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Let鈥檚 learn everything about the structure of a perfect thesis. According to the National University, 2% of the US population holds a PhD degree, but starting a doctoral thesis is still daunting for many students. In particular, students are mostly unclear about the thesis structure and content. 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width : 130px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 130px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .title56 { font-size : 1.3em ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .excerpt56 { font-size : 13px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .excerpt56 { line-height : 1.3 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 40px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 40px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(40px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(40px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-40px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-40px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 40px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 64px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 64px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 64px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -64px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-64px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 1px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 34px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 1px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .secondary56__sep { border-color : #D5D5D5 ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #eaeaea ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-top, .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 20px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 30px ;} .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .heading56 { font-style : normal ;} .heading56 { font-size : 14px ;} .heading56 { letter-spacing : 3px ;} .heading56 { text-transform : uppercase ;} .titlebar56__main { width : 600px ;} .titlebar56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .titlebar56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .titlebar56__title { font-family : Bentham ;} .titlebar56__title { font-weight : 400 ;} .titlebar56__title { font-style : normal ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 64px ;} .titlebar56__description { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-40px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 16px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -16px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 32px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -32px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 1px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 400px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 400px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-width : 0px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-radius : 0px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { background : rgba(0,0,0,.1) ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers:hover, .pagination56 .page-numbers.current { background : rgba(0,0,0,.2) ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 48px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 48px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(48px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(48px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-48px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-48px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 48px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 48px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(48px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 100px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 100px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 100px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -100px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-100px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 1px ;} .post56__sep__line { border-color : #777777 ;} .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 280px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 280px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .thumbnail56 img, .thumbnail56__overlay { border-radius : 0px ;} .thumbnail56__overlay { background : #000 ;} .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .title56 { font-family : Bodoni Moda ;} .title56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .title56 { font-style : normal ;} .title56 { font-size : 34px ;} .title56 { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .title56 a:hover { color : #707070 ;} .title56 a:hover { text-decoration : none ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 32px ;} .meta56 { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .meta56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .meta56 { font-style : normal ;} .meta56 { font-size : 14px ;} .meta56 { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .meta56 { color : #777777 ;} .meta56 a { color : #777777 ;} .meta56 a:hover { color : #000000 ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-weight : 700 ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-style : normal ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-size : 11px ;} .meta56__category--fancy { letter-spacing : 2px ;} .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a, .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a:hover { color : #111111 ;} .single56__title { font-family : Bentham ;} .single56__title { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__title { font-style : normal ;} .single56__title { font-size : 40px ;} .single56__subtitle { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .single56__subtitle { font-weight : 300 ;} .single56__subtitle { font-style : normal ;} .single56__subtitle { font-size : 18px ;} :root { --narrow-width : 660px ;} .single56__post_content { font-family : Merriweather ;} .single56__post_content { font-style : normal ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 16px ;} .single56__post_content { line-height : 1.8 ;} .single56__heading { font-weight : 700 ;} .single56__heading { font-style : normal ;} .single56__heading { font-size : 14px ;} .single56__heading { letter-spacing : 2px ;} .single56__heading { text-transform : uppercase ;} .single56__heading { text-align : center ;} .single56--small-heading-normal .single56__heading { border-top-width : 1px ;} .authorbox56__avatar { width : 90px ;} .authorbox56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .terms56 a { line-height : 24px ;} .terms56 a { font-weight : 700 ;} .terms56 a { font-size : 0,8em ;} .terms56 a { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .terms56 a { text-transform : uppercase ;} .terms56 a { border-radius : 0px ;} .terms56 a { border-width : 0px ;} .terms56 a { color : #000 ;} .terms56 a { background : #fff ;} .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : 45% ;} .singlenav56--1cols .