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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about English dialects of South Africa. For English people in South Africa, see <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British diaspora in Africa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_African_English" title="Special:EditPage/South African English">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:South_African_English" title="Talk:South African English">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_African_English" title="Special:EditPage/South African English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22South+African+English%22">"South African English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22South+African+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22South+African+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22South+African+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22South+African+English%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22South+African+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2007) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (March 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>South African English (SAfE, SAfEn, SAE, en-ZA)<a href="#cite_note-enZA-1">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">set of English language dialects</a> native to South Africans. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">South African English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South African people">South Africans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="British English language">British English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>South African English</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>19th century <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Academy_of_Southern_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Academy of Southern Africa (page does not exist)">English Academy of Southern Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout3331">sout3331</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-ZA</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709"></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of English in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks English at home <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> 0–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 20–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 60–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 80–100%</div></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_English_speakers_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709"></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of English in South Africa: density of English home-language speakers. The four high-density clusters correspond to the locations of <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (clockwise). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <1 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 1–3 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 3–10 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 10–30 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 30–100 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 100–300 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 300–1000 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 1000–3000 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> >3000 /km²</div></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#White_South_African_English">2 White South African English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Phonology">2.1 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels">2.1.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Consonants">2.1.2 Consonants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Black_South_African_English">3 Black South African English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Classification">3.1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Phonology_2">3.2 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar">3.3 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#History_2">3.4 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography">3.5 Geography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Indian_South_African_English">4 Indian South African English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Coloured_South_African_English">5 Coloured South African English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Cape_Flats_English">5.1 Cape Flats English</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Lexicon">6 Lexicon</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#History_of_SAE_dictionaries">6.1 History of SAE dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vocabulary">6.2 Vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#British_lexical_items">6.2.1 British lexical items</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Expressions">6.3 Expressions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Examples_of_South_African_accents">8 Examples of South African accents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes">10.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Citations">10.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sources">10.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> settlers first arrived in the South African region in 1795, when they established a military holding operation at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>. The goal of this first endeavour was to gain control of a key Cape sea route, not to establish a permanent <a href="/wiki/Settler_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Settler colony">settler colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Full control of the colony was wrested from the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a> in 1806. The first major influx of English speakers arrived in <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820</a>. About 5,000 British settlers, mostly rural or working class, settled in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Though the British were a minority colonist group (the Dutch had been in the region since 1652 when traders from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> developed an <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">outpost</a>), the Cape Colony governor, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Somerset" title="Lord Charles Somerset">Lord Charles Somerset</a>, declared English an official language in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> To spread the influence of English in the colony, officials began to recruit British schoolmasters and Scottish clergy to occupy positions in the education and church systems.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Another group of English speakers arrived from Britain in the 1840s and 1850s, along with the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal settlers</a>. These individuals were largely "standard speakers" like retired military personnel and aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> A third wave of English settlers arrived between 1875 and 1904, and brought with them a diverse variety of <a href="/wiki/English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="English dialects">English dialects</a>. These last two waves did not have as large an influence on South African English (SAE), for "the seeds of development were already sown in 1820".