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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Peace interrupted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_interrupted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preliminaries_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminaries_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preliminaries to war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminaries_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Second_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Second_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formation of the Second Coalition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Second_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1799" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1799"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1799</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1799-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1800</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1801" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1801"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1801</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1801-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Strategic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Second Coalition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حرب التحالف الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب التحالف الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Segunda Coalición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda Coalición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی ائتلاف ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ائتلاف ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вайна другой кааліцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна другой кааліцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Война на втората антифренска коалиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война на втората антифренска коалиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_an_Eil_Kenunaniezh" title="Brezel an Eil Kenunaniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel an Eil Kenunaniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Coalici%C3%B3" title="Segona Coalició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Coalició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_druh%C3%A9_koalice" title="Válka druhé koalice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka druhé koalice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_koalitionskrig" title="Anden koalitionskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden koalitionskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Koalitionskrieg" title="Zweiter Koalitionskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Koalitionskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teise_koalitsiooni_s%C3%B5da" title="Teise koalitsiooni sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teise koalitsiooni sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πόλεμος του Β΄ Συνασπισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Β΄ Συνασπισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Coalici%C3%B3n" title="Segunda Coalición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda Coalición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_de_la_Dua_Koalicio" title="Milito de la Dua Koalicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito de la Dua Koalicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Koalizioko_Gerra" title="Bigarren Koalizioko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Koalizioko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ ائتلاف دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ائتلاف دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_la_deuxi%C3%A8me_coalition" title="Guerre de la deuxième coalition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de la deuxième coalition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" title="제2차 대프랑스 동맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 대프랑스 동맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Koalisi_Kedua" title="Perang Koalisi Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Koalisi Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_coalizione" title="Seconda coalizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda coalizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקואליציה האנטי-צרפתית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეორე კოალიციის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე კოალიციის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otr%C4%81s_koal%C4%ABcijas_kar%C5%A1_(1799%E2%80%941802)" title="Otrās koalīcijas karš (1799—1802) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrās koalīcijas karš (1799—1802)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_koal%C3%ADci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második koalíciós háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második koalíciós háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војна на Втората коалиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војна на Втората коалиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Coalitieoorlog" title="Tweede Coalitieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Coalitieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%BE%E4%BB%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第二次対仏大同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次対仏大同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_koalisjonskrigen" title="Den andre koalisjonskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre koalisjonskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_la_Segonda_Coalicion" title="Guèrra de la Segonda Coalicion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de la Segonda Coalicion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_koalicja_antyfrancuska" title="II koalicja antyfrancuska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II koalicja antyfrancuska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Coliga%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Segunda Coligação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Coligação" data-language-autonym="Português" 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class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Second Coalition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block;"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><span title="War of the second coalition"><img alt="War of the second coalition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg/300px-War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg/450px-War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg/600px-War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1440" usemap="#ImageMap_390a18a66a8587b8" resource="/wiki/File:War_of_the_second_coalition.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_390a18a66a8587b8"><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" shape="rect" coords="0,0,150,112" alt="Battle of the Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" shape="rect" coords="150,0,300,112" alt="Battle of the Nile" title="Battle of the Nile" /><area href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" shape="rect" coords="0,113,150,225" alt="Second Battle of Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" shape="rect" coords="150,113,300,225" alt="Battle of Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" shape="rect" coords="0,225,150,338" alt="Battle of Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden" /><area href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#Napoleon_invades_Haiti" shape="rect" coords="150,225,300,338" alt="Haitian Revolution#Napoleon invades Haiti" title="Haitian Revolution#Napoleon invades Haiti" /></map><figcaption>War of the second coalition</figcaption></figure> </div><br />Click an image to load the appropriate article.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">the Pyramids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">the Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Hohenlinden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#Napoleon_invades_Haiti" title="Haitian Revolution">the Haitian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29 November 1798 – 25 March 1802<br />(3 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Italy, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>French-allied victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a></li> <li>Survival of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a></li> <li>Previous annexations by France confirmed</li> <li>Hostilities resume in 1803 with the formation of a <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a> against France and allies</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> to Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li>Foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li>Portuguese Olivenza to Spain</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" title="Reichsdeputationshauptschluss">Reichsdeputationshauptschluss</a></i></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Second Coalition:</b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (until 1801)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany"><img alt="Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bavaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/15px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/23px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/30px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span