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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國家領土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國家領土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>國家領土</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國家領土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-構成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#構成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>構成</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-構成-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关構成子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-構成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-領陸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領陸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>領陸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領陸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>領水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-内水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#内水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>内水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-内水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-河流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#河流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>河流</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-河流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-湖泊或內陸海" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#湖泊或內陸海"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>湖泊或內陸海</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-湖泊或內陸海-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運河" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運河"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>運河</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運河-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領海" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領海"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>領海</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領海-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>領空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-底土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#底土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>底土</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-底土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領土取得方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領土取得方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>領土取得方式</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-領土取得方式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关領土取得方式子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-領土取得方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>傳統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-先佔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#先佔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>先佔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-先佔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時效" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時效"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>時效</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時效-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-添附" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#添附"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>添附</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-添附-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-割讓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#割讓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>割讓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-割讓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-征服" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#征服"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>征服</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-征服-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>其他</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-公民投票" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公民投票"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>公民投票</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公民投票-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-實例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#實例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>實例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-實例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領土受到暫時控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領土受到暫時控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>領土受到暫時控制</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-領土受到暫時控制-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关領土受到暫時控制子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-領土受到暫時控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-租借" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#租借"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>租借</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-租借-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-共管" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共管"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>共管</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共管-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-託管" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#託管"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>託管</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-託管-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軍事佔領" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軍事佔領"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>軍事佔領</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軍事佔領-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>國際管理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>类型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未來" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未來"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>未來</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未來-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領土爭議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領土爭議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>領土爭議</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-領土爭議-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关領土爭議子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-領土爭議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-部份領土爭議列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部份領土爭議列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>部份領土爭議列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-部份領土爭議列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-非洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>非洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>美洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亚洲和大洋洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚洲和大洋洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>亚洲和大洋洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亚洲和大洋洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">领土</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="إقليم (تقسيم إداري) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقليم (تقسيم إداري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frazi" title="Ərazi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərazi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="اراضی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اراضی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэрыторыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрыторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэрыторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрыторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Територия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Територия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রাজ্যক্ষেত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজ্যক্ষেত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriad" title="Tiriad – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tiriad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territori" title="Territori – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Territori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Территори – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Территори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سەرزەوی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرزەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritorium" title="Teritorium – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teritorium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Территори – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Территори" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriogaeth_(israniad_gwladol)" title="Tiriogaeth (israniad gwladol) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tiriogaeth (israniad gwladol)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorium" title="Territorium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Territorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory" title="Territory – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Territory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritorio" title="Teritorio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teritorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_(subdivisi%C3%B3n_de_pa%C3%ADs)" title="Territorio (subdivisión de país) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio (subdivisión de país)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoorium" title="Territoorium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Territoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سرزمین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire" title="Territoire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoarium" title="Territoarium – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Territoarium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio" title="Territorio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Territorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="טריטוריה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozemlje" title="Ozemlje – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ozemlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Տարածք – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio" title="Territorio – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Territorio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilayah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritorio" title="Teritorio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teritorio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio" title="Territorio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" title="領土 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="領土" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wilayah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98)" title="ტერიტორია (ქვეყნის დანაყოფი) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტერიტორია (ქვეყნის დანაყოფი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%ED%86%A0" title="영토 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Территория – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Территория" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9ni" title="Eténi – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eténi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritorija" title="Teritorija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teritorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizar%C3%A0n-tany" title="Fizaràn-tany – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fizaràn-tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Територија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Територија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="भूप्रदेश – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूप्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorium_(afhankelijk_gebied)" title="Territorium (afhankelijk gebied) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Territorium (afhankelijk gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorium" title="Territorium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Territorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorium" title="Territorium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Territorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="تھاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rio_(subdivis%C3%A3o_de_pa%C3%ADs)" title="Território (subdivisão de país) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Território (subdivisão de país)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritoriu" title="Teritoriu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teritoriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Территория – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Территория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirritoriu" title="Tirritoriu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tirritoriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritorija" title="Teritorija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teritorija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory" title="Territory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Territory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Azemie" title="Územie – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Územie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozemlje" title="Ozemlje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ozemlje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territori" title="Territori – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Territori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Територија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Територија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorium" title="Territorium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Territorium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆள்புலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆள்புலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ดินแดน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินแดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritoryo" title="Teritoryo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teritoryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak_(idari_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCm)" title="Toprak (idari bölüm) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak (idari bölüm)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Территория – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Территория" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Территория – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Территория" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Територія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Територія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عملداری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عملداری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona" title="Zona – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3nh_th%E1%BB%95" title="Lãnh thổ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="领土" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტერიტორია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტერიტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טעריטאריע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעריטאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="領土">領土</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-3fbcc08d" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:格洛里厄斯群岛; zh-hant:光榮群島;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg/220px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg/330px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg/440px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_-_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>世界上的領土、領海、毗連區和專屬經濟區</figcaption></figure> <p><b>领土</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Territory</span>），亦稱<b>疆域</b>，是指<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="主权国家">主权国家</a>所管辖的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="地区">地区</a>範圍<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，通常包括一个该国<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C" title="边界">国界</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83" title="邊境">邊境</a>）内的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a>（即<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#領陸">领陆</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%B0%B4" title="內水">內水</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7" title="内海">内海</a>），以及它们的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E5%BA%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="底床（页面不存在）">底床</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%9C%9F" title="底土">底土</a>和上空（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E7%A9%BA" title="领空">领空</a>），有时亦会包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7" title="领海">领海</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>領土與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>存亡有密切關係，因為領土是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>的一部份，形成國家的必要<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="条件">條件</a>，國家行使<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a>的地域及顯示出國家獨有的主權的方式。<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此外，領土的英語對應詞「<span lang="en">territory</span>」亦可用來做為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="行政區劃">行政區劃</a>的類型，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92#地區/领地" title="加拿大行政区划">加拿大的「地區」</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>領土的起源可追溯至公元前，當時<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人類</a>逐漸由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7" title="游牧">游牧</a>轉至<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">農耕</a>，並由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F" title="氏族">氏族</a>轉至<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD" title="部落">部落</a>，擁有獨自的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="領袖">首領</a>。部落擁有自己的農田、活動範圍，且<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">階級</a>制度開始形成，漸漸形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B%E7%AF%84%E5%9C%8D" title="勢力範圍">勢力範圍</a>。勢力範圍是一個部落的管控地區，領土的基本概念形成。後來，勢力範圍便轉變成領土，部落轉變成國家，首領轉變成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>，領土正式形成，成為國家的一個象徵。<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>領土在初時定義模糊，且疆界不清，難以考察國家的實際領土。直至近幾百年，領土疆界才逐漸清晰。<sup id="cite_ref-max-seydel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-seydel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國家領土"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F"></span>國家領土</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：國家領土"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo_land2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geo_land2.PNG/220px-Geo_land2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geo_land2.PNG/330px-Geo_land2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geo_land2.PNG/440px-Geo_land2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>領土定義模型</figcaption></figure> <p>國家擁有的領土理論上是不可分割、不可侵犯的。<sup id="cite_ref-talmon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>國家在其領土上有完全的主權和管轄權，且其他國家理論上無權干涉。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>領土大小也象徵著國家的強弱，如冷戰時兩大國<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>也是領土超過9,000,000平方公里的國家。又如殖民時代英法等歐洲列強殖民領土都象徵帝國強弱。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>領土擁有權糾紛甚會直接導致戰爭，致使國家滅亡。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>每個國家都擁有不同大小的領土，其現今的領土視乎不同因素，如地理、歷史、民族等。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>沒有領土的國家稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="流亡政府">流亡政府</a>，如二战时期<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E9%AB%98%E6%A8%82" title="夏爾·戴高樂">戴高乐</a>领导的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="自由法國">自由法國</a>政府等等。<sup id="cite_ref-nolan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>亦是一個典型例子。聖座於1870年<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教宗国</a>被吞併至1929年因簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="拉特朗条约">拉特朗条约</a>》而成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a>期間都是一個沒有任何領土的流亡政府。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>以下為一個國家在不同種類的領域中所擁有的主權： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"> <caption>國家在不同種類的領域中所擁有的主權 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:3px dashed red;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="外层空间">外层空间</a> <small>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球轨道">地球轨道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" title="月球">月球</a>、所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="天体列表">天體</a>和其軌道）</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2">國家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E7%A9%BA" title="领空">领空</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">領海領空</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">毗連區空域</td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="4">國際空域 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#領陸">領陸</a>表面</td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;">內水水面</td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;">領海水面</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">毗連區水面</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">專屬經濟區水面</td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3">國際水域表面 </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;"> <td style="background:#90ff90; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%B0%B4" title="內水">內水</a></td> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#領水">領水</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%B1%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="专属经济区">专属经济区</a></td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B5%B7" title="公海">國際水域</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%9C%9F" title="底土">底土</a></td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%9E%B6" title="大陆架">大陆架</a>表面</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%9E%B6" title="大陆架">擴展大陸架</a>表面</td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:yellow; color:black; border:3px dashed red; width:0;"></td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="国际海底管理局">國際海底</a>表面 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:2px solid black;" colspan="3">大陆架底土</td> <td style="background:yellow; color:black; border:2px solid black;">擴展大陸架底土</td> <td style="background:#ff9090; color:black; border:2px solid black;">國際海底底土 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#90ff90; color:black; border:3px dashed red;" colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:0;" colspan="7"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90ff90; color:black;"> </span> 國家擁有完全<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="管轄權">管轄權</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> 國家擁有受到限制的管轄權和主權</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9090; color:black;"> </span> 國家不能擁有任何管轄權或主權</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="構成"><span id=".E6.A7.8B.E6.88.90"></span>構成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：構成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png/220px-China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png/330px-China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png/440px-China_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>中华人民共和国的領土和領水： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> 中華人民共和國領陸</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd12c2; color:black;"> </span> 中華人民共和國領海、毗連區和專屬經濟區</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f080e1; color:black;"> </span> 中華人民共和國與中華民國的爭議專屬經濟區</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2d1ee; color:black;"> </span> 中華人民共和國與其他國家的爭議專屬經濟區</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_Territorial_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/220px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/330px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/440px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>的領陸、領海、毗連區和專屬經濟區</figcaption></figure> <p>領土可分為四個部份：<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#領陸">領陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E7%A9%BA" title="领空">领空</a>、<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#領水">領水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%9C%9F" title="底土">底土</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="領陸"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E9.99.B8"></span>領陸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：領陸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>领陆是指國家擁有的陸地領土，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="国界">国界</a>范围内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="大陆">大陆</a>部分和所属<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="岛屿">岛屿</a>以至其底土。