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> However, the Natal wave brought nostalgia for British customs and helped to define the idea of a "standard" variety that resembled Southern British English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was formed in 1910, English and Dutch were the official state languages, although <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> effectively replaced Dutch in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[2]</a> After 1994, these two languages along with nine other <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu languages</a> achieved equal official status.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[2]</a> SAE is an extraterritorial (ET) variety of English, or a language variety that has been transported outside its mainland home. More specifically, SAE is a Southern hemisphere ET originating from later English colonisation in the 18th and 19th centuries (Zimbabwean, Australian, and New Zealand English are also Southern hemisphere ET varieties).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> SAE resembles British English more closely than it does <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> due to the close ties that South African colonies maintained with the mainland in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, with the increasing influence of American pop culture around the world via modes of contact like television, American English has become more familiar in South Africa. Indeed, some American lexical items are becoming alternatives to comparable British terms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="White_South_African_English">White South African English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: White South African English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Several white South African English varieties have emerged, accompanied by varying levels of perceived <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">social prestige</a>. Roger Lass describes white South African English as a system of three sub-varieties spoken primarily by <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a>, called "The Great <a href="/wiki/Trichotomy_theorem" title="Trichotomy theorem">Trichotomy</a>" (a term first used to categorise <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> varieties and subsequently applied to South African English).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> In this classification, the "Cultivated" variety closely approximates England's standard <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and is associated with the upper class; the "General" variety is a social indicator of the middle class and is the common tongue; and the "Broad" variety is most associated with the working class, low socioeconomic status, and little education.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> These three sub-varieties, Cultivated, General, and Broad, have also sometimes been called "Conservative SAE", "Respectable SAE", and "Extreme SAE", respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Broad White SAE closely approximates the second-language variety of (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>-speaking) <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> called Afrikaans English. This variety has been stigmatised by middle- and upper-class SAE speakers (primarily those of British origin) and is considered a vernacular form of SAE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African English phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">Allophonic</a> variation in the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>KIT vowel (from Wells' 1982 <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical sets</a>). In some contexts, such as after /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/, the KIT vowel is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]; before <a href="/wiki/Tautosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautosyllabic">tautosyllabic</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ it is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>]; and in other contexts it is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>].<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a> This feature is not present in Conservative SAE, and may have resulted from a vocalic <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> in White SAE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>Pronunciation of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FLEECE vowel with the long monophthongal [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]. In contrast, other Southern Hemisphere Englishes like <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> have diphthongised <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FLEECE ([ɪi ~ əi]).<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>Back <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PALM, with lip rounding in the broader dialects ([<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>]). This differs from Australian English and New Zealand English, which have central [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] instead.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trap-bath_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap-bath split">trap-bath split</a>, as in New Zealand English and partially also Australian English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT is short, open, weakly rounded, and centralised, around [ɒ̽].<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FOOT is short, half-closed back and centralised, around [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE tends to resemble the Received Pronunciation non-rhotic [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜː</a>] among Conservative SAE speakers, while the vowel is front, half-close, centralised [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>] in other varieties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In Conservative and Respectable SAE, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ is the voiceless glottal fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]. In Extreme SAE, /h/ has a more breathy-voiced pronunciation, [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>], likely as a result of a Dutch/Afrikaans substrate. /h/ is sometimes deleted in Extreme SAE where it is preserved in Conservative and Respectable SAE. For instance, when it occurs initially in stressed syllables in words like "house", it is deleted in Extreme SAE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>Conservative SAE is completely <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> like Received Pronunciation, while Respectable SAE has sporadic moments of rhoticity. These rhotic moments generally occur in /r/-final words. More frequent rhoticity is a marker of Extreme SAE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>Unaspirated voiceless <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> (like /p/, /t/, and /k/) in stressed word-initial environments.