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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Nazi Germany</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <table class="infobox geography vcard vevent" style="width:290px;"> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" class="fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;">German Reich</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="3" class="fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold;">Deutsches Reich (1933–43) Großdeutsches Reich (1943–45)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;"> <tr> <td style="width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">←</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="30" height="20" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;">1933–1945</td> <td style="width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;"><a href="#before-after">↓</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" class="maptable"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:none;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="Flag"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="125" height="75" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/100px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="100" height="65" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/150px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/200px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846"/></a></td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:95%;"> <td style="border:0; text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></td> <td style="border:0; text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Emblem</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; font-size:95%;">Anthem <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Lied_der_Deutschen" title="Das Lied der Deutschen" class="mw-redirect">Das Lied der Deutschen</a> Song of the Germans <center> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" style="width:220px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="198.34775510204" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Weimar_Republic.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Weimar_Republic.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (111 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="110981"></source>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Weimar_Republic.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </center> </li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a> Horst Wessel Song <center> <div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_1" style="width:220px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf21/resources/assets/file-type-icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="200.97596371882" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (46 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="45763"></source><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.de.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.de.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="de" data-dir="ltr" label="Deutsch (de) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en" data-dir="ltr" label="English (en) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.es.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.es.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="es" data-dir="ltr" label="español (es) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.nl.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.nl.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="nl" data-dir="ltr" label="Nederlands (nl) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.tr.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.tr.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="tr" data-dir="ltr" label="Türkçe (tr) subtitles"></track><track kind="subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Песня_Хорста_Весселя.ogg.zh-hans.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.zh-hans.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="zh-hans" data-dir="ltr" label="中文（简体）‎ (zh-hans) subtitles"></track>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div> </center> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Reich_1942.svg" class="image" title="Location of Germany"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/German_Reich_1942.svg/250px-German_Reich_1942.svg.png" width="250" height="253" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/German_Reich_1942.svg/375px-German_Reich_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/German_Reich_1942.svg/500px-German_Reich_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;line-height:1.25em;font-size:90%;">Germany at the height of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> success (1942) <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;"> <ul> <li> <div class="legend">  Germany<a href="#cite_note-annexed-1">[a]</a></div> </li> <li> <div class="legend">  <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Civilian-administered occupied territories</a></div> </li> <li> <div class="legend">  <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military-administered occupied territories</a></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png" class="image" title="Location of Germany"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png/280px-Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png" width="280" height="217" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png/420px-Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png/560px-Grossdeutsches_Reich_NS_Administration_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2022"/></a></div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.25em;font-size:90%;">Administrative divisions of Germany, May 1944</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Capital</td> <td style="width:50%;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Languages</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2">Government</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-party_state" title="Single-party state">single-party state</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_dictatorship" title="Totalitarian dictatorship" class="mw-redirect">totalitarian dictatorship</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)" class="mw-redirect">President</a> / <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1933–1934</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1934–1945</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a><a href="#cite_note-vacant-2">[b]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1945</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of Chancellors of Germany">Chancellor</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1933–1945</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1945</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1945 (as leading minister)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2">Legislature</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">State council</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Reichsrat</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2">Historical era</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>/<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">30 January 1933</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">27 February 1933</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">12 March 1938</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">1 September 1939</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Death of Adolf Hitler</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">30 April 1945</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Surrender of Germany</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;">8 May 1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Area</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1939 <a href="#cite_note-statistics-3">[c]</a></td> <td>633,786 km² (244,706 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population" class="mw-redirect">Population</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="width:1.0em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;"> - </td> <td style="padding-left:0;text-align:left;">1939 est.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatistisches_Jahrbuch200634-4">[1]</a></td> <td>69,314,000 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2">     Density</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">109.4 /km²  (283.3 /sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Currency</td> <td><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> (ℛℳ)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"> <div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupied Germany</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg.png" width="20" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281946-1949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Occupied Austria</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931952)" title="Republic of Poland (1944–1952)" class="mw-redirect">Poland</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic_(1945%E2%80%9348)" title="Czechoslovak Republic (1945–48)">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png" width="20" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">France</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" width="20" height="17" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="390"/></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect">Yugoslavia</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg/20px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg.png" width="20" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg/30px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg/40px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Today part of</td> <td><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> </tr> </table> Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are common names for the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> from 1933 to 1945, when it was a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> under the control of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian state</a> which <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">controlled</a> nearly all aspects of life. Nazi Germany ceased to exist after the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> defeated Germany in May 1945, ending <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">World War II in Europe</a>. Hitler was appointed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> by the President of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_referendum,_1934" title="German referendum, 1934">referendum held 19 August 1934</a> confirmed Hitler as sole <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's hands, and his word became above all laws. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Autobahns</a> (high speed highways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity. Racism, especially <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, was a central feature of the regime. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> (the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>) were considered the purest of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>, and therefore the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>. Millions of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">others</a> deemed undesirable were persecuted and murdered in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" title="German Resistance to Nazism">Opposition</a> to Hitler's rule was ruthlessly suppressed. Members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned. Education focused on <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racial biology</a>, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">were curtailed</a>. Recreation and tourism were organised via the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> program, and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> showcased the Third <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a> on the international stage. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" title="Nazi propaganda">Propaganda</a> minister <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotising oratory to control public opinion. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. It seized <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1938 and 1939. Hitler <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">made a pact</a> with <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> in September 1939, launching World War II in Europe. In alliance with Italy and smaller <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a> took brutal control of conquered areas, and a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">German administration</a> was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned and murdered in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. The implementation of the regime's racial policies culminated in the mass murder of Jews and other minorities in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Following the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion</a> of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1941, the tide turned against the Third Reich, and it suffered major military defeats in 1943. Large-scale bombing of Germany escalated in 1944, and the Nazis retreated from Eastern and Southern Europe. Following the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Allied invasion of France</a>, Germany was conquered by the Soviets from the east and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">other Allied powers</a> from the west and surrendered within a year. Hitler's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war. The victorious Allies initiated a policy of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background">2.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nazi_seizure_of_power">2.2 Nazi seizure of power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Militaristic_foreign_policy">2.3 Militaristic foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Austria_and_Czechoslovakia">2.4 Austria and Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Poland">2.5 Poland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#World_War_II">2.6 World War II</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Foreign_policy">2.6.1 Foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Outbreak_of_war">2.6.2 Outbreak of war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Conquest_of_Europe">2.6.3 Conquest of Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Turning_point_and_collapse">2.6.4 Turning point and collapse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#German_casualties">2.6.5 German casualties</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Territorial_changes">3.1 Territorial changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Occupied_territories">3.2 Occupied territories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Post-war_changes">3.3 Post-war changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ideology">4.1 Ideology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Government">4.2 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Law">4.3 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Military_and_paramilitary">4.4 Military and paramilitary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Wehrmacht">4.4.1 Wehrmacht</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#The_SA_and_SS">4.4.2 The SA and SS</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Reich_economics">5.1 Reich economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Wartime_economy_and_forced_labour">5.2 Wartime economy and forced labour</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Racial_policy">6 Racial policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Persecution_of_Jews">6.1 Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#The_Holocaust">6.2 The Holocaust</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Persecution_of_other_groups">6.3 Persecution of other groups</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Society">7 Society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Education">7.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Oppression_of_churches">7.2 Oppression of churches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Health">7.3 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Role_of_women_and_family">7.4 Role of women and family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Environmentalism">7.5 Environmentalism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Legacy">9 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Historiography_and_memory">13.1 Historiography and memory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Name</h2> The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>) from 1933 to 1943, and Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. The name Deutsches Reich is usually translated into English as "German Empire" or "German Reich".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wie199937-5">[2]</a> Modern Germans refer to the period as Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (National Socialist period), Nationalsozialistische Gewaltherrschaft (National Socialist tyranny), or simply as das Dritte Reich (the Third Reich). Common English terms are "Nazi Germany" and "Third Reich". The latter, adopted by Nazi propaganda, was first used in a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">1923 book</a> by <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a>. The book counted the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806) as the first Reich and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918) as the second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauryssens1999102-6">[3]</a> The Nazis used it to legitimize their regime as a successor state. After they seized power, Nazi propaganda retroactively referred to the Weimar Republic as the Zwischenreich ("Interim Reich"). Beginning in the 1980s, German linguistic critics have questioned the uncritical adoption of the expression "Third Reich". In 1984, German jurist Walter Mallman wrote that in the "conceptual history of political, constitutional, and legal thought", the term is "indefensible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmann1984724-7">[4]</a> In 1989, Dieter Gunst further noted that referring to the Hitler regime as the Third Reich is not only a "positive revaluation of National Socialism" but also a misrepresentation of history, adding that Hitler did not found a state or any "particular Reich".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunst1989303_f-8">[5]</a> <h2>History</h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <h3>Background</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></div> The German economy suffered severe setbacks after the end of World War I, partly because of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations payments</a> required under the 1919 <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. The government printed money to make the payments and to repay the country's war debt; the resulting <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a> led to inflated prices for consumer goods, economic chaos, and food riots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003103.E2.80.93108-9">[6]</a> When the government failed to make the reparations payments in January 1923, French troops <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupied German industrial areas</a> along the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>. Widespread civil unrest was the result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003186.E2.80.93187-10">[7]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers' Party" class="mw-redirect">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a> (NSDAP;<a href="#cite_note-abbreviation-11">[d]</a> Nazi Party) was the renamed successor of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a> founded in 1919, one of several <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> political parties active in Germany at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170.E2.80.93171-12">[8]</a> The party platform included removal of the Weimar Republic, rejection of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, radical <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and anti-<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect">Bolshevism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-13">[9]</a> They promised a strong central government, increased <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> (living space) for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community based on race, and racial cleansing via the active suppression of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who would be stripped of their citizenship and civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179.E2.80.93180-14">[10]</a> The Nazis proposed national and cultural renewal based upon the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200881-15">[11]</a> When the stock market in the United States <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">crashed on 24 October 1929</a>, the impact in Germany was dire. Millions were thrown out of work, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to strengthen the economy and provide jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960136.E2.80.93137-16">[12]</a> Many voters decided the NSDAP was capable of restoring order, quelling civil unrest, and improving Germany's international reputation. After the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_July_1932" title="German federal election, July 1932">federal election of 1932</a>, the Nazis were the largest party in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>, holding 230 seats with 37.4 per cent of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199687-17">[13]</a> <h3>Nazi seizure of power</h3> Although the Nazis won the greatest share of the popular vote in the two Reichstag general elections of 1932, they did not have a majority, so Hitler led a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003293.2C_302-18">[14]</a> Under pressure from politicians, industrialists, and the business community, President <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> appointed Hitler as <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> on 30 January 1933. This event is known as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a> (seizure of power).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960183.E2.80.93184-19">[15]</a> In the following months, the NSDAP used a process termed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a> (co-ordination) to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200914-20">[16]</a> All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members. By June 1933, virtually the only organisations not in the control of the NSDAP were the army and the churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200514-21">[17]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg/170px-Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg" width="170" height="246" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="328"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Hitler became Germany's head of state, with the title of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_und_Reichskanzler" title="Führer und Reichskanzler" class="mw-redirect">Führer und Reichskanzler</a>, in 1934.</div> </div> </div> On the night of 27 February 1933, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag building was set afire</a>; <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a>, a Dutch communist, was found guilty of starting the blaze. Hitler proclaimed that the arson marked the start of a communist uprising. Violent suppression of communists by the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA) was undertaken all over the country, and four thousand members of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> were arrested. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, imposed on 28 February 1933, rescinded most German civil liberties, including rights of assembly and freedom of the press. The decree also allowed the police to detain people indefinitely without charges or a court order. The legislation was accompanied by a propaganda blitz that led to public support for the measure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329.E2.80.93334-22">[18]</a> In March 1933, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, an amendment to the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, passed in the Reichstag by a vote of 444 to 94.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003354-23">[19]</a> This amendment allowed Hitler and his cabinet to pass laws—even laws that violated the constitution—without the consent of the president or the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351-24">[20]</a> As the bill required a two-thirds majority to pass, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending; the Communists had already been banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960196-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336-26">[22]</a> On 10 May the government seized the assets of the Social Democrats; they were banned in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003358.E2.80.93359-27">[23]</a> The remaining political parties were dissolved, and on 14 July 1933, Germany became a de facto <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-party_state" title="Single-party state">single-party state</a> when the founding of new parties was made illegal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960201-28">[24]</a> Further elections <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election,_November_1933" title="German election, November 1933">in November 1933</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election_and_referendum,_1936" title="German election and referendum, 1936">1936</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_election_and_referendum,_1938" title="German election and referendum, 1938">1938</a> were entirely Nazi-controlled and saw only the Nazis and a small number of independents elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109.2C_637-29">[25]</a> The regional state parliaments and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Reichsrat</a> (federal upper house) were abolished in January 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109-30">[26]</a> The Nazi regime abolished the symbols of the Weimar Republic, including the black, red, and gold tricolor flag, and adopted reworked imperial symbolism. The previous imperial black, white, and red tricolor was restored as one of Germany's two official flags; the second was the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika_flag" title="Swastika flag" class="mw-redirect">swastika flag</a> of the NSDAP, which became the sole national flag in 1935. The NSDAP anthem "<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a>" ("Horst Wessel Song") became a second national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuomo1995231-31">[27]</a> In this period, Germany was still in a dire economic situation; millions were unemployed and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a> deficit was daunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954-32">[28]</a> Hitler knew that reviving the economy was vital. In 1934, using deficit spending, public works projects were undertaken. A total of 1.7 million Germans were put to work on the projects in 1934 alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954-32">[28]</a> Average wages both per hour and per week began to rise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956-33">[29]</a> On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the "Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich", which stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery200563-34">[30]</a> Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government. He was formally named as <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer und Reichskanzler</a> (leader and chancellor). Germany was now a totalitarian state with Hitler at its head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226.E2.80.93227-35">[31]</a> As head of state, Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The new law altered the traditional loyalty oath of servicemen so that they <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_oath" title="Hitler oath">affirmed loyalty to Hitler personally</a> rather than the office of supreme commander or the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008317-36">[32]</a> On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 90 per cent of the electorate in a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_referendum,_1934" title="German referendum, 1934">plebiscite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960230-37">[33]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" width="170" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A%2C_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-101-20A,_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichs_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reichs Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Minister of Propaganda</a></div> </div> </div> Most Germans were relieved that the conflicts and street fighting of the Weimar era had ended. They were deluged with propaganda orchestrated by <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, who promised peace and plenty for all in a united, Marxist-free country without the constraints of the Versailles Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200150.E2.80.9359-38">[34]</a> The first <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" title="Nazi concentration camp" class="mw-redirect">Nazi concentration camp</a>, initially for political prisoners, was opened at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344-39">[35]</a> Hundreds of camps of varying size and function were created by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008map.2C_p._366-40">[36]</a> Upon seizing power, the Nazis took repressive measures against their political opposition and rapidly began the comprehensive marginalisation of persons they considered socially undesirable. Under the guise of combating the Communist threat, the National Socialists secured immense power. Above all, their campaign against Jews living in Germany gained momentum. Beginning in April 1933, scores of measures defining the status of Jews and their rights were instituted at the regional and national level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalk19961.E2.80.93128-41">[37]</a> Initiatives and legal mandates against the Jews reached their culmination with the establishment of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> of 1935, stripping them of their basic rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedl.C3.A4nder200944.E2.80.9353-42">[38]</a> The Nazis would take from the Jews their wealth, their right to intermarry with non-Jews, and their right to occupy many fields of labour (such as practising law, medicine, or working as educators). They eventually declared them undesirable to remain among German citizens and society, which over time dehumanised the Jews; arguably, these actions desensitised Germans to the extent that it resulted in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">Holocaust</a>. Ethnic Germans who refused to ostracise Jews or who showed any signs of resistance to <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> were placed under surveillance by the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, had their rights removed, or were sent to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche200876.E2.80.93142-43">[39]</a> Everyone and everything was monitored in Nazi Germany. Inaugurating and legitimising power for the Nazis was thus accomplished by their initial revolutionary activities, then through the improvisation and manipulation of the legal mechanisms available, through the use of police powers by the Nazi Party (which allowed them to include and exclude from society whomever they chose), and finally by the expansion of authority for all state and federal institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand198420.E2.80.9321-44">[40]</a> <h3>Militaristic foreign policy</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> As early as February 1933, Hitler announced that rearmament must be undertaken, albeit clandestinely at first, as to do so was in violation of the Versailles Treaty. A year later he told his military leaders that 1942 was the target date for going to war in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005338.E2.80.93339-45">[41]</a> He pulled Germany out of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1933, claiming its disarmament clauses were unfair, as they applied only to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005618-46">[42]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Saarland</a>, which had been placed under League of Nations supervision for 15 years at the end of World War I, voted in January 1935 to become part of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005623-47">[43]</a> In March 1935 Hitler announced that the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> would be increased to 550,000 men and that he was creating an air force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006271-48">[44]</a> Britain agreed that the Germans would be allowed to build a naval fleet with the signing of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> on 18 June 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005629-49">[45]</a> When the Italian <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion of Ethiopia</a> led to only mild protests by the British and French governments, on 7 March 1936 Hitler ordered the Reichswehr to march 3,000 troops into the demilitarised zone in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> in violation of the Versailles Treaty; an additional 30,000 troops were on standby. As the territory was part of Germany, the British and French governments did not feel that attempting to enforce the treaty was worth the risk of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005632.E2.80.93637-50">[46]</a> In the single-party election held on 29 March, the NSDAP received 98.9 per cent support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005632.E2.80.93637-50">[46]</a> In 1936 Hitler signed an <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> with Japan and a non-aggression agreement with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who was soon referring to a "Rome-Berlin Axis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641-51">[47]</a> Hitler sent air and armoured units to assist General <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and his Nationalist forces in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which broke out in July 1936. The Soviet Union sent a smaller force to assist the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a>. Franco's Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and became an informal ally of Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2011181.E2.80.93251-52">[48]</a> <h3>Austria and Czechoslovakia</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28,_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-005-28,_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ethnic Germans in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDatec" title="Žatec">Saaz</a>, Czechoslovakia, greet German soldiers with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a>, 1938</div> </div> </div> In February 1938, Hitler emphasised to Austrian Chancellor <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a> the need for Germany to secure its frontiers. Schuschnigg scheduled a plebiscite regarding Austrian independence for 13 March, but Hitler demanded that it be cancelled. On 11 March, Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian NSDAP or face an invasion. The Wehrmacht entered Austria the next day, to be greeted with enthusiasm by the populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005646.E2.80.93652-53">[49]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Republic of Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect">Republic of Czechoslovakia</a> was home to a substantial minority of Germans, who lived mostly in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>. Under pressure from separatist groups within the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a>, the Czech government offered economic concessions to the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005667-54">[50]</a> Hitler decided to incorporate not just the Sudetenland but the whole of Czechoslovakia into the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008417-55">[51]</a> The Nazis undertook a propaganda campaign to try to drum up support for an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008419-56">[52]</a> Top leaders of the armed forces were not in favour of the plan, as Germany was not yet ready for war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005668.E2.80.93669-57">[53]</a> The crisis led to war preparations by the British, the Czechs, and France (Czechoslovakia's ally). Attempting to avoid war, British Prime Minister <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> arranged a series of meetings, the result of which was the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, signed on 29 September 1938. The Czechoslovak government was forced to accept the Sudetenland's annexation into Germany. Chamberlain was greeted with cheers when he landed in London bringing, he said, "peace for our time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005671.E2.80.93674-58">[54]</a> The agreement lasted six months before Hitler seized the rest of Czech territory in March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005683-59">[55]</a> A puppet state was created in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)" class="mw-redirect">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201224-60">[56]</a> Austrian and Czech foreign exchange reserves were soon seized by the Nazis, as were stockpiles of raw materials such as metals and completed goods such as weaponry and aircraft, which were shipped back to Germany. