply(a,r);var p=s[y[t]];return p&&p.push([b,t,r,a]),a}}function l(e,n){h[e]=v(e).concat(n)}function m(e,n){var t=h[e];if(t)for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++)t[r]===n&&t.splice(r,1)}function v(e){return h[e]||[]}function g(e){return p[e]=p[e]||o(t)}function w(e,n){c(e,function(e,t){n=n||"feature",y[t]=n,n in s||(s[n]=[])})}var h={},y={},b={on:l,addEventListener:l,removeEventListener:m,emit:t,get:g,listeners:v,context:n,buffer:w,abort:a,aborted:!1};return b}function i(){return new r}function a(){(s.api||s.feature)&&(d.aborted=!0,s=d.backlog={})}var u="nr@context",f=e("gos"),c=e(3),s={},p={},d=n.exports=o();d.backlog=s},{}],gos:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){if(o.call(e,n))return e[n];var r=t();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,n,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return e[n]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t,r){o.buffer([e],r),o.emit(e,n,t)}var o=e("ee").get("handle");n.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(e,n,t){function r(e){var n=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==n&&"function"!==n?-1:e===window?0:a(e,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=e("gos");n.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,n,t){function r(){if(!E++){var e=x.info=NREUM.info,n=l.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(s.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&n))return s.abort();c(y,function(n,t){e[n]||(e[n]=t)}),f("mark",["onload",a()+x.offset],null,"api");var t=l.createElement("script");t.src="https://"+e.agent,n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n)}}function o(){"complete"===l.readyState&&i()}function i(){f("mark",["domContent",a()+x.offset],null,"api")}function a(){return O.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(u=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),u))-x.offset}var u=(new Date).getTime(),f=e("handle"),c=e(3),s=e("ee"),p=e(2),d=window,l=d.document,m="addEventListener",v="attachEvent",g=d.XMLHttpRequest,w=g&&g.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:d.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:d.Request,EV:d.Event,PR:d.Promise,MO:d.MutationObserver};var h=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1118.min.js"},b=g&&w&&w[m]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),x=n.exports={offset:u,now:a,origin:h,features:{},xhrWrappable:b,userAgent:p};e(1),l[m]?(l[m]("DOMContentLoaded",i,!1),d[m]("load",r,!1)):(l[v]("onreadystatechange",o),d[v]("onload",r)),f("mark",["firstbyte",u],null,"api");var E=0,O=e(5)},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107im_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/favicon.ico?po0akh" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2.5, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes"/> <meta name="description" content="A profile of the languages in Eritrea. See language lists, maps, statistics, and more."/> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ethnologue"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Eritrea"/> <meta property="og:description" content="A profile of the languages in Eritrea. See language lists, maps, statistics, and more."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@theEthnologue"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Ethnologue" href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/default/files/ethnologuedotcom.xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/web/20190327112107im_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/images/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <title>Eritrea | Ethnologue</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/ethn_institutional_customer/scripts/requirehttps.php"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://use.typekit.net/uas6grd.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://use.fortawesome.com/6d0c5b64.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{Typekit.load();}catch(e){}</script> <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script><![endif]--> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/system/system.base.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/system/system.menus.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/system/system.messages.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/system/system.theme.css?po0akh"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/minified/jquery.ui.core.min.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/minified/jquery.ui.theme.min.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/themes/base/minified/jquery.ui.accordion.min.css?po0akh"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/calendar/css/calendar_multiday.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/comment/comment.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/date/date_api/date.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/date/date_popup/themes/datepicker.1.7.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/field/theme/field.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/logintoboggan/logintoboggan.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/luxe/css/luxe.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/node/node.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/search/search.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/modules/user/user.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/views/css/views.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/recurly_paywall/css/recurly_paywall.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/ethn_paywall/css/ethn_paywall.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/wysiwyg_align.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/caption_filter/caption-filter.css?po0akh"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/amazon/amazon.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/ctools/css/ctools.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/lightbox2/css/lightbox.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/panels/css/panels.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/field_group/field_group.field_ui.css?po0akh"); </style> <!--[if lt IE 10]> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/default/files/ctools/css/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.css?po0akh"); </style> <![endif]--> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/slicknav.css?po0akh"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/alpha-reset.