主權國家在領土中有絕對操控權，对所属陆地地表以下深度无限的地下<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="资源">资源</a>进行开发利用。领陆是国家领土组成的基本部分。領空、領水和底土也是由領陸洐生而來的。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="領水"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E6.B0.B4"></span>領水</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：領水"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonmar-zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zonmar-zh.png/220px-Zonmar-zh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Zonmar-zh.png/330px-Zonmar-zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Zonmar-zh.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>領海定義</figcaption></figure> <p>領水即國家擁有的水系領土，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7" title="领海">领海</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%B5%B7" title="内海">内海</a>）與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>（或<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E9%96%93%E6%B5%B7" title="陸間海">內陸海</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="内水"><span id=".E5.86.85.E6.B0.B4"></span>内水</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：内水"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%B0%B4" title="內水">内水</a></div> <p>内水是一个由一國領土完全包圍的封閉性湖、河、內海，都被稱為內水。海岸邊緣沿岸國所屬島嶼外緣，與海岸國海岸的連接線內側都屬於內水。注入海中的河流河口，其靠岸邊一側的注口連線內側也算內水。由內水起算12海浬，為領海。主權國家對其內水有完全之司法管轄權，外國船隻在領海中允許的無害通過權，在內水裡是不允許的。<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Law_of_the_Sea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%81%A3" title="海灣">海灣</a>則另有特別規定。所謂灣乃指兩地岬(即海岸端突出之土地端點)所圈圍的大於半圓的水域。若此水域離陸皆不超過24海浬，則全部視為內水。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="河流"><span id=".E6.B2.B3.E6.B5.81"></span>河流</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：河流"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>河流在主權國家領陸內便自動轉變為該國家的領土部份，主權國家在這些河流中有絕對操控權。例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>領土的一部份。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89</sup> </p> <dl><dt>國內河流</dt></dl> <p>國內河流（internal river）是發源地和河口都在一國境內的河流，也稱為內河。國內河流完全處在所在國管轄之下，除經國家同意，外國船舶無權進入和航行<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup>。例如法國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="塞納河">塞納河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="羅亞爾河">羅亞爾河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%BE%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="加龍河">加龍河</a>，義大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="台伯河">台伯河</a>，英格蘭、蘇格蘭、愛爾蘭的所有河流等<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11</sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>界河</dt></dl> <p>河流在主權國家領陸之間稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="跨界河流">界河</a>（boundary river）。界河主權屬於擁有疆界的兩個或以上的主權國家。例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F" title="黑龙江">黑龙江</a>屬於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯聯邦">俄羅斯聯邦</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup> </p> <dl><dt>多國河流</dt></dl> <p>多國河流（multi-national river）是流經兩個或兩個以上國家的河流。例如中國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="元江">元江</a>流入越南為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="紅河">紅河</a>。多國河流分屬於沿岸國所有，各國對流經本國境內的河段享有主權。由於多國河流涉及各沿岸國的共同利益，沿岸國在行使主權時必須顧及其他各段沿岸國的利益，不得濫用，比如上游國家不得故意使河流改道。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup> </p> <dl><dt>國際河流</dt></dl> <p>一些跨國河流會被承認為國際河流（international river），任何國家都能自由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="国际贸易">通商</a>，自由<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="航行">航行</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:90</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="湖泊或內陸海"><span id=".E6.B9.96.E6.B3.8A.E6.88.96.E5.85.A7.E9.99.B8.E6.B5.B7"></span>湖泊或內陸海</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：湖泊或內陸海"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>湖泊或內陸海在主權國家領陸內便自動轉變為該國家的領土部份，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B9%96" title="贝加尔湖">贝加尔湖</a>屬於俄羅斯。<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Law_of_the_Sea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>湖泊或內陸海在主權國家的邊疆，便會分由不同國家管理，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海">裏海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="鹹海">鹹海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96" title="五大湖">五大湖</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Law_of_the_Sea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="運河"><span id=".E9.81.8B.E6.B2.B3"></span>運河</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：運河"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>運河不管由誰挖掘，運河在主權國家的領陸內便屬於該國家的領土。主權國家在這些運河中有絕對操控權。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿马运河">巴拿马运河</a>由美國挖掘，但主權屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴拿马共和国">巴拿马共和國</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="領海"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E6.B5.B7"></span>領海</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：領海"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7" title="领海">领海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="聯合國海洋法公約">聯合國海洋法公約</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E6%B5%B7" title="领海">领海</a>是一个从领海基线，即沿岸国陆地领土及其内水以外，或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="岛国">岛国</a>群岛水域以外向海洋延伸3-12<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%87%8C" title="海里">海里</a>的海域。但各國視實際狀況可能另有規定。一国主权及于领海及其上空和底土。要注意的是，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%B1%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA" title="专属经济区">专属经济区</a>不是領海。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同樣，國家擁有對海洋的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="制海權">制海權</a>不代表國家擁有該片海域。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B5%B7" title="公海">公海</a>沒有被任何主權國家擁有，因此船隻能自由航行。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="領空"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E7.A9.BA"></span>領空</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：領空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E7%A9%BA" title="领空">领空</a></div> <p>領空是一個主權國家領陸和領水的上空部份，主權國家在這些領空中有絕對或部份操控權。主權國家可以劃分<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E9%A3%9B%E5%8D%80" title="禁飛區">禁飛區</a>，甚至禁止任何他國飛機進入領空。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="底土"><span id=".E5.BA.95.E5.9C.9F"></span>底土</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：底土"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%9C%9F" title="底土">底土</a></div> <p>底土是一個主權國家領陸的地底部份，主權國家在這些地下土中有絕對操控權。主權國家能自由地開發底土的地下資源，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>等。有時領海地底屬於底土。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領土取得方式"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F.E5.8F.96.E5.BE.97.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>領土取得方式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：領土取得方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國家在長期歷史發展過程中都有自己的領土，但國家領土很少是一成不變的。由於某種原因，國家可以取得新的領土，也可以失去領土。國家領土變更是指由於某種自然原因或人為原因，國家領土增加或喪失從而使領土面積發生變化<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup>。依<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="國際法">國際法</a>，領土之取得有以下方式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傳統"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1"></span>傳統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：傳統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>傳統的領土取得方式有先佔、時效、添附、割讓、征服。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:67</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:176－185</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="先佔"><span id=".E5.85.88.E4.BD.94"></span>先佔</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：先佔"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>先佔（occupation）意指一個國家對<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="無主地">無主地</a>行使有效佔領而取得領土主權<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup>。例如俄羅斯先佔<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="西伯利亚">西伯利亞</a>。 </p><p>先佔的構成要件有兩項。一為正式佔有，即一個國家做出佔有該領土的意思表示，例如透過發表聲明、宣言或通告的方式，將該領土置於其國家主權之下。二為行政管理，即佔領的形式必須是「有效佔領」，有效佔領的方式如建立行政、立法、司法機構，設立居民點，懸掛國旗等。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup> </p><p>現代先佔幾乎不可能發生，因為除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a>以外（部份國家對其宣稱擁有主權），世界上所有領土都已被不同國家所擁有<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而，一種可能的情況是，一國放棄某領土，進而使該領土成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%B0" title="无主地">無主地</a>，如此他國便可對其進行先佔。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="時效"><span id=".E6.99.82.E6.95.88"></span>時效</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：時效"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>時效（prescription）意指一個國家長期、和平地在他國領土上行使主權，且他國不持續抗議或不提出反對主張，以致於在歷史發展下產生了普遍信念，認為事物現狀符合國際秩序，因而取得該領土的主權。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup>然而，自從國際法學問世以來，一直有法學家反對以時效作為領土取得方式。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup> </p><p>時效的應用必須是對著本來屬於他國主權之下的領土，如果是對著<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="無主地">無主地</a>，那便是<a href="#先佔">先佔</a>（occupation），而不是時效的開始。另一方面，佔領國行使的必須是主權權利，如果僅是行政性質的權利，那便是臨時管理，因此<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="交戰國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="belligerent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交戰國（页面不存在）">交戰國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/belligerent" class="extiw" title="en:belligerent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">belligerent</span></a></span>）</span></span>於<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86" title="军事占领">軍事佔領</a>區行使的，承租國於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="租借地">租借地</a>上行使的，無論經過多久都不能取得領土主權。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup> </p><p>時效的完成必須不受干擾以及經過一段連續的必要歲月。如果他國繼續不斷地提出抗議和主張，主權的實際行使就不是不受干擾的，也就未產生所需要的認為事物現狀符合國際秩序的普遍信念。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup>至於連續的歲月應該多長才算原主權國已正式拋棄其權利和名義，有的國際法學者認為應該要「超出記憶」（going beyond memory），有的國際法學者則認為不能硬性規定，須視個別情況而定。1897年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a>兩國在其邊界仲裁條約《華盛頓條約》中，則訂明英、委邊界土地的時效期限為五十年。一般說來，如果事實主權已與國際秩序相調和，時效期限應可縮短，如果仍未調和，時效就需要較長的歲月。近年交通方便，各國對其領土的每一角落都能控制，放棄領土主權的時效期限應可短於五十年了。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181－182</sup> </p><p>由於藉由時效取得領土主權的實例，從來未曾有過，所以許多法學家不承認時效是國際法上取得領土的方式。雖然<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕爾瑪斯島仲裁案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Island of Palmas Case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕爾瑪斯島仲裁案（页面不存在）">帕爾瑪斯島仲裁案</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Palmas_Case" class="extiw" title="en:Island of Palmas Case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Island of Palmas Case</span></a></span>）</span></span>曾被當作適用時效原則的一例，但該案仲裁員胡伯（Max Huber）並不明示其裁定是基於時效原則，何況完成時效所須的時日又無國際法規則加以規定。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:182</sup> </p><p>1959年，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>兩國將其邊界糾紛訴諸<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="國際法庭">國際法庭</a>仲裁的「邊境地案」（The Frontier Land Case）中，國際法庭的判決就排斥時效的概念，否決荷蘭以時效取得領土主權的訴求，並把爭議的邊界判給了比利時。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:182</sup> </p><p>現今不論成文法或習慣法，對於時效的期間並無具體規定，有說30年、有說50年、或100年、或完全否定時效的概念，至今仍沒有定論。在早期的國際習慣上（如果兩國間的問題有條約規定，則可不依照國際習慣、判例、學說），任何國家若確信其國土被敵意佔有，便有責任提出正式抗議（不必興訟，但該抗議需備案）；若超過了時限下不作抗議或興訟，便不能宣稱該佔有為非法，佔有國便自然成為合法擁有者（起源於早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%BC%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="列強">列強</a>為爭奪瓜分殖民地利益所設下的規則，然而近百年來此規則已不被普遍接受）。時效是一個具爭議性的領土獲取方式，因此其在現實中實行的可能性不大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="添附"><span id=".E6.B7.BB.E9.99.84"></span>添附</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：添附"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>添附（<span lang="en">accretion</span>）是指一國領土由於自然原因或人為原因而增加。