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswerke_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Reichswerke Hermann Göring">Reichswerke Hermann Göring</a> industrial conglomerate took control of steel and coal production facilities in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008264.E2.80.93265-61">[57]</a> <h3>Poland</h3> In March 1939, Hitler demanded the return of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>, a strip of land that separated <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> from the rest of Germany. The British announced they would come to the aid of Poland if it was attacked. Hitler, believing the British would not actually take action, ordered an invasion plan should be readied for a target date of September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005689.E2.80.93690-62">[58]</a> On 23 May he described to his generals his overall plan of not only seizing the Polish Corridor but greatly expanding German territory eastward at the expense of Poland. He expected this time they would be met by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008486-63">[59]</a> The Germans reaffirmed their alliance with Italy and signed non-aggression pacts with Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia. Trade links were formalised with Romania, Norway, and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005691-64">[60]</a> Hitler's foreign minister, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, arranged in negotiations with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> a non-aggression pact, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which was signed in August 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008496-65">[61]</a> The treaty also contained secret protocols dividing Poland and the Baltic states into German and Soviet spheres of influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010116-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolotov-Ribbentrop_Pact.2C_1939-67">[63]</a> <h3>World War II</h3> <h4>Foreign policy</h4> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II#Germany" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II § Germany</a></div> Germany's foreign policy during the war involved the creation of allied governments under direct or indirect control from Berlin. A main goal was obtaining soldiers from the senior allies, such as Italy and Hungary, and millions of workers and ample food supplies from subservient allies such as <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008chapter_9-68">[64]</a> By the fall of 1942, there were 24 divisions from Romania on the Eastern Front, 10 from Italy, and 10 from Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005414-69">[65]</a> When a country was no longer dependable, Germany assumed full control, as it did with France in 1942, Italy in 1943, and Hungary in 1944. Although Japan was an official powerful ally, the relationship was distant and there was little co-ordination or co-operation. For example, Germany refused to share their formula for synthetic oil from coal until late in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2005279.E2.80.9380-70">[66]</a> <h4>Outbreak of war</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/220px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" width="220" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/330px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/440px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1000"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Animated map showing German and Axis allies' conquests in Europe throughout World War II. (Click through to the full-size image to view the animated version.)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/220px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png" width="220" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/330px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/440px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="488"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Europe at the height of Axis success.</div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a> on 1 September 1939. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. World War II was under way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201222.2C_27.E2.80.9328-71">[67]</a> Poland fell quickly, as the Soviets attacked from the east on 17 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201232-72">[68]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, then head of the Gestapo, ordered on 21 September that Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links. Initially the intention was to deport the Jews to points further east, or possibly to <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148.E2.80.93149-73">[69]</a> Using lists prepared ahead of time, some 65,000 Polish intelligentsia, noblemen, clergy, and teachers were killed by the end of 1939 in an attempt to destroy Poland's identity as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010144-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200815-75">[71]</a> The Soviets continued to attack, advancing into Finland in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, and German forces were involved in action at sea. But little other activity occurred until May, so the period became known as the "<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201240-76">[72]</a> From the start of the war, a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–45)">British blockade</a> on shipments to Germany had an impact on the Reich economy. The Germans were particularly dependent on foreign supplies of oil, coal, and grain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008260-77">[73]</a> To safeguard Swedish iron ore shipments to Germany, Hitler ordered an <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">attack on Norway</a>, which took place on 9 April 1940. Much of the country was occupied by German troops by the end of April. Also on 9 April, the Germans <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">invaded and occupied Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201273.E2.80.9376-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005120-79">[75]</a> <h4>Conquest of Europe</h4> Against the judgement of many of his senior military officers, Hitler ordered an <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">attack on France</a> and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, which began in May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201270.E2.80.9371.2C_79-80">[76]</a> They quickly conquered <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="Invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a>, and France surrendered on 22 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960696.E2.80.93730-81">[77]</a> The unexpectedly swift defeat of France resulted in an upswing in Hitler's popularity and a strong upsurge in war fever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008562-82">[78]</a> In spite of the provisions of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention</a>, industrial firms in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium were put to work producing war <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> for the occupying German military. Officials viewed this option as being preferable to their citizens being deported to the Reich as forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008265-83">[79]</a> The Nazis seized from the French thousands of locomotives and rolling stock, stockpiles of weapons, and raw materials such as copper, tin, oil, and nickel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008333.E2.80.93334-84">[80]</a> Financial demands were levied on the governments of the occupied countries as well; payments for occupation costs were received from France, Belgium, and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008271-85">[81]</a> Barriers to trade led to hoarding, black markets, and uncertainty about the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008272.2C_279-86">[82]</a> Food supplies were precarious; production dropped in most areas of Europe, but not as much as during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008262-87">[83]</a> Greece experienced famine in the first year of occupation and the Netherlands in the last year of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008262-87">[83]</a> Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and upon their rejection he ordered a series of aerial attacks on <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> airbases and radar stations. However, the German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960774.E2.80.93782-88">[84]</a> By the end of October, Hitler realised the necessary air superiority for his planned <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">invasion of Britain</a> could not be achieved, and he ordered <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">nightly air raids</a> on British cities, including London, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008563.2C_569.2C_570-89">[85]</a> In February 1941, the German <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> arrived in Libya to aid the Italians in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> and attempt to contain <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> forces stationed in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008149-90">[86]</a> On 6 April, Germany launched the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" title="Battle of Greece">battle of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008153-91">[87]</a> German efforts to secure oil included negotiating a supply from their new ally, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, who signed the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> in November 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008151-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008584-93">[89]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487,_Paris,_Avenue_Foch,_Siegesparade.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487%2C_Paris%2C_Avenue_Foch%2C_Siegesparade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487,_Paris,_Avenue_Foch,_Siegesparade.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German soldiers march near the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> in Paris, 14 June 1940</div> </div> </div> On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 5.5 million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. In addition to Hitler's stated purpose of acquiring Lebensraum, this large-scale offensive (codenamed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008160.E2.80.93161-94">[90]</a> The reaction among Germans was one of surprise and trepidation. Many were concerned about how much longer the war would drag on or suspected that Germany could not win a war fought on two fronts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008189.E2.80.93190-95">[91]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12,_Griechenland,_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12%2C_Griechenland%2C_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="518"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-175-1267-12,_Griechenland,_Panzer_IV_in_Hafenstadt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. The banner on the building in the background reads "Bolshevism is the greatest enemy of our civilization".</div> </div> </div> The invasion conquered a huge area, including the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> republics, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and West <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. After the successful <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">Battle of Smolensk</a>, Hitler ordered <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a> to halt its advance to Moscow and temporarily divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad" title="Leningrad" class="mw-redirect">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982-96">[92]</a> This pause provided the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves. The Moscow offensive, which resumed in October 1941, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">ended disastrously in December</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982-96">[92]</a> On 7 December 1941, Japan <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii. Four days later, Germany declared war on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960900.E2.80.93901-97">[93]</a> Food was in short supply in the conquered areas of the Soviet Union and Poland, with rations inadequate to meet nutritional needs. The retreating armies had burned the crops, and much of the remainder was sent back to the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200843-98">[94]</a> In Germany itself, food rations had to be cut in 1942. In his role as <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a> of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan" class="mw-redirect">Four Year Plan</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> demanded increased shipments of grain from France and fish from Norway. The 1942 harvest was a good one, and food supplies remained adequate in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008284.E2.80.93287-99">[95]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsleiter_Rosenberg_Taskforce" title="Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce">Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce</a> was an organisation set up to loot artwork and cultural material from Jewish collections, libraries, and museums throughout Europe. Some 26,000 railroad cars full of art treasures, furniture, and other looted items were sent back to Germany from France alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvell2011283.E2.80.93285-100">[96]</a> In addition, soldiers looted or purchased goods such as produce and clothing—items which were becoming harder to obtain in Germany—for shipment back home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008334-101">[97]</a> <h4>Turning point and collapse</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Ruinen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg" width="170" height="251" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436%2C_Russland%2C_Kampf_um_Stalingrad%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22436,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Ruinen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Death and destruction during the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. October 1942.</div> </div> </div> Germany, and Europe as a whole, was almost totally dependent on foreign oil imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008290-102">[98]</a> In an attempt to resolve the persistent shortage, Germany launched Fall Blau (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a>), an offensive against the Caucasian oilfields, in June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1995108.E2.80.93110-103">[99]</a> The Soviets launched a counter-offensive on 19 November and encircled the German armies, who were trapped in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> on 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvin2010282.2C_285-104">[100]</a> Göring assured Hitler that the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> could be supplied by air, but this turned out to be infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008413.2C_416.E2.80.93417-105">[101]</a> Hitler's refusal to allow a retreat led to the deaths of 200,000 German and Romanian soldiers; of the 91,000 men who surrendered in the city on 31 January 1943, only 6,000 survivors returned to Germany after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008419.E2.80.93420-106">[102]</a> Soviet forces continued to push the invaders westward after the failed German offensive at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, and by the end of 1943 the Germans had lost most of their territorial gains in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601007-107">[103]</a> In Egypt, Field Marshal <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>'s Afrika Korps were defeated by British forces under Field Marshal <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Bernard Montgomery</a> in October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008467-108">[104]</a> Allied forces landed in Sicily in July 1943 and in Italy in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008471-109">[105]</a> Meanwhile, American and British bomber fleets, based in Britain, began <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">operations against Germany</a>. In an effort to destroy German morale, many sorties were intentionally given civilian targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008438.E2.80.93441-110">[106]</a> Soon German aircraft production could not keep pace with losses, and without air cover, the Allied bombing campaign became even more devastating. By targeting oil refineries and factories, they crippled the German war effort by late 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008461-111">[107]</a> On 6 June 1944, American, British, and Canadian forces established a western front with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">D-Day</a> landings in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012576.E2.80.93578-112">[108]</a> On 20 July 1944, Hitler narrowly survived <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">a bomb attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012604.E2.80.93605-113">[109]</a> He ordered savage reprisals, resulting in 7,000 arrests and the execution of more than 4,900 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601072-114">[110]</a> The failed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive" title="Ardennes Offensive" class="mw-redirect">Ardennes Offensive</a> (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was the last major German campaign of the war. Soviet forces entered Germany on 27 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601090.E2.80.931097-115">[111]</a> Hitler's refusal to admit defeat and his repeated insistence that the war be fought to the last man led to unnecessary death and destruction in the closing months of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008910.E2.80.93912-116">[112]</a> Through his Justice Minister, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a>, he ordered that anyone who was not prepared to fight should be summarily court-martialed. Thousands of people were put to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012224.E2.80.93225-117">[113]</a> In many areas, people looked for ways to surrender to the approaching Allies, in spite of exhortations of local leaders to continue the struggle. Hitler also ordered the intentional destruction of transport, bridges, industries, and other infrastructure—a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> decree—but Armaments Minister <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> was able to keep this order from being fully carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008910.E2.80.93912-116">[112]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> <div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:640px"><video id="mwe_player_3" style="width:640px;height:480px" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/640px--SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" class="kskin" data-durationhint="66.333333333333" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="480p.webm" data-title="Web streamable WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1007872" data-framerate="30" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.480p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="480p.ogv" data-title="Web streamable Ogg video (480P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 480P" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1029336" data-framerate="30" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (5.03 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="5030505" data-framerate="30" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.160p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="160p.ogv" data-title="Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 160P" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="160608" data-framerate="15" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.webm" data-title="Web streamable WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="502280" data-framerate="30" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.360p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.ogv" data-title="Web streamable Ogg video (360P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 360P" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="515288" data-framerate="30" />Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</video></div>"><img alt="File:SFP 186 - Flug ueber Berlin.ogv" style="width:220px;height:165px" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv/220px--SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv.jpg"/><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv" title="Play media" target="new">Play media</a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SFP_186_-_Flug_ueber_Berlin.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force" title="US Air Force" class="mw-redirect">US Air Force</a> film of the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945</div> </div> </div> During the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> (16 April 1945 – 2 May 1945), Hitler and his staff lived in the underground <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a>, while the Red Army approached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601108-118">[114]</a> On 30 April, when Soviet troops were one or two blocks away from the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>, Hitler and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">committed suicide</a> in the Führerbunker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008954.E2.80.93955-119">[115]</a> On 2 May General <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_Weidling" title="Helmuth Weidling">Helmuth Weidling</a> unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002386-120">[116]</a> Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> as Reich President and Goebbels as Reich Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601126-121">[117]</a> Goebbels and his wife <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Goebbels" title="Magda Goebbels">Magda</a> committed suicide the next day, after murdering their <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_children" title="Goebbels children">six children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002381-122">[118]</a> On 4–8 May 1945 most of the remaining German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a> was signed 7 May, marking the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002400.E2.80.93402-123">[119]</a> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_suicides_in_1945_Nazi_Germany" title="Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany">Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany</a></div> Suicide rates in Germany increased as the war drew to a close, particularly in areas where the Red Army was advancing. More than a thousand people (out of a population of around 16,000) <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_suicide_in_Demmin" title="Mass suicide in Demmin">committed suicide in Demmin</a> on and around 1 May 1945 as the 65th Army of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front" title="2nd Belorussian Front">2nd Belorussian Front</a> first broke into a distillery and then rampaged through the town, committing mass rapes, arbitrarily executing civilians, and setting fire to buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakotta2005-124">[120]</a> High numbers of suicides took place in many other locations, including <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a> (600 dead),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakotta2005-124">[120]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp in Pommern</a> (1,000 dead),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakotta2005-124">[120]</a> and Berlin, where at least 7,057 people committed suicide in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoeschel2009165-125">[121]</a> <h4>German casualties</h4> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">German casualties in World War II</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="784"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_B14736.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German refugees in Bedburg, near <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve" title="Kleve">Kleve</a>. 19 February 1945</div> </div> </div> Estimates of the total German war dead range from 5.5 to 6.9 million persons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubert1998272-126">[122]</a> A study by German historian <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" class="extiw" title="de:Rüdiger Overmans">Rüdiger Overmans</a> puts the number of German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000Bd._46-127">[123]</a> Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2014306.E2.80.93307-128">[124]</a> An additional 20,000 died in the land campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Wirtschaft_und_Statistik.27.271956-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatistisches_Jahrbuch196078-130">[126]</a> Some 22,000 citizens died during the Battle of Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntill200585-131">[127]</a> Other civilian deaths include 300,000 Germans (including Jews) who were victims of Nazi political, racial, and religious persecution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Germany_Reports.27.27196162-132">[128]</a> and 200,000 who were murdered in the Nazi euthanasia program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBundesarchiv-133">[129]</a> Political courts called <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondergericht" title="Sondergericht">Sondergerichte</a> sentenced some 12,000 members of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_resistance" title="German resistance" class="mw-redirect">German resistance</a> to death, and civil courts sentenced an additional 40,000 Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann1996xiii-134">[130]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Mass rapes of German women</a> also took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200231.E2.80.9332.2C_409.E2.80.93412-135">[131]</a> At the end of the war, Europe had more than 40 million <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Time.27.27.2C_9_July_1979-136">[132]</a> its economy had collapsed, and 70 per cent of its industrial infrastructure was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilisukRountree2008136-137">[133]</a> Between twelve and fourteen million ethnic Germans <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)" class="mw-redirect">fled or were expelled</a> from east-central Europe to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas20121-138">[134]</a> During the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German" title="West German" class="mw-redirect">West German</a> government estimated a death toll of 2.2 million civilians due to the flight and expulsion of Germans and through <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union">forced labour in the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Die_deutschen_Vertreibungsverluste.27.27.2C_1939.2F5038.2C_46-139">[135]</a> This figure remained unchallenged until the 1990s, when some historians put the death toll at 500,000–600,000 confirmed deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans199451.E2.80.9363-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaar2009363.E2.80.93381-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnHahnova2010659.E2.80.93726-142">[138]</a> In 2006 the German government reaffirmed its position that 2.0–2.5 million deaths occurred.<a href="#cite_note-estimate-143">[e]</a> <h2>Geography</h2> <h3>Territorial changes</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution of Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Germany.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/220px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/330px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nazi_Germany.svg/440px-Nazi_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1101"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Germany.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Territorial expansion of Germany from 1933 to 1943. Red: 1933; pink: 1939; orange: 1943</div> </div> </div> As a result of their defeat in World War I and the resulting Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Schleswig" title="Northern Schleswig" class="mw-redirect">Northern Schleswig</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memel</a>. The Saarland temporarily became a protectorate of France, under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join. Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany. Danzig was made a free city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200362-144">[139]</a> Germany regained control of the Saarland via a referendum held in 1935 and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005623.2C_646.E2.80.93652-145">[140]</a> The Munich Agreement of 1938 gave Germany control of the Sudetenland, and they seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia six months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005671.E2.80.93674-58">[54]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">Under threat</a> of invasion by sea, Lithuania surrendered the Memel district to the Nazis in March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960461.E2.80.93462-146">[141]</a> Between 1939 and 1941 the Third Reich invaded Poland, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960696.E2.80.93730-81">[77]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> were ceded to Germany by Mussolini in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601005-147">[142]</a> Two puppet districts were set up in the area, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral</a> and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedekind2005111-148">[143]</a> <h3>Occupied territories</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="504"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Under the cover of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">anti-partisan operations</a>, the Germans murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in occupied <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhatyn_State_Memorial_Complex-149">[144]</a></div> </div> </div> Some of the conquered territories were immediately incorporated into Germany as part of Hitler's long-term goal of creating a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a>. Several areas, such as Alsace-Lorraine, were placed under the authority of an adjacent <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gau</a> (regional district). Beyond the territories incorporated into Germany were the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariate</a> (Reich Commissariats), quasi-colonial regimes established in a number of occupied countries. Areas placed under German administration included the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a> (encompassing the Baltic states and Belarus), and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>. Conquered areas of Belgium and France were placed under control of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008373-150">[145]</a> Part of Poland was immediately incorporated into the Reich, and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> was established in occupied central Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010147-151">[146]</a> Hitler intended to eventually incorporate many of these areas into the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmbreit200326-152">[147]</a> The governments of Denmark, Norway (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a>), and the Netherlands (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Reichskommissariat Niederlande</a>) were placed under civilian administrations staffed largely by natives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008373-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-districts-153">[f]</a> <h3>Post-war changes</h3> With the issuance of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a> on 5 June 1945 and later creation of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, the four Allied powers temporarily assumed governance of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin_Declaration1945-154">[148]</a> At the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> in August 1945, the Allies arranged for the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> of the country. Germany was split into four zones, each occupied by one of the Allied powers, who drew reparations from their zone. Since most of the industrial areas were in the western zones, the Soviet Union was transferred additional reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock200419.E2.80.9325-155">[149]</a> The Allied Control Council disestablished Prussia on 20 May 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006xii-156">[150]</a> Aid to Germany began arriving from the United States under the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock2004145-157">[151]</a> The occupation lasted until 1949, when the countries of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> were created. Germany finalised her border with Poland by signing the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw (1970)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDavis2005289.E2.80.93290-158">[152]</a> Germany remained divided until 1990, when the Allies renounced all claims to German territory with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a>, under which Germany also renounced claims to territories lost during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoczek2005134-159">[153]</a> <h2>Politics</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg" width="200" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="795"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, Hitler, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Viktor Lutze</a> perform the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a>, September 1934</div> </div> </div> <h3>Ideology</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div> The NSDAP was a far-right political party which came into its own during the social and financial upheavals that occurred with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20057.E2.80.939-160">[154]</a> While in prison after the failed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> of 1923, Hitler wrote <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, which laid out his plan for transforming German society into one based on race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008146.E2.80.93147-161">[155]</a> The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, and combined them with <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a> and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum for the Germanic people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20087-162">[156]</a> The regime attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or kill the Jews and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> living there, who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a> and part of a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevik</a> conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky2007161-163">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1996-164">[158]</a> Others deemed unworthy of life by the Nazis included the mentally and physically disabled, Romani people, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and social misfits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201049-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008759-166">[160]</a> Influenced by the Völkisch movement, the regime was against cultural <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and supported the development of an extensive military at the expense of intellectualism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200881-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20057.2C_443-167">[161]</a> Creativity and art were stifled, except where they could serve as propaganda media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005210.E2.80.93211-168">[162]</a> The party used symbols such as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutfahne" title="Blutfahne">Blood Flag</a> and rituals such as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nazi party rallies</a> to foster unity and bolster the regime's popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005121.E2.80.93122-169">[163]</a> <h3>Government</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Organization of the Third Reich">Organization of the Third Reich</a></div> A law promulgated 30 January 1934 abolished the existing Länder (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_country" title="Constituent country">constituent states</a>) of Germany and replaced them with new <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">administrative divisions of Nazi Germany</a>, the Gaue, headed by NSDAP leaders (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiters</a>), who effectively became the governor of their region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200548.E2.80.9349-170">[164]</a> The change was never fully implemented, as the Länder were still used as administrative divisions for some government departments such as education. This led to a bureaucratic tangle of overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities typical of the administrative style of the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman19956-171">[165]</a> Jewish civil servants lost their jobs in 1933, except for those who had seen military service in World War I. Members of the NSDAP or party supporters were appointed in their place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200514.E2.80.9315.2C_49-172">[166]</a> As part of the process of Gleichschaltung, the Reich Local Government Law of 1935 abolished local elections. From that point forward, mayors were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200549-173">[167]</a> Hitler ruled Germany autocratically by asserting the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> (leader principle), which called for absolute obedience of all subordinates. He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections; positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008170.2C_172.2C_181-174">[168]</a> The party used propaganda to develop a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> around Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005400-175">[169]</a> Historians such as Kershaw emphasise the psychological impact of Hitler's skill as an orator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008105.E2.80.93106-176">[170]</a> Kressel writes, "Overwhelmingly ... Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKressel2002121-177">[171]</a> Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001253-178">[172]</a> Officials were expected to "work towards the Führer" – to take the initiative in promoting policies and actions in line with his wishes and the goals of the NSDAP, without Hitler having to be involved in the day-to-day running of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008320.E2.80.93321-179">[173]</a> The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but rather a disorganised collection of factions led by members of the party elite who struggled to amass power and gain the Führer's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElligottKirkKershaw20036-180">[174]</a> Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them in positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971281-181">[175]</a> In this way he fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel200729-182">[176]</a> <h3>Law</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law of Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nurembergracechart.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nurembergracechart.jpg/220px-Nurembergracechart.jpg" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nurembergracechart.jpg/330px-Nurembergracechart.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nurembergracechart.jpg/440px-Nurembergracechart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="550"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nurembergracechart.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Chart showing the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-scientific" title="Pseudo-scientific" class="mw-redirect">pseudo-scientific</a> racial divisions used in the racial policies of Nazi Germany</div> </div> </div> On 20 August 1934, civil servants were required to swear an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler; a similar oath had been required of members of the military several weeks prior. This law became the basis of the Führerprinzip, the concept that Hitler's word overrode all existing laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200544-183">[177]</a> Any acts that were sanctioned by Hitler—even murder—thus became legal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200545-184">[178]</a> All legislation proposed by cabinet ministers had to be approved by the office of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_F%C3%BChrer" title="Deputy Führer">Deputy Führer</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, who also had a veto over top civil service appointments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200546-185">[179]</a> Most of the judicial system and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in use during and after the Third Reich to deal with non-political crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200575-186">[180]</a> The courts issued and carried out far more death sentences than before the Nazis took power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200575-186">[180]</a> People who were convicted of three or more offences—even petty ones—could be deemed habitual offenders and jailed indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200576-187">[181]</a> People such as prostitutes and pickpockets were judged to be inherently criminal and a threat to the racial community. Thousands were arrested and confined indefinitely without trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200579.E2.80.9380-188">[182]</a> Although the regular courts handled political cases and even issued death sentences for these cases, a new type of court, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgerichtshof" title="Volksgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect">Volksgerichtshof</a> (People's Court), was established in 1934 to deal with politically important matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200568.2C_70-189">[183]</a> This court handed out over 5,000 death sentences until its dissolution in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008514-190">[184]</a> The death penalty could be issued for offences such as being a communist, printing seditious leaflets, or even making jokes about Hitler or other top party officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200572-191">[185]</a> Nazi Germany employed three types of capital punishment; hanging, decapitation, and death by shooting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShigemitsu1997289-192">[186]</a> The Gestapo was in charge of investigative policing to enforce National Socialist ideology. They located and confined political offenders, Jews, and others deemed undesirable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010154-193">[187]</a> Political offenders who were released from prison were often immediately re-arrested by the Gestapo and confined in a concentration camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200573-194">[188]</a> In September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. These laws initially prohibited sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2001216-195">[189]</a> The law also forbade the employment of German women under the age of 45 as domestic servants in Jewish households.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008346-196">[190]</a> The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of "German or related blood" were eligible for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544-197">[191]</a> At the same time the Nazis used propaganda to promulgate the concept of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> (race defilement) to justify the need for a restrictive law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005539.2C_551-198">[192]</a> Thus Jews and other non-Aryans were stripped of their German citizenship. The wording of the law also potentially allowed the Nazis to deny citizenship to anyone who was not supportive enough of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005544-197">[191]</a> A supplementary decree issued in November defined as Jewish anyone with three Jewish grandparents, or two grandparents if the Jewish faith was followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008347-199">[193]</a> <h3>Military and paramilitary</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army (Wehrmacht)</a></div> <h4>Wehrmacht</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_Panzersoldat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Panzersoldat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="519"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0510-22,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_Panzersoldat.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A column of tanks and other armoured vehicles of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerwaffe" title="Panzerwaffe">Panzerwaffe</a> near <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, 1942</div> </div> </div> The unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 were called the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. This included the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a> (army), <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> (navy), and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (air force). From 2 August 1934, members of the armed forces were required to pledge an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler personally. In contrast to the previous oath, which required allegiance to the constitution of the country and its lawful establishments, this new oath required members of the military to obey Hitler even if they were being ordered to do something illegal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200543-200">[194]</a> Hitler decreed that the army would have to tolerate and even offer logistical support to the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>—the mobile death squads responsible for millions of deaths in Eastern Europe—when it was tactically possible to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010146-201">[195]</a> Members of the Wehrmacht also participated directly in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by shooting civilians or undertaking genocide under the guise of anti-partisan operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010242.E2.80.93247-202">[196]</a> In spite of efforts to prepare the country militarily, the economy could not sustain a lengthy war of attrition such as had occurred in World War I. A strategy was developed based on the tactic of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> (lightning war), which involved using quick coordinated assaults that avoided enemy strong points. Attacks began with artillery bombardment, followed by bombing and strafing runs. Next the tanks would attack and finally the infantry would move in to secure any ground that had been taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstable1988139.2C_154-203">[197]</a> Victories continued through mid-1940, but the failure to defeat Britain was the first major turning point in the war. The decision to attack the Soviet Union and the decisive defeat at Stalingrad led to the retreat of the German armies and the eventual loss of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008760.E2.80.93761-204">[198]</a> The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht from 1935 to 1945 was around 18.2 million, of whom 5.3 million died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000Bd._46-127">[123]</a> <h4>The SA and SS</h4> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA; Storm Detachment; Brownshirts), founded in 1921, was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. Their initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201015.E2.80.9316-205">[199]</a> They also took part in street battles against the forces of rival political parties and violent actions against Jews and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201070.2C_166-206">[200]</a> By 1934, under <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>'s leadership, the SA had grown to over half a million members—4.5 million including reserves—at a time when the regular army was still limited to 100,000 men by the Versailles Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201088-207">[201]</a> Röhm hoped to assume command of the army and absorb it into the ranks of the SA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306-208">[202]</a> Hindenburg and Defence Minister <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a> threatened to impose martial law if the alarming activities of the SA were not curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200667-209">[203]</a> Hitler also suspected that Röhm was plotting to depose him, so he ordered the deaths of Röhm and other political enemies. Up to 200 people were killed from 30 June to 2 July 1934 in an event that became known as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008306.E2.80.93313-210">[204]</a> After this purge the SA was no longer a major force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008313-211">[205]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468,_Berlin,_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg" width="220" height="195" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468%2C_Berlin%2C_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="490"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14468,_Berlin,_NS-Boykott_gegen_j%C3%BCdische_Gesch%C3%A4fte_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Members of the SA enforce the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">boycott of Jewish stores</a>. 1 April 1933</div> </div> </div> Initially a force of a dozen men under the auspices of the SA, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) grew to become one of the largest and most powerful groups in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201027-212">[206]</a> Led by <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> Heinrich Himmler from 1929, the SS had over a quarter million members by 1938 and continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012113.2C_255-213">[207]</a> Himmler envisioned the SS as being an elite group of guards, Hitler's last line of defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012122.E2.80.93123-214">[208]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the military branch of the SS, became a de facto fourth branch of the Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010195-215">[209]</a> In 1931 Himmler organised an SS intelligence service which became known as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD; Security Service) under his deputy, SS-<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a> Reinhard Heydrich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125-216">[210]</a> This organisation was tasked with locating and arresting communists and other political opponents. Himmler hoped it would eventually totally replace the existing police system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012212.E2.80.93213-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010411-218">[212]</a> Himmler also established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office. This holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996323.2C_329-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343-220">[214]</a> From 1935 forward the SS was heavily involved in the persecution of Jews, who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012215-221">[215]</a> With the outbreak of World War II, SS units called Einsatzgruppen followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 and 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008518.E2.80.93519-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2002257-223">[217]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (death's head units) were in charge of the concentration camps and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>, where millions more were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010116-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-225">[219]</a> <h2>Economy</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy of Nazi Germany</a></div> <h3>Reich economics</h3> The most pressing economic matter the Nazis initially faced was the 30 per cent national unemployment rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong1997-226">[220]</a> Economist Dr. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, President of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a> and Minister of Economics, created in May 1933 a scheme for deficit financing. Capital projects were paid for with the issuance of promissory notes called <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills" title="Mefo bills">Mefo bills</a>. When the notes were presented for payment, the Reichsbank printed money to do so. While the national debt soared, Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005345-227">[221]</a> Schacht's administration achieved a rapid decline in the unemployment rate, the largest of any country during the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong1997-226">[220]</a> On 17 October 1933, aviation pioneer <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a>, owner of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers Aircraft Works</a>, was arrested. Within a few days his company was expropriated by the regime. In concert with other aircraft manufacturers and under the direction of Aviation Minister Göring, production was immediately ramped up industry-wide. From a workforce of 3,200 people producing 100 units per year in 1932, the industry grew to employ a quarter of a million workers manufacturing over 10,000 technically advanced aircraft per year less than ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006125.E2.80.93127-228">[222]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066,_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" width="220" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="492"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0066,_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> synthetic oil plant under construction at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna_Werke" title="Buna Werke" class="mw-redirect">Buna Werke</a> (1941). This plant was part of the complex at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.</div> </div> </div> An elaborate bureaucracy was created to regulate German imports of raw materials and finished goods with the intention of eliminating foreign competition in the German marketplace and improving the nation's <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. The Nazis encouraged the development of synthetic replacements for materials such as oil and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006131-229">[223]</a> As the market was experiencing a glut and prices for petroleum were low, in 1933 the Nazi government made a profit-sharing agreement with <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, guaranteeing them a 5 per cent return on capital invested in their synthetic oil plant at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuna" title="Leuna">Leuna</a>. Any profits in excess of that amount would be turned over to the Reich. By 1936, Farben regretted making the deal, as the excess profits by then being generated had to be given to the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006106.2C_117.E2.80.93118-230">[224]</a> Major public works projects financed with deficit spending included the construction of a network of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Autobahns</a> and providing funding for programmes initiated by the previous government for housing and agricultural improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005322.E2.80.93326.2C_329-231">[225]</a> To stimulate the construction industry, credit was offered to private businesses and subsidies were made available for home purchases and repairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005320-232">[226]</a> On the condition that the wife would leave the workforce, a loan of up to 1,000 Reichsmarks could be accessed by young couples of Aryan descent who intended to marry. The amount that had to be repaid was reduced by 25 per cent for each child born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005330.E2.80.93331-233">[227]</a> The caveat that the woman had to remain unemployed was dropped by 1937 due to a shortage of skilled labourers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005166-234">[228]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg/220px-German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg/330px-German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg/440px-German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="2742"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Autobahn_1936_1939.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Autobahn</a>, late 1930s</div> </div> </div> Hitler envisioned widespread car ownership as part of the new Germany. He arranged for designer <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> to draw up plans for the KdF-wagen (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> car), intended to be an automobile that every German citizen could afford. A prototype was displayed at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Show" title="International Motor Show" class="mw-redirect">International Motor Show</a> in Berlin on 17 February 1939. With the outbreak of World War II, the factory was converted to produce military vehicles. No production models were sold until after the war, when the vehicle was renamed the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> (people's car).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005327.E2.80.93328.2C_338-235">[229]</a> Six million people were unemployed when the Nazis took power in 1933, and by 1937 there were fewer than a million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005328.2C_333-236">[230]</a> This was in part due to the removal of women from the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331-237">[231]</a> Real wages dropped by 25 per cent between 1933 and 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong1997-226">[220]</a> Trade unions were abolished in May 1933 with the seizure of the funds and arrest of the leadership of the Social Democratic trade unions. A new organisation, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a>, was created and placed under NSDAP functionary <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008289-238">[232]</a> The average German worked 43 hours a week in 1933, and by 1939 this increased to 47 hours a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954.2C_71-239">[233]</a> By early 1934 the focus shifted away from funding work creation schemes and toward rearmament. By 1935, military expenditures accounted for 73 per cent of the government's purchases of goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200661.E2.80.9362-240">[234]</a> On 18 October 1936 Hitler named Göring as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan, intended to speed up the rearmament programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005357.E2.80.93360-241">[235]</a> In addition to calling for the rapid construction of steel mills, synthetic rubber plants, and other factories, Göring instituted <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_and_price_controls" title="Wage and price controls" class="mw-redirect">wage and price controls</a> and restricted the issuance of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_dividend" title="Stock dividend" class="mw-redirect">stock dividends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLong1997-226">[220]</a> Large expenditures were made on rearmament, in spite of growing deficits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005360-242">[236]</a> With the introduction of compulsory military service in 1935, the Reichswehr, which had been limited to 100,000 by the terms of the Versailles Treaty, expanded to 750,000 on active service at the start of World War II, with a million more in the reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005141.E2.80.93142-243">[237]</a> By January 1939, unemployment was down to 301,800, and it dropped to only 77,500 by September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200959-244">[238]</a> <h3>Wartime economy and forced labour</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074,_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074,_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Woman with <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST-Arbeiter" title="OST-Arbeiter" class="mw-redirect">OST-Arbeiter</a> badge at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> plant in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a></div> </div> </div> The Nazi war economy was a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> that combined a free market with central planning; historian <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> described it as being somewhere in between the command economy of the Soviet Union and the capitalist system of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2006252-245">[239]</a> In 1942, after the death of Armaments Minister <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a>, Hitler appointed Albert Speer as his replacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971263.E2.80.93264-246">[240]</a> Speer improved production via streamlined organisation, the use of single-purpose machines operated by unskilled workers, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(economics)" title="Rationalization (economics)">rationalisation</a> of production methods, and better co-ordination between the many different firms that made tens of thousands of components. Factories were relocated away from rail yards, which were bombing targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun1992-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitlin1955-248">[242]</a> By 1944, the war was consuming 75 per cent of Germany's <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>, compared to 60 per cent in the Soviet Union and 55 per cent in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008333-249">[243]</a> The wartime economy relied heavily upon the large-scale employment of forced labourers. Germany imported and enslaved some 12 million people from 20 European countries to work in factories and on farms; approximately 75 per cent were Eastern European.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer_.26_Schneider-250">[244]</a> Many were casualties of Allied bombing, as they received poor air raid protection. Poor living conditions led to high rates of sickness, injury, and death, as well as sabotage and criminal activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2005-251">[245]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign workers</a> brought into Germany were put into four different classifications; guest workers, military internees, civilian workers, and Eastern workers. Different regulations were placed upon the worker depending on their classification. To separate Germans and foreign workers, the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazi_forced_labour1942-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpecial_treatment1942-253">[247]</a> Women played an increasingly large role. By 1944 over a half million served as auxiliaries in the German armed forces, especially in anti-aircraft units of the Luftwaffe; a half million worked in civil aerial defence; and 400,000 were volunteer nurses. They also replaced men in the wartime economy, especially on farms and in small family-owned shops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagemann2011-254">[248]</a> Very heavy <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a> by the Allies targeted refineries producing synthetic oil and gasoline as well as the German transportation system, especially rail yards and canals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1995-255">[249]</a> The armaments industry began to break down by September 1944. By November fuel coal was no longer reaching its destinations, and the production of new armaments was no longer possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971524.E2.80.93527-256">[250]</a> Overy argues that the bombing strained the German war economy and forced it to divert up to one-fourth of its manpower and industry into anti-aircraft resources, which very likely shortened the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2006128.E2.80.93130-257">[251]</a> <h2>Racial policy</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></div> Racism and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> were basic tenets of the NSDAP and the Nazi regime. Nazi Germany's racial policy was based on their belief in the existence of a superior <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>. The Nazis postulated the existence of a racial conflict between the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> master race and inferior races, particularly Jews, who were viewed as a mixed race that had infiltrated society and were responsible for the exploitation and repression of the Aryan race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201030.E2.80.9332-258">[252]</a> <h3>Persecution of Jews</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_race" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></div> Discrimination against Jews began immediately after the seizure of power; following a month-long series of attacks by members of the SA on Jewish businesses, synagogues, and members of the legal profession, on 1 April 1933 Hitler declared a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">national boycott of Jewish businesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960203-259">[253]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, passed on 7 April, excluded most Jews from the legal profession and civil service. Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise. On 11 April a decree was promulgated that stated anyone who had even one Jewish parent or grandparent was considered non-Aryan. As part of the drive to remove Jewish influence from cultural life, members of the National Socialist Student League removed from libraries any books considered un-German, and a nation-wide <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">book burning</a> was held on 10 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201038.E2.80.9339-260">[254]</a> Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201067.E2.80.9369-261">[255]</a> Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201041-262">[256]</a> Many towns posted signs forbidding entry to Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960233-263">[257]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42,_Magdeburg,_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="544"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42,_Magdeburg,_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Damage caused during <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>. 9 November 1938</div> </div> </div> In November 1938, a young Jewish man requested an interview with the German ambassador in Paris. He met with a legation secretary, whom he shot and killed to protest his family's treatment in Germany. This incident provided the pretext for a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> the NSDAP incited against the Jews on 9 November 1938. Members of the SA damaged or destroyed synagogues and Jewish property throughout Germany. At least 91 German Jews were killed during this pogrom, later called <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, the Night of Broken Glass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006273-264">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010112.E2.80.93113-265">[259]</a> Further restrictions were imposed on Jews in the coming months – they were forbidden to own businesses or work in retail shops, drive cars, go to the cinema, visit the library, or own weapons. Jewish pupils were removed from schools. The Jewish community was fined one billion marks to pay for the damage caused by Kristallnacht and told that any money received via insurance claims would be confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010117-266">[260]</a> By 1939 around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews emigrated to the United States, Argentina, Great Britain, Palestine, and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010127-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555.E2.80.93558-268">[262]</a> Many chose to stay in continental Europe. Emigrants to Palestine were allowed to transfer property there under the terms of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a>, but those moving to other countries had to leave virtually all their property behind, and it was seized by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005555.E2.80.93558-268">[262]</a> <h3>The Holocaust</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> Germany's war in the East was based on Hitler's long-standing view that Jews were the great enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. Hitler focused his attention on Eastern Europe, aiming to defeat Poland, the Soviet Union and remove or kill the resident Jews and Slavs in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky2007161-163">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1996-164">[158]</a> After the occupation of Poland, all Jews living in the General Government were confined to <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos</a>, and those who were physically fit were required to perform compulsory labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000111-269">[263]</a> In 1941 Hitler decided to destroy the Polish nation completely. He planned that within 10 to 20 years the section of Poland under German occupation would be <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">cleared of ethnic Poles</a> and resettled by German colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerghahn199932-270">[264]</a> About 3.8 to 4 million Poles would remain as slaves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowszechna_PWN2004267-271">[265]</a> part of a slave labour force of 14 million the Nazis intended to create using citizens of conquered nations in the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1996-164">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinemann_et_al2006-272">[266]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/220px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/330px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg/440px-Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crematorium_at_Auschwitz_I_2012.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Crematorium at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-273">[267]</a> To determine who should be killed, Himmler created the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksliste" title="Volksliste">Volksliste</a>, a system of classification of people deemed to be of German blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2005544-274">[268]</a> He ordered that those of Germanic descent who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006247-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001113-276">[270]</a> The plan also included the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">kidnapping of children</a> deemed to have Aryan-<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a> traits, who were presumed to be of German descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1999-277">[271]</a> The goal was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when the invasion failed, Hitler had to consider other options.