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/alpha-mobile.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/alpha-alpha.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/css/omega-text.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/css/omega-branding.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/css/omega-menu.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/global.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/context/sub.css?po0akh"); </style> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/ethn-alpha-default.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/grid/alpha_default/normal/alpha-default-normal-24.css?po0akh"); </style> <![endif]--> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <style type="text/css" media="all and (min-width: 740px) and (min-device-width: 740px), (max-device-width: 800px) and (min-width: 740px) and (orientation:landscape)"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/ethn-alpha-default.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/grid/alpha_default/narrow/alpha-default-narrow-24.css?po0akh"); </style> <!--<![endif]--> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <style type="text/css" media="all and (min-width: 980px) and (min-device-width: 980px), all and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-width: 1024px) and (orientation:landscape)"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/ethn-alpha-default.css?po0akh"); @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/alpha/css/grid/alpha_default/normal/alpha-default-normal-24.css?po0akh"); </style> <!--<![endif]--> <style type="text/css" media="print"> @import url("https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107cs_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/css/print.css?po0akh"); </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.7/jquery.min.js?v=1.7.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/misc/drupal.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/ui/minified/jquery.ui.core.min.js?v=1.10.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/ui/minified/jquery.ui.widget.min.js?v=1.10.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/jquery_update/replace/ui/ui/minified/jquery.ui.accordion.min.js?v=1.10.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/visualization/js/visualization.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/ethn_paywall/scripts/ethn_paywall.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/profiles/openenterprise/modules/caption_filter/js/caption-filter.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/lightbox2/js/lightbox.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/misc/form.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/misc/collapse.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/google_analytics/googleanalytics.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","//web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-20037946-14", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});ga("set", "dimension2", "anonymous user");ga('require', 'linkid', { 'levels': 5 }); var pixelRatio = (window.devicePixelRatio >= 1.5) ? "high" : "normal"; ga('set', 'dimension1', pixelRatio );ga("send", "pageview"); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/recurly_paywall/scripts/jquery.cookie.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/modules/recurly_paywall/scripts/recurly_paywall.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/field-stripe.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/site-core.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/site-menu.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/site-search.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/jquery.slicknav.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/js/omega-mediaqueries.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/js/omega-equalheights.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/jquery.uniform.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/site-form.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/js/site-tabs.js?po0akh"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"ethn","theme_token":"k-jbOXJNLiCBuX-7Vqf-5NmSk6_ue1wRNxCqiGH-DhM","js":{"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.7\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.core.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.widget.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.accordion.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/visualization\/js\/visualization.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ethn_paywall\/scripts\/ethn_paywall.js":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/caption_filter\/js\/caption-filter.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lightbox2\/js\/lightbox.js":1,"misc\/form.js":1,"misc\/collapse.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/recurly_paywall\/scripts\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/recurly_paywall\/scripts\/recurly_paywall.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/field-stripe.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/site-core.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/site-menu.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/site-search.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/jquery.slicknav.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-mediaqueries.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-equalheights.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/jquery.uniform.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/site-form.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/js\/site-tabs.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.accordion.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/logintoboggan\/logintoboggan.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/luxe\/css\/luxe.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/recurly_paywall\/css\/recurly_paywall.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ethn_paywall\/css\/ethn_paywall.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/wysiwyg_align.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/caption_filter\/caption-filter.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/amazon\/amazon.