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:88</sup> </p><p>添附有兩種情況，即自然添附和人工添附。自然添附是指由於自然的作用使國家領土增加，如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漲灘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alluvion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%B2%E7%81%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漲灘（页面不存在）">漲灘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvion" class="extiw" title="en:Alluvion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alluvion</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="三角洲">三角洲</a>、新生島嶼、廢河床等。人工添附是指通過人為作用使領土面積擴大，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%B4%E5%9E%A6" title="围垦">圍海造田</a>、築堤等。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:88</sup> </p><p>無論是自然添附或人工添附都獲得國際社會的普遍承認。按國際慣例，添附使領土面積增加，國家無須宣告，也無須其他國家承認。但人工添附有一定的限制，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="跨界河流">界河</a>的沿岸國在改變其本國領土的自然狀態時不得使鄰國領土的自然狀態遭受不利；依據《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="聯合國海洋法公約">聯合國海洋法公約</a>》，一國的近海設施和人工島嶼，一國在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%B1%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="專屬經濟區">專屬經濟區</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A3%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="大陸棚">大陸棚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B5%B7" title="公海">公海</a>上建造的人工島嶼、設施和結構都不構成領土的添附。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:88</sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/200px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/300px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/400px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>的填海工程，綠色為天然地，灰色為填海所得地</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="割讓"><span id=".E5.89.B2.E8.AE.93"></span>割讓</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：割讓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>割讓（<span lang="en">cession</span>）是指一國的領土依據<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="條約">條約</a>移轉給另一國。割讓可分為強制性的和非強制性的。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p><p>強制性割讓通常是戰爭或武力脅迫的結果，即一國通過武力以簽定<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="和約">和約</a>的形式迫使他國將領土無代價地移轉給自己。傳統國際法上的割讓，嚴格意義上是指這類割讓，當時戰爭是解決國家爭議的合法手段，強制性割讓也是取得領土的合法方式<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup>。歷史上的例子有：1870年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>，法國割讓<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="亞爾薩斯-洛林">亞爾薩斯與洛林</a>兩省給德國；1842年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">鴉片戰爭</a>後<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="南京條約">中國割讓香港島</a>給<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英國</a>，1856年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争">第二次鴉片戰爭</a>後四年再度<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">割讓九龍半島</a>，1894年<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">中國割讓</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="辽东半岛">遼東半島</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">(後因三國干涉而贖回)</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣島及附屬島嶼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="澎湖群島">澎湖群島</a>給日本；1905年<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B4%E8%B3%87%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="朴資茅斯條約">俄羅斯割讓</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>南部及其附近一切島嶼給日本；1898年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="美西戰爭">美西戰爭</a>，西班牙割讓<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各">波多黎各</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西印度群島">西印度群島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%B3%B6" title="關島">關島</a>給美國<sup id="cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-當代國際法導論（2001）-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup>。由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎非戰公約">現代國際法已廢除了國家的戰爭權</a>，強制性割讓也隨之失去其合法性<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup>。 </p><p>非強制性割讓是國家在平等自願的基礎上，締結條約和平移轉部份領土，這在現代國際法上是合法有效的方式。其形式有購買、贈與、交換：<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p> <ul><li>購買（purchase），即國家向領土原持有者購買領土。例如1803年美國以一千五百萬美元向法國<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" title="路易斯安那購地">購買路易斯安那</a>；1867年美國以七百二十萬美元向俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%98%93%E6%89%8B" title="阿拉斯加易手">購買阿拉斯加</a>；1899年德國以二千五百萬<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94" title="比塞塔">比塞塔</a>向西班牙購買<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="加罗林群岛">加羅林群島</a>；1916年美國以二千五百萬美元向丹麥購買<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E5%B1%AC%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥屬西印度群島">西印度群島</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:71</sup><sup id="cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-當代國際法導論（2001）-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup></li> <li>贈與（gift），即一國贈送領土給另一國。例如1850年英國贈與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96" title="伊利湖">伊利湖</a>中的馬蹄礁（Horseshoe Reef）給美國；1866年奧地利將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>贈與法國，法國再轉贈與義大利。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:71</sup><sup id="cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-當代國際法導論（2001）-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup></li> <li>交換（exchange），即國與國以各自的領土進行交換。例如1875年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6%E5%8D%83%E5%B3%B6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島千島群島交換條約">日本與俄羅斯簽訂條約</a>，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>換取<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%B3%B6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="千島群島">千島群島</a>；1890年英國與德國簽訂《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑爾戈蘭-尚西巴條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E7%88%BE%E6%88%88%E8%98%AD-%E5%B0%9A%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑爾戈蘭-尚西巴條約（页面不存在）">黑爾戈蘭-尚西巴條約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligoland%E2%80%93Zanzibar_Treaty" class="extiw" title="en:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty</span></a></span>）</span></span>》，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%88%BE%E6%88%88%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑爾戈蘭島">黑爾戈蘭島</a>交換德國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="尚西巴群島">尚西巴群島</a>；<sup id="cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-當代國際法導論（2001）-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup>1960年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="中华人民共和国和缅甸联邦边界条约">中國與緬甸簽訂條約</a>交換部份領土。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png/280px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png/420px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png/560px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions-zh-classical.png 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="美國領土變遷">美國領土變遷</a>圖。</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="征服"><span id=".E5.BE.81.E6.9C.8D"></span>征服</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：征服"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>征服（<span lang="en">conquest</span>）是指國家以武力佔領他國領土的部份或全部，戰後經由兼併（annexation）而取得領土的主權。<sup id="cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:84</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_Empire_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/220px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/330px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/440px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>的大征服</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/220px-The_British_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/330px-The_British_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/440px-The_British_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a>征服世界各地</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>依據傳統國際法，有效的征服必須滿足一定的條件：征服國正式表示兼併戰敗國領土的意思。如果兼併的是戰敗國的部份領土，戰敗國須放棄收復失地的企圖；如果兼併的是戰敗國的全部領土，征服國須對該國的全部領土實行有效的控制，同時戰敗國及其盟國須放棄一切抵抗。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p><p>現代國際法嚴格禁止侵略戰爭，因此以征服取得被征服者的領土主權，是無效的、非法的。例如1990年，伊拉克武力侵佔科威特，並將其兼併，宣佈其為伊拉克的第19個省，聯合國不僅宣佈伊拉克的行為無效，而且授權其成員國對其進行制裁。<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>其他</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="公民投票"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E6.B0.91.E6.8A.95.E7.A5.A8"></span>公民投票</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：公民投票"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票">公民投票</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="獨立公投">獨立公投</a></div> <p>公民投票（referendum），簡稱公投，即由公民<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a>決定領土屬於何國，或是否要獨立建國<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:185</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94</sup>。例如1919年《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽條約">凡爾賽條約</a>》規定德國<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾">薩爾</a>地區<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾 (國際聯盟)">交由國際聯盟託管十五年</a>後再由當地居民決定其歸屬，後來<a href="/wiki/1935%E5%B9%B4%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="1935年萨尔公民投票">當地居民舉行公民投票</a>，結果為回歸德國；1961年<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86#.E8.84.B1.E7.A6.BB.E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F" title="喀麦隆">英屬喀麥隆</a>舉行公民投票，結果北部居民決定與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a>合併，南部居民決定與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="喀麥隆">喀麥隆</a>合併；1967年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="直布羅陀主權公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E9%99%80%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直布羅陀主權公投（页面不存在）">直布羅陀舉行公民投票</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum,_1967" class="extiw" title="en:Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 1967</span></a></span>）</span></span>決定領土歸屬；1989年<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納米比亞">納米比亞</a>舉行公民投票決定領土歸屬<sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:94</sup>；2014年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="克里米亚自治共和国">克里米亞</a>舉行<a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2014年克里米亞歸屬公投">公民投票</a>決定領土歸屬。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="實例"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E4.BE.8B"></span>實例</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：實例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>提议成立的国家 </th> <th>公投年份 </th> <th>独立前所属国家 </th> <th>是否多数赞成独立 </th> <th>是否独立 </th> <th>是否得到中央政府承认 </th> <th>备注 </th> <th>地圖 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古人民共和国">蒙古</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="外蒙古獨立公民投票">1945</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td>經<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="外蒙古獨立公民投票">1945年公民投票</a>而獨立的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古人民共和国">蒙古人民共和国</a>。中華民國政府於1946年1月公告表示接受公投結果，承認外蒙古獨立。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蒙古人民共和國之主權獨立地位就此確立並逐漸獲得國際承認。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg/200px-Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg/300px-Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg/400px-Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_Orthographic_projection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1962%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1962年阿尔及利亚独立公投">1962</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td>經<a href="/wiki/1962%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="1962年阿尔及利亚独立公投">1962年阿尔及利亚独立公投</a>而獨立的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a>。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2006年黑山獨立公投">2006</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%88%87%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅">塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td>經<a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="2006年黑山獨立公民投票">2006年公民投票</a>而獨立的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a>。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegro_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-Montenegro_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹">南蘇丹</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="南苏丹独立公投">2011</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td>經<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="南苏丹独立公投">2011年公民投票</a>而獨立的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹">南蘇丹</a>。