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008683-278">[272]</a> One suggestion was a mass forced deportation of Jews to Poland, Palestine, or Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000111-269">[263]</a> Somewhere around the time of the failed offensive against Moscow in December 1941, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich.2C_Chapter_172003-279">[273]</a> Plans for the total eradication of the Jewish population of Europe—eleven million people—were formalised at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> on 20 January 1942. Some would be <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" title="Extermination through labor">worked to death</a> and the rest would be killed in the implementation of Die Endlösung der Judenfrage (the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012555.E2.80.93556-280">[274]</a> Initially the victims were killed with <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_vans" title="Gas vans" class="mw-redirect">gas vans</a> or by Einsatzgruppen firing squads, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008256.E2.80.93257-281">[275]</a> By 1941, killing centres at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp" class="mw-redirect">Sobibor</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka" title="Treblinka" class="mw-redirect">Treblinka</a>, and other Nazi extermination camps replaced Einsatzgruppen as the primary method of mass killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010279.E2.80.93280-282">[276]</a> The total number of Jews murdered during the war is estimated at 5.5 to six million people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-225">[219]</a> including over a million children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum:_Children-283">[277]</a> Twelve million people were put into forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer_.26_Schneider-250">[244]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_(1942).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg/220px-Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg/330px-Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg/440px-Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_%281942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1744"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jew_Killings_in_Ivangorod_(1942).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A Jewish woman protects a child with her body as <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> soldiers take aim, Ukraine, 1942</div> </div> </div> German citizens (despite much of the later denial) had access to information about what was happening, as soldiers returning from the occupied territories would report on what they had seen and done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008555.E2.80.93556-284">[278]</a> Evans states that most German citizens disapproved of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008560.E2.80.93561-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-quote-286">[g]</a> Some Polish citizens tried to rescue or hide the remaining Jews, and members of the Polish underground got word to their government in exile in London as to what was happening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008559.E2.80.93560-287">[280]</a> In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis also planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a>. Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010162.E2.80.93163.2C_416-288">[281]</a> Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorland20096-289">[282]</a> These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democidal</a> deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1994.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fwww.hawaii.edu.2Fpowerkills.2FNAZIS.TAB1.1.GIF_table.2C_p._112.5D-290">[283]</a> <h3>Persecution of other groups</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></div> Under the provisions of a law promulgated 14 July 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" title="Compulsory sterilisation" class="mw-redirect">compulsory sterilisation</a> of over 400,000 individuals labelled as having hereditary defects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008295-291">[284]</a> More than half the people sterilised were those considered mentally deficient, which included not only people who scored poorly on intelligence tests, but those who deviated from expected standards of behaviour regarding thrift, sexual behaviour, and cleanliness. Mentally and physically ill people were also targeted. The majority of the victims came from disadvantaged groups such as prostitutes, the poor, the homeless, and criminals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201047.E2.80.9348-292">[285]</a> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles" class="mw-redirect">Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs" class="mw-redirect">Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="494"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Naked Soviet prisoners of war in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp</a></div> </div> </div> Like the Jews, the Romani people were subjected to persecution from the early days of the regime. As a non-Aryan race, they were forbidden to marry people of German extraction. Romani were shipped to concentration camps starting in 1935 and were killed in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201049-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008759-166">[160]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4" title="Action T4">Action T4</a> was a programme of systematic murder of the physically and mentally handicapped and patients in psychiatric hospitals that mainly took place from 1939 to 1941 but continued until the end of the war. Initially the victims were shot by the Einsatzgruppen and others, but <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> were used by the end of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010138.E2.80.93141-293">[286]</a> Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290-294">[287]</a> Many starved to death while being held in open-air pens at Auschwitz and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008295.E2.80.93296-295">[288]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> lost 27 million people during the war; less than nine million of these were combat deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosking2006242-296">[289]</a> One in four Soviets were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1994204-297">[290]</a> In Poland, in addition to the loss of 3.3 million Jewish citizens, 1.8 to 1.9 million non-Jewish civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum:_Poles-298">[291]</a> Other groups persecuted and killed included Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, social misfits, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust#The_political_left" title="Holocaust" class="mw-redirect">members of the political and religious opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008759-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045-299">[292]</a> <h2>Society</h2> <h3>Education</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_education_in_Nazi_Germany" title="University education in Nazi Germany">University education in Nazi Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/220px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/330px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG/440px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="375"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burning" title="Nazi book burning" class="mw-redirect">Nazi book burning</a> on 10 May 1933 in Berlin. Books by Jewish and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist" title="Leftist" class="mw-redirect">leftist</a> authors were burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200516-300">[293]</a></div> </div> </div> Antisemitic legislation passed in 1933 led to the removal all of Jewish teachers, professors, and officials from the education system. Most teachers were required to belong to the Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a>; NSLB), and university professors were required to join the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Lecturers_League" title="National Socialist German Lecturers League">National Socialist German Lecturers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakosteen1965386-301">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine201114.E2.80.9315.2C_27-302">[295]</a> Teachers had to take an oath of loyalty and obedience to Hitler, and those who failed to show sufficient conformity to party ideals were often reported by students or fellow teachers and dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960249-303">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005270-304">[297]</a> Lack of funding for salaries led to many teachers leaving the profession. The average class size increased from 37 in 1927 to 43 in 1938 due to the resulting teacher shortage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005269-305">[298]</a> Frequent and often contradictory directives were issued by Reich Minister of the Interior <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a> of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichserziehungsministerium" title="Reichserziehungsministerium">Reichserziehungsministerium</a> (Ministry of Education), and various other agencies regarding content of lessons and acceptable textbooks for use in primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005263.E2.80.93264.2C_270-306">[299]</a> Books deemed unacceptable to the regime were removed from school libraries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005264-307">[300]</a> Indoctrination in National Socialist thought was made compulsory in January 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005264-307">[300]</a> Students selected as future members of the party elite were indoctrinated from the age of 12 at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a> for primary education and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a> for secondary education. Detailed National Socialist indoctrination of future holders of elite military rank was undertaken at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-Ordensburgen" title="NS-Ordensburgen">Order Castles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960255-308">[301]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501,_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier,_Schulklasse.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501%2C_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier%2C_Schulklasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0329-501,_Reichsgr%C3%BCndungsfeier,_Schulklasse.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The Nazi salute in school (1934). Children were indoctrinated at an early age.</div> </div> </div> Primary and secondary education focused on racial biology, population policy, culture, geography, and especially physical fitness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine201113.E2.80.9340-309">[302]</a> The curriculum in most subjects, including biology, geography, and even arithmetic, was altered to change the focus to race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005263.E2.80.93265-310">[303]</a> Military education became the central component of physical education, and education in physics was oriented toward subjects with military applications, such as ballistics and aerodynamics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarago197265-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005265-312">[305]</a> Students were required to watch all films prepared by the school division of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda" class="mw-redirect">Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005264-307">[300]</a> At universities, appointments to top posts were the subject of power struggles between the education ministry, the university boards, and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005292-313">[306]</a> In spite of pressure from the League and various government ministries, most university professors did not make changes to their lectures or syllabus during the Nazi period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005302.E2.80.93303-314">[307]</a> This was especially true of universities located in predominately Catholic regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005305-315">[308]</a> Enrolment at German universities declined from 104,000 students in 1931 to 41,000 in 1939. But enrolment in medical schools rose sharply; Jewish doctors had been forced to leave the profession, so medical graduates had good job prospects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005295.E2.80.93297-316">[309]</a> From 1934, university students were required to attend frequent and time-consuming military training sessions run by the SA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005293-317">[310]</a> First-year students also had to serve six months in a labour camp for the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsarbeitsdienst" title="Reichsarbeitsdienst">Reichsarbeitsdienst</a> (National Labour Service); an additional ten weeks service were required of second-year students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005299-318">[311]</a> <h3>Oppression of churches</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></div> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></div> About 65 per cent of the population of Germany was Protestant when the Nazis seized power in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005222-319">[312]</a> Under the Gleichschaltung process, Hitler attempted to create a unified <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a> from Germany's 28 existing Protestant churches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960237-320">[313]</a> with the ultimate goal of eradication of the churches in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960240-321">[314]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Ludwig Müller</a>, a pro-Nazi, was installed as Reich Bishop, and the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Christians" title="German Christians">German Christians</a>, a pro-Nazi pressure group, gained control of the new church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960234.E2.80.93238-322">[315]</a> They objected to the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> because of its Jewish origins, and demanded that converted Jews be barred from their church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005220.E2.80.93230-323">[316]</a> Pastor <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a> responded with the formation of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a>, from which some clergymen opposed the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008295.E2.80.93297-324">[317]</a> When in 1935 the Confessing Church synod protested the Nazi policy on religion, 700 of their pastors were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975140-325">[318]</a> Müller resigned and Hitler appointed <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a> as Minister for Church Affairs, to continue efforts to control Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960238.E2.80.93239-326">[319]</a> In 1936, a Confessing Church envoy protested to Hitler against the religious persecutions and human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975140-325">[318]</a> Hundreds more pastors were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960238.E2.80.93239-326">[319]</a> The church continued to resist, and by early 1937 Hitler abandoned his hope of uniting the Protestant churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975140-325">[318]</a> The Confessing Church was banned on 1 July 1937. Neimoller was arrested and confined, first in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a> and then at Dachau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica.2C_.27.27Martin_Niem.C3.B6ller.27.27-327">[320]</a> Theological universities were closed and more pastors and theologians were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975140-325">[318]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/220px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/330px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/440px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="907"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Prisoner barracks at <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Dachau Concentration Camp" class="mw-redirect">Dachau Concentration Camp</a>, where the Nazis established a dedicated <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">clergy barracks</a> for clerical opponents of the regime in 1940<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975276.E2.80.93277-328">[321]</a></div> </div> </div> Persecution of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Catholic Church in Germany</a> followed the Nazi takeover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008332-329">[322]</a> Hitler moved quickly to eliminate <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_catholicism" title="Political catholicism" class="mw-redirect">political catholicism</a>, rounding up functionaries of the Catholic-aligned <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" title="Catholic Centre Party" class="mw-redirect">Catholic Centre Party</a>, which, along with all other non-Nazi political parties, ceased to exist by July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008290-330">[323]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (Reich Concordat) treaty with the Vatican was signed in 1933, amid continuing harassment of the church in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008295-291">[284]</a> The treaty required the regime to honour the independence of Catholic institutions and prohibited clergy from involvement in politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005234.E2.80.93235-331">[324]</a> Hitler routinely disregarded the Concordat, closing all Catholic institutions whose functions were not strictly religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill199457-332">[325]</a> Clergy, nuns, and lay leaders were targeted, with thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped-up charges of currency smuggling or immorality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960234.E2.80.93235-333">[326]</a> Several high profile Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the 1934 <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> assassinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008315-334">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200045-335">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway200192-336">[329]</a> Most Catholic youth groups refused to dissolve themselves and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> leader <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> encouraged members to attack Catholic boys in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005226.2C_237-337">[330]</a> Propaganda campaigns claimed the church was corrupt, restrictions were placed on public meetings, and Catholic publications faced censorship. Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005239.E2.80.93240-338">[331]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> had the "<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a>" ("With Burning Concern") Encyclical smuggled into Germany for <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a> 1937 and read from every pulpit. It denounced the systematic hostility of the regime toward the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960234.E2.80.93235-333">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005241.E2.80.93243-339">[332]</a> In response, Goebbels renewed the regime's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics. Enrolment in denominational schools dropped sharply, and by 1939 all such schools were disbanded or converted to public facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005245.E2.80.93246-340">[333]</a> Later Catholic protests included the 22 March 1942 pastoral letter by the German bishops on "The Struggle against Christianity and the Church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest1996377-341">[334]</a> About 30 per cent of Catholic priests were disciplined by police during the Nazi era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005244-342">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum:_Dachau-343">[336]</a> A vast security network spied on the activities of clergy, and priests were frequently denounced, arrested, or sent to concentration camps – many to the dedicated <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">clergy barracks</a> at Dachau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975141.E2.80.93142-344">[337]</a> In the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">areas of Poland annexed in 1940</a>, the Nazis instigated a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">brutal suppression</a> and systematic dismantling of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibionka.2C_.27.27The_Catholic_Church_in_Poland.27.27-345">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200386.2C_92-346">[339]</a> <h3>Health</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100,_Berlin,_Olympiade,_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100%2C_Berlin%2C_Olympiade%2C_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="549"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P017100,_Berlin,_Olympiade,_Pariser_Platz_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Statues representing the ideal body were erected in the streets of Berlin for the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>.</div> </div> </div> Nazi Germany had a strong <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tobacco_movement_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany">anti-tobacco movement</a>. Pioneering research by Franz H. Müller in 1939 demonstrated a causal link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1999196-347">[340]</a> The Reich Health Office took measures to try to limit smoking, including producing lectures and pamphlets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1999198-348">[341]</a> Smoking was banned in many workplaces, on trains, and among on-duty members of the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1999203-349">[342]</a> Government agencies also worked to control other carcinogenic substances such as asbestos and pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005319-350">[343]</a> As part of a general public health campaign, water supplies were cleaned up, lead and mercury were removed from consumer products, and women were urged to undergo regular screenings for breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor199940-351">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1996-352">[345]</a> Government-run health care insurance plans were available, but Jews were denied coverage starting in 1933. That same year, Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat government-insured patients. In 1937 Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat non-Jewish patients, and in 1938 their right to practice medicine was removed entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusseRiesberg200420-353">[346]</a> Medical experiments, many of them unscientific, were performed on concentration camp inmates beginning in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008611-354">[347]</a> The most notorious doctor to perform medical experiments was SS-<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a> Dr <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, camp doctor at Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008608-355">[348]</a> Many of his victims died or were intentionally killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008609.E2.80.93661-356">[349]</a> Concentration camp inmates were made available for purchase by pharmaceutical companies for drug testing and other experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008612-357">[350]</a> <h3>Role of women and family</h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></div> Women were a cornerstone of Nazi social policy. The Nazis opposed the feminist movement, claiming that it was the creation of Jewish intellectuals, and instead advocated a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal" title="Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect">patriarchal</a> society in which the German woman would recognise that her "world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331-237">[231]</a> Soon after the seizure of power, feminist groups were shut down or incorporated into the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">National Socialist Women's League</a>. This organisation coordinated groups throughout the country to promote motherhood and household activities. Courses were offered on childrearing, sewing, and cooking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005516.E2.80.93517-358">[351]</a> The League published the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a>, the only NSDAP-approved women's magazine in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidelberg_University_Library-359">[352]</a> Despite some propaganda aspects, it was predominantly an ordinary woman's magazine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp197845-360">[353]</a> Women were encouraged to leave the workforce, and the creation of large families by racially suitable women was promoted through a propaganda campaign. Women received a bronze award—known as the Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother" title="Cross of Honour of the German Mother">Cross of Honour of the German Mother</a>)—for giving birth to four children, silver for six, and gold for eight or more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005516.E2.80.93517-358">[351]</a> Large families received subsidies to help with their utilities, school fees, and household expenses. Though the measures led to increases in the birth rate, the number of families having four or more children declined by five per cent between 1935 and 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005518.E2.80.93519-361">[354]</a> Removing women from the workforce did not have the intended effect of freeing up jobs for men. Women were for the most part employed as domestic servants, weavers, or in the food and drink industries—jobs that were not of interest to men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005332.E2.80.93333-362">[355]</a> Nazi philosophy prevented large numbers of women from being hired to work in munitions factories in the build-up to the war, so foreign labourers were brought in. After the war started, slave labourers were extensively used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005369-363">[356]</a> In January 1943 Hitler signed a decree requiring all women under the age of fifty to report for work assignments to help the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008749-364">[357]</a> Thereafter, women were funnelled into agricultural and industrial jobs. By September 1944, 14.9 million women were working in munitions production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009164-365">[358]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500,_BDM,_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500%2C_BDM%2C_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2000-0110-500,_BDM,_Gymnastikvorf%C3%BChrung.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Young women of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a>) practising gymnastics in 1941</div> </div> </div> The Nazi regime discouraged women from seeking higher education. Nazi leaders held conservative views about women and endorsed the idea that rational and theoretical work was alien to a woman's nature since they were considered inherently emotional and instinctive – as such, engaging in academics and careerism would only "divert them from motherhood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson200170-366">[359]</a> The number of women allowed to enrol in universities dropped drastically, as a law passed in April 1933 limited the number of females admitted to university to ten per cent of the number of male attendees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005297-367">[360]</a> Female enrolment in secondary schools dropped from 437,000 in 1926 to 205,000 in 1937. The number of women enrolled in post-secondary schools dropped from 128,000 in 1933 to 51,000 in 1938. However, with the requirement that men be enlisted into the armed forces during the war, women comprised half of the enrolment in the post-secondary system by 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003119.E2.80.93137-368">[361]</a> Women were expected to be strong, healthy, and vital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2005248-369">[362]</a> The sturdy peasant woman who <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil" class="mw-redirect">worked the land</a> and bore strong children was considered ideal, and athletic women were praised for being tanned from working outdoors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp197845.E2.80.9346-370">[363]</a> Organisations were created for the indoctrination of Nazi values. From 25 March 1939, membership in the Hitler Youth became compulsory for all children over the age of ten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005272-371">[364]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a> (Young Girls League) section of the Hitler Youth was for girls age 10 to 14, and the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM; <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a>) was for young women age 14 to 18. The BDM's activities focused on physical education, with activities such as running, long jumping, somersaulting, tightrope walking, marching, and swimming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunberger1971278-372">[365]</a> The Nazi regime promoted a liberal code of conduct regarding sexual matters, and was sympathetic to women who bore children out of wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddiscombe2001-373">[366]</a> Promiscuity increased as the war progressed, with unmarried soldiers often intimately involved with several women simultaneously. The same was the case for married women, who liaised with soldiers, civilians, or slave labourers. Sex was sometimes used as a commodity to obtain, for example, better work from a foreign labourer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddiscombe2001-373">[366]</a> Pamphlets enjoined German women to avoid sexual relations with foreign workers as a danger to their blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupp1978124.E2.80.93125-374">[367]</a> With Hitler's approval, Himmler intended that the new society of the Nazi regime should de-stigmatise illegitimate births, particularly of children fathered by members of the SS, who were vetted for racial purity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012370-375">[368]</a> His hope was that each SS family would have between four and six children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012370-375">[368]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a> (Fountain of Life) association, founded by Himmler in 1935, created a series of maternity homes where single mothers could be accommodated during their pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012371-376">[369]</a> Both parents were examined for racial suitability before acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012371-376">[369]</a> The resulting children were often adopted into SS families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012371-376">[369]</a> The homes were also made available to the wives of SS and NSDAP members, who quickly filled over half the available spots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005521-377">[370]</a> Existing laws banning abortion except for medical reasons were strictly enforced by the Nazi regime. The number of abortions declined from 35,000 per year at the start of the 1930s to fewer than 2,000 per year at the end of the decade. In 1935 a law was passed allowing abortions for eugenics reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005515-378">[371]</a> <h3>Environmentalism</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Animal welfare in Nazi Germany">Animal welfare in Nazi Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A,_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-145-04A,_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_auf_der_Jagd.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> was an avid hunter.</div> </div> </div> Nazi society had elements supportive of animal rights, and many people were fond of zoos and wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeGregori2002153-379">[372]</a> The government took several measures to ensure the protection of animals and the environment. In 1933, the Nazis enacted a stringent animal-protection law that had an impact on what was allowed for medical research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanauske-Abel1996-380">[373]</a> But the law was only loosely enforced. In spite of a ban on vivisection, the Ministry of the Interior readily handed out permits for experiments on animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUek.C3.B6tter200656-381">[374]</a> The Reich Forestry Office, under Göring, enforced regulations that required foresters to plant a wide variety of trees to ensure suitable habitat for wildlife. A new Reich Animal Protection Act became law in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClosmann200530.E2.80.9332-382">[375]</a> The regime enacted the Reich Nature Protection Act in 1935 to protect the natural landscape from excessive economic development. The act allowed for the expropriation of privately owned land to create nature preserves and aided in long-range planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClosmann200518.2C_30-383">[376]</a> Perfunctory efforts were made to curb air pollution, but little enforcement of existing legislation was undertaken once the war began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUek.C3.B6tter2005113.2C_118-384">[377]</a> <h2>Culture</h2> The regime promoted the concept of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>, a national German ethnic community. The goal was to build a classless society based on racial purity and the perceived need to prepare for warfare, conquest, and a struggle against Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunberger197118-385">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008182.2C_203.2C_272-386">[379]</a> The German Labour Front founded the Kraft durch Freude (KdF; <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a>) organisation in 1933. In addition to taking control of tens of thousands of previously privately run recreational clubs, it offered highly regimented holidays and entertainment experiences such as cruises, vacation destinations, and concerts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005465.E2.80.93467-387">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960265-388">[381]</a> The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskulturkammer" title="Reichskulturkammer">Reichskulturkammer</a> (Reich Chamber of Culture) was organised under the control of the Propaganda Ministry in September 1933. Sub-chambers were set up to control various aspects of cultural life, such as films, radio, newspapers, fine arts, music, theatre, and literature. All members of these professions were required to join their respective organisation. Jews and people considered politically unreliable were prevented from working in the arts, and many emigrated. Books and scripts had to be approved by the Propaganda Ministry prior to publication. Standards deteriorated as the regime sought to use cultural outlets exclusively as propaganda media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960241.E2.80.93242-389">[382]</a> Radio became very popular in Germany during the 1930s, with over 70 per cent of households owning a receiver by 1939, more than any other country. Radio station staffs were purged of leftists and others deemed undesirable by July 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005133.E2.80.93135-390">[383]</a> Propaganda and speeches were typical radio fare immediately after the seizure of power, but as time went on Goebbels insisted that more music be played so that people would not turn to foreign broadcasters for entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005136-391">[384]</a> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_authors_banned_during_the_Third_Reich" title="List of authors banned during the Third Reich">List of authors banned during the Third Reich</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373,_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_(%22Germania%22).