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">Yod-assimilation</a>: tune and dune tend to be realised as [t͡ʃʉːn] and [d͡ʒʉːn], instead of the <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> [tjuːn] and [djuːn].<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Black_South_African_English">Black South African English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black South African English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Black South African English, or BSAE, is spoken by individuals whose first language is an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous African">indigenous African</a> tongue.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> BSAE is considered a "new" English because it has emerged through the education system among second-language speakers in places where English is not the majority language.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> At least two sociolinguistic variants have been definitively studied on a <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">post-creole continuum</a> for the second-language Black South African English spoken by most <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Black South Africans</a>: a high-end, prestigious "<a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>" and a more middle-ranging, mainstream "<a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolect</a>". The "basilect" variety is less similar to the colonial language (natively-spoken English), while the "mesolect" is somewhat more so.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Historically, BSAE has been considered a "non-standard" variety of English, inappropriate for formal contexts and influenced by indigenous African languages.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> According to the Central Statistical Services, as of 1994<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit">[update]</a> about seven million black people spoke English in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> BSAE originated in the South African school system when the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" title="Bantu Education Act, 1953">Bantu Education Act</a> mandated the use of native African languages in the classroom. When this law was established, most of the native English-speaking teachers were removed from schools. This limited the exposure that black students received to standard varieties of English. As a result, the English spoken in black schools developed distinctive patterns of pronunciation and syntax, leading to the formation of BSAE.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> Some of these characteristic features can be linked to the mother tongues of the early BSAE speakers. The policy of mother tongue promotion in schools ultimately failed, and in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">Department of Bantu Education</a> allowed schools to choose their own language of instruction. English was largely the language of choice because it was viewed as a key tool of social and economic advancement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a> BSAE has contrasting pronunciation and organisation of vowels and consonants compared to the ones in standard English. For instance, "it lacks the tense/lax contrast and central vowels in the mesolectal variety."<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The difference between Black and White South Africans is based on their ethnic backgrounds, with them, as BSAE, being originally the first indigenous people that made a ''new'' English South Africa and developing speaking their tongue version of English and deciding not to speak South Africa's native language of English, which is mostly exclusive for them due to it not being the majority language. In SAE it is primarily used for publicising the differences between British and other forms of tongue speaking for native speakers in various communities of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The local native language of Black South African "new" English would lean more on the syllable side and would lean less on stress timing; due to this, the speech of the language would be affected by the length of vowel deduction in "new" English.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> BSAE emerged from the influence of local native languages on the British English variety often taught in South African schools. After dispersing BSAE has been seen as three distinct subvarieties: the basilect, mesolect, and acrolect. Not much has yet been studied on the subvarieties of BSAE, and the distinctions between them are not yet fully defined. However, there are some notable pronunciation differences in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> The vowels in BSAE can be realised as five key phonemes: /i/, pronounced in words like "FLEECE" or KIT, /u/ in "FOOT" or "GOOSE", /ɛ/ in "TRAP", "DRESS", or "NURSE", /ɔ/ in LOT or FORCE, and /a/ as in CAR. /i/ may occasionally be pronounced [ɪ] in the acrolectal variety, though there is no consistent change among speakers. One difference in the acrolect in comparison to the mesolect is that it often uses [ʌ] in place of [a].<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> In addition, many vowels that are normally diphthongs in most varieties are monophthongs in BSAE. For example, "FACE" in General White SAE is typically pronounced as /feɪs/, but in BSAE is typically pronounced /fɛs/.<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Black South African English analysis has not been researched or utilised enough due to its contrasting methods to Southern British norms.<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> BSAE has contrasting pronunciation and organisation of vowels and consonants compared to the ones in more commonly used languages such as other varieties of English.<a href="#cite_note-:22-9">[8]</a> Due to English being an official language of South Africa, dialects that have contrary methods in language and pronunciation to English become isolated from the speech in that area. For instance, "it lacks the tense/lax contrast and central vowels in the mesolectal variety."<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> In Black South African English, the length of vowels is changeable, and vowel length can be understood as stress placement, with some deviation from Standard English. An example of this is in the word "sevénty", which has primary stress on the penultimate, rather than the initial, syllable.<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> Additionally, BSAE differs from other forms of dialect by "having shorter tone/information units and having lower pitch and decrease intensity as the sentence concludes."<a href="#cite_note-:12-6">[5]</a> Certain words such as "maybe" are used as conditional words that imply the result of something if a thing or event were to happen. Another distinctive trait of BSAE is the use of the word "that" as a complementizer. Furthermore, BSAE has a high frequency of the retention of question word order which is 0.86 per 1000 words.