独立成功，2011年7月9日获得独立，并加入联合国。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/400px-South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B6%85%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="顿涅茨克人民共和国">顿涅茨克</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014%E5%B9%B4%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014年顿巴斯地位公民投票（页面不存在）">2014</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">烏克蘭</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial skin-invert"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承认国家列表"><i>事实上</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="table-no skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#FF9090">否 </td> <td>經<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2014年顿巴斯地位公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2014 Donbass status referendums"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2014年頓巴斯地位公投">2014年顿巴斯地位公投</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Donbass_status_referendums" class="extiw" title="en:2014 Donbass status referendums"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2014 Donbass status referendums</span></a></span>）</span></span>而獨立并组建<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="新俄羅斯聯邦">新俄羅斯聯邦</a>的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B6%85%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="顿涅茨克人民共和国">顿涅茨克人民共和国</a>和<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%94%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="卢甘斯克人民共和国">卢甘斯克人民共和国</a>。一个事实上独立的公投，顿涅茨克人民共和国独立没有得到乌克兰政府的确认。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novorossiya_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/200px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/300px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/400px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%94%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="卢甘斯克人民共和国">卢甘斯克</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014%E5%B9%B4%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014年顿巴斯地位公民投票（页面不存在）">2014</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">烏克蘭</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial skin-invert"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承认国家列表"><i>事实上</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="table-no skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#FF9090">否 </td> <td>經<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2014年顿巴斯地位公投" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2014 Donbass status referendums"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E9%A0%93%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2014年頓巴斯地位公投">2014年顿巴斯地位公投</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Donbass_status_referendums" class="extiw" title="en:2014 Donbass status referendums"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2014 Donbass status referendums</span></a></span>）</span></span>而獨立并组建<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="新俄羅斯聯邦">新俄羅斯聯邦</a>的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B6%85%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="顿涅茨克人民共和国">顿涅茨克人民共和国</a>和<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%94%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="卢甘斯克人民共和国">卢甘斯克人民共和国</a>。一个事实上独立的公投，卢甘斯克人民共和国独立没有得到乌克兰政府的确认。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Novorossiya_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/200px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/300px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Novorossiya_location.svg/400px-Novorossiya_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/33px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/44px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="克里米亞共和國">克里米亞共和國</a> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="塞瓦斯托波爾">塞瓦斯托波爾</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2014年克里米亞歸屬公投">2014</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">烏克蘭</a> </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-yes skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#90FF90">是 </td> <td class="table-no skin-invert" style="text-align:center; background:#FF9090">否 </td> <td>經<a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B8%E5%B1%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2014年克里米亞歸屬公投">2014年公民投票</a>而獨立并加入俄羅斯聯邦的<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/33px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/44px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="克里米亞共和國">克里米亞共和國</a>和<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sevastopol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="塞瓦斯托波爾">塞瓦斯托波爾</a>。 </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg/200px-Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg/300px-Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg/400px-Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領土受到暫時控制"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F.E5.8F.97.E5.88.B0.E6.9A.AB.E6.99.82.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6"></span>領土受到暫時控制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：領土受到暫時控制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在特殊情況下，領土可能只受到暫時控制，而沒有被控制者真正取得。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="租借"><span id=".E7.A7.9F.E5.80.9F"></span>租借</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：租借"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="租借地">租借地</a></div> <p>租借（<span lang="en">lease</span>），即在不同情況下（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E6%95%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰敗（页面不存在）">戰敗</a>），將領土在一個有效期內<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F" title="租借">租借</a>予別國，借地國擁有該地區的行政權以治理該地區（如警察權），但租國仍保留主權（只是已經喪失當地的行政權），稱為租借。例子如清朝租借<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%95%8C" title="新界">新界</a>予大英帝國。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="共管"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E7.AE.A1"></span>共管</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：共管"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%AE%A1_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95)" title="共管 (國際法)">共管</a>（condominium），即一片領土受兩個或以上的國家管理，形成沒有國家擁有對該領土的絕對主權。例子有20世紀初的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E7%AE%A1%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="英埃共管蘇丹">英埃共管蘇丹</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>共同管治）。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg/220px-Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg/330px-Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg/440px-Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>英埃共管蘇丹領土，由英國和埃及共同管治</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="託管"><span id=".E8.A8.97.E7.AE.A1"></span>託管</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：託管"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_mandate_Middle_East_and_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/League_of_Nations_mandate_Middle_East_and_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>國際聯盟在中東以及非洲的託管地</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="國際聯盟託管地">國際聯盟託管地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" title="聯合國託管理事會">聯合國託管理事會</a></div> <p>託管（<span lang="en">mandate</span>），戰敗國將殖民地交給戰勝國（如日本二戰戰敗後期將領土暫時交予美國管理）或其他原因，暫時將領土交予別國，稱為託管。接受託管領土的國家職責在於保護該領土或協助其獨立，而且不會擁有對該領土的絕對主權，該國家要在一些情況下（如託管期限結束），放棄該領土。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="軍事佔領"><span id=".E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B.E4.BD.94.E9.A0.98"></span>軍事佔領</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：軍事佔領"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86" title="军事占领">軍事佔領</a></div> <p>軍事佔領（military occupation）只是對佔領地進行暫時的管理，並不能取得佔領地的領土主權。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181</sup><sup id="cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:93</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國際管理"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E7.AE.A1.E7.90.86"></span>國際管理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：國際管理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>即領土受國際管理，沒有主權國家擁有該領土，稱為國際託管。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a>便是一例子。南極洲因於1961年生效的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="南极条约体系">南极条约体系</a>》凍結一切對南極的領土要求，並禁止新的領土要求，所以沒有任何一國對南極洲擁有主權。而且，《南極條約體系》亦列明要求締約國對各自派出的觀察員和科學家行使管轄權，即受國際管理。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="类型"><span id=".E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>类型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：类型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同类型领土的示例包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a></li> <li>海外领土 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" title="歐洲聯盟特別領域">欧洲联盟特别领域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%9C%81" title="海外省">海外省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="英国海外领土">英国海外领土</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首都领地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Capital_districts_and_territories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首都领地（页面不存在）">首都领地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories" class="extiw" title="en:Capital districts and territories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Capital_districts_and_territories</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E7%BA%A0%E7%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="领土纠纷">争议领土</a>，两个或多个敌对政府声称拥有主权的地理区域。例如，克什米尔的领土被印度和巴基斯坦政府宣称拥有主权；对于卷入争端的每个国家，整个领土都被视为现有国家的一部分。另一个例子是中华民国（通常被称为“台湾”），其主权地位受到中华人民共和国的争议和领土主张。</li> <li>联邦领土，见<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="澳大利亚行政区划">澳大利亚行政区划</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="加拿大行政区划">加拿大行政区划</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋领土" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maritime territory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋领土（页面不存在）">海洋领土</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_territory" class="extiw" title="en:Maritime territory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maritime territory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86" title="军事占领">军事占领</a>，即处于未获得国际社会普遍承认的外部势力军事控制下的地区。当前的部份例子是被俄罗斯联邦占领的克里米亚；东耶路撒冷、加沙地带、戈兰高地和被以色列国占领的西岸；西撒哈拉，部分被摩洛哥王国占领。被占领土的其他例子包括被伊拉克短暂入侵后的科威特国1990 年、2003 年美国入侵后的伊拉克、二战后的德国和1999 年后的科索沃。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无组织的领土" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unorganized_territory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无组织的领土（页面不存在）">无组织的领土</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorganized_territory" class="extiw" title="en:Unorganized territory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unorganized_territory</span></a></span>）</span></span>，没有“正常”构成的政府体系的土地区域。这并不意味着该领土根本没有政府或它是无人认领的领土。实际上，这些地区总是人烟稀少。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="未來"><span id=".E6.9C.AA.E4.BE.86"></span>未來</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：未來"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5" title="未来">未来</a>，領土可能不只包括在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上。領土可能擴展至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" title="月球">月球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a>甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="银河系">银河系</a>。但在現代，根據《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="外层空间条约">外层空间条约</a>》，這些天體暫時不會成為任何一國的領土。<sup id="cite_ref-UNtreatydatabase_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNtreatydatabase-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-az_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-az-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領土爭議"><span id=".E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F.E7.88.AD.E8.AD.B0"></span>領土爭議</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：領土爭議"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E7%88%AD%E7%AB%AF%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界主權爭端領土列表">世界主權爭端領土列表</a></div> <p>領土爭議，是指兩個國家或以上對同一塊土地均宣示主權而引發的糾紛。