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lightbox2\/css\/lightbox.css":1,"profiles\/openenterprise\/modules\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/field_group\/field_group.field_ui.css":1,"public:\/\/ctools\/css\/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/slicknav.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-reset.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-mobile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-alpha.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-text.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-branding.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/global.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/context\/sub.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/ethn-alpha-default.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-24.css":1,"narrow::sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/ethn-alpha-default.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/narrow\/alpha-default-narrow-24.css":1,"normal::sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/ethn-alpha-default.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/alpha\/css\/grid\/alpha_default\/normal\/alpha-default-normal-24.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/ethn\/css\/print.css":1}},"lightbox2":{"rtl":0,"file_path":"\/(\\w\\w\/)public:\/","default_image":"\/sites\/all\/modules\/lightbox2\/images\/brokenimage.jpg","border_size":10,"font_color":"000","box_color":"fff","top_position":"","overlay_opacity":"0.8","overlay_color":"000","disable_close_click":true,"resize_sequence":0,"resize_speed":400,"fade_in_speed":400,"slide_down_speed":600,"use_alt_layout":false,"disable_resize":false,"disable_zoom":false,"force_show_nav":false,"show_caption":true,"loop_items":false,"node_link_text":"View Image Details","node_link_target":false,"image_count":"Image !current of !total","video_count":"Video !current of !total","page_count":"Page !current of !total","lite_press_x_close":"press \u003Ca href=\u0022#\u0022 onclick=\u0022hideLightbox(); return FALSE;\u0022\u003E\u003Ckbd\u003Ex\u003C\/kbd\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E to close","download_link_text":"","enable_login":false,"enable_contact":false,"keys_close":"c x 27","keys_previous":"p 37","keys_next":"n 39","keys_zoom":"z","keys_play_pause":"32","display_image_size":"original","image_node_sizes":"()","trigger_lightbox_classes":"","trigger_lightbox_group_classes":"","trigger_slideshow_classes":"","trigger_lightframe_classes":"","trigger_lightframe_group_classes":"","custom_class_handler":0,"custom_trigger_classes":"","disable_for_gallery_lists":true,"disable_for_acidfree_gallery_lists":true,"enable_acidfree_videos":true,"slideshow_interval":5000,"slideshow_automatic_start":true,"slideshow_automatic_exit":true,"show_play_pause":true,"pause_on_next_click":false,"pause_on_previous_click":true,"loop_slides":false,"iframe_width":600,"iframe_height":400,"iframe_border":1,"enable_video":false,"useragent":"Mozilla\/5.0 (compatible; archive.org_bot +http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/archive.org_bot)"},"smart_ip":{"location":{"country_code":"US","country":"United States","region":"","region_code":"","city":"","zip":"","latitude":"","longitude":"","time_zone":"","source":"smart_ip","ip_address":"207.241.232.38","timestamp":1553685656}},"smart_ip_src":{"smart_ip":"smart_ip","geocoded_smart_ip":"geocoded_smart_ip","w3c":"w3c"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/country\/ER":true},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"recurlyPaywall":{"freePagesLimit":"4","ajaxCheckUrl":"\/recurly-paywall-ajax-check","paywallUrl":"\/recurly-paywall-ajax\/get-curtain-text","cookieNameVisitedUrls":"recurly_paywall_visited_urls","cookieNameUsePaywall":"recurly_paywall_use_paywall","cookieNameRememberPath":"recurly_paywall_path","cookieExpires":"30","delayTime":"750"},"omega":{"layouts":{"primary":"normal","order":["narrow","normal"],"queries":{"narrow":"all and (min-width: 740px) and (min-device-width: 740px), (max-device-width: 800px) and (min-width: 740px) and (orientation:landscape)","normal":"all and (min-width: 980px) and (min-device-width: 980px), all and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-width: 1024px) and (orientation:landscape)"}}},"site":{"search_text":"Search Ethnologue..."}}); //--><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-country page-country-er context-country"> <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper clearfix container-24"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header"> <div id="zone-header-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-header-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-header" class="zone zone-header clearfix container-24"> <!--div id="slicknav-main"></div> <div id="mobile-toggles"--> <!--div title="Menu" class="icon menu"></div--> <!--div title="Search" class="icon search"></div> </div--> <img id="print-logo" src="/web/20190327112107im_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/images/print_logo.gif" alt=""/> <div class="grid-16 region region-user-first" id="region-user-first"> <div class="region-inner region-user-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-66 block-block-66 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-66"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <!-- Start of Woopra Code --> <script> (function(){ var t,i,e,n=window,o=document,a=arguments,s="script",r=["config","track","identify","visit","push","call","trackForm","trackClick"],c=function(){var t,i=this;for(i._e=[],t=0;r.length>t;t++)(function(t){i[t]=function(){return i._e.push([t].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0))),i}})(r[t])};for(n._w=n._w||{},t=0;a.length>t;t++)n._w[a[t]]=n[a[t]]=n[a[t]]||new c;i=o.createElement(s),i.async=1,i.src="//web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://static.woopra.com/js/w.js",e=o.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],e.parentNode.insertBefore(i,e) })("woopra"); woopra.config({ domain: 'ethnologue.com' }); woopra.track(); </script> <!