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg" width="170" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373%2C_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_%28%22Germania%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146III-373,_Modell_der_Neugestaltung_Berlins_(%22Germania%22).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Plans for Berlin called for the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkshalle" title="Volkshalle">Volkshalle</a> (People's Hall) and a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> to be built at either end of a wide boulevard.</div> </div> </div> As with other media, newspapers were controlled by the state, with the Reich Press Chamber shutting down or buying newspapers and publishing houses. By 1939 over two-thirds of the newspapers and magazines were directly owned by the Propaganda Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005143.E2.80.93144-392">[385]</a> The NSDAP daily newspaper, the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a> (Ethnic Observer), was edited by <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, author of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a>, a book of racial theories espousing Nordic superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960149-393">[386]</a> Although Goebbels insisted that all newspapers in Germany should publish content uniformly favourable to the regime, publishers still managed to include veiled criticism, for example by editorialising about dictatorships in ancient Rome or Greece. Newspaper readership plummeted, partly because of the decreased quality of the content, and partly because of the surge in popularity of radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005146.E2.80.93147-394">[387]</a> Authors of books left the country in droves, and some wrote material highly critical of the regime while in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005152.E2.80.93153-395">[388]</a> Goebbels recommended that the remaining authors should concentrate on books themed on Germanic myths and the concept of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil" class="mw-redirect">blood and soil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005155-396">[389]</a> By the end of 1933 over a thousand books, most of them by Jewish authors or featuring Jewish characters, had been banned by the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005158.E2.80.93159-397">[390]</a> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></div> Hitler took a personal interest in architecture, and worked closely with state architects <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Troost" title="Paul Troost">Paul Troost</a> and Albert Speer to create public buildings in a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> style based on <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture" title="Roman architecture" class="mw-redirect">Roman architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobie199092-398">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005181-399">[392]</a> Speer constructed imposing structures such as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_grounds" title="Nazi party rally grounds">Nazi party rally grounds</a> in <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and a new <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> building in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer197192.2C_150.E2.80.93151-400">[393]</a> Hitler's plans for rebuilding Berlin included a gigantic dome based on the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome and a <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> more than double the height of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> in Paris. Neither of these structures were ever built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971115.E2.80.93116.2C_190-401">[394]</a> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></div> Hitler felt that <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadaist" title="Dadaist" class="mw-redirect">Dadaist</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist" title="Expressionist" class="mw-redirect">expressionist</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> were decadent, an opinion that became the basis for policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005168-402">[395]</a> Many art museum directors lost their posts in 1933 and were replaced by party members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005169-403">[396]</a> Some 6,500 modern works of art were removed from museums and replaced with works chosen by a Nazi jury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960243.E2.80.93244-404">[397]</a> Exhibitions of the rejected pieces, under titles such as "Decadence in Art", were launched in sixteen different cities by 1935. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_Exhibition" title="Degenerate Art Exhibition">Degenerate Art Exhibition</a>, organised by Goebbels, ran in Munich from July to November 1937. The exhibition proved wildly popular, attracting over two million visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005171.2C_173-405">[398]</a> Composer <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> was appointed president of the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer" title="Reichsmusikkammer">Reichsmusikkammer</a> (Reich Music Chamber) on its founding in November 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005187-406">[399]</a> As was the case with other art forms, the Nazis ostracised musicians who were not deemed racially acceptable, and for the most part did not approve of music that was too modern or <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonal" title="Atonal" class="mw-redirect">atonal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005199-407">[400]</a> Jazz music was singled out as being especially inappropriate, and foreign musicians of this genre left the country or were expelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005204-408">[401]</a> Hitler favoured the music of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, especially pieces based on Germanic myths and heroic stories, and attended the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> each year from 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005199-407">[400]</a> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29,_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29%2C_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-106-29,_Leni_Riefenstahl_bei_Dreharbeiten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> (behind cameraman) at the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a></div> </div> </div> Movies were popular in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, with admissions of over a billion people in 1942, 1943, and 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130-409">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESPIO.2C_Department_of_Statistics-410">[403]</a> By 1934 German regulations restricting currency exports made it impossible for American film makers to take their profits back to America, so the major film studios closed their German branches. Exports of German films plummeted, as their heavily antisemitic content made them impossible to show in other countries. The two largest film companies, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG">Universum Film AG</a> and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien-Film" title="Wien-Film">Tobis</a>, were purchased by the Propaganda Ministry, which by 1939 was producing most German films. The productions were not always overtly propagandistic, but generally had a political subtext and followed party lines regarding themes and content. Scripts were pre-censored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130.E2.80.93132-411">[404]</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>'s <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a> (1935), documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_(1938_film)" title="Olympia (1938 film)">Olympia</a> (1938), covering the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>, pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that influenced later films. New techniques such as telephoto lenses and cameras mounted on tracks were employed. Both films remain controversial, as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandising of national socialist ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27The_Daily_Telegraph.27.27.2C_2003-412">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005125.E2.80.93126-413">[406]</a> <h2>Legacy</h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/330px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/440px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2274"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_the_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials</div> </div> </div> The Allied powers organised war crimes trials, beginning with the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, held from November 1945 to October 1946, of 23 top Nazi officials. They were charged with four counts—conspiracy to commit crimes, crimes against peace, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>—in violation of international laws governing warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008741-414">[407]</a> All but three of the defendants were found guilty; twelve were sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601143-415">[408]</a> The victorious Allies outlawed the NSDAP and its subsidiary organisations. The display or use of <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbolism</a> such as flags, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>, or greetings, is illegal in Germany and Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Strafgesetzbuch.27.27.2C_section_86a-416">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Agreement1945-417">[410]</a> Nazi ideology and the actions taken by the regime are almost universally regarded as gravely immoral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw20001.E2.80.936-418">[411]</a> Hitler, Nazism, and the Holocaust have become symbols of evil in the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint1998-419">[412]</a> Interest in Nazi Germany continues in the media and the academic world. Historian Sir <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> remarks that the era "exerts an almost universal appeal because its murderous racism stands as a warning to the whole of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200956-420">[413]</a> The Nazi era continues to inform how Germans view themselves and their country. Virtually every family suffered losses during the war or has a story to tell. For many years Germans kept quiet about their experiences and felt a sense of communal guilt, even if they were not directly involved in war crimes. Once study of Nazi Germany was introduced into the school <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> starting in the 1970s, people began researching the experiences of their family members. Study of the era and a willingness to critically examine its mistakes has led to the development of a strong democracy in today's Germany, but with lingering undercurrents of antisemitism and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi" title="Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect">neo-Nazi</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontheimer2005-421">[414]</a> <h2>See also</h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fasces_lictoriae.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/10px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png" width="10" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/15px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/21px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="946"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fascism" title="Portal:Fascism">Fascism portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/64px-Flag_of_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nazi_Germany" title="Portal:Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II">Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" title="German Resistance to Nazism">German Resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_German_military_terms" title="Glossary of German military terms">Glossary of German military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">List of books by or about Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_field_marshals_and_grand_admirals_of_the_Third_Reich" title="List of field marshals and grand admirals of the Third Reich" class="mw-redirect">List of field marshals and grand admirals of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_rule_over_the_Danube_River" title="Nazi rule over the Danube River">Nazi rule over the Danube River</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany">Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_until_1941" title="Sino-German cooperation until 1941">Sino-German cooperation until 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Rome" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Notes</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-annexed-1"><a href="#cite_ref-annexed_1-0">^</a> Including de facto <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">annexed/incorporated territories</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-vacant-2"><a href="#cite_ref-vacant_2-0">^</a> The office formally became vacant on Hitler's death. His titles were <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_und_Reichskanzler" title="Führer und Reichskanzler" class="mw-redirect">Führer und Reichskanzler</a> from August 1934. See <a href="#CITEREFGesetz_.C3.BCber_das_Staatsoberhaupt1934">Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt 1934</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-3"><a href="#cite_ref-statistics_3-0">^</a> In 1939, before Germany acquired control of the last two regions which had been in its control before the Versailles Treaty—Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig, and the Polish Corridor—its area was 633,786 square kilometres (244,706 sq mi). See <a href="#CITEREFStatistisches_Jahrbuch2006">Statistisches Jahrbuch 2006</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-abbreviation-11"><a href="#cite_ref-abbreviation_11-0">^</a> The party's name in German was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.</li> <li id="cite_note-estimate-143"><a href="#cite_ref-estimate_143-0">^</a> On 29 November 2006 State Secretary in the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Ministry of the Interior</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Bergner" title="Christoph Bergner">Christoph Bergner</a> said the reason the statistics do not match is because Haar only includes people who were directly killed. The figure of 2 to 2.5 million also includes people who died of disease, hunger, cold, air raids, and other causes. <a href="#CITEREFKoldehoff2006">Koldehoff 2006</a>. The <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> still maintains that the death toll from the expulsions is 2.2 million. <a href="#CITEREFKammererKammerer2005">Kammerer & Kammerer 2005</a>, p. 12.</li> <li id="cite_note-districts-153"><a href="#cite_ref-districts_153-0">^</a> More such districts, such as the <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Reichskommissariat Moskowien</a> (Moscow), <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasus" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasus">Reichskommissariat Kaukasus</a> (Caucasus), and <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Reichskommissariat Turkestan</a> (Turkestan) were proposed in the event that these areas were brought under German rule.</li> <li id="cite_note-quote-286"><a href="#cite_ref-quote_286-0">^</a> "Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that, on the whole, ordinary Germans did not approve. Goebbel's propaganda campaigns carried out in the second half of 1941 and again in 1943 had failed to convert them." <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 561.</li> </ol> </div> <h2>References</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatistisches_Jahrbuch200634-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStatistisches_Jahrbuch200634_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStatistisches_Jahrbuch2006">Statistisches Jahrbuch 2006</a>, p. 34.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wie199937-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wie199937_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wie1999">van Wie 1999</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauryssens1999102-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauryssens1999102_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLauryssens1999">Lauryssens 1999</a>, p. 102.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmann1984724-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmann1984724_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallmann1984">Mallmann 1984</a>, p. 724.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunst1989303_f-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunst1989303_f_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunst1989">Gunst 1989</a>, p. 303 f.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003103.E2.80.93108-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003103.E2.80.93108_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 103–108.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003186.E2.80.93187-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003186.E2.80.93187_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 186–187.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170.E2.80.93171-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170.E2.80.93171_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 170–171.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199685_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen1996">Goldhagen 1996</a>, p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179.E2.80.93180-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003179.E2.80.93180_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 179–180.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200881-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200881_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200881_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 81.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960136.E2.80.93137-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960136.E2.80.93137_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 136–137.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199687-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen199687_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen1996">Goldhagen 1996</a>, p. 87.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003293.2C_302-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003293.2C_302_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 293, 302.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960183.E2.80.93184-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960183.E2.80.93184_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 183–184.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200914-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200914_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200514-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200514_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329.E2.80.93334-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329.E2.80.93334_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 329–334.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003354-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003354_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 354.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003351_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 351.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960196-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960196_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 196.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003336_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 336.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003358.E2.80.93359-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003358.E2.80.93359_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 358–359.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960201-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960201_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 201.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109.2C_637-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109.2C_637_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 109, 637.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005109_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 109.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuomo1995231-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuomo1995231_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuomo1995">Cuomo 1995</a>, p. 231.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200954_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 54.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200956_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 56.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery200563-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery200563_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2005">Overy 2005</a>, p. 63.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226.E2.80.93227-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960226.E2.80.93227_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 226–227.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008317-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008317_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 317.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960230-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960230_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 230.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200150.E2.80.9359-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200150.E2.80.9359_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, pp. 50–59.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003344_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 344.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008map.2C_p._366-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008map.2C_p._366_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, map, p. 366.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalk19961.E2.80.93128-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalk19961.E2.80.93128_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalk1996">Walk 1996</a>, pp. 1–128.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedl.C3.A4nder200944.E2.80.9353-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedl.C3.A4nder200944.E2.80.9353_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedl.C3.A4nder2009">Friedländer 2009</a>, pp. 44–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche200876.E2.80.93142-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche200876.E2.80.93142_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritzsche2008">Fritzsche 2008</a>, pp. 76–142.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand198420.E2.80.9321-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand198420.E2.80.9321_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHildebrand1984">Hildebrand 1984</a>, pp. 20–21.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005338.E2.80.93339-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005338.E2.80.93339_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 338–339.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005618-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005618_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 618.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005623-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005623_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 623.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006271-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006271_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2006">Kitchen 2006</a>, p. 271.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005629-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005629_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 629.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005632.E2.80.93637-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005632.E2.80.93637_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005632.E2.80.93637_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 632–637.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005641_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 641.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2011181.E2.80.93251-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner2011181.E2.80.93251_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteiner2011">Steiner 2011</a>, pp. 181–251.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005646.E2.80.93652-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005646.E2.80.93652_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 646–652.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005667-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005667_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 667.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008417-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008417_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 417.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008419-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008419_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 419.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005668.E2.80.93669-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005668.E2.80.93669_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 668–669.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005671.E2.80.93674-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005671.E2.80.93674_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005671.E2.80.93674_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 671–674.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005683-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005683_59-0">^</a> <a 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p. 40.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008260-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2008260_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazower2008">Mazower 2008</a>, p. 260.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201273.E2.80.9376-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor201273.E2.80.9376_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 73–76.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005120-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005120_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 120.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201270.E2.80.9371.2C_79-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor201270.E2.80.9371.2C_79_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 70–71, 79.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960696.E2.80.93730-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960696.E2.80.93730_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960696.E2.80.93730_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 696–730.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008562-82"><a 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p. 262.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960774.E2.80.93782-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960774.E2.80.93782_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 774–782.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008563.2C_569.2C_570-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008563.2C_569.2C_570_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, pp. 563, 569, 570.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008149-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008149_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 149.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008153-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008153_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 153.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008151-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008151_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008584-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008584_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2008">Kershaw 2008</a>, p. 584.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008160.E2.80.93161-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008160.E2.80.93161_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 160–161.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008189.E2.80.93190-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008189.E2.80.93190_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 189–190.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStolfi1982">Stolfi 1982</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960900.E2.80.93901-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960900.E2.80.93901_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 900–901.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200843-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200843_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008284.E2.80.93287-99"><a 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href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 122–123.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010195-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010195_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeale2010">Weale 2010</a>, p. 195.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012125_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 125.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012212.E2.80.93213-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012212.E2.80.93213_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, pp. 212–213.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010411-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010411_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeale2010">Weale 2010</a>, p. 411.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996323.2C_329-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESereny1996323.2C_329_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSereny1996">Sereny 1996</a>, pp. 323, 329.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008343-220"><a 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p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005181-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005181_399-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 181.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer197192.2C_150.E2.80.93151-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer197192.2C_150.E2.80.93151_400-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpeer1971">Speer 1971</a>, pp. 92, 150–151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971115.E2.80.93116.2C_190-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer1971115.E2.80.93116.2C_190_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpeer1971">Speer 1971</a>, pp. 115–116, 190.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005168-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005168_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 168.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005169-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005169_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 169.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960243.E2.80.93244-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960243.E2.80.93244_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, pp. 243–244.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005171.2C_173-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005171.2C_173_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 171, 173.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005187-406"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005187_406-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 187.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005199-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005199_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005199_407-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 199.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005204-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005204_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 204.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 130.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESPIO.2C_Department_of_Statistics-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESPIO.2C_Department_of_Statistics_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSPIO.2C_Department_of_Statistics">SPIO, Department of Statistics</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130.E2.80.93132-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005130.E2.80.93132_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 130–132.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27The_Daily_Telegraph.27.27.2C_2003-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE.27.27The_Daily_Telegraph.27.27.2C_2003_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Daily_Telegraph.2C_2003">The Daily Telegraph, 2003</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005125.E2.80.93126-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005125.E2.80.93126_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, pp. 125–126.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008741-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008741_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, p. 741.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601143-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19601143_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 1143.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE.27.27Strafgesetzbuch.27.27.2C_section_86a-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE.27.27Strafgesetzbuch.27.27.2C_section_86a_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrafgesetzbuch.2C_section_86a">Strafgesetzbuch, section 86a</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Agreement1945-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllied_Agreement1945_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllied_Agreement1945">Allied Agreement 1945</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw20001.E2.80.936-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw20001.E2.80.936_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2000">Kershaw 2000</a>, pp. 1–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint1998-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlint1998_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint1998">Flint 1998</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200956-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200956_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2009">Evans 2009</a>, p. 56.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESontheimer2005-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESontheimer2005_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSontheimer2005">Sontheimer 2005</a>.</li> </ol> </div> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/">"Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany"</a>. dipublico.com. 20 September 1945.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Agreement+Between+the+Governments+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+the+United+States+of+America%2C+and+the+Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics%2C+and+the+Provisional+Government+of+the+French+Republic+on+Certain+Additional+Requirements+to+be+Imposed+on+Germany&rft.date=20+September+1945&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dipublico.com.ar%2Fenglish%2Fagreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add%2F&rft.pub=dipublico.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Antill, Peter (2005). Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich. Oxford; New York: Osprey. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-915-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-915-0">1-84176-915-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Antill%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Antill&rft.btitle=Berlin+1945%3A+End+of+the+Thousand+Year+Reich&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84176-915-0&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2002). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin:_The_Downfall_1945" title="Berlin: The Downfall 1945">Berlin: The Downfall 1945</a>. London: Viking-Penguin Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03041-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03041-5">978-0-670-03041-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Beevor%2C+Antony&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+Downfall+1945&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03041-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking-Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Beevor, Antony (2012). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)" title="The Second World War (book)">The Second World War</a>. New York: Little, Brown. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02374-0">978-0-316-02374-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Beevor%2C+Antony&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-316-02374-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5363-7">978-0-7425-5363-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Bendersky%2C+Joseph+W.&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.aulast=Bendersky&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Nazi+Germany%3A+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5363-7&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History. London: Norfolk Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85211-009-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85211-009-X">0-85211-009-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Berben%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Berben&rft.btitle=Dachau+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Official+History&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85211-009-X&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Norfolk+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Berghahn" title="Volker Berghahn">Berghahn, Volker R.</a> (1999). "Germans and Poles, 1871–1945". Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences. Yearbook of European Studies. Amsterdam; Atlanta: Rodopi. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0688-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0688-9">90-420-0688-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Germans+and+Poles%2C+1871%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Berghahn%2C+Volker+R.&rft.aufirst=Volker+R.&rft.aulast=Berghahn&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Cultural+Identities+and+Cultural+Differences&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=90-420-0688-9&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Atlanta&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.series=Yearbook+of+European+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Beyer, John C.; Schneider, Stephen A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf">"Forced Labour under the Third Reich – Part 1"</a> (PDF). Nathan Associates. Retrieved 12 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Beyer%2C+John+C.&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.btitle=Forced+Labour+under+the+Third+Reich%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nathaninc.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPub%2520PDFs%2FForced%2520Labor%2520Under%2520the%2520Third%2520Reich%2C%2520Part%2520One.pdf&rft.pub=Nathan+Associates&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Biddiscombe, Perry (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948". Journal of Social History 34 (3): 611–647. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2001.0002">10.1353/jsh.2001.0002</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Dangerous+Liaisons%3A+The+Anti-Fraternization+Movement+in+the+US+Occupation+Zones+of+Germany+and+Austria%2C+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.au=Biddiscombe%2C+Perry&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft.aulast=Biddiscombe&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2001.0002&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.pages=611-647&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=34" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Boczek, Bolesław Adam (2005). International Law: A Dictionary. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5078-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5078-8">0-8108-5078-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Boczek%2C+Boles%C5%82aw+Adam&rft.aufirst=Boles%C5%82aw+Adam&rft.aulast=Boczek&rft.btitle=International+Law%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8108-5078-8&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Braun, Hans-Joachim (1992). "Aero-Engine Production in the Third Reich". History of Technology 14: 1–15.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Aero-Engine+Production+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.au=Braun%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Technology&rft.pages=1-15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=14" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Busse, Reinhard; Riesberg, Annette (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf">"Health Care Systems In Transition: Germany"</a> (PDF). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Retrieved 15 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Busse%2C+Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.au=Riesberg%2C+Annette&rft.btitle=Health+Care+Systems+In+Transition%3A+Germany&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0018%2F80703%2FE85472.pdf&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=WHO+Regional+Office+for+Europe+on+behalf+of+the+European+Observatory+on+Health+Systems+and+Policies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142">"Children during the Holocaust"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Children+during+the+Holocaust&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005142&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Clark_(historian)" title="Chris Clark (historian)">Clark, Christopher M.</a> (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. London: Penguin Group. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02385-7">978-0-674-02385-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Clark%2C+Christopher+M.&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02385-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Closmann, Charles (2005). "Legalizing a Volksgemeinschaft: Nazi Germany's Reich Nature Protection Law of 1935". In Brüggemeier, Franz-Josef; Cioc, Mark; Zeller, Thomas. How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich. Athens: Ohio University Press.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Legalizing+a+Volksgemeinschaft%3A+Nazi+Germany%27s+Reich+Nature+Protection+Law+of+1935&rft.au=Closmann%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Closmann&rft.btitle=How+Green+Were+the+Nazis%3F%3A+Nature%2C+Environment%2C+and+Nation+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Constable, George, ed. (1988). Fists of Steel. The Third Reich. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-6966-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-6966-9">0-8094-6966-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Fists+of+Steel&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8094-6966-9&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.series=The+Third+Reich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Conway_(historian)" title="John S. Conway (historian)">Conway, John S</a> (2001). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57383-080-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57383-080-1">1-57383-080-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Conway%2C+John+S&rft.aufirst=John+S&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Persecution+of+the+Churches%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57383-080-1&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Regent+College+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Cuomo, Glenn R. (1995). National Socialist Cultural Policy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09094-4">978-0-312-09094-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+Glenn+R.&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.&rft.aulast=Cuomo&rft.btitle=National+Socialist+Cultural+Policy&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-312-09094-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214">"Dachau"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 14 July 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Dachau&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005214&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2003). Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw. New York: Viking. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0">0-670-03284-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Davies%2C+Norman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=Rising+%2744%3A+the+Battle+for+Warsaw&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-670-03284-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Davis, Richard G. (1995). "German Rail Yards and Cities: U.S. Bombing Policy 1944–1945". Air Power History 42 (2): 46–63.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=German+Rail+Yards+and+Cities%3A+U.S.+Bombing+Policy+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Davis%2C+Richard+G.&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Air+Power+History&rft.pages=46-63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=42" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>"Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with Respect to Germany and Supplementary Statements". American Journal of International Law 39 (3): 171–178. July 1945. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2213921">10.2307/2213921</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.jstor.org/stable/221392">221392</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Declaration+Regarding+the+Defeat+of+Germany+and+the+Assumption+of+Supreme+Authority+with+Respect+to+Germany+and+Supplementary+Statements&rft.date=July+1945&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2213921&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=221392&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.pages=171-178&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=39" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>DeGregori, Thomas R. (2002). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bountiful_Harvest" title="Bountiful Harvest">Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety, and the Environment</a>. Washington: Cato Institute. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930865-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930865-31-7">1-930865-31-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=DeGregori%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.aulast=DeGregori&rft.btitle=Bountiful+Harvest%3A+Technology%2C+Food+Safety%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-930865-31-7&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" title="J. Bradford DeLong">DeLong, J. Bradford</a> (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://web.archive.org/web/20080511190923/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html">"Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets"</a>. econ161.berkeley.edu. University of California at Berkeley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Slouching+Towards+Utopia%3F%3A+The+Economic+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century.+XV.+Nazis+and+Soviets&rft.au=DeLong%2C+J.+Bradford&rft.aufirst=J.+Bradford&rft.aulast=DeLong&rft.date=February+1997&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon161.berkeley.edu%2FTCEH%2FSlouch_Purge15.html&rft.jtitle=econ161.berkeley.edu&rft.pub=University+of+California+at+Berkeley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France. Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58465-784-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58465-784-7">1-58465-784-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Dorland%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Dorland&rft.btitle=Cadaverland%3A+Inventing+a+Pathology+of+Catastrophe+for+Holocaust+Survival%3A+The+Limits+of+Medical+Knowledge+and+Memory+in+France&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-58465-784-7&rft.place=Waltham%2C+Mass&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.series=Tauber+Institute+for+the+Study+of+European+Jewry+series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Douglas, R.M (2012). Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16660-6">978-0-300-16660-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Douglas%2C+R.M&rft.aufirst=R.M&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.btitle=Orderly+and+Humane%3A+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16660-6&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (in Polish) 3. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 2004. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-14179-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-14179-4">83-01-14179-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Powszechna+PWN&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=83-01-14179-4&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=3" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de">""Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus"</a>. Das Bundesarchiv (in German). Government of Germany. 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=%22Euthanasie%22+im+Nationalsozialismus&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fbenutzung%2Fzeitbezug%2Fnationalsozialismus%2F00303%2Findex.html.de&rft.jtitle=Das+Bundesarchiv&rft.pub=Government+of+Germany&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Coming of the Third Reich" class="mw-redirect">The Coming of the Third Reich</a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8">978-0-14-303469-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard+J.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3">978-0-14-303790-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard+J.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4">978-0-14-311671-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard+J.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Evans, Richard J. (2009). Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19998-8">978-0-521-19998-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Evans%2C+Richard+J.&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitan+Islanders%3A+British+Historians+and+the+European+Continent&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19998-8&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_Farago" title="Ladislas Farago">Farago, Ladislas</a> (1972) [1942]. German Psychological Warfare. International Propaganda and Communications. New York: Arno Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-04747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-04747-3">978-0-405-04747-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Farago%2C+Ladislas&rft.aufirst=Ladislas&rft.aulast=Farago&rft.btitle=German+Psychological+Warfare&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-405-04747-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.series=International+Propaganda+and+Communications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest, Joachim</a> (1996). Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Fest%2C+Joachim&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.btitle=Plotting+Hitler%27s+Death%3A+The+German+Resistance+to+Hitler+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfield+%26+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Flint, Colin (June 1998). "To Explain or Understand Evil: Comparing Hermeneutic and Rational Choice Approaches to the Analysis of Nazism". Social Science Quarterly (Austin: University of Texas Press) 79 (2): 466–474.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=To+Explain+or+Understand+Evil%3A+Comparing+Hermeneutic+and+Rational+Choice+Approaches+to+the+Analysis+of+Nazism&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Flint%2C+Colin&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.date=June+1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=466-474&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=79" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Freeman, Michael J. (1995). Atlas of Nazi Germany: A Political, Economic, and Social Anatomy of the Third Reich. London; New York: Longman. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-23924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-23924-1">978-0-582-23924-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Michael+J.&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Nazi+Germany%3A+A+Political%2C+Economic%2C+and+Social+Anatomy+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-582-23924-1&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135027-6">978-0-06-135027-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft.au=Friedl%C3%A4nder%2C+Saul&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135027-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Fritzsche, Peter (2008). Life and Death in the Third Reich. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03465-5">978-0-674-03465-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fritzsche%2C+Peter&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.btitle=Life+and+Death+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03465-5&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2">978-0-691-08684-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gellately%2C+Robert&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08684-2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History 29 (2): 270–274. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900013170">10.1017/S0008938900013170</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+Vom+Generalplan+Ost+zum+Generalsiedlungsplan+by+Czeslaw+Madajczyk.+Der+%22Generalplan+Ost%22.+Hauptlinien+der+nationalsozialistischen+Planungs-+und+Vernichtungspolitik+by+Mechtild+R%C3%B6ssler%3B+Sabine+Schleiermacher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gellately%2C+Robert&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900013170&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.pages=270-274&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt (1961). Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer (in German). Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5092689">5092689</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Germany+%28West%29+Presse-+und+Informationsamt&rft.aulast=Germany+%28West%29+Presse-+und+Informationsamt&rft.btitle=Germany+Reports.+With+an+introduction+by+Konrad+Adenauer&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5092689&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Germany (West). Statistisches Bundesamt (1958). Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 (in German). Wiesbaden: Verlag W. Kohlhammer. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7363969">7363969</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Germany+%28West%29.+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.aulast=Germany+%28West%29.+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.btitle=Die+deutschen+Vertreibungsverluste.+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsbilanzen+f%C3%BCr+die+deutschen+Vertreibungsgebiete+1939%2F50&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7363969&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Verlag+W.+Kohlhammer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html">"Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs. § 1" [Law Regarding the Head of State of the German Empire. § 1]</a> (in German). documentArchiv.de. 1 August 1934.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Gesetz+%C3%BCber+das+Staatsoberhaupt+des+Deutschen+Reichs.+%C2%A7+1&rft.date=1+August+1934&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fns%2Fstobrhpt.html&rft.pub=documentArchiv.de&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Gill" title="Anton Gill">Gill, Anton</a> (1994). An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. London: Heinemann.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Gill%2C+Anton&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.btitle=An+Honourable+Defeat%3A+A+History+of+the+German+Resistance+to+Hitler&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Glantz" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7">978-0-7006-0899-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Glantz%2C+David+M.&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0899-7&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Goeschel, Christian (2009). Suicide in Nazi Germany. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8">978-0-19-953256-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Goeschel%2C+Christian&rft.aulast=Goeschel&rft.btitle=Suicide+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953256-8&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (1996). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners">Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44695-8">978-0-679-44695-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Goldhagen%2C+Daniel&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Willing+Executioners%3A+Ordinary+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44695-8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Government of West Germany (1960). Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Government+of+West+Germany&rft.aulast=Government+of+West+Germany&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=W.+Kohlhammer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grunberger" title="Richard Grunberger">Grunberger, Richard</a> (1971). The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-076435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-076435-6">978-0-03-076435-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grunberger%2C+Richard&rft.aulast=Grunberger&rft.btitle=The+12-Year+Reich%3A+A+Social+History+of+Nazi+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-03-076435-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Gunst, Dieter (1989). "Hitler wollte kein "Drittes Reich"". Geschichte, Politik und ihre Didaktik (in German) 17.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Hitler+wollte+kein+%22Drittes+Reich%22&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Gunst%2C+Dieter&rft.aulast=Gunst&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geschichte%2C+Politik+und+ihre+Didaktik&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=17" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Hagemann" title="Karen Hagemann">Hagemann, Karen</a> (October 2011). "Mobilizing Women for War: The History, Historiography, and Memory of German Women's War Service in the Two World Wars". Journal of Military History 75 (4): 1055–1094.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War%3A+The+History%2C+Historiography%2C+and+Memory+of+German+Women%27s+War+Service+in+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Hagemann%2C+Karen&rft.aulast=Hagemann&rft.date=October+2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.pages=1055-1094&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=75" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Hahn, Hans Henning; Hahnova, Eva (2010). Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte (in German). Munich; Vienna: Paderborn. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77044-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77044-8">978-3-506-77044-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henning&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Hans+Henning&rft.au=Hahnova%2C+Eva&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.btitle=Die+Vertreibung+im+deutschen+Erinnern.+Legenden%2C+Mythos%2C+Geschichte&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-506-77044-8&rft.place=Munich%3B+Vienna&rft.pub=Paderborn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Hanauske-Abel, Hartmut M. (7 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf">"Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933"</a>. BMJ 313 (7070): 1453–1463. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.313.7070.1453">10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Not+a+slippery+slope+or+sudden+subversion%3A+German+medicine+and+National+Socialism+in+1933&rft.aufirst=Hartmut+M.&rft.au=Hanauske-Abel%2C+Hartmut+M.&rft.aulast=Hanauske-Abel&rft.date=7+December+1996&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippnw.org%2Fpdf%2Fmgs%2F3-hanauske-abel.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.313.7070.1453&rft.issue=7070&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.pages=1453-1463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=313" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Haar" title="Ingo Haar">Haar, Ingo</a> (2009). Ehmer, Josef, ed. Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste: – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme. Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" : Aspekte und Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft (in German) (Springer). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-16152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-16152-5">978-3-531-16152-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Die+deutschen+Vertreibungsverluste%3A%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Forschungsstand%2C+Kontexte+und+Probleme&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft.au=Haar%2C+Ingo&rft.aulast=Haar&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-3-531-16152-5&rft.jtitle=Urspr%C3%BCnge%2C+Arten+und+Folgen+des+Konstrukts+%22Bev%C3%B6lkerung%22+vor%2C+im+und+nach+dem+%22Dritten+Reich%22+%3A+Aspekte+und+Erkenntnisse+zur+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Bev%C3%B6lkerungswissenschaft&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Heinemann, Isabel; Oberkrome, Willi; Schleiermacher, Sabine; Wagner, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf">Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej</a> (PDF) (in Polish). Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Heinemann%2C+Isabel&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.au=Oberkrome%2C+Willi&rft.au=Schleiermacher%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Patrick&rft.btitle=Nauka%2C+planowanie%2C+wyp%C4%99dzenia+%3A+Generalny+Plan+Wschodni+narodowych+socjalist%C3%B3w+%3A+katalog+wystawy+Niemieckiej+Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82noty+Badawczej&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.de%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2Fdfg_magazin%2Fwissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit%2Fausstellungen%2Fgeneralplan_ost%2Fgeneralplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Deutsche+Forschungsgemeinschaft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Klaus</a> (1984). The Third Reich. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-943032-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-943032-7">0-04-943032-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Klaus&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-04-943032-7&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Hitchcock, William I. (2004). The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present. New York: Anchor. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49799-2">978-0-385-49799-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rft.au=Hitchcock%2C+William+I.&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Europe%3A+The+Turbulent+History+of+a+Divided+Continent%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49799-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Hoffmann, Peter (1996) [1977]. The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1531-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1531-3">0-7735-1531-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Peter&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+German+Resistance%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7735-1531-3&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey A.</a> (2006). Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02178-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02178-9">0-674-02178-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft.au=Hosking%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Victims%3A+The+Russians+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-02178-9&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Hubert, Michael (1998). Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 (in German). Stuttgart: Steiner, Franz Verlag. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07392-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07392-2">3-515-07392-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hubert%2C+Michael&rft.aulast=Hubert&rft.btitle=Deutschland+im+Wandel.+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Bevolkerung+seit+1815&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-515-07392-2&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Steiner%2C+Franz+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kammerer, Willi; Kammerer, Anja (2005). Narben bleiben: die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Berlin: Dienststelle.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Willi&rft.au=Kammerer%2C+Anja&rft.au=Kammerer%2C+Willi&rft.aulast=Kammerer&rft.btitle=Narben+bleiben%3A+die+Arbeit+der+Suchdienste%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+60+Jahre+nach+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Dienststelle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2000). The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (4th ed.). London: Arnold. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-76028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-76028-4">978-0-340-76028-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Dictatorship%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Interpretation&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-340-76028-4&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arnold&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kershaw, Ian (2001) [1987]. The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280206-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280206-2">0-19-280206-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.btitle=The+%22Hitler+Myth%22%3A+Image+and+Reality+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-280206-2&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6">978-0-393-06757-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kershaw, Ian (2012) [2011 publisher = Penguin]. The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101421-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101421-0">978-0-14-101421-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.btitle=The+End%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101421-0&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/">"Khatyn: Genocide Policy"</a>. Khatyn State Memorial Complex. Retrieved 11 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Khatyn%3A+Genocide+Policy&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khatyn.by%2Fen%2Fgenocide%2Fexpeditions%2F&rft.pub=Khatyn+State+Memorial+Complex&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf">"Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004"</a> (PDF) (in German). Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V. Retrieved 10 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Kinobesuche+in+Deutschland+1925+bis+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spio.de%2Fmedia_content%2F610.pdf&rft.pub=Spitzenorganisation+der+Filmwirtschaft+e.+V&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Kitchen, Martin</a> (2006). A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Malden, MA: Blackwell. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0040-3">978-1-4051-0040-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Kitchen%2C+Martin&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0040-3&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Koldehoff, Stefan (29 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560/">"Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik"</a> (in German). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Koldehoff%2C+Stefan&rft.aulast=Koldehoff&rft.btitle=Keine+deutsche+Opferarithmetik&rft.date=29+November+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dradio.de%2Fdlf%2Fsendungen%2Fkulturheute%2F569560%2F&rft.pub=Deutschlandfunk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror. New York: Plenum Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3951-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3951-0">0-8133-3951-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Neil+J.&rft.au=Kressel%2C+Neil+J.&rft.aulast=Kressel&rft.btitle=Mass+Hate%3A+The+Global+Rise+Of+Genocide+And+Terror&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8133-3951-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Lakotta, Beate (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html">"Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German) (Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag) (2): 218–221.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Tief+vergraben%2C+nicht+dran+r%C3%BChren&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft.au=Lakotta%2C+Beate&rft.aulast=Lakotta&rft.date=March+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fspiegelspecial%2Fd-39863564.html&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.pages=218-221&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Spiegel-Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lauryssens" title="Stan Lauryssens">Lauryssens, Stan</a> (1999). The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1866-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1866-4">978-0-7509-1866-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft.aulast=Lauryssens&rft.au=Lauryssens%2C+Stan&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Invented+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Arthur+Moeller+van+den+Bruck&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1866-4&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3">"Leni Riefenstahl"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">TMG</a>). 10 September 2003. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006">49632006</a>. Retrieved 10 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Leni+Riefenstahl&rft.date=10+September+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1440991%2FLeni-Riefenstahl.html%3FpageNum%3D3&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49632006&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft.pub=TMG&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Lewis, Brenda Ralph (2000). Hitler Youth: the Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933–1945. Osceola, WI: MBI. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0946-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0946-9">0-7603-0946-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Ralph&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Brenda+Ralph&rft.btitle=Hitler+Youth%3A+the+Hitlerjugend+in+War+and+Peace+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7603-0946-9&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI&rft.pub=MBI&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Libionka, Dariusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf">"The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945"</a> (PDF). The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 26 August 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Poland+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft.aulast=Libionka&rft.au=Libionka%2C+Dariusz&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fdownload%2Fabout_holocaust%2Fchristian_world%2Flibionka.pdf&rft.jtitle=The+Reaction+of+the+Churches+in+Nazi+Occupied+Europe&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17">"Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime"</a>. Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17">the original</a> on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.au=Longerich%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Role+in+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090709111759%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fen%2Ftrial%2Fdefense%2Fpl1%2F17&rft.pages=17.+Radicalisation+of+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews+by+Hitler+at+the+Turn+of+the+Year+1941-1942&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5">978-0-19-280436-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.au=Longerich%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6">978-0-19-959232-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.au=Longerich%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Lukas, Richard C.