data-sort-value="Naples"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></span> (until 1801)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/45px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <b>Co-belligerent:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> until 1800)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_client_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French client republic">French client republics</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic"><img alt="Helvetic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Helvetic_Republic_%28French%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa"><img alt="Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Ligurian Republic</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal"><img alt="Kingdom of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal"><img alt="Kingdom of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a><br />(until 1799)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany"><img alt="Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/45px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel IV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> (until 1801)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Henry Addington</a> (from 1801)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca"><img alt="Duchy of Lucca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Lucca.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lucca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></span> Gonfalonier of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Nicolas,_vicomte_de_Barras" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras">Paul Barras</a><br />(until 1799)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a><br />(from 1799)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 200,000 killed and wounded<br />140,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 50,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-clodfelter_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clodfelter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 75,000 killed in combat<br />140,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Second_Coalition" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Coalition" title="Template:Campaignbox Second Coalition"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Coalition" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Coalition"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Coalition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Coalition"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Second_Coalition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">War of the Second Coalition</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Siege of Corfu (1798–1799)">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Ostrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Feldkirch" title="Battle of Feldkirch">Feldkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">1st Stockach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1799)" title="Battle of Verona (1799)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Magnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Cassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignana_(1799)" title="Battle of Bassignana (1799)">Bassignana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Marengo_(1799)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Marengo (1799)">1st Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frauenfeld" title="Battle of Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winterthur" title="Battle of Winterthur">Winterthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">1st Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modena_(1799)" title="Battle of Modena (1799)">Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Trebbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Marengo_(1799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Marengo (1799)">2nd Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mantua_(1799)" title="Siege of Mantua (1799)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Novi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amsteg" title="Battle of Amsteg">Amsteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callantsoog" title="Battle of Callantsoog">Callantsoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlieter_incident" title="Vlieter incident">Vlieter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krabbendam" title="Battle of Krabbendam">Krabbendam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannheim_(1799)" title="Battle of Mannheim (1799)">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergen_(1799)" title="Battle of Bergen (1799)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gotthard_Pass" title="Battle of Gotthard Pass">Gotthard Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">2nd Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Linth_River" title="Battle of Linth River">Linth River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muottental" title="Battle of Muottental">Muottental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alkmaar_(1799)" title="Battle of Alkmaar (1799)">Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castricum" title="Battle of Castricum">Castricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Second Battle of Novi (1799)">2nd Novi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genola" title="Battle of Genola">Genola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Third Battle of Novi (1799)">3rd Novi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1799)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1799)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1800)" title="Siege of Genoa (1800)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Klenau#1800_Campaign_in_Swabia" title="Johann von Klenau">Hohentwiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stockach (1800)">2nd Stockach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messkirch" title="Battle of Messkirch">Messkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biberach_(1800)" title="Battle of Biberach (1800)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Bard" title="Siege of Fort Bard">Fort Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chiusella_River" title="Battle of Chiusella River">Chiusella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iller_River" title="Battle of Iller River">Iller River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montebello_(1800)" title="Battle of Montebello (1800)">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">3rd Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst%C3%A4dt_(1800)" title="Battle of Höchstädt (1800)">Höchstädt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuburg_(1800)" title="Battle of Neuburg (1800)">Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ampfing_(1800)" title="Battle of Ampfing (1800)">Ampfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Hohenlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozzolo" title="Battle of Pozzolo">Mincio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="First Battle of Algeciras">1st</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="Second Battle of Algeciras">2nd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Porto_Ferrajo" title="Siege of Porto Ferrajo">Porto Ferrajo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean Campaign</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egyptian Campaign</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_and_Swiss_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian and Swiss expedition">Italian and Swiss</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Campaign</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian Campaign</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Dutch Campaign</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marengo_campaign" title="Marengo campaign">Marengo Campaign</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars"><span class="wrap">French Revolutionary Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naval_campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars">Naval campaigns</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">United Irishmen Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Second Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a></div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 240px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 240px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="240" data-zoom="3" data-lat="40" data-lon="10" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/40/10/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,40,10,304x240.png?lang=en" width="304" height="240" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,3,40,10,304x240@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -32px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 113px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 222px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 222px; left: 194px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 196px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 195.