-- End of Woopra Code --> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-71 block-block-71 even block-without-title" id="block-block-71"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://use.fortawesome.com/6d0c5b64.js"></script> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-271 block-block-271 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-271"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .aa-col-left { width: 90%; display: inline-block; } .aa-col-right { width: 10%; display: inline-block; color: #ddd; vertical-align: top; } .aa-col-right span { display: inline-block; padding-top: 49%; text-align: uppercase; } .aa-input-container { display: inline-block; position: relative; } .aa-input-search { width: 300px; padding: 7px 6px 6px 28px !important; border: 2px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-transition: .2s; transition: .2s; font-family: "Myriad-Pro", sans-serif; font-size: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; } .aa-input-search::-webkit-search-decoration, .aa-input-search::-webkit-search-cancel-button, .aa-input-search::-webkit-search-results-button, .aa-input-search::-webkit-search-results-decoration { display: none; } .aa-input-search:focus { outline: 0; border-color: #3a96cf; box-shadow: 4px 4px 0 rgba(58, 150, 207, 0.1); } .aa-input-icon { height: 16px; width: 16px; position: absolute; top: 48%; left: 9px; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); fill: #e4e4e4; pointer-events: none; } .aa-hint { color: #e4e4e4; } .aa-dropdown-menu { background-color: #fff; border: 2px solid rgba(228, 228, 228, 0.6); border-top-width: 0; font-family: "Myriad-Pro", sans-serif; width: 218px; margin-top: 10px; box-shadow: 4px 4px 0 rgba(241, 241, 241, 0.35); font-size: 11px; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; } .aa-empty, .aa-suggestion a { border-top: 1px solid #efefef; text-decoration: none; padding: 8px 12px 6px; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: .2s; transition: .2s; display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: block; -webkit-box-pack: justify; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .aa-suggestion:hover, .aa-suggestion.aa-cursor { background-color: rgba(241, 241, 241, 0.35); } .aa-suggestion a .title { display: block; font-size: 13px; color: #000; } .aa-suggestion a .subtitle { color: #a9a9a9; } .aa-suggestion .promo { background-color: rgba(253, 255, 228, 0.6); } .aa-suggestion .promo:hover { background-color: rgba(247, 249, 218, 1); } .aa-suggestions-category { text-transform: uppercase; border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(228, 228, 228, 0.6); border-top: 2px solid rgba(228, 228, 228, 0.6); padding: 6px 12px; color: #a9a9a9; } .aa-suggestion a em { font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; background-color: rgba(58, 150, 207, 0.1); padding: 2px 0 2px 2px; } #aa-search-input { font-family: expo-serif-pro, serif; font-size: 14px !important; border-radius: 20px !important; width: 218px !important; margin-top: -2px; } .aa-empty { padding: 11px 12px 12px; text-align: center; cursor: initial; } .aa-empty .title { margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 8px; } .aa-empty hr { width: 120px; margin: auto; background: #efefef; } .aa-empty .description { margin-top: 5px; display: block; line-height: 1.3; color: #a9a9a9; } </style> <!-- HTML Markup --> <div class="aa-input-container" id="aa-input-container"> <input type="text" id="aa-search-input" class="aa-input-search" placeholder="Find a language or country..." name="search" autocomplete="off"/> <svg class="aa-input-icon" viewbox="654 -372 1664 1664"> <path d="M1806,332c0-123.3-43.8-228.8-131.5-316.5C1586.8-72.2,1481.3-116,1358-116s-228.8,43.8-316.5,131.5 C953.8,103.2,910,208.7,910,332s43.8,228.8,131.5,316.5C1129.2,736.2,1234.7,780,1358,780s228.8-43.8,316.5-131.5 C1762.2,560.8,1806,455.3,1806,332z M2318,1164c0,34.7-12.7,64.7-38,90s-55.3,38-90,38c-36,0-66-12.7-90-38l-343-342 c-119.3,82.7-252.3,124-399,124c-95.3,0-186.5-18.5-273.5-55.5s-162-87-225-150s-113-138-150-225S654,427.3,654,332 s18.5-186.5,55.5-273.5s87-162,150-225s138-113,225-150S1262.7-372,1358-372s186.5,18.5,273.5,55.5s162,87,225,150s113,138,150,225 S2062,236.7,2062,332c0,146.7-41.3,279.7-124,399l343,343C2305.7,1098.7,2318,1128.7,2318,1164z"/> </svg> </div> <!-- Include AlgoliaSearch JS Client and autocomplete.js library --> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/algoliasearch/3/algoliasearch.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/autocomplete.js@0.28.2/dist/autocomplete.min.js"></script> <!-- Initialize Woopra tracking for search --> <script> var url = window.location.pathname document.getElementById("aa-search-input").onclick = function() { woopra.track("search-input", { path: url }); }; </script> <!-- Initialize autocomplete menu --> <script> var client = algoliasearch("2RP8PHQQI3", "45348df641ea37f730d2938add600be1"); var countries = client.initIndex('countries_22'); var macrolanguages = client.initIndex('macrolanguages_22'); var languages = client.initIndex('languages_22'); var alt = client.initIndex('alt_22'); var autonyms = client.initIndex('autonyms_22'); //initialize autocomplete on search input (ID selector must match) autocomplete('#aa-search-input', { hint: false, openOnFocus: true, templates: { empty: '<i class="icon icon-magnifying-glass icon-3x"></i><h5 class="title">No Results Found</h5><hr><span class="description">Try adjusting your search terms. You can search by country and language.</span>' } }, [ { source: autocomplete.sources.hits(countries, {hitsPerPage: 1}), displayKey: 'country_name', templates: { suggestion: function(suggestion) { return '<a href="/country/' + suggestion.country_code +'" class="promo"><span class="title">' + suggestion._highlightResult.country_name.value + '</span><span class="subtitle">A country in ' + suggestion.country_in + '</span></a>'; } } }, { source: autocomplete.sources.hits(macrolanguages, {hitsPerPage: 1}), displayKey: 'macrolanguage_name', templates: { suggestion: function(suggestion) { return '<a href="/language/' + suggestion.iso_639 +'" class="promo"><div class="aa-col-left"><span class="title">' + suggestion._highlightResult.macrolanguage_name.value + '</span><span class="subtitle">A macrolanguage of ' + suggestion.language_of + '</span></div><div class="aa-col-right"><span>' + suggestion.iso_639 + '</span></div></a>'; } } }, { source: autocomplete.sources.hits(languages, {hitsPerPage: 3}), displayKey: 'language_name', templates: { suggestion: function(suggestion) { return '<a href="/language/' + suggestion.iso_639 +'"><div class="aa-col-left"><span class="title">' + suggestion._highlightResult.language_name.value + '</span><span class="subtitle">A