</a> (2001) [1994]. Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945. New York: Hippocrene. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0870-5">978-0-7818-0870-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.au=Lukas%2C+Richard+C.&rft.btitle=Did+the+Children+Cry%3F%3A+Hitler%27s+War+Against+Jewish+and+Polish+Children%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0870-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Mallmann, Walter (1984). Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte (in German) III. Berlin: E. Schmidt Verlag.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.aulast=Mallmann&rft.au=Mallmann%2C+Walter&rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+zur+deutschen+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=E.+Schmidt+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=III" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Manvell" title="Roger Manvell">Manvell, Roger</a>; <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Fraenkel" title="Heinrich Fraenkel">Fraenkel, Heinrich</a> (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-178-9">978-1-60239-178-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.au=Manvell%2C+Roger&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+The+Sinister+Life+of+the+Head+of+the+SS+and+Gestapo&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-178-9&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Greenhill%3B+Skyhorse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Manvell, Roger (2011) [1962]. Goering. London: Skyhorse. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6">978-1-61608-109-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.au=Manvell%2C+Roger&rft.btitle=Goering&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-109-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Martin, Bernd (2005) [1995]. Japan and Germany in the Modern World. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-047-2">978-1-84545-047-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.au=Martin%2C+Bernd&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Germany+in+the+Modern+World&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-047-2&rft.place=New+York%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2008). Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York; Toronto: Penguin. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2">978-1-59420-188-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.au=Mazower%2C+Mark&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Empire%3A+How+the+Nazis+Ruled+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-188-2&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>McElligott, Anthony; Kirk, Tim; Kershaw, Ian (2003). Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4">0-7190-6732-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Ian&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Tim&rft.aulast=McElligott&rft.au=McElligott%2C+Anthony&rft.btitle=Working+Towards+the+F%C3%BChrer%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Sir+Ian+Kershaw&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7190-6732-4&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Melvin" title="Mungo Melvin">Melvin, Mungo</a> (2010). Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84561-4">978-0-297-84561-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Mungo&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.au=Melvin%2C+Mungo&rft.btitle=Manstein%3A+Hitler%27s+Greatest+General&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84561-4&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicholson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich. Amber Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-51-8">978-1-906626-51-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.au=McNab%2C+Chris&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-51-8&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html">"The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939"</a>. Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 18 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=The+Molotov-Ribbentrop+Pact%2C+1939&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1939pact.html&rft.jtitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Nakosteen, Mehdi Khan (1965). The History and Philosophy of Education. New York: Ronald Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/175403">175403</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+Khan&rft.aulast=Nakosteen&rft.au=Nakosteen%2C+Mehdi+Khan&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Philosophy+of+Education&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F175403&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ronald+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414633/Martin-Niemoller">"Martin Niemöller"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 August 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Martin+Niem%C3%B6ller&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F414633%2FMartin-Niemoller&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm">"NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang""</a> (in German). Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter. 1942.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=NS-Zwangsarbeit%3A+%22Verbotener+Umgang%22&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de%2Ftexte%2Fverbotenerumgang.htm&rft.pub=Stadtarchiv+G%C3%B6ttingen+Cordula+Tollmien+Projekt+NS-Zwangsarbeiter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_H._Nicholas" title="Lynn H. Nicholas">Nicholas, Lynn H.</a> (2006). Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web. New York: Vintage. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77663-5">978-0-679-77663-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Lynn+H.&rft.btitle=Cruel+World%3A+The+Children+of+Europe+in+the+Nazi+Web&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-679-77663-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0">978-0-231-11200-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft.au=Niewyk%2C+Donald+L.&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html">"NS-Frauenwarte: Paper of the National Socialist Women's League"</a>. Heidelberg University Library. Retrieved 8 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=NS-Frauenwarte%3A+Paper+of+the+National+Socialist+Women%27s+League&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2FEnglisch%2Fhelios%2Fdigi%2Fnsfrauenwarte.html&rft.pub=Heidelberg+University+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Overmans, Rüdiger (2000) [1999]. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56531-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56531-7">978-3-486-56531-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56531-7&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Overmans, Rűdiger (1994). "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung". Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik 16: 51–63.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Personelle+Verluste+der+deutschen+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+durch+Flucht+und+Vertreibung&rft.aufirst=R%C5%B1diger&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C5%B1diger&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzieje+Najnowsze+Rocznik&rft.pages=51-63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2006) [1995]. Why The Allies Won. London: Random House. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-065-1">978-1-84595-065-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Why+The+Allies+Won&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-065-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. Penguin Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4">978-0-393-02030-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Overy, Richard (2014). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945. New York: Viking. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15138-3">978-0-698-15138-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=The+Bombers+and+the+Bombed%3A+Allied+Air+War+Over+Europe+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-698-15138-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49". Journal of Contemporary History 40 (3): 483–502. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009405054568">10.1177/0022009405054568</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036339">30036339</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Exploitation%2C+Criminality%2C+Resistance%3A+The+Everyday+Life+of+Foreign+Workers+and+Prisoners+of+War+in+the+German+Town+of+Osnabruck%2C+1939%E2%80%9349&rft.aufirst=Panikos&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.au=Panayi%2C+Panikos&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009405054568&rft.issue=3&rft.jstor=30036339&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.pages=483-502&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=40" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Pauley, Bruce F. (2003) [1997]. Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century. European History Series. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-993-1">978-0-88295-993-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Bruce+F.&rft.aulast=Pauley&rft.au=Pauley%2C+Bruce+F.&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Stalin%2C+and+Mussolini%3A+Totalitarianism+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-88295-993-1&rft.place=Wheeling%2C+IL&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&rft.series=European+History+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Pilisuk, Marc; Rountree, Jennifer Achord (2008). Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99435-8">978-0-275-99435-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Pilisuk&rft.au=Pilisuk%2C+Marc&rft.au=Rountree%2C+Jennifer+Achord&rft.btitle=Who+Benefits+from+Global+Violence+and+War%3A+Uncovering+a+Destructive+System&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99435-8&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Pine, Lisa (2011) [2010]. Education in Nazi Germany. Oxford; New York: Berg. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-265-1">978-1-84520-265-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.aulast=Pine&rft.au=Pine%2C+Lisa&rft.btitle=Education+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-265-1&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Berg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php">"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland"</a>. ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 15 December 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Poles%3A+Victims+of+the+Nazi+Era%3A+The+Invasion+and+Occupation+of+Poland&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Feducation%2Fresource%2Fpoles%2Fpoles.php&rft.jtitle=ushmm.org&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Proctor" title="Robert N. Proctor">Proctor, Robert N.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://archive.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp">"Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy"</a>. Dimensions: A Journal of Holocaust Studies 10 (2). Retrieved 12 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Nazi+Medicine+and+Public+Health+Policy&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Robert+N.&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adl.org%2FBraun%2Fdim_14_1_nazi_med.asp&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Dimensions%3A+A+Journal+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=10" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Proctor, Robert N. (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07051-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07051-2">0-691-07051-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Robert+N.&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+War+on+Cancer&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-07051-2&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://web.archive.org/web/20110424085534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html">"Refugees: Save Us! Save Us!"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> (Time Warner). 9 July 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Refugees%3A+Save+Us%21+Save+Us%21&rft.date=9+July+1979&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C920455-2%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.pub=Time+Warner&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70822-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70822-7">0-375-70822-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Death%3A+The+SS-Einsatzgruppen+and+the+Invention+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-375-70822-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph</a> (1994). Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-145-4">978-1-56000-145-4</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.au=Rummel%2C+Rudolph&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-145-4&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_J._Rupp" title="Leila J. Rupp">Rupp, Leila J.</a> (1978). Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04649-5">978-0-691-04649-5</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3379930">3379930</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Leila+J.&rft.aulast=Rupp&rft.au=Rupp%2C+Leila+J.&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War%3A+German+and+American+Propaganda%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3379930&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04649-5&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Scobie, Alexander (1990). Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00691-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00691-9">0-271-00691-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Scobie&rft.au=Scobie%2C+Alexander&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+State+Architecture%3A+The+Impact+of+Classical+Antiquity&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-271-00691-9&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth. New York; Toronto: Random House. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8">978-0-679-76812-8</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.au=Sereny%2C+Gitta&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+His+Battle+With+Truth&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76812-8&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Sereny, Gitta (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html">"Stolen Children"</a>. Talk (Jewish Virtual Library). Retrieved 1 July 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Stolen+Children&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.au=Sereny%2C+Gitta&rft.date=November+1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fchildren.html&rft.jtitle=Talk&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Shigemitsu, Dandō (1997). Criminal Law of Japan: The General Part. Detroit: Wayne State University. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8377-0653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8377-0653-X">0-8377-0653-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Dand%C5%8D&rft.aulast=Shigemitsu&rft.au=Shigemitsu%2C+Dand%C5%8D&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+of+Japan%3A+The+General+Part&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8377-0653-X&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0">978-0-671-62420-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.au=Shirer%2C+William+L.&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._W._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. W. Smith (page does not exist)">Smith, J. W.</a> (1994). The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment. Cambria, CA: Institute for Economic Democracy. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9624423-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9624423-2-1">0-9624423-2-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+W.&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Wasted+Wealth+2%3A+Save+Our+Wealth%2C+Save+Our+Environment&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-9624423-2-1&rft.place=Cambria%2C+CA&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economic+Democracy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Smith, Joseph; Davis, Simon (2005). The A to Z of the Cold War. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5384-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5384-1">0-8108-5384-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.au=Davis%2C+Simon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Smith%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8108-5384-1&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9">978-0-465-00239-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Timothy&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00239-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php">"Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang"</a>. Documents for National Socialism (in German). NS-Archiv. 1942.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Sonderbehandlung+erfolgt+durch+Strang&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ns-archiv.de%2Fimt%2Fps3001-ps3200%2F3040-ps.php&rft.jtitle=Documents+for+National+Socialism&rft.pub=NS-Archiv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Sontheimer, Michael (10 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html">"Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow"</a>. Spiegel Online. Retrieved 11 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Nazi+Past%3A+Why+Germans+Can+Never+Escape+Hitler%27s+Shadow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Sontheimer&rft.au=Sontheimer%2C+Michael&rft.date=10+March+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer, Albert</a> (1971) [1969]. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich" title="Inside the Third Reich">Inside the Third Reich</a>. New York: Avon. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5">978-0-380-00071-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.au=Speer%2C+Albert&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-380-00071-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf">"Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</a> (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt. 2006. p. 34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf">the original</a> on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Statistisches+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FDE%2FContent%2FPublikationen%2FQuerschnittsveroeffentlichungen%2FStatistischesJahrbuch%2FDownloads%2FJahrbuch2006Inland%2Cproperty%3Dfile.pdf&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Steiner, Zara (2011). The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921200-2">978-0-19-921200-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Zara&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Dark%3A+European+International+History+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921200-2&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Stephenson, Jill (2001). Women in Nazi Germany. London: Longman. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58241-836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-58241-836-3">978-0-58241-836-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+Jill&rft.btitle=Women+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-58241-836-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)". <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" title="Journal of Modern History" class="mw-redirect">Journal of Modern History</a> 54 (1): 27–46. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F244076">10.1086/244076</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Barbarossa+Revisited%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal+of+the+Opening+Stages+of+the+Russo-German+Campaign+%28June%E2%80%93December+1941%29&rft.aufirst=Russel&rft.aulast=Stolfi&rft.au=Stolfi%2C+Russel&rft.date=March+1982&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244076&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.pages=27-46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=54" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a">"Strafgesetzbuch, StGB"</a>. IUSCOMP Comparative Law Society. 13 November 1998.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Strafgesetzbuch%2C+StGB&rft.date=13+November+1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuscomp.org%2Fgla%2Fstatutes%2FStGB.htm%2386a&rft.pub=IUSCOMP+Comparative+Law+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Walk, Joseph (1996). Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung (in German) (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Müller Verlag.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Walk&rft.au=Walk%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=Das+Sonderrecht+f%C3%BCr+die+Juden+im+NS-Staat%3A+Eine+Sammlung+der+gesetzlichen+Ma%C3%9Fnahmen+und+Rechtlinien%2C+Inhalt+und+Bedeutung&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=M%C3%BCller+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (2005) [1994]. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge; Oxford: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3">978-0-521-85316-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Gerhard+L.&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85316-3&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </div> <h3>Historiography and memory</h3> <ul> <li>Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in History and Memory (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.amazon.com/The-Third-Reich-History-Memory/dp/0190228393/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Evans, Richard J. "From Hitler to Bismarck: ‘Third Reich’ and Kaiserreich in Recent Historiography: Part II." The Historical Journal (1983) 26#4 pp: 999–1020.</li> <li>Heilbronner, Oded. "The Role of Nazi Antisemitism in the Nazi Party's Activity and Propaganda: A Regional Historiographical Study." The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook (1990) 35#1 pp: 397–439.</li> <li>Hiden, John, and John E. Farquharson. Explaining Hitler's Germany: Historians and the Third Reich (Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd., 1989)</li> <li>Hofer, Walther. "Fifty years on: historians and the Third Reich." Journal of Contemporary History (1986): 225–251. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260365">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Jarausch, Konrad H. "Removing the Nazi stain? The quarrel of the German historians." German Studies Review (1988): 285–301. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1429974">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Lamberti, Marjorie. "The Search for the 'Other Germany': Refugee Historians from Nazi Germany and the Contested Historical Legacy of the Resistance to Hitler." Central European History (2014) 47#2 pp: 402–429.</li> <li>Leitz, Christian, ed. The Third Reich: The Essential Readings (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999)</li> <li>Low, Alfred D. The Third Reich and the Holocaust in German Historiography: Toward the Historikerstreit of the Mid-1980s (East European Monographs, 1994)</li> <li>Macfarlane, Daniel. "Projecting Hitler: representations of Adolf Hitler in English-language film, 1968–1990." (thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/SSU/TC-SSU-02272005152739.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Niven, Bill. Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich (Routledge, 2003)</li> <li>Potter, Pamela M. "Dismantling a dystopia: On the historiography of music in the Third Reich." Central European History (2007) 40#4 pp: 623.</li> <li>Schlie, Ulrich. "Today's view of the Third Reich and the Second World War in German historiographical discourse." The Historical Journal (2000) 43#2 pp: 543–564.</li> <li>Stackelberg, Roderick. Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany (Routledge, 2007)</li> <li>Tormey, Simon. Making Sense of Tyranny: Interpretations of Totalitarianism (Manchester University Press, 1995)</li> </ul> <h2>Further reading</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143">"Introduction to the Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Holocaust&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005143&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Price, Alfred (2003). Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945. London: Military Book Club. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7394-3496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7394-3496-9">0-7394-3496-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.aulast=Price&rft.au=Price%2C+Alfred&rft.btitle=Targeting+the+Reich%3A+Allied+Photographic+Reconnaissance+over+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7394-3496-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Military+Book+Club&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a>. London; New York: Allen Lane.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.au=Tooze%2C+Adam&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Uekötter, Frank (2006). The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84819-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84819-0">978-0-521-84819-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Uek%C3%B6tter&rft.au=Uek%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft.btitle=The+Green+and+the+Brown%3A+A+History+of+Conservation+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84819-0&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Uekötter, Frank (2005). "Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany". In Brüggemeier, Franz-Josef; Cioc, Mark; Zeller, Thomas. How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich. Athens: Ohio University Press.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Polycentrism+in+Full+Swing%3A+Air+Pollution+Control+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Uek%C3%B6tter&rft.au=Uek%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft.btitle=How+Green+Were+the+Nazis%3F%3A+Nature%2C+Environment%2C+and+Nation+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Umbreit, Hans (2003). "Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power". In Kroener, Bernhard; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans. Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820873-0">978-0-19-820873-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Europe%3A+The+German+Sphere+of+Power&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Umbreit&rft.au=Umbreit%2C+Hans&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%2C+Vol.+5.+Organization+and+Mobilization+in+the+German+Sphere+of+Power.+Part+2%3A+Wartime+Administration%2C+Economy%2C+and+Manpower+Resources%2C+1942%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820873-0&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>van Wie, Paul D. (1999). Image, History and Politics: The Coinage of Modern Europe. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1221-0">978-0-7618-1221-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft.aulast=van+Wie&rft.au=van+Wie%2C+Paul+D.&rft.btitle=Image%2C+History+and+Politics%3A+The+Coinage+of+Modern+Europe&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-1221-0&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Weale, Adrian</a> (2010). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York; Toronto: Penguin Group. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0">978-0-451-23791-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.au=Weale%2C+Adrian&rft.btitle=Army+of+Evil%3A+A+History+of+the+SS&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23791-0&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Wedekind, Michael (2005). "The Sword of Science: German Scholars and National Socialist Annexation Policies in Slovenia and Northern Italy". In Haar, Ingo; Fahlbusch, Michael. German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing (1920–1945). New York: Berghahn. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-435-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-435-7">978-1-57181-435-7</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=The+Sword+of+Science%3A+German+Scholars+and+National+Socialist+Annexation+Policies+in+Slovenia+and+Northern+Italy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Wedekind&rft.au=Wedekind%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=German+Scholars+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+%281920%E2%80%931945%29&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-435-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Wirtschaft und Statistik (in German) (Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland). October 1956.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.date=October+1956&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wirtschaft+und+Statistik&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt+Deutschland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li>Zeitlin, Jonathan (1955). "Flexibility and Mass Production at War: Aircraft Manufacture in Britain, the United States, and Germany, 1939–1945". Technology and Culture 36 (1): 46–79. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3106341">10.2307/3106341</a>. <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3106341">3106341</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Flexibility+and+Mass+Production+at+War%3A+Aircraft+Manufacture+in+Britain%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.au=Zeitlin%2C+Jonathan&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3106341&rft.issue=1&rft.jstor=3106341&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.pages=46-79&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=36" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> </div> <h2>External links</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <div style="clear:both;">Find more about Germany at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Germany">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Socialism" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Socialism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:National Socialism">Media</a> from Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Germany">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Germany">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Germany">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Germany">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></a></td> <td><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Germany">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Germany">Wikimedia Atlas of Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm">Third Reich in Ruins</a> (Photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html">Lebendiges Museum Online</a> (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm#Speech">Nazi Propaganda: 1933–1945</a> (English)</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Links to related articles</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nazism&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Organizations</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist German Workers' Party" class="mw-redirect">National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth (HJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Leibes%C3%BCbungen" title="Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (NSRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls (BDM)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">National Socialist Women's League (NSF)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 0 2.2em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="Emblem of the Nazi Party"><img alt="Emblem of the Nazi Party" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/140px-Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="140" height="91" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/210px-Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/280px-Parteiadler_der_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">History</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_re-armament" title="German re-armament">Re-armament</a></li> <li>Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Ideology</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-democratic_thought" title="Anti-democratic thought">Anti-democratic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's political views</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">Der Mythus des Zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" title="Nazi propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_race" title="Nazism and race">Race</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Soil" title="Blood and Soil">Blood and Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Atrocities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%27_trial" title="Doctors' trial">Doctors' trial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Outside Germany</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Movement_(Bulgaria)" title="National Social Movement (Bulgaria)">National Social Movement (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyshirts" title="Greyshirts">Greyshirts (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard "Greenshirts" (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">National Unity Party (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books by or about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Nazi_Party_members" title="List of former Nazi Party members">Former Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">People</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Gottfried Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Hermann Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nazi_Germany_occupations" title="Template:Nazi Germany occupations">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_Germany_occupations" title="Template talk:Nazi Germany occupations">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nazi_Germany_occupations&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Countries occupied</a> by Germany during <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Albania_during_World_War_II#German_occupation" title="Military history of Albania during World War II" class="mw-redirect">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a> (Anschluss)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belarus_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belarus during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_during_World_War_II#Outbreak_of_war" title="Hungary during World War II" class="mw-redirect">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Sovereignty" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#German_occupation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–45)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="Emblem of Germany"><img alt="Emblem of Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="60" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/90px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;"> <div>See also: <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a> • <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariat</a> • <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a> •</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:German_administrative_territories" title="Template:German administrative territories">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:German_administrative_territories" title="Template talk:German administrative territories">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:German_administrative_territories&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">German administrative territories 1939–1945</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Subdivisions</a> of the Third Reich</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="National Insignia of Germany"><img alt="National Insignia of Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/100px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="100" height="65" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/150px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/200px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military Administrations</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France (1940/42–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France (1940–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia (1941–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece (1941–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_Administration_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Administration in the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Soviet Union (1941–1944)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariat</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Founded</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norwegen (1940–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Niederlande (1940–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland (1941–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine (1941–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgien-Nordfrankreich (1944)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Planned</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="SS State of Burgundy">Burgund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga">Don-Wolga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Moskowien</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasus" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;"> <div>Administrations within or including <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> territory shown in italics.