<a href="#cite_note-:22-9">[8]</a> Other findings show that the Cultural Linguistic explorations of World Englishes have been evaluating BSAE based on its cognitive sociolinguistic principles. It is a language that is still being studied due to its strong cultural and traditional ties to its mother tongues.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historically, BSAE has been considered a "non-standard" variety of English, perceived as inappropriate for formal contexts, and influenced by indigenous African languages. BSAE, or Black South African English, has its roots in European colonialism of the African continent in the 19th century. As a result of English being pushed by the colonizers of the region, the British, English became widespread in the South African region after it became necessary for indigenous African communities to use for success under the British.<a href="#cite_note-:02-11">[10]</a> Much like in other colonies of the British, English became a necessity for advancement and economic security in the colony for indigenous Africans.<a href="#cite_note-:02-11">[10]</a> According to the Central Statistical Services, as of 1994, about seven million black people spoke English in South Africa. BSAE originated in the South African school system when the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" title="Bantu Education Act, 1953">Bantu Education Act</a> mandated the use of native African languages in the classroom. When this law was established, most of the native English-speaking teachers were removed from schools. This limited the exposure that black students received to standard varieties of English. As a result, the English spoken in black schools developed distinctive patterns of pronunciation and syntax, leading to the formation of BSAE. Some of these characteristic features can be linked to the mother tongues of the early BSAE speakers. The policy of mother tongue promotion in schools ultimately failed, and in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">Department of Bantu Education</a> allowed schools to choose their own language of instruction. English was largely the language of choice because it was viewed as a key tool of social and economic advancement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography of South Africa</a></div> South Africa occupies the southern area of Africa, its coastline stretching more than 2,850 kilometers (1,770 miles) from the desert border within <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> (western) coast southwards around the tip of Africa and then northeast to the border with <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> on the Indian Ocean. The low-lying <a href="/wiki/Coastal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal zone">coastal zone</a> is narrow for much of that distance, soon giving way to a mountainous <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a>) that separates the coast from the high inland plateau. In some places, notably the province of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in the east, a greater distance separates the coast from the escarpment. Although much of the country is classified as <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>, it has considerable variation in climate as well as <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>. The total land area is 1,220,813 km2 (471,359 sq mi). It has the 23rd largest <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> of 1,535,538 km2 (592,875 sq mi). The South African Central Plateau only contains two major rivers: The <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Limpopo river">Limpopo</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange</a> (with its tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal</a>). These rivers mainly flow across the central places in the east and west off the coast until they reach the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibian</a> border. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Indian_South_African_English">Indian South African English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian South African English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Indian South African English (ISAE) is a sub-variety that developed among the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian immigrants to South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> policy, in effect from 1948 to 1991, prevented Indian children from publicly interacting with people of English heritage. This separation caused an Indian variety to develop independently from white South African English, though with phonological and lexical features still fitting under the South African English umbrella.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Indian South African English includes a "<a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">mesolect</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">acrolect</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> These terms describe varieties of a given language on a spectrum of similarity to the colonial version of that language: the "acrolect" being the most similar.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Today, basilect speakers are generally older non-native speakers with little education; acrolect speakers closely resemble colonial native English speakers, with a few phonetic/syntactic exceptions; and mesolect speakers fall somewhere in-between.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> In recent decades, the dialect has come much closer to the standard language through the model taught in schools. The result is a variety of English which mixes features of <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a>, South African, <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Standard British</a>, creole, and foreign language learning Englishes in a unique and fascinating way.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> ISAE resembles <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> in some respects, possibly because the varieties contain speakers with shared mother tongues or because early English teachers were brought to South Africa from India, or both.