language of ' + suggestion.language_of + '</span></div><div class="aa-col-right"><span>' + suggestion.iso_639 + '</span></div></a>'; } } }, { source: autocomplete.sources.hits(alt, {hitsPerPage: 3}), displayKey: 'name', templates: { suggestion: function(suggestion) { return '<a href="/language/' + suggestion.iso_639 +'"><div class="aa-col-left"><span class="title">' + suggestion._highlightResult.name.value + '</span><span class="subtitle">' + suggestion.nametype_lower + ' ' + suggestion.langname + '</span></div><div class="aa-col-right"><span>' + suggestion.iso_639 + '</span></div></a>'; } } } ]).on('autocomplete:selected', function(event, suggestion, dataset) { window.location = "/language/"+suggestion["iso_639"]; }); </script> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-131 block-block-131 even block-without-title" id="block-block-131"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style>.block-menu-block .block-title a { font-size: 15.4px; } </style> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-151 block-block-151 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-151"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <script> var _prum = [['id', '57a5f1d1abe53d2d78eaa446'], ['mark', 'firstbyte', (new Date()).getTime()]]; (function() { var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0] , p = document.createElement('script'); p.async = 'async'; p.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://rum-static.pingdom.net/prum.min.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(p, s); })(); </script> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-171 block-block-171 even block-without-title" id="block-block-171"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .recurlyjs-billing-info { display: table; } .recurlyjs-total { text-align: right; } .webform-client-form input.form-text, #user-register-form input.form-text, #user-login input.form-text, #user-pass input.form-text, #user-profile-form input.form-text { font-size: 18px; padding: 12px 9px 8px 9px; font-family: 'expo-serif-pro'; font-weight: 400; margin-top: 3px; margin-bottom: 3px; color: #222; } .webform-client-form .form-textarea { font-size: 18px; padding: 11px 9px 8px 9px; font-family: 'expo-serif-pro'; font-weight: 400; margin-top: 3px; margin-bottom: 3px; color: #222; } .webform-client-form label, #user-register-form label, #user-login label, #user-pass label, #user-profile-form label { color: #555; } .confirm-parent, .password-parent { width: 38.7em; } </style> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-256 block-block-256 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-256"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .form-item-name { margin-top: 0; } .page-toboggan-denied .description, .page-toboggan-denied .print-link, .page-toboggan-denied .form-required { display: none; } .page-toboggan-denied div.button span { line-height: 1em; } .page-toboggan-denied #uniform-edit-submit { border-radius: 3px; font-size: 17.2px; background-color: rgba(62, 124, 0, 0.78); width: 100%; height: 40px; padding-top: 6px; text-align: center; background-image: none; } .page-toboggan-denied #uniform-edit-submit span { background-image: none; font-family: "Myriad-Pro","PT Sans", "Helvetica Neue", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; } .page-toboggan-denied #uniform-edit-submit:hover { background-color: rgba(62, 124, 0, 1); } @media (min-width: 481px) { .page-toboggan-denied .section-content .section-wrapper, .page-toboggan-denied #zone-content { background: #f5fafd; } .page-toboggan-denied #region-content .region-inner { max-width: 375px; margin: 0 auto; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 3px; padding: 30px 45px 30px 45px; background-color: #fff; } } </style> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-231 block-block-231 even block-without-title" id="block-block-231"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> #region-menu nav>ul>li>a { font-family: 'myriad-pro', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 7px 9px 6px; text-transform: none; } #region-user-second ul.menu li { margin-left: -3px; border-right: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3); } #region-user-second ul.menu li a { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); font-size: 0.95em; padding: 8px 10px; } #region-user-second ul li a.account { background-color: rgba(0,84,127,0.54); margin: 0 6px 0 3px; border-radius: 3px; text-transform: capitalize; } </style> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-176 block-block-176 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-176"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .messages { font-size: 14px; } </style> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-206 block-block-206 even block-without-title" id="block-block-206"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .cta .current { display: inline-block; background-color: #ccc; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFF; display: inline-block; line-height: 1; padding: 12px 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 17.2px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .cta a { display: inline-block; background-color: #3E7C00; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFF; display: inline-block; line-height: 1; padding: 12px 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; font-size: 17.2px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .cta a:hover { background-color: #4d9900; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .cell { border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 5px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table h4 { text-align: center; font-size: 18px !important; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table p { margin-bottom: 25px; font-family: 'expo-serif-pro'; text-align: center; float: none; font-size: 14px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .icon-ul li { list-style: none; font-family: 'expo-serif-pro'; margin-bottom: 4px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .icon-ul { margin-bottom: 15px; display: inline-block; text-align: left; margin-left: 8px; font-size: 14px; float: none; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .icon-ul li { margin-bottom: 0; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .icon { padding-right: 2px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .cta { text-align: center; margin: 16px 0 5px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table .amount { line-height: 1; font-weight: normal; padding: 14px; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .pricing-table small { font-size: 80%; } .recurly-paywall-curtain-w .plan-category { font-weight: 300; } </style> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-8 region region-user-second" id="region-user-second"> <div class="region-inner region-user-second-inner"> <div class="block block-system block-menu block-user-menu block-system-user-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-system-user-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu inline"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/user/login?current=country/ER">Login</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/cart/my" style="text-transform: capitalize;">Shopping cart</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-24 prefix-2 region region-branding alpha" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="branding-data clearfix"> <div class="logo-img"> <a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/" rel="home" title="Ethnologue"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107im_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/all/themes/ethn/logo.png?po0akh" alt="Ethnologue" id="logo"/></a> </div> <hgroup class="site-name-slogan"> <h2 class="site-name element-invisible"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/" title="Home">Ethnologue</a></h2> </hgroup> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-24 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <nav class="navigation"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/names">Languages</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/countries">Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf subscribe-ip"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/products">Products</a></li> <li class="leaf subscribe-ip"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> <li class="last collapsed"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/about">About</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div><div id="zone-header-second-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-header-second-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-header-second" class="zone zone-header-second clearfix container-24"> <div class="grid-24 region region-header-first" id="region-header-first"> <div class="region-inner region-header-first-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div></header> <section id="section-content" class="section section-content"> <div class="section-wrapper clearfix container-24"> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-24"> <div class="grid-18 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Eritrea</h1> <a class="print-link" href="javascript:window.print();">Print</a> </div> <div class="tabs clearfix"><h2 class="element-invisible">Primary tabs</h2><ul class="tabs primary clearfix"><li class="active"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER" class="active">Country<span class="element-invisible">(active tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/languages">Languages</a></li><li><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/status">Status</a></li><li><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/maps">Maps</a></li><li><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/feedback">Feedback</a></li></ul></div> <div class="block block-block block-41 block-block-41 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-41"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div style="display:none;"> <div data-swiftype-name="title" data-swiftype-type="string">Eritrea</div> <div data-swiftype-name="summary" data-swiftype-type="string">A country in Africa</div> <div data-swiftype-name="body" data-swiftype-type="text">The number of individual languages listed for Eritrea is 15. All are living languages. Of these, 9 are indigenous and 6 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 5 are institutional, 4 are developing, 3 are vigorous, 1 is in trouble, and 2 are dying.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main even block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="view view-country view-id-country view-display-id-page view-dom-id-d2b741b822ae8242bbcdb62230f54c33"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-other-names"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-other-names">Official Name</em> <div class="field-content">State of Eritrea</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-population"> <span class="views-label views-label-field-population">Population Full</span> <div class="field-content"><p>5,919,000 (2016 World Factbook)</p> </div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-general-remarks"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-general-remarks">General Remarks</em> <div class="field-content">Semenawi Key Bahri region includes Red Sea islands offshore from Massawa, mainly the Dahlak Archipelago. The Hanish Islands in the middle of the Red Sea are disputed between Eritrea and Yemen. Further south off of Aseb, Debubawi Key Bahri region includes Halba Island and associated islets</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-national-languages"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-national-languages">Principal Languages</em> <div class="field-content">English, Standard Arabic, Tigrigna</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-literacy-rate"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-literacy-rate">Literacy Rate</em> <div class="field-content">69% (2017 UNESCO)</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-immigrant-languages"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-immigrant-languages">Immigrant Languages</em> <div class="field-content">Amharic, Kanuri</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-field-language-counts"> <em class="views-label views-label-field-language-counts">Language Counts</em> <div class="field-content">The number of individual languages listed for Eritrea is 15. All are living languages. Of these, 9 are indigenous and 6 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 5 are institutional, 4 are developing, 3 are vigorous, 1 is in trouble, and 2 are dying.