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : calc(45%/1.8) ;} .progress56 { height : 4px ;} .single56__related .title56 { font-size : 21px ;} .share56--inline a { width : 40px ;} .share56--inline a { height : 40px ;} .share56--full a { height : 40px ;} .share56 a { font-size : 18px ;} .share56--inline a { border-radius : 0px ;} .share56--full a { border-radius : 0px ;} .share56--inline li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} .share56--full ul { column-gap : 8px ;} .share56--custom a { color : #000000 ;} .share56--custom a { background : #eeeeee ;} .share56--custom a:hover { color : #ffffff ;} .share56--custom a:hover { background : #083868 ;} .sidedock56__heading { background : #000 ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .page56__content { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .page56__content { font-weight : 400 ;} .page56__content { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .page56__content { text-transform : none ;} .footer_bottom56 { background-color : #f0f0f0 ;} .footer56__logo img { width : 400px ;} .footer56__social li + li { margin-left : 3px ;} .footer56__social a { width : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { height : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__social a img { width : 16px ;} .footer56__social a { border-radius : 30px ;} .footer56__social a { border-width : 0px ;} .footer56__social a:hover { background : #000 ;} .footer56__social a:hover { color : #fff ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 10px ;} .footer56__nav a { font-size : 11px ;} .footer56__nav a { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .footer56__nav a { text-transform : uppercase ;} .scrollup56--noimage { border-width : 1px ;} :root { --content-width : 1170px ;} body { background-color : rgba(255,255,255,1) ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-size : cover ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-position : center center ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-attachment : scroll ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-repeat : no-repeat ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-top-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-right-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-left-width : 0px ;} :root { --darkmode-bg : #000 ;} body { font-weight : 400 ;} body { font-size : 16px ;} body { line-height : 1.5 ;} body { letter-spacing : 0px ;} body { text-transform : none ;} body { color : #000000 ;} a { color : #083868 ;} a:hover { color : #083868 ;} :root { --border-color : #eaeaea ;} :root { --accent-color : #083868 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-weight : 700 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { line-height : 1.1 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-transform : none ;} h2 { font-size : 33px ;} h3 { font-size : 26px ;} h4 { font-size : 20px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-weight : 700 ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-style : normal ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-size : 10px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { letter-spacing : 2px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { text-transform : uppercase ;} :root { --button-border-radius : 0px ;} :root { --button-height : 48px ;} :root { --button-padding : 28px ;} :root { --button-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --button-hover-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-weight : 400 ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-style : normal ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-size : 16px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { letter-spacing : 0px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { text-transform : none ;} :root { --input-border-width : 1px ;} :root { --input-border-radius : 1px ;} :root { --input-height : 46px ;} :root { --input-placeholder-opacity : 0.6 ;} :root { --input-background : #ffffff ;} :root { --input-color : #aaaaaa ;} :root { --input-border-color : #d0d0d0 ;} :root { --input-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --input-focus-background : #ffffff ;} :root { --input-focus-color : #000000 ;} :root { --input-focus-border-color : #d0d0d0 ;} :root { --input-focus-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} blockquote { font-family : Merriweather ;} blockquote { font-weight : 300 ;} blockquote { font-style : italic ;} blockquote { font-size : 22px ;} .widget + .widget { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-style : normal ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-size : 12px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { letter-spacing : 3px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { text-transform : uppercase ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { text-align : left ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-top : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-right : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-bottom : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-left : 0px ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { font-size : 16px ;} .widget_archive, .widget_nav_menu, .widget_meta, .widget_recent_entries, .widget_categories, .widget_product_categories, .widget_recent_comments { text-transform : none ;} :root { --list-widget-border-style : none ;} :root { --list-widget-border-color : #eaeaea ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-weight : 700 ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-weight : 400 ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-style : normal ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-size : 14px ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { text-transform : none ;} @media(max-width:1024px) { .text-logo { font-size : 40px ;} .minimal-header { height : 54px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} 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padding-top : 20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 80px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 80px) ;} 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height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(16px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(16px/2) ;} 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;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56--middle-line 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.section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 54% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 54%) ;} 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.builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56 { font-size : 17px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} 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.title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 28px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .heading56 { font-size : 17px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-36px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 48px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 48px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 48px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -48px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-48px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 80px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 80px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 28px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .heading56 { font-size : 17px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-36px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 20px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -20px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(36px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(36px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-36px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-36px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 66px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 66px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 66px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -66px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-66px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .title56 { font-size : 28px ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 28px ;} .meta56 { font-size : 14px ;} .single56__title { font-size : 32px ;} .single56__subtitle { font-size : 18px ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 15px ;} .single56__heading { font-size : 13px ;} .single56__related .