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Template:States of the Third Reich">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Template talk:States of the Third Reich">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_Third_Reich&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_state" title="Constituent state">Constituent states</a> of the Third Reich</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="image" title="National Insignia of Germany"><img alt="National Insignia of Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="60" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/90px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-Reichsadler_der_Deutsches_Reich_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:German_Reich" title="Template:German Reich">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:German_Reich" title="Template talk:German Reich">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:German_Reich&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reichs</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">First (Holy Roman Empire)</a>, 962–1806</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Second (German Empire)</a>, 1871–1918</li> <li>Third (Nazi Germany), 1933–1945</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wappen Deutsches Reich - Reichsadler 1889.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/25px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" width="25" height="31" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/38px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/50px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600"/></a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Germany_topics&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germany-related_topics" title="List of Germany-related topics" class="mw-redirect">topics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li>Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%9390)" title="History of Germany (1945–90)">Divided Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" title="History of Germany since 1990">Reunified Germany</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellor_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany" class="mw-redirect">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Germany" title="Category:Mining in Germany">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Mittelstand companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_society" title="Category:German society">Society</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Germany (page does not exist)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"> <div> <div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Germany-related_articles" title="Index of Germany-related articles">Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Germany" title="Book:Germany">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">WikiProject</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Fascism&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Theory</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-party_state" title="Single-party state">Single-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_interventionism" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Topics</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fascist_movements" title="List of Fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ideas</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercapitalism_(concept_in_Italian_Fascism)" title="Supercapitalism (concept in Italian Fascism)">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism"><img alt="Fascist symbol.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/80px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png" width="80" height="121" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/120px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/160px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="210"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Variants</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism" title="Italian Fascism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascism" title="British Fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrofascism" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowy_radykalizm" class="extiw" title="pl:Narodowy radykalizm">National Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexism" title="Rexism" class="mw-redirect">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Movements</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Africa" title="Fascism in Africa">Africa</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyshirts" title="Greyshirts">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganap_Party" title="Ganap Party">Ganap Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Western Europe</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisceau" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española y de las JONS">Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" title="Flemish National Union" class="mw-redirect">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexism" title="Rexism" class="mw-redirect">Rexism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Socialism" title="Austrian National Socialism">Austrian National Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_Falanga" title="National Radical Camp Falanga">National Radical Camp Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Social_Movement_(Bulgaria)" title="National Social Movement (Bulgaria)">National Social Movement (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascia" title="National Romanian Fascia">National Romanian Fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(Finland)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)">Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_shirts" title="Gold shirts">Gold shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">People</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Abba Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimio_de_Anqu%C3%ADn" title="Nimio de Anquín">Nimio de Anquín</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Sadao Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Augier" title="Marc Augier">Marc Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Jacques Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Henri Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Zoltán Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Giuseppe Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Alphonse de Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Gustavs Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Enrico Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Costamagna" title="Carlo Costamagna">Carlo Costamagna</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Pierre Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Gottfried Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Ikki Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Vihtori Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Lanzillo" title="Agostino Lanzillo">Agostino Lanzillo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Dimitrije Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Leopoldo Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Curzio Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Robert Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">Eoin O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_%C3%93_Cuinneag%C3%A1in" title="Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin">Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Sergio Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Robert Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Dionisio Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Alfredo Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Konstantin Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Plínio Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Rafael Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Margherita Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Ardengo Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Othmar Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Ugo Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Georges Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsyatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsyatsky">Anastasy Vonsyatsky</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Works</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Literature</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_(Oswald_Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Oswald Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Buch" title="Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaveshchanie_russkogo_fashista" title="Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista" class="mw-redirect">Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Periodicals</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zeitung_in_Norwegen" title="Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen">Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zeitung_in_den_Niederlanden" title="Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden">Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figli_d%27Italia" title="Figli d'Italia">Figli d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novopress" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_M%C3%A5nedshefte" title="NS Månedshefte">NS Månedshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">l'Alba</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Film</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-style:italic;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sieg_des_Glaubens" title="Der Sieg des Glaubens">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sculpture</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Related topics</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Organizations</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Institutional</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasci_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasci and Corporations">Chamber of Fasci and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Leibes%C3%BCbungen" title="Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen">Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Activist</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Militia" title="Albanian Militia">Albanian Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts" class="mw-redirect">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_shirts" title="Gold shirts">Gold shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyshirts" title="Greyshirts">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf (organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">International</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP/AO" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">History</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">1910s</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">1920s</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">1930s</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_November_1932" title="German federal election, November 1932">German federal election, November 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" title="German federal election, March 1933">German federal election, March 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">1940s</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Luglio" title="25 Luglio">25 Luglio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials" class="mw-redirect">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Lists</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-fascists" title="List of anti-fascists" class="mw-redirect">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";padding-left:8.9em;">  <div style="font-size:110%">Related topics</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofascism" title="Christofascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Cryptofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_(epithet)" title="Fascist (epithet)" class="mw-redirect">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Hitler salute</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">Italianization of South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fascism" title="Portal:Fascism">Portal</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Empires&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hittites" title="History of the Hittites" class="mw-redirect">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei_state" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" title="Hunnic Empire" class="mw-redirect">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoban</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" title="Seljuq Empire" class="mw-redirect">Great Seljuq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" title="Ifat Sultanate" class="mw-redirect">Ifatite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adalite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Mogadishan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire" title="Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empire" title="Benin Empire">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_Empire" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Empire" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history" title="Modern history">Modern</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%9316)" title="Empire of China (1915–16)">Yuan Shikai</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geledi_sultanate" title="Geledi sultanate" class="mw-redirect">Gobroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Hobyo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_state" title="Dervish state">Dervish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Second Reich</a></li> <li>Third Reich</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexican</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Haiti_(1804%E2%80%931806)" title="Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)" class="mw-redirect">Haitian</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" title="United States territorial acquisitions">American</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_colonial_empire" title="Danish colonial empire">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_great_powers" title="List of pre-modern great powers">Pre-modern great powers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_War_II&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia and the Pacific</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">South America</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II" title="List of military engagements of World War II">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II" title="Participants in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Participants</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">leaders</a>)</div> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil#World_War_II" title="Military history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_during_the_Second_World_War" title="France during the Second World War" class="mw-redirect">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (from June 1940)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army" class="mw-redirect">Italy</a> (from September 1943) <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Campaign</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#The_Resistance" title="German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Military history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a> (Commonwealth)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="History of Poland (1939–45)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II" title="Yugoslavia in World War II" class="mw-redirect">Yugoslavia</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis and Axis-aligned</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">leaders</a>)</div> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" title="Reorganized National Government of China" class="mw-redirect">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Finland</a></li> <li>Germany</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Free India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#Late_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281937.E2.80.931947.29_.E2.80.93_Expansionism" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> (Second Republic)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_neutrality" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance" class="mw-redirect">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9344" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)#Ethiopian_irregular_forces" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" title="German Resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Resistance" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_resistance_under_Nazi_rule" title="Jewish resistance under Nazi rule">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Anti-communist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Monarchists</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–40 Winter Offensive">China</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Weserübung</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compiegne" title="Second Armistice at Compiegne" class="mw-redirect">Second Armistice at Compiegne</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco%E2%80%93Italian_War" title="Greco–Italian War" class="mw-redirect">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union (Barbarossa)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria and Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Philippines Campaign (1941–42)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" title="Malayan Campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–42)">Borneo (1941–42)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Lower Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italy</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle" title="Operation Shingle" class="mw-redirect">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" title="Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" title="Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_Offensive" title="Tallinn Offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Offensive" title="Budapest Offensive">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Burma Campaign 1944–1945" class="mw-redirect">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945)">1945</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive" title="Prague Offensive">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Aspects</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">General</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_awards_of_World_War_II" title="Military awards of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="List of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Category:Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942-43" title="Chinese famine of 1942-43" class="mw-redirect">Chinese famine of 1942-43</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="People's Republic of Poland" class="mw-redirect">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture" title="World War II in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour</a>) / <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials" class="mw-redirect">Prosecution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Croatian war crimes <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs#Usta.C5.A1e_persecution_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="World War II persecution of Serbs">against the Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">against the Jews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks#Terror_tactics_and_cleansing_actions" title="Chetniks">Serbian war crimes</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_rape" title="War rape" class="mw-redirect">War rape</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" title="Nanking Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the liberation of Poland">Rape during the liberation of Poland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">German prisoners of war in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners of war in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World_War_II" title="Portal:World War II">Portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><img alt="Wiktionary page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" title="Wiktionary page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/World War II">definition</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikibooks page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" title="Wikibooks page" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/World War II">textbooks</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/World War II">quotes</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikisource page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" title="Wikisource page" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/World War II">source texts</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/World War II">media</a></li> <li><img alt="Wikinews page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" title="Wikinews page" width="16" height="9" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/World War II">news stories</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template:Adolf Hitler">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template talk:Adolf Hitler">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Adolf_Hitler&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Politics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="Adolf Hitler's directives">Political directives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Buch" title="Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">Last will and testament</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 0.5em 1.4em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Adolf Hitler cropped restored.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/98px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" width="98" height="164" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/147px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150326025811im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/196px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="437"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Events</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Military career of Adolf Hitler">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Cabinet" title="Hitler Cabinet">Hitler Cabinet</a></li> <li>Third Reich</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler" title="Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Death</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Places of residence</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters">Führer Headquarters</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlsteinhaus" title="Kehlsteinhaus">Kehlsteinhaus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery#New_Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwolf_(Wehrmacht_HQ)" title="Werwolf (Wehrmacht HQ)">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters#Special_Train_.28F.C3.BChrersonderzug.29" title="Führer Headquarters">Private train</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_I" title="Wolfsschlucht I">Wolfsschlucht I</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_II" title="Wolfsschlucht II">Wolfsschlucht II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlage_S%C3%BCd" title="Anlage Süd">Anlage Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsennest" title="Felsennest">Felsennest</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Civilian residences</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn">Braunau am Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldemannstra%C3%9Fe_dormitory" title="Meldemannstraße dormitory">Meldemannstraße dormitory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Munich_apartment" title="Adolf Hitler's Munich apartment">16 Prinzregentenplatz</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Personal life</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers" title="SS-Begleitkommando des Führers">SS-Begleitkommando des Führers</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">Reichssicherheitsdienst</a>, <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a> (Bodyguards)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#Health" title="Adolf Hitler">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Sexuality of Adolf Hitler">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler">Psychopathography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism" title="Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="Paintings by Adolf Hitler">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_50th_birthday" title="Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday">50th birthday</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Personal belongings</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Globe_for_State_and_Industry_Leaders" title="Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders">Hitler's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_standard_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Personal standard of Adolf Hitler">Personal standard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_private_library" title="Adolf Hitler's private library">Private library</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Perceptions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Adolf Hitler in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sieg_des_Glaubens" title="Der Sieg des Glaubens">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days">Hitler: The Last Ten Days</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Hitler" title="The Meaning of Hitler">The Meaning of Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch_(film)" title="Moloch (film)">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler:_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil">Hitler: The Rise of Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_family" title="Hitler family">Family</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler">Alois</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler">Klara</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hitler,_Jr." title="Alois Hitler, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Alois Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler">Angela</a> (half-sister)</li> <li>Gustav (brother)</li> <li>Ida (sister)</li> <li>Otto (brother)</li> <li>Edmund (brother)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler">Paula</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rudolf_Raubal,_Jr." title="Leo Rudolf Raubal, Jr.">Leo Rudolf Jr.</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal">Geli</a> (half-niece)</li> <li>Elfriede (half-niece)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Patrick_Hitler" title="William Patrick Hitler">William Patrick</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler">Heinz</a> (half-nephew)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_personal_staff" title="List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff">List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of streets named after Adolf Hitler">Streets named after Hitler</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nazi_Germany&params=52_31_N_13_24_E_type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki">52°31′N 13°24′E / 52.517°N 13.400°E / 52.517; 13.400</a> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="good-star"><a href="/web/20150326025811/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. 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Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_%C3%9E%C4%93odscland" title="Nazi Þēodscland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا النازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_Reich" title="Tercer Reich – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Reyx" title="Üçüncü Reyx – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="নাৎসি জার্মানি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Tek-kok" title="Nazi Tek-kok – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Трэці рэйх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Трэці Райх – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1933-1945)" title="Германска империя (1933-1945) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_rajh" title="Treći rajh – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trede_Reich" title="Trede Reich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нацис Германи – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_Reich" title="Tercer Reich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%C3%A7%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Виççĕмĕш райх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacistick%C3%A9_N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Nacistické Německo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen_Nats%C3%AFaidd" title="Yr Almaen Natsïaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Tyskland" title="Nazi-Tyskland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Reich_1933_bis_1945" title="Deutsches Reich 1933 bis 1945 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_Riik" title="Kolmas Riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ναζιστική Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania_nazi" title="Alemania nazi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazia_Germanio" title="Nazia Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آلمان نازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Reich" title="Troisième Reich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazy-D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Nazy-Dútslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1in_na_Naitsithe" title="Gearmáin na Naitsithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan_Natseeagh" title="Yn Ghermaan Natseeagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt_N%C3%A0sach" title="A' Ghearmailt Nàsach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a_nazi" title="Alemaña nazi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9_%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Tet-koet" title="Nazi Tet-koet – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%98_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="나치 독일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նացիստական Գերմանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="तृतीय साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reich" title="Treći Reich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional-Socialista_Germania" title="Nacional-Socialista Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_nga_Alemania" title="Nazi nga Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Nazi" title="Germania Nazi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Æртыккаг Рейх – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ja_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Þriðja ríkið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_nazista" title="Germania nazista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמניה הנאצית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%87%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8E_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Ючюнчю рейх – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="მესამე რაიხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Үшінші Рейх – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn_Nazi" title="Almayn Nazi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Tatu" title="Dola la Tatu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanyaya_Naz%C3%AE" title="Almanyaya Nazî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Пудлагьай рейх – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Nazistica" title="Germania Nazistica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C5%A1ais_reihs" title="Trešais reihs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%8Diasis_Reichas" title="Trečiasis Reichas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Duutsjlandj" title="Nazi-Duutsjlandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmadik_Birodalom" title="Harmadik Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нацистичка Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="നാസി ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="नाझी जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المانيا النازيه – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نازی آلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Nazi Dáik-guók – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha_Nazi" title="Almanha Nazi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нацист Герман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Duutslaand" title="Nazi-Duutslaand – Low Saxon (Netherlands)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="नाजी जर्मनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ナチス・ドイツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_historie_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="Tysklands historie (1933–1945) – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tredje_riket" title="Det tredje riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germania" title="Nazi Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresen_Reich" title="Tresen Reich – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinchi_reyx" title="Uchinchi reyx – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daitsches_Raisch_vun_1933_bis_1945" title="Daitsches Raisch vun 1933 bis 1945 – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نازی جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Rzesza" title="III Rzesza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_Nazi" title="Alemanha Nazi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_German_(1933-1945)" title="Imperiul German (1933-1945) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Націстічне Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Третий рейх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Үһүс рейх – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia_nazista" title="Germània nazista – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Nazi-Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania_Naziste" title="Gjermania Naziste – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacistick%C3%A9_Nemecko" title="Nacistické Nemecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretji_rajh" title="Tretji rajh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ئاڵمانیای نازی – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%85" title="Трећи рајх – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reich" title="Treći Reich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman_Nazi" title="Jérman Nazi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsi-Saksa" title="Natsi-Saksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazityskland" title="Nazityskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyang_Nazi" title="Alemanyang Nazi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நாட்சி ஜெர்மனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Өченче рейх – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="นาซีเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Almanyas%C4%B1" title="Nazi Almanyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Третій Рейх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نازی جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Qu%E1%BB%91c_X%C3%A3" title="Đức Quốc Xã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_Riik" title="Kolmas Riik – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志第三帝國 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya_Nazi" title="Alemanya Nazi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="נאצי דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC_Nazi" title="Jẹ́mánì Nazi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trets_Reichs" title="Trets Reichs – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150326025811/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a action="edit" 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