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-15 block-block-15 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-15"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $('.view-country .horizontal-tabs-list li.horizontal-tab-button-0 a').click(function() { window.location.hash = "node_country_full_group_tab_country"; }); $('.view-country .horizontal-tabs-list li.horizontal-tab-button-1 a').click(function() { window.location.hash = "node_country_full_group_tab_languages"; }); $('.view-country .horizontal-tabs-list li.horizontal-tab-button-2 a').click(function() { window.location.hash = "node_country_full_group_tab_lang_status"; }); $('.view-country .horizontal-tabs-list li.horizontal-tab-button-3 a').click(function() { window.location.hash = "node_country_full_group_tab_maps"; }); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><aside class="grid-6 region region-sidebar-second" id="region-sidebar-second"> <div class="separator"></div> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-second-inner"> <div class="block block-ethn-country block-ethn-country-graph block-ethn-country-ethn-country-graph odd" id="block-ethn-country-ethn-country-graph"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Language Status Profile</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/profile/ER"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107im_/https://www.ethnologue.com/sites/default/files/styles/egids_block_graph/public/graphs/22/full-ER.png?itok=LlZ04e14" alt=""/></a><div>Click to enlarge with explanation</div> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-views block-product-catalog-block-1 block-views-product-catalog-block-1 even" id="block-views-product-catalog-block-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Ethnologue Products</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="view view-product-catalog view-id-product_catalog view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-12d6cd46199e5ce4bdbb868dbe37ace4"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div about="/product/22-Digest-ER" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" id="node-product-502631" class="ds-1col node node-product node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser node-published node-not-sticky author-ethnologueeditor odd clearfix clearfix"> <div class="field field-name-ethn-product-linked-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/product/22-Digest-ER">Languages of Eritrea</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p><em>An Ethnologue Country Digest</em>, 28 pp.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="commerce-product-field commerce-product-field-commerce-price field-commerce-price node-502631-product-commerce-price"><div class="field field-name-commerce-price field-type-commerce-price field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">$19.95</div> </div> </div> </div><form class="commerce-add-to-cart commerce-cart-add-to-cart-form-11686" autocomplete="off" action="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER" method="post" id="commerce-cart-add-to-cart-form-11686" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><input type="hidden" name="product_id" value="11686"/> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-CGUWolAaxj-1QHwO-S4sQba_zNhRCtStut06tSEkEuc"/> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="commerce_cart_add_to_cart_form_11686"/> <div id="edit-line-item-fields" class="form-wrapper"></div><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Add to cart" class="form-submit"/></div></form></div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/products">Browse all products</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-ethn-subscribe block-ethn-subscribe-ethn-subscribe odd" id="block-ethn-subscribe-ethn-subscribe"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Join the conversation</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/user/login">Create a free account</a> to post Feedback about a country or language and be notified when others do the same.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside></div> <div class="separator"></div> </div> </div> </section> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-24"> <div class="grid-4 suffix-1 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner"> <div class="block block-menu block-menu-footer-menu-1 block-menu-menu-footer-menu-1 odd" id="block-menu-menu-footer-menu-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Browse by</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/countries" title="">Countries</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/names" title="">Language Names</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/codes" title="">Language Codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/families" title="">Language Families</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/language-of-the-day" title="">Language of the Day</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/maps" title="">Map Titles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-4 suffix-1 region region-footer-second" id="region-footer-second"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-second-inner"> <div class="block block-menu block-menu-footer-menu-2 block-menu-menu-footer-menu-2 odd" id="block-menu-menu-footer-menu-2"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Current Edition</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/about/this-edition">About the 22nd Edition</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/credits">Credits</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages">Number of Languages</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/codes">Code Tables</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-4 suffix-1 region region-footer-third" id="region-footer-third"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-third-inner"> <div class="block block-menu-block block-7 block-menu-block-7 odd" id="block-menu-block-7"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/products" title="">Products</a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-menu-footer-menu-3 parent-mlid-29651 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-31881 