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} } @media (min-width:1024px) { body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-bottom : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-bottom : 0px ;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 840px) { .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7244.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7255.hassidebar > .container > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .secondary56 { width : 280px ;} .hassidebar > .container--main > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 280px) ;} } @media(max-width:600px) { .text-logo { font-size : 20px ;} .offcanvas56 { top : 54px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(20px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(20px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-20px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-20px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 72px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 72px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .heading56 { font-size : 16px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7211 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .heading56 { font-size : 16px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7222 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(24px/2), 0 ) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .title56 { font-size : 30px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .excerpt56 { font-size : 16px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .primary56 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .heading56 { font-size : 16px ;} .builder56 .section_64b93f2a8ef7233 .ad56__container { padding : 0px 0 ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 90px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-24px/2) ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 .row56 { column-gap : 24px ;} .section_64b93f2a8ef7244 .primary56 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single56--content-image-stretch single56--small-heading-normal can-stretch-full can-stretch-wide post-30026 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-lifestyle-pill" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="singletop56"></div> <div class="container container--single-header"> <div class="single56__header align-left"> <div class="meta56 component56"> <div class="meta56__item meta56__category--fancy meta56__category--fancy--plain"> <a href="https://startupill.com/pill/lifestyle-pill/" rel="tag">Lifestyle Pill</a> </div> </div> <h1 class="post-title single56__title component56">11 Tips for Crafting a Perfect PhD Thesis Structure and Its Content</h1> <div class="meta56 component56"> <div class="meta56__item meta56__date" title="05 Nov, 2024 06:19:16"> November 5, 2024 </div> <div class="meta56__item meta56__author"> <a href="https://startupill.com/author/admin/" itemprop="url" rel="author"><img alt='' src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2080%2080'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src='https://i0.wp.com/startupill.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/DALL%C2%B7E-2023-11-21-14.02.46-A-headshot-of-a-Jewish-man-in-Brooklyn-New-York.-The-background-subtly-includes-the-Brooklyn-Bridge-and-classic-brownstone-buildings.-The-man-is-wear.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1' data-srcset='https://i0.wp.com/startupill.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/DALL%C2%B7E-2023-11-21-14.02.46-A-headshot-of-a-Jewish-man-in-Brooklyn-New-York.-The-background-subtly-includes-the-Brooklyn-Bridge-and-classic-brownstone-buildings.-The-man-is-wear.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo lazy' height='80' width='80' decoding='async'/>Start Pill</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container container--main"> <div class="primary56"> <div class="single56__before_content"></div> <div class="entry-content single56__content single56__post_content"> <p><em>Do you want to know what makes a PhD thesis or dissertation well-suited to score a 2:1? Let鈥檚 learn everything about the structure of a perfect thesis.</em></p> <p>According to the National University, <strong><em>2% of the US population holds a PhD degree</em></strong>, but starting a doctoral thesis is still daunting for many students. In particular, students are mostly unclear about the thesis structure and content. To craft a high-quality document, the very first thing that you need to be clear about is the structure of your dissertation. </p> <p>Generally, most universities have a prescribed layout or structure that they expect you to work with. If there isn鈥檛 any formal layout, it will be safe to assume that the structure we discuss in this article is suitable for you. </p> <p>Let鈥檚 uncover all the facts about crafting the best structure of a PhD thesis and all its contents. </p> <p><strong>What Is the Structure of a PhD Thesis?</strong></p> <p>Although the word count and the number of chapters may differ for different subjects, the overall structure is the same. A well-defined structure can help you stay on track while crafting your dissertation and guide students through the organisation of chapters. </p> <p>Here, we have illuminated the perfect doctoral thesis structure and content strategy. If you find it challenging to grasp the crux, <a href="https://www.affordable-dissertation.co.uk/buy-dissertation-online-uk/"><strong>buy your PhD thesis</strong></a> from online resources and stay relaxed. Now, let鈥檚 explore it all in further detail. </p> <p><strong>1. Abstract </strong></p> <p>The abstract provides a brief overview of the thesis and is generally kept very short and precise. It also highlights the main contents of your work at a glance so that people who are curious about your work can understand the gist quickly. The rule of thumb is to write the abstract at the end of a thesis because then, you will be clearer in your head about what should be written. </p> <p><strong>2. Introduction</strong></p> <p>The introduction to a PhD thesis provides the readers with an overview of the basics of the work or the key points. The introduction should answer the following questions: </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Why are you studying the given topic?聽</li> <li>How is the research work done?聽</li> <li>What area of work have you studied?