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Four prominent education-related lexical features shared by ISAE and Indian English are: tuition(s), which means "extra lessons outside school that one pays for" (i.e. "tutoring" in other varieties of English); further studies, which means "higher education"; alphabets, which means "the alphabet, letters of the alphabet"; and by-heart, which means "to learn off by heart"; these items show the influence of Indian English teachers in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> Phonologically, ISAE also shares several similarities with Indian English, though certain common features are decreasing in the South African variety. For instance, consonant retroflexion in phonemes like /ḍ/ and strong aspiration in consonant production (common in North Indian English) are present in both varieties, but declining in ISAE. <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed">Syllable-timed</a> rhythm, instead of <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed rhythm">stress-timed rhythm</a>, is still a prominent feature in both varieties, especially in more colloquial sub-varieties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Coloured_South_African_English">Coloured South African English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coloured South African English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> About 20% of all <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> people in South Africa speak English as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">home language</a>. They are primarily concentrated in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and northeastern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> with some transplants being found in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Many people from these regions migrated to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>, where the most Anglophone coloureds can be found.<a href="#cite_note-Fynn1999-14">[13]</a> Anglophone coloureds with European heritage have ancestry mostly from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, which, along with originating in regions with very few <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> speaking people, contributed to English being the main language of the coloured people in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Fynn1999-14">[13]</a> The accent of Anglophone coloured people is influenced by their multiracial background, being descended from Europeans (British, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, and Afrikaners), blacks (<a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a>), Indians (both <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a>) as well as other mixed people like <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">St. Helenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creoles" title="Mauritian Creoles">Mauritian Creoles</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a>. This has influenced the accent to be one of the most distinctive in Southern Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Flats_English">Cape Flats English</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cape Flats English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats English</a></div> A particular variety or sub-spectrum of South African English is <a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats English</a>, originally and best associated with inner-city <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-KortmannSchneider2004-15">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lexicon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_SAE_dictionaries">History of SAE dictionaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History of SAE dictionaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1913, Charles Pettman created the first South African English dictionary, entitled Africanderisms. This work sought to identify Afrikaans terms that were emerging in the English language in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[15]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> published its first version of a South African English dictionary, The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary. Subsequent editions of this dictionary have tried to take a "broad editorial approach" in including vocabulary terms native to South Africa, though the extent of this inclusion has been contested.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a> (South Africa) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a> (Great Britain) worked together to produce the 1978 Dictionary of South African English, which adopted a more conservative approach in its inclusion of terms. This dictionary did include, for the first time, what the dictionary writers deemed "the jargon of townships", or vocabulary terms found in Black journalism and literary circles.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[15]</a> Dictionaries specialising in scientific jargon, such as the common names of South African plants, also emerged in the twentieth century. However, these works still often relied on Latin terminology and European pronunciation systems.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[15]</a> As of 1992<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit">[update]</a>, Rajend Mesthrie had produced the only available dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">South African Indian</a> English.<a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> SAE includes lexical items borrowed from other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South African languages</a>. The following list provides a sample of some of these terms: <ul><li>braai (<a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>) from Afrikaans<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>impimpi (<a href="/wiki/Police_informant" class="mw-redirect" title="Police informant">police informant</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li>indaba (<a href="/wiki/Conference" title="Conference">conference</a>; meeting) from <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>kwela-kwela (<a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi</a> or police pick-up <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">van</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li>madumbies (a type of edible <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a>) found in Natal</li> <li>mama (term of address for a senior woman)<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li>mbaqanga (type of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morabaraba" title="Morabaraba">morabaraba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li>sgebengu (criminal) found in IsiXhosa and IsiZulu speaking areas<a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[4]</a></li> <li>skebereshe (a loose woman) found in Gauteng</li> <li>y'all (the contraction of "you all") for second person plural pronouns in ISAE<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>aweh (a greeting or in agreement)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_lexical_items">British lexical items</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British lexical items" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> SAE also contains several lexical items that demonstrate the British influence on this variety: <ul><li>arse, bum (ass)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>chemist (drugstore)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>dinner-jacket (<a href="/wiki/Tuxedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuxedo">tuxedo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>dustbin (<a href="/wiki/Garbage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage can">garbage can</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>petrol (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>silencer (<a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[1]</a></li> <li>flat (<a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Expressions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A range of SAE expressions have been borrowed from other South African languages, or are uniquely used in this variety of English. Some common expressions include: <ul><li>The borrowed Afrikaans interjection ag, meaning "oh!", as in, "Ag, go away man"! (Equivalent to German "ach"). SAE uses a number of discourse markers from Afrikaans in colloquial speech.