subscribe-ip"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/subscribe">Subscription</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-24281"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/products">Digests</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-24286"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/books" title="">Books</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-29656"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/maps" title="">Maps</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-24291"><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/data-consulting" title="">Data & Consulting</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-4 suffix-1 region region-footer-fourth" id="region-footer-fourth"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-fourth-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-2 block-block-2 odd" id="block-block-2"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Related Sites</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/archive" title="Ethnologue Archive" target="_blank">Ethnologue Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/http://www.sil.org/" title="SIL.org" target="_blank">SIL.org</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/http://www.scriptsource.org/" title="ScriptSource" target="_blank">ScriptSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://iso639-3.sil.org/" title="ISO 639-3" target="_blank">ISO 639-3</a></li> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-4 region region-footer-fifth" id="region-footer-fifth"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-fifth-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-316 block-block-316 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-316"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <style> .region-footer-fifth a.sil { bottom: inherit; top: 2.75em; } .icon-twitter:hover, .icon-facebook-official:hover { text-decoration: none !important; color: #e5e5e5 !important; } </style> <p class="address">Ethnologue<br/> by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.sil.org/">SIL International</a><br/> </p> <a class="contact" title="Contact Us" id="intercom" href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#650b00515d031f0b53250c0b060a080c0b024b0c0b110017060a084b0c0a"><u>Contact us</u></a> <br/> <br/> <p class="contact"> <p>Find Ethnologue on:</p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://twitter.com/theEthnologue" class="icon icon-link icon-twitter" style="font-size: 1.75em;"></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://www.facebook.com/theEthnologue/" class="icon icon-link icon-facebook-official" style="font-size: 1.75em;padding-left: 3px;"></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-24 region region-footer-sixth" id="region-footer-sixth"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-sixth-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-9 block-block-9 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-9"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p>This web edition of the<em> Ethnologue</em> may be cited as:聽 Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. <em>Ethnologue: Languages of the World.</em> Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: <a id="footer-home" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/http://www.ethnologue.com/" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-10 block-block-10 even block-without-title" id="block-block-10"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <!-- <ul> <li class="sm-fb"><a href="http://www.facebook.com"target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="sm-gp"><a href="http://google.com" target="_blank"><span>Google+</span></a></li> <li class="sm-tw"><a href="http://twitter.com" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="sm-li"><a href="http://linkedin.com" target="_blank"><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li> </ul> --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="grid-24 region region-footer-bottom" id="region-footer-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-bottom-inner"> <div class="block block-block block-4 block-block-4 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-4"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> Copyright 漏 2019 SIL International </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-11 block-block-11 even block-without-title" id="block-block-11"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <a href="/web/20190327112107/https://www.ethnologue.com/terms-use" title="Terms of Use">Terms of Use | Privacy Policy</a> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block block-86 block-block-86 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-86"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/web/20190327112107js_/https://www.ethnologue.com/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script> /* Replace 'APP_ID' with your app ID */ window.intercomSettings = { app_id: 'ne48fzn6', custom_launcher_selector: '#intercom' }; /* Replace 'APP_ID' with your app ID */ (function(){var w=window;var ic=w.Intercom;if(typeof ic==="function"){ic('reattach_activator');ic('update',intercomSettings);}else{var d=document;var i=function(){i.c(arguments)};i.q=[];i.c=function(args){i.q.push(args)};w.Intercom=i;function l(){var s=d.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;s.src='https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112107/https://widget.intercom.io/widget/ne48fzn6';var x=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];x.parentNode.insertBefore(s,x);}if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent('onload',l);}else{w.addEventListener('load',l,false);}}})() </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> </div></footer> </div> </div> <div id="recurly-paywall-counter" class="recurly-paywall-counter">Page Views Left: <span></span></div><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"982e558c2b","applicationID":"21031547","transactionName":"ZQdWY0MEDBdQV0wKDlxNdVRFDA0KHkJRBhZBPURWVgA=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":252,"atts":"SUBVFQseHxk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 11:21:07 Mar 27, 2019 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 18:51:40 Feb 21, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.766 exclusion.robots: 0.04 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.024 esindex: 0.015 cdx.remote: 7.22 LoadShardBlock: 1131.611 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 893.192 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 173.402 (2) load_resource: 110.385 -->