聽</li> </ul> <p>To answer all these questions, you should know what your personal interest in the topic is and how you can briefly explain your ways to reach the research goal. Finally, you should be able to explain what exactly is being studied. It can also be good to add the background information here. Also, you should be able to rewrite the introduction one last time and connect it to the conclusion. </p> <p><strong>3. Literature Review</strong></p> <p>A literature review is often considered part of the introduction, but it can also be taken as a separate chapter. It usually presents an evaluation of the existing research on the PhD thesis topic. You will have to talk about the literature review gaps that your research will attempt to fill. </p> <p>Here are a couple of tips to make the PhD thesis structure and content top-notch: </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Using a wide array of sources</li> <li>Ensuring that you discuss the classics in your field of study</li> <li>Presenting everything in a structured and clear manner</li> <li>Showing both sides of the coin</li> </ul> <p><strong>4. Methods</strong></p> <p>The methodology chapter clearly outlines the methods that you should choose to collect the data and the way you justify or analyse it. Basically, you will be expected to shed light on the methodology of your work. </p> <p>Also, you will be able to see if the research methods you choose and the design are suited to the answering of research questions or not. Furthermore, ensure that you have explained the pitfalls of research in enough detail in the methods section. </p> <p><strong>5. Results</strong></p> <p>The chapter on results outlines what you find out in relation to your hypotheses and research questions. It generally contains the facts and stats of your research and does not have much to do with the analysis. </p> <p>You should clearly visualise all the results and use graphs and tables, especially when summarising them. Also, you should be consistent in your reporting of the results. This means that you will have to stick to one format and let the readers compare and evaluate the given data. </p> <p><strong>6. Discussion</strong></p> <p>In the discussion chapter of your thesis, the interpretation and the analysis of data that you gather should be mentioned. Do not forget to explain what the comments on your research results mean. Also, take it all as an opportunity to show that you have finally understood the significance of your results. Also, you should point out the limitations of your research work and provide explanations for any kind of unexpected results. The discussion section is an essential part of the <a href="https://www.affordable-dissertation.co.uk/blog/2018/10/03/the-general-format-of-a-masters-dissertation/">structure of a Master鈥檚 dissertation</a> and PhD thesis. </p> <p><strong>7. Conclusion</strong></p> <p>This is probably the most important chapter of your PhD thesis, and this is exactly where you highlight that you have achieved the aims of your research. You can also mention the inherent limitations of your research and make suggestions for upcoming studies. Remember to see if you have truly answered all the research hypotheses and questions. The conclusion should specifically talk about the results. </p> <p><strong>8. Reference List </strong></p> <p>At the end of your PhD thesis, you have to compile a list of references for all the things that you cite above. Ideally, it will be better if you keep track of everything right from the start. Otherwise, you will just get bored while doing all of it. You should consider using a reference or citation manager software such as Mendeley or Zotero to organise and format your work. Using these, you can cite your papers directly in Microsoft Word, LaTeX or Google Docs. </p> <p><strong>Tips for Crafting an Engaging PhD Thesis Structure</strong></p> <p>According to the University of London, here is an example of the thesis structure you can follow to craft your papers.</p> <p>Now, we shall discuss the top 11 tips that can help you craft an excellent thesis structure. </p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Discuss the PhD thesis structure and content key points with your colleagues, and try explaining the story you are about to write.聽</li> <li>Use different visual techniques such as mind mapping.聽</li> <li>Create a storyboard for the thesis, which tells the story in a mix of text and graphs.聽</li> <li>Sort the key ideas along with the index cards and make a coherent structure.聽</li> <li>Use the small notes with the main thesis points and make connections with colours and lines.聽</li> <li>Choose a chapter and just start typing all the information that you want to add to your papers.聽</li> <li>Under each chapter of your PhD thesis structure and content, define an entire series of different sections.聽</li> <li>You can also work methodically through different sets of short sections.聽</li> <li>Break the sub-sections and keep doing the bifurcation unless you go down to the paragraph level.聽</li> <li>After this, you should work methodically towards the set of different short sections.聽</li> <li>Once you finish crafting the papers, ensure that all the written chapters or sections agree with your originally drafted structure.聽</li> </ol> <p>Making a structured outline is important because it guides the overall writing process of a PhD dissertation. </p> <p><strong>What Is the Format of a PhD Thesis?</strong></p> <p>To know what is really required of you when writing a PhD thesis, you must go through the detailed instructions mentioned in the university booklet. Here is a sample PhD thesis structure template from the Bachelor Print that you can use to check the format of your work. </p> <p><strong>How Many Chapters Should a PhD Thesis Have?</strong></p> <p>A thesis consists of chapters that convincingly respond to the research questions. Each university has specific instructions for the number of chapters the thesis should have. </p> <p>According to the Monash University, a PhD thesis should have the following sections and chapters: </p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>Introduction</li> <li>Literature Review</li> <li>Methodology</li> <li>Report and Discussion of Results</li> <li>Conclusion</li> </ol> <p>Depending on the type of subjects & the nature of the study, the number of chapters and the required word count differ a lot. Generally, a thesis might have 5-8 chapters. </p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>This was all about the PhD thesis structure and content that can help you get excellent grades. Again, you should be mindful of checking the requirements of your university and the thesis guidelines. In case of confusion, your thesis supervisor can help you get some clarity in your head. </p> <p>We have covered all the guidelines in detail to help the students craft papers with the required details. However, if you still need help structuring a perfect thesis, ask professionals at <a href="https://www.theacademicpapers.co.uk/phd-dissertation-help/"><strong>trustworthy PhD</strong> <strong>thesis writing companies</strong></a>. The experts can assist you in crafting papers that fulfil all the academic standards. </p> <p>Lastly, you must check your papers twice before submission because this can help you see and fix avoidable mistakes. 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