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>The expression to come with, common especially among Afrikaans people, as in "are they coming with?"<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> This is influenced by the Afrikaans phrase hulle kom saam, literally "they come together", with saam being misinterpreted as with.<a href="#cite_note-KortmannSchneider2004-15">[14]</a>: 951 In Afrikaans, saamkom is a <a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">separable verb</a>, similar to meekomen in Dutch and mitkommen in German, which is translated into English as "to come along".<a href="#cite_note-pharos-18">[17]</a> "Come with?" is also encountered in areas of the Upper Midwest of the United States, which had a large number of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian American">Scandinavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German immigrants</a>, who, when speaking English, translated equivalent phrases directly from their own languages.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></li> <li>The use of the "strong obligative <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal</a>" must as a synonym for the polite should/shall. "Must" has "much less social impact" in SAE than in other varieties.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>Now-now, as in "I'll do it now-now". Likely borrowed from the Afrikaans nou-nou, this expression describes a time later than that referenced in the phrase "I'll do it now".<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a></li> <li>A large amount of slang comes from British origin, such as "naff" (boring, dull or plain), or "China" (mate, friend) from <a href="/wiki/Cockney_rhyming_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney rhyming slang">cockney rhyming slang</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">South African National Census of 2011</a> found a total of 4,892,623 speakers of English as a first language,<a href="#cite_note-cib2011-20">[19]</a>: 23 making up 9.6% of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-cib2011-20">[19]</a>: 25 The provinces with significant English-speaking populations were the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> (20.2% of the provincial population), <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> (13.3%) and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> (13.2%).<a href="#cite_note-cib2011-20">[19]</a>: 25 English was found to be spoken across all of South Africa's ethnic groups. A breakdown of English speakers according to the conventional racial classifications used by Statistics South Africa is described in the following table: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Population group</th> <th>First-language English speakers<a href="#cite_note-cib2011-20">[19]</a>: 26 </th> <th>% of population group<a href="#cite_note-cib2011-20">[19]</a>: 27 </th> <th>% of total English-speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Black African</a></td> <td>1,167,913</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>23.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a></td> <td>945,847</td> <td>20.8</td> <td>19.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a></td> <td>1,094,317</td> <td>86.1</td> <td>22.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></td> <td>1,603,575</td> <td>35.9</td> <td>32.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other</td> <td>80,971</td> <td>29.5</td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>4,892,623</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Examples_of_South_African_accents">Examples of South African accents</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Examples of South African accents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The examples of South African accents in the list below were obtained from <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=102">Male from Nigel, Gauteng</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=496">Male from Port Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=903">Male from Cape Town</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?function=detail&speakerid=904">Female from Cape Town</a></li></ul> All four of the speakers in this list have English as their first language. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-enZA-1"><a href="#cite_ref-enZA_1-0">^</a> <code>en-ZA</code> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: Suid Afrikaans Engels is the <a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">language code</a> for South African English, as defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standards</a> (see <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">Internet standards</a> (see <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-34">ai</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2002" class="citation book cs1">Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (2002). Language in South Africa. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521791052" title="Special:BookSources/9780521791052"><bdi>9780521791052</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56218975">56218975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56218975&rft.isbn=9780521791052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2006" class="citation book cs1">Mesthrie, R. (2006). "South Africa: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. pp. 539–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-08-044854-2%2F01664-3">10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/01664-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080448541" title="Special:BookSources/9780080448541"><bdi>9780080448541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+Language+Situation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E539-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb0-08-044854-2%2F01664-3&rft.isbn=9780080448541&rft.aulast=Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bekker, Ian (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/latic/article/view/2722">"The story of South African English: A brief linguistic overview"</a>. International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication. 1: 139–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fijltic.16">10.12681/ijltic.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2241-7214">2241-7214</a> – via eJournals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Language%2C+Translation+and+Intercultural+Communication&rft.atitle=The+story+of+South+African+English%3A+A+brief+linguistic+overview&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fijltic.16&rft.issn=2241-7214&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2Flatic%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_KlerkGough2002" class="citation book cs1">De Klerk, Vivian; Gough, David (2002). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79105-2"><bdi>978-0-521-79105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79105-2&rft.aulast=Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=Rajend&rft.au=Rajend%2C+Mesthrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqaGb_SEQHUC%26dq%3DHow%2Bis%2Bblack%2Bsouth%2Bafrican%2Bis%2Bdifferent%2Bthan%2Bnormal%2Bsouth%2Bafrican%2Benglish%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakalela2013" class="citation journal cs1">Makalela, Leketi (2013). "Black South African English on the Radio". World Englishes. 32 (1): 93–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fweng.12007">10.1111/weng.12007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Black+South+African+English+on+the+Radio&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fweng.12007&rft.aulast=Makalela&rft.aufirst=Leketi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2021" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Arne (2021). Cultural Linguistics and World Englishes. Springer Nature. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-4695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-4695-2"><bdi>978-981-15-4695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Linguistics+and+World+Englishes&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-15-4695-2&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Klerk1999" class="citation journal cs1">De Klerk, Vivian (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00146">"Black South African English: Where to from here?"</a>. World Englishes. 18 (3): 311–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-971x.00146">10.1111/1467-971x.00146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-2919">0883-2919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Black+South+African+English%3A+Where+to+from+here%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-971x.00146&rft.issn=0883-2919&rft.aulast=De+Klerk&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2F1467-971x.00146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1995" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: University Press. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521401798" title="Special:BookSources/0521401798"><bdi>0521401798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0521401798&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2019" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Mary (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southafrica-info.com/infographics/languages-black-coloured-indian-white-south-africans-speak/">"What languages do black, coloured, Indian and white South Africans speak?"</a>. South Africa Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716195502/https://southafrica-info.com/infographics/languages-black-coloured-indian-white-south-africans-speak/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Africa+Gateway&rft.atitle=What+languages+do+black%2C+coloured%2C+Indian+and+white+South+Africans+speak%3F&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthafrica-info.com%2Finfographics%2Flanguages-black-coloured-indian-white-south-africans-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fynn1999-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fynn1999_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fynn1999_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFynn1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Fynn, Lorraine Margaret (1991). The "Coloured" Community of Durban: A Study of Changing Perceptions of Identity (M.A. Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10413%2F6802">10413/6802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+%22Coloured%22+Community+of+Durban%3A+A+Study+of+Changing+Perceptions+of+Identity&rft.inst=University+of+Natal&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10413%2F6802&rft.aulast=Fynn&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KortmannSchneider2004-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KortmannSchneider2004_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KortmannSchneider2004_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannSchneider2004" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC">A Handbook of Varieties of English</a>. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017532-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmtd3a-56ysUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1994" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Tim (1994). "Review of A Lexicon of South African Indian English". Anthropological Linguistics. 36 (4): 521–524. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028394">30028394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Lexicon+of+South+African+Indian+English&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2008" class="citation book cs1">Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgsLAQAAMAAJ&q=%2522coming+with%2522">Africa, South and Southeast Asia</a>. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110196382" title="Special:BookSources/9783110196382"><bdi>9783110196382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%2C+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110196382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgsLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%252522coming%2Bwith%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pharos-18"><a href="#cite_ref-pharos_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2012" class="citation book cs1">Anon. (2012). Pharos tweetalinge skoolwoordeboek = Pharos bilingual school dictionary. Cape Town: Pharos. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86890-128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86890-128-9"><bdi>978-1-86890-128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharos+tweetalinge+skoolwoordeboek+%3D+Pharos+bilingual+school+dictionary&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Pharos&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86890-128-9&rft.au=Anon.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-tribu-words-work-midwest-20101208-story.html">What's with 'come with'?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, 8 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121191113/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-tribu-words-work-midwest-20101208-story.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-cib2011-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf">Census 2011: Census in brief</a> (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780621413885" title="Special:BookSources/9780621413885"><bdi>9780621413885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Census+in+brief&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780621413885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus%2Fcensus_2011%2Fcensus_products%2FCensus_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2008" class="citation book cs1">Finn, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1VhZHGupMUC&pg=PA200">"Cape Flats English: Phonology*"</a>. In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W.: Varieties of English. Vol. 4 of. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110208429" title="Special:BookSources/9783110208429"><bdi>9783110208429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cape+Flats+English%3A+Phonology%2A&rft.btitle=Africa%2C+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.series=Kortmann%2C+Bernd%3B+Schneider%2C+Edgar+W.%3A+Varieties+of+English&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110208429&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1VhZHGupMUC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass2002" class="citation cs2">Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, pp. 363–386, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511486920.015">10.1017/CBO9780511486920.015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521791052" title="Special:BookSources/9780521791052"><bdi>9780521791052</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+African+English&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511486920.015&rft.isbn=9780521791052&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranford1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Branford, William (1994), "9: English in South Africa", in Burchfield, Robert (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, Cambridge University Press, pp. 430–496, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26478-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26478-2"><bdi>0-521-26478-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+English+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-26478-2&rft.aulast=Branford&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Klerk1996" class="citation cs2">De Klerk, Vivian, ed. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZVqidxVsLwC">Focus on South Africa</a>, John Benjamins Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4873-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4873-7"><bdi>90-272-4873-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus+on+South+Africa&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-272-4873-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZVqidxVsLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanham1979" class="citation cs2">Lanham, Len W. (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PR-uBDZn33wC">The Standard in South African English and Its Social History</a>, Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87276-210-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-87276-210-9"><bdi>3-87276-210-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+in+South+African+English+and+Its+Social+History&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Julius+Groos+Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=3-87276-210-9&rft.aulast=Lanham&rft.aufirst=Len+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPR-uBDZn33wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+English" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishacademy.co.za">English Academy of South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622171909/http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/pica-01.html">Picard, Brig (Dr) J. H, SM, MM. "English for the South African Armed Forces"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 22 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219211349/http://www.frokwon.net/slang.asp">Zimbabwean Slang Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roepstem.net/sa-english.html">The influence of Afrikaans on SA English (in Dutch)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsa-overseas.com/features/slang.htm">The Expat Portal RSA Slang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm">Several Samples of The Dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&oldid=1262981579">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&oldid=1262981579</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_English&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 December 2024, at 00:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إنجليزية جنوب إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydafrikansk_engelsk" title="Sydafrikansk engelsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydafrikansk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrikanisches_Englisch" title="Südafrikanisches Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südafrikanisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_sudafricano" title="Inglés sudafricano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés sudafricano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی آفریقای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی آفریقای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_sud-africain" title="Anglais sud-africain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais sud-africain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="남아프리카 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="South African English" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Afrika_Selatan" title="Bahasa Inggris Afrika Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Pietų Afrikos anglų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Afrikos anglų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Afrikaans-Engels" title="Zuid-Afrikaans-Engels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Afrikaans-Engels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Afrikaans_Engels" title="Zuud-Afrikaans Engels – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuud-Afrikaans Engels" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="南アフリカ英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南アフリカ英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rafrikansk_engelsk" title="Sørafrikansk engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørafrikansk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82udniowoafryka%C5%84ska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Południowoafrykańska odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Południowoafrykańska odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_sul-africano" title="Inglês sul-africano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês sul-africano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южноафриканский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южноафриканский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_African_Inglis" title="Sooth African Inglis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth African Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South African English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiNgisi_saseNingizimu_Afrika" title="SiNgisi saseNingizimu Afrika – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SiNgisi saseNingizimu Afrika" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Afrikan_englanti" title="Etelä-Afrikan englanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Afrikan englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydafrikansk_engelska" title="Sydafrikansk engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydafrikansk engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="南非英语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南非英语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 December 2024, at 00:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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