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="主权国家">主權國</a>與主權國之間的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%B3%BE%E7%B4%9B" title="領土糾紛">領土紛爭</a>，通常是因歸還領土主權、時效、先佔等原因而引發出來的。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="部份領土爭議列表"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E4.BB.BD.E9.A0.98.E5.9C.9F.E7.88.AD.E8.AD.B0.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>部份領土爭議列表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：部份領土爭議列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="非洲"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span>非洲</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：非洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg/180px-Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg/270px-Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg/360px-Lake_Malawi_seen_from_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption>马拉维湖</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%8A%E5%8D%9C%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%8C%BA" title="哈拉伊卜三角区">哈拉伊卜三角区</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%BE%BE" title="休达">休达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="梅利利亚">梅利利亚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9C%B0" title="西属主权地">西属主权地</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%A4%81" title="印度礁">印度礁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%B2%9B" title="欧罗巴岛">欧罗巴岛</a>、新胡安岛和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="格洛里厄斯群岛">格洛里厄斯群岛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="马达加斯加">马达加斯加</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">葛摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B9%96" title="马拉维湖">马拉维湖</a>沿岸：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4" title="马拉维">马拉维</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9" title="马约特">马约特</a>：法国和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">葛摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%99%BB" title="欧加登">欧加登</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="特罗姆兰岛">特罗姆兰岛</a>：法国、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">毛里求斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="查戈斯群岛">查戈斯群岛</a>：英国、毛里求斯</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="西撒哈拉">西撒哈拉</a>：摩洛哥、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯撒哈拉民主共和国">撒拉威</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="美洲"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2"></span>美洲</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：美洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg/180px-Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg/270px-Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg/360px-Rio_San_Juan_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>圣胡安河省</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%E6%B2%B3%E7%9C%81" title="聖胡安河省">聖胡安河省</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0" title="哥斯达黎加">哥斯达黎加</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="福克兰群岛">福克兰群岛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B3%B6%E8%88%87%E5%8D%97%E6%A1%91%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="南喬治亞島與南桑威奇群島">南喬治亞島與南桑威奇群島</a>：英国和阿根廷</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="亚洲和大洋洲"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E6.B4.B2.E5.92.8C.E5.A4.A7.E6.B4.8B.E6.B4.B2"></span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="亚太地区">亚洲和大洋洲</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：亚洲和大洋洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg/180px-Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg/270px-Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg/360px-Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>釣魚台列嶼</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E9%92%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿克塞钦">阿克塞钦</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>和印度</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="藏南地區">藏南地區</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>和中华人民共和国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="突厥斯坦">突厥斯坦州</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中不边界争议">不丹北部</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>和不丹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="东耶路撒冷">东耶路撒冷</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%98%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" title="戈蘭高地">戈蘭高地</a>：以色列和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="克什米尔">克什米尔</a>：印度和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="朝鲜半岛">朝鲜半岛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜民主主义人民共和国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">大韩民国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%83%E5%B2%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="南千岛群岛">南千岛群岛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B3%B6" title="獨島">獨島</a>（日稱：竹島）：大韓民國和日本</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B2%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="中沙群島">中沙群島</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>、中华民国和菲律宾</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="西沙群岛">西沙群岛</a>：中華民國、越南和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A3%E9%AD%9A%E8%87%BA%E5%88%97%E5%B6%BC" title="釣魚臺列嶼">釣魚臺列嶼</a>（日稱：尖閣諸島）：中華民國、日本和中华人民共和国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B2%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="南沙群岛">南沙群岛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>、中华人民共和国、越南、菲律宾（部分）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>（部分）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="文莱">文莱</a>（部分）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印尼</a>（部分）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="澎湖群島">澎湖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E7%B8%A3" title="金門縣">金門</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E5%88%97%E5%B3%B6" title="馬祖列島">馬祖</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>：中華民國和中华人民共和国</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Biersteker, Thomas; Weber, Cynthia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qy97O2Eon0gC">State Sovereignty as Social Construct</a>. Cambridge Studies in International Relations <b>46</b>. Cambridge University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521565998" title="Special:网络书源/9780521565998"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521565998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=Weber%2C+Cynthia&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Biersteker&rft.btitle=State+Sovereignty+as+Social+Construct&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521565998&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+International+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqy97O2Eon0gC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krasner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krasner_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krasner, Professor Stephen D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ISqwQIBQff4C&lpg=PA7&pg=PA7">Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities</a>. 2001: 6–12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780231121798" title="Special:网络书源/9780231121798"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780231121798</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014072303/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISqwQIBQff4C&lpg=PA7&pg=PA7&hl=en">存档</a>于2022-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Professor+Stephen+D.&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.btitle=Problematic+Sovereignty%3A+Contested+Rules+and+Political+Possibilities&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780231121798&rft.pages=6-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISqwQIBQff4C%26lpg%3DPA7%26pg%3DPA7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557065/sovereignty">sovereignty (politics)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503104728/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557065/sovereignty">存档</a>于2015-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=sovereignty+%28politics%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F557065%2Fsovereignty&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-max-seydel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-max-seydel_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stallybrass, William Teulon Swan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Gl9JAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=%22there+is+no+law+without+a+sovereign%22+Seydel">A society of states: Or, Sovereignty, independence, and equality in a league of nations</a>. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=A+society+of+states%3A+Or%2C+Sovereignty%2C+independence%2C+and+equality+in+a+league+of+nations&rft.aufirst=William+Teulon+Swan&rft.aulast=Stallybrass&rft.date=1918&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGl9JAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA80%26dq%3D%2522there%2Bis%2Bno%2Blaw%2Bwithout%2Ba%2Bsovereign%2522%2BSeydel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talmon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-talmon_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Talmon, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=scc8EboiJX8C&pg=PA50">Recognition of Governments in International Law</a>. Oxford Monographs in International Law Series. Oxford University Press. 1998: 50. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780198265733" title="Special:网络书源/9780198265733"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780198265733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.aulast=Talmon&rft.btitle=Recognition+of+Governments+in+International+Law&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780198265733&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Oxford+Monographs+in+International+Law+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dscc8EboiJX8C%26pg%3DPA50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, Kenneth. Foundations of comparative politics: democracies of the modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML">C-26/62 <i>Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen</i></a>. Eur-Lex. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-01-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321191046/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML">存档</a>于2007-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=C-26%2F62+Van+Gend+en+Loos+v.+Nederlanse+Administratie+Der+Belastingen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eur-Lex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A61962J0026%3AEN%3AHTML&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eVPQWWqHbi8C&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=%22try+to+be+one+of+three%22+%22five+great+powers%22&source=web&ots=RTFf5BgiqV&sig=GIpRg4plsUbafYB-F4S5xnkPluw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result">Peace, War, and the European Powers, 1814–1914</a>. Books.google.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-12</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Peace%2C+War%2C+and+the+European+Powers%2C+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVPQWWqHbi8C%26pg%3DPA106%26lpg%3DPA106%26dq%3D%2522try%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthree%2522%2B%2522five%2Bgreat%2Bpowers%2522%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DRTFf5BgiqV%26sig%3DGIpRg4plsUbafYB-F4S5xnkPluw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D2%26ct%3Dresult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DkN6M2mvh9EC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=%22be+one+of+three%22+%22five+great+powers%22&source=web&ots=94EEpqiR5I&sig=rbQ08zhwPnJQx3GaoHlNE79aQ74&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result">Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World</a>. Books.google.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-12</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+International+Relations+in+the+Modern+World&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkN6M2mvh9EC%26pg%3DPA86%26lpg%3DPA86%26dq%3D%2522be%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthree%2522%2B%2522five%2Bgreat%2Bpowers%2522%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3D94EEpqiR5I%26sig%3DrbQ08zhwPnJQx3GaoHlNE79aQ74%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D5%26ct%3Dresult&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075917/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/SCHROEDE.doc">The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/SCHROEDE.doc">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+European+Politics%2C+1763%E2%80%931848&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Ffaculty%2Ftrachtenberg%2Fcv%2FSCHROEDE.doc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/87">Power Transitions as the cause of war</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090630075608/http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/87">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mälksoo, Lauri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p5w6AQAAIAAJ">Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR</a>. M. Nijhoff Publishers. 2003: 193. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9041121773" title="Special:网络书源/9041121773"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9041121773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.btitle=Illegal+Annexation+and+State+Continuity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Incorporation+of+the+Baltic+States+by+the+USSR&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9041121773&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5w6AQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nolan_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nolan, Cathal J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1559">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations</a>. Volume 4. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002: 1559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1559&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMJ8KP8i3v0C%26pg%3DPA1559&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=government-in-exile">Princeton University WordNet</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808022347/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=government-in-exile">存档</a>于2020-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Princeton+University+WordNet&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dgovernment-in-exile&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Araujo and John Lucal, Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace, the Vatican and International Organizations from the early years to the League of Nations, Sapienza Press (2004), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781932589016" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-932589-01-6</a>, p. 16. <i>See also</i> James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110161208/http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/public-international-law-special-topics/territory/">Peace Palace Library - Research Guide</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/public-international-law-special-topics/territory/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-11-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Peace+Palace+Library+-+Research+Guide&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacepalacelibrary.nl%2Fresearch-guides%2Fpublic-international-law-special-topics%2Fterritory%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-國際法（2006）-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-0"><sup><b>17.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-1"><sup><b>17.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-2"><sup><b>17.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-3"><sup><b>17.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-4"><sup><b>17.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-5"><sup><b>17.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-6"><sup><b>17.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-7"><sup><b>17.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-8"><sup><b>17.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-9"><sup><b>17.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-10"><sup><b>17.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-11"><sup><b>17.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-12"><sup><b>17.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-13"><sup><b>17.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-14"><sup><b>17.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-15"><sup><b>17.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-16"><sup><b>17.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-17"><sup><b>17.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-18"><sup><b>17.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-19"><sup><b>17.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-20"><sup><b>17.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-21"><sup><b>17.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-22"><sup><b>17.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-23"><sup><b>17.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-24"><sup><b>17.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-25"><sup><b>17.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-26"><sup><b>17.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（2006）_17-27"><sup><b>17.27</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李廣民; 歐斌. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=UnnxJeFq0hcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&q&f=false">國際法</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="清华大学出版社">清華大學出版社</a>. 2006年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7302125694" title="Special:网络书源/7302125694"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7302125694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%BB%A3%E6%B0%91&rft.au=%E6%AD%90%E6%96%8C&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7302125694&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnnxJeFq0hcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-TW%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Law_of_the_Sea-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Law_of_the_Sea_18-2"><sup><b>18.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm">UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143123/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm">存档</a>于2008-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=UN+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea%3A+Territorial+Sea+and+Contiguous+Zone&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fpart2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412215203/http://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/990902a.html#">U.S. Vice President announces contiguous zone</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/990902a.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=U.S.+Vice+President+announces+contiguous+zone&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinton4.nara.gov%2FCEQ%2F990902a.html%23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-奧本海國際法-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-3"><sup><b>20.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-4"><sup><b>20.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-5"><sup><b>20.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-6"><sup><b>20.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-奧本海國際法_20-7"><sup><b>20.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="劳特派特">勞特派特</a>修訂; <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%90%B5%E5%B4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="王鐵崖">王鐵崖</a>、陳體強譯. 奧本海國際法. 上卷第二分冊. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="商務印書館">商務印書館</a>. 1989年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-100-00644-9" title="Special:网络书源/7-100-00644-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-100-00644-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=%E5%8B%9E%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%3B+%E7%8E%8B%E9%90%B5%E5%B4%96%E3%80%81%E9%99%B3%E9%AB%94%E5%BC%B7%E8%AD%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-100-00644-9&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm">UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Exclusive Economic Zone</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143137/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm">存档</a>于2008-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=UN+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea%3A+Exclusive+Economic+Zone&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fpart5.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part6.htm">UN Convention on the Law or the Sea: Continental Shelf</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020740/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part6.htm">存档</a>于2021-05-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=UN+Convention+on+the+Law+or+the+Sea%3A+Continental+Shelf&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Ftexts%2Funclos%2Fpart6.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/aim0301.html">U.S. airspace, as described in the Aeronautical Information Manual</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207075314/http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/aim0301.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2013-02-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Håkansson, Inge; Reeder, Randall C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167198794900655">Subsoil compaction by vehicles with high axle load—extent, persistence and crop response</a>. Volume 29, Issues 2–3. Soil and Tillage Research: 277–304. March 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020807/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167198794900655">存档</a>于2021-05-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=Subsoil+compaction+by+vehicles+with+high+axle+load%E2%80%94extent%2C+persistence+and+crop+response&rft.au=H%C3%A5kansson%2C+Inge%3B+Reeder%2C+Randall+C.&rft.date=1994-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volume+29%2C+Issues+2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=277-304&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F0167198794900655&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Adams, Fred; . Moore, B. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/47/1/SS0470010099">Chemical Factors Affecting Root Growth in Subsoil Horizons of Coastal Plain Soils</a>. Vol. 47 No. 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal: 99–102. January 1983 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213106/https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/47/1/SS0470010099">存档</a>于2015-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=Chemical+Factors+Affecting+Root+Growth+in+Subsoil+Horizons+of+Coastal+Plain+Soils&rft.au=Adams%2C+Fred%3B+.+Moore%2C+B.+L&rft.date=1983-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vol.+47+No.+1&rft.pages=99-102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crops.org%2Fpublications%2Fsssaj%2Fabstracts%2F47%2F1%2FSS0470010099&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-國際法（1995）-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-2"><sup><b>26.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-3"><sup><b>26.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-4"><sup><b>26.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-5"><sup><b>26.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-國際法（1995）_26-6"><sup><b>26.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96" title="陳治世">陳治世</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=ah8P0PjX1hsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&q&f=false">國際法</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" title="臺北市">臺北市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="臺灣商務印書館">臺灣商務印書館</a>. 1995年5月15日. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570501889" title="Special:网络书源/9789570501889"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570501889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95&rft.date=1995-05-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789570501889&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah8P0PjX1hsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-TW%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4094.pdf">Occupation and other forms of administration of foreign territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013173250/https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4094.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Occupation+and+other+forms+of+administration+of+foreign+territory&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ficrc-002-4094.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-當代國際法導論（2001）-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-2"><sup><b>28.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-當代國際法導論（2001）_28-3"><sup><b>28.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">趙明義. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=DGQ2Z7wHeQkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&q&f=false">當代國際法導論</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" title="臺北市">臺北市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="五南圖書出版公司">五南圖書出版公司</a>. 2001年9月1日. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571125862" title="Special:网络书源/9789571125862"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789571125862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=%E8%B6%99%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9&rft.btitle=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789571125862&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGQ2Z7wHeQkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-TW%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">国民政府发表公告承认外蒙独立，中央日报（上海版）1946年1月6日，第2版 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>国民政府发表公告承认外蒙独立(1946年1日5日) <br />（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E7%A4%BE" title="中央通訊社">中央社</a>重庆五日电）<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="國府">国府</a>于一月五日发表承认外蒙独立之公告如下：外蒙古人民于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="中華民國 (消歧義)">民国</a>卅四年十月廿日举行公民投票，中央曾派<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国内政部">内政部</a>次长<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B3%95%E7%AB%A0" title="雷法章">雷法章</a>前往观察，近据外蒙古投票事务人员之报告，公民投票结果，已证实外蒙古人民赞成独立，兹照国防会最高委员会之审议，法定承认外蒙古之独立，除由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="行政院">行政院</a>转饬内政部将此项决议正式通知外蒙古政府外，特此公告。</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431">South Sudan backs independence – results</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/691DOUHMk?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431">存档</a>于2012-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+backs+independence+%E2%80%93+results&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12379431&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_31-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_31-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/11/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/">In eastern Ukraine, polls close amid allegations of double-voting - CNN.com</a>. CNN. 11 May 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224121940/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/11/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/">存档</a>于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=In+eastern+Ukraine%2C+polls+close+amid+allegations+of+double-voting+-+CNN.com&rft.date=2014-05-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F05%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-crisis%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/russia-praises-ukraines-autonomy-law-for-rebel-areas-1410977330">Russia Praises Ukraine's Autonomy Law for Rebel Areas</a>. WSJ. 17 September 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922033826/http://online.wsj.com/articles/russia-praises-ukraines-autonomy-law-for-rebel-areas-1410977330">存档</a>于2014-09-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=Russia+Praises+Ukraine%27s+Autonomy+Law+for+Rebel+Areas&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frussia-praises-ukraines-autonomy-law-for-rebel-areas-1410977330&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/COLONIES.html">WorldStatesmen—also by concession holder</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171108210310/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/COLONIES.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）—or by country for non-colonial territories</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/BoundaryPoint/files/delu"><i>Select</i> DEFRLUBEDELU.PDF (Map of condominium boundaries)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-06-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808022457/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/BoundaryPoint/files/delu">存档</a>于2020-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Select+DEFRLUBEDELU.PDF+%28Map+of+condominium+boundaries%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fneo%2Fgroups%2FBoundaryPoint%2Ffiles%2Fdelu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106103217/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf">Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. International Court of Justice. 21 June 1971: 28–32 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015年1月6日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=Legal+Consequences+for+States+of+the+Continued+Presence+of+South+Africa+in+Namibia+%28South+West+Africa%29+notwithstanding+Security+Council+Resolution+276+%281970%29&rft.date=1971-06-21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.pages=28-32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F53%2F5595.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="劳特派特">勞特派特</a>修訂; <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%90%B5%E5%B4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="王鐵崖">王鐵崖</a>、陳體強譯. 奧本海國際法. 下卷第一分冊. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="商務印書館">商務印書館</a>. 1989年: 第322頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-100-00645-7" title="Special:网络书源/7-100-00645-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-100-00645-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.au=%E5%8B%9E%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%3B+%E7%8E%8B%E9%90%B5%E5%B4%96%E3%80%81%E9%99%B3%E9%AB%94%E5%BC%B7%E8%AD%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-100-00645-7&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC322%E9%A0%81&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="extiw" title="s:南极条约">维基文库：《南極條約體系》</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNtreatydatabase-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNtreatydatabase_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/outer_space">Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs（页面不存在）">United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401232743/http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/outer_space">存档</a>于2016-04-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Treaty+on+Principles+Governing+the+Activities+of+States+in+the+Exploration+and+Use+of+Outer+Space%2C+including+the+Moon+and+Other+Celestial+Bodies&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Disarmament+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisarmament.un.org%2Ftreaties%2Ft%2Fouter_space&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-az-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-az_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613084435/http://en.trend.az/regions/scaucasus/azerbaijan/2149769.html">Azerbaijan improves legal framework for space cooperation</a>. 13 May 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-05-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/scaucasus/azerbaijan/2149769.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+improves+legal+framework+for+space+cooperation&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Fscaucasus%2Fazerbaijan%2F2149769.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html">USState Department/ FloridaStateUniversity International Border Studies</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924211639/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/numericalibs-template.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2008-09-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ls/Shaw_BD.html">Lectures</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131015135616/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ls/Shaw_BD.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Malcolm Shaw entitled <i>The International Legal Principles Relating to Territorial Disputes: The Acquisition of Title to Territory</i> and <i>Settling Territorial Disputes</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130808180535/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/lectureseries.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Benton, Lauren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6BNZPgAACAAJ&dq">A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-88105-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-88105-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-88105-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+Sovereignty%3A+Law+and+Geography+in+European+Empires%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88105-0&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BNZPgAACAAJ%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Philpott, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/">Sovereignty</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218223356/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/">存档</a>于2020-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.atitle=Sovereignty&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsovereignty%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Prokhovnik, Raia. Sovereignties: contemporary theory and practice. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781403913234" title="Special:网络书源/9781403913234"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781403913234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Raia&rft.aulast=Prokhovnik&rft.btitle=Sovereignties%3A+contemporary+theory+and+practice&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781403913234&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Prokhovnik, Raia. Sovereignty: history and theory. Exeter, UK Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781845401412" title="Special:网络书源/9781845401412"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781845401412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Raia&rft.aulast=Prokhovnik&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+history+and+theory&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781845401412&rft.place=Exeter%2C+UK+Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Thomson, Janice E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EvylnkgJ9ycC">Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: state-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe</a>. Princeton University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-02571-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-02571-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-691-02571-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&rft.aufirst=Janice+E.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Mercenaries%2C+pirates%2C+and+sovereigns%3A+state-building+and+extraterritorial+violence+in+early+modern+Europe&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02571-1&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvylnkgJ9ycC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Territory%22&rview=1">"Territory" - 搜索 Google 圖書</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.hk/books?q=%22%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%22&rview=1">"領土" - 搜索 Google 圖書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界各国和地区面积列表">世界各国和地区面积列表</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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