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 1000km<br />620miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 26.598336166959px; left: 113.66162297763px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 27.598336166959px; left: 110.16162297763px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Waterloo</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 26.598336166959px; left: 121.16162297763px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 26.598336166959px; left: 113.66162297763px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days"><img alt="Seventh Coalition: Belgium 1815:...Waterloo..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 41.027095522209px; left: 108.19947501795px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 42.027095522209px; left: 104.69947501795px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> France</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 41.027095522209px; left: 115.69947501795px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 41.027095522209px; left: 108.19947501795px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 22.009540876127px; left: 165.72272071834px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 23.009540876127px; left: 184.22272071834px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Germany</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 22.009540876127px; left: 173.22272071834px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 22.009540876127px; left: 165.72272071834px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition"><img alt="Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 46.785433046082px; left: 181.48329347701px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 47.785433046082px; left: 199.98329347701px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Austria</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 46.785433046082px; left: 188.98329347701px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 46.785433046082px; left: 181.48329347701px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition"><img alt="Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 8.306589415641px; left: 163.90200473178px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 9.306589415641px; left: 182.40200473178px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Prussia</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 8.306589415641px; left: 171.40200473178px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 8.306589415641px; left: 163.90200473178px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition"><img alt="Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 38.858721589514px; left: 182.96262521609px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 39.858721589514px; left: 179.46262521609px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 38.858721589514px; left: 190.46262521609px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 38.858721589514px; left: 182.96262521609px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition"><img alt="Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 74.265268305031px; left: 136.98954655544px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 75.265268305031px; left: 155.48954655544px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Italy</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 74.265268305031px; left: 144.48954655544px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 74.265268305031px; left: 136.98954655544px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars"><img alt="Second Coalition: Italy 1799:...Marengo..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 181.37145339865px; left: 265.40692098252px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 182.37145339865px; left: 261.90692098252px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Egypt</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 181.37145339865px; left: 272.90692098252px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 181.37145339865px; left: 265.40692098252px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria"><img alt="Second Coalition: Egypt 1798:...Pyramids..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 39.293268457705px; left: 114.74267309465px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 40.293268457705px; left: 111.24267309465px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #105396; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 39.293268457705px; left: 122.24267309465px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 39.293268457705px; left: 114.74267309465px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition"><img alt="First Coalition: France 1792:...Toulon..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/40/10/en" data-zoom="4" data-lat="40" data-lon="10" data-overlays="["_7956324484ec70eff9ace9b4b67d24702c666a61"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Key:<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a>: France 1792:...<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Toulon</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> Second Coalition: <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt</a> 1798:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Pyramids</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> Second Coalition: <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italy</a> 1799:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Marengo</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>: Germany 1803:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a>: Prussia 1806:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a>: Austria 1809:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: Germany 1813:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>: France 1814:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a>...<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a>: Belgium 1815:...<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>...</div></div></div> <p>The <b>War of the Second Coalition</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Guerre de la Deuxième Coalition</i>) (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war targeting <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a> by many European monarchies, led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and including the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and various German monarchies. <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> did not join the coalition, while <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spain</a> supported France. </p><p>The overall goal of Britain and Russia was to contain the expansion of the French Republic and to restore the monarchy in France, while Austria – weakened and in deep financial debt from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> – sought primarily to recover its position and come out of the war stronger than when it had entered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In large part because of the difference in strategy among the three major allied powers, the Second Coalition failed to overthrow the revolutionary government, and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Franco–Austrian <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> in February 1801, France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, in Italy. Austria was granted <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a>. Most other allies also signed separate peace treaties with the French Republic in 1801. Britain and France signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> in March 1802, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Ottomans in June 1802</a>, which brought an interval of peace in Europe that lasted several months until Britain declared war on France again in May 1803. The renewed hostilities culminated in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></div> <p>On 20 April 1792, the <a href="/wiki/French_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French Legislative Assembly">French Legislative Assembly</a> declared war on Austria. In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> (1792–97), France fought against most of the states with which it shared a border, as well as Great Britain, Portugal and Prussia. The Coalition forces achieved several victories at the outset of the war, but were ultimately repulsed from French territory and then lost significant territories to the French, who began to set up <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client republics</a> in their occupied territories. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s efforts in the northern <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars</a> pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> (18 April 1797) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> (October 1797),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Britain to fight on alone against France, Spain and the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_interrupted">Peace interrupted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peace interrupted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean campaign of 1798</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></div> <p>From October 1797 until March 1799, France and Austria, the signatories of the Treaty of Campo Formio, avoided armed conflict but remained skeptical of each other, and several diplomatic incidents undermined the agreement. The French demanded additional territory not mentioned in the Treaty. The Habsburgs were reluctant to hand over designated territories, much less additional ones. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Congress at Rastatt</a> proved inept at orchestrating the transfer of territories to compensate the German princes for their losses. Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Cantons</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a>, overthrew the central government in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors contributed to the rising tensions. In the summer of 1798, Napoleon led an <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">expedition to Egypt and Syria</a>. On his way to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>, he had stopped at the heavily fortified port city of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a>. Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim</a>, who ruled the island, allowed only two ships at a time in the harbour, in accordance with the island's neutrality. Napoleon immediately ordered the bombardment of Valletta, and on 11 June 1798, General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Baraguey_d%27Hilliers" title="Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers">Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers</a> directed a <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">landing</a> of several thousand French troops at strategic locations around the island. The French Knights of the order deserted, and the remaining Knights failed to mount a successful resistance. Napoleon forcibly removed the other Knights from their possessions, angering Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a>, who was the honorary head of the Order. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, Neapolitans, Russians and British actually discussed this possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's army got trapped in Egypt, and after he returned to France (October 1799), it eventually surrendered (September 1801). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preliminaries_to_war">Preliminaries to war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preliminaries to war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military strategists in Paris recognized the strategic significance of the Upper Rhine Valley, the southwestern German regions, and Switzerland for the defense of the Republic. The control of the Swiss passes was crucial as they provided a key route to northern Italy. Therefore, the army that maintained control over these passes could swiftly deploy troops between the northern and southern theaters of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward this end, in early November 1798, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüningen">Hüningen</a> to take command of the French forces there, called the Army of Observation because its function was to <i>observe</i> the security of the French border on the Rhine. Once there, he assessed the forces' quality and disposition and identified needed supplies and manpower. He found the army woefully inadequate for its assignment. The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Danube" title="Army of the Danube">Army of the Danube</a> and its two flanking armies, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Helvetia" title="Army of Helvetia">Army of Helvetia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mainz" title="Army of Mainz">Army of Mayence</a>, or Mainz, were equally short of manpower, supplies, ammunition, and training; most resources were already directed to the Army in Northern Italy, the Army of Britain, and the Egyptian expedition. Jourdan assiduously documented these shortages, pointing out in lengthy correspondence to the Directory the consequences of an undermanned and undersupplied army; his petitions seemed to have little effect on the Directory, which sent neither significant additional manpower nor supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jourdan's orders were to take the army into Germany and secure strategic positions, particularly on the southwest roads through <a href="/wiki/Stockach" title="Stockach">Stockach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, at the westernmost border of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>. Similarly, as commander of the Army of Helvetia (Switzerland), <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a> would acquire strategic positions in Switzerland, in particular the St. <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Pass" title="Gotthard Pass">Gotthard Pass</a>, the passes above <a href="/wiki/Feldkirch,_Vorarlberg" title="Feldkirch, Vorarlberg">Feldkirch</a>, particularly Maienfeld (St. Luciensteig), and hold the central plateau in and around <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a>. These positions would prevent the Allies of the Second Coalition from moving troops back and forth between the northern Italian and German theatres, but would allow French access to these strategic passes. Ultimately, this positioning would allow the French to control all western roads leading to and from Vienna. Finally, the army of Mayence would sweep through the north, blocking further access to and from Vienna from any of the northern Provinces, or from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg/300px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg/450px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg/600px-Strategic_Situation_of_Europe_1798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Strategic overview of operations in Europe and the Mediterranean in 1798–1799</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Second_Coalition">Formation of the Second Coalition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation of the Second Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ottoman_Alliance_(1799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)">Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)</a></div> <p>The Second Coalition took several months to form, starting with Naples allying itself with Austria (19 May 1798) and Russia (29 November),<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc_coalitieoorlogen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a> and Austrian State Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Amadeus_von_Thugut" title="Johann Amadeus von Thugut">Thugut</a> (the latter only on the condition that Russia also joined the coalition) failed to persuade Prussia (which had <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">left the First Coalition</a> as early as April 1795) to join in.<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc_coalitieoorlogen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither were Britain and Austria able to formalise an alliance, due to lack of an agreement on the loan convention that would cover Austria's outstanding debt to Britain from the previous war, let alone British subsidy to Austria for the upcoming war; they resorted to <i>ad hoc</i> cooperation without formal agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987252_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987252-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, Russia allied itself with the Ottoman Empire (23 December) and Great Britain (26 December) while attacking the <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)" title="French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)">French Ionian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc_coalitieoorlogen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1 December, the Kingdom of Naples had signed alliances with both Russia and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preliminary military action under the alliance occurred on 29 November when General <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Mack">Karl Mack</a>, an Austrian serving Naples, occupied Rome, wishing to restore Papal authority with the Neapolitan army. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand</a> was pushed by his angry Austrian wife <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maria_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maria Carolina">Queen Maria Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>'s sister, and by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> through his secret lover, the British Ambassador's wife <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these companions became reckless gamblers when the poorly equipped and led Neapolitan army was not only soon defeated outside Rome and pushed back, but Naples itself was occupied by France on January 23. The king, the British officials and the women had only the time to escape to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Championnet_a_Napoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Championnet_a_Napoli.png/220px-Championnet_a_Napoli.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Championnet_a_Napoli.png/330px-Championnet_a_Napoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Championnet_a_Napoli.png/440px-Championnet_a_Napoli.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>The French Army entering in Naples</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Second Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Second Coalition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1799">1799</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1799"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars</a></div> <p>In Europe, the allies mounted several invasions, including <a href="/wiki/Suvorov%27s_Italian_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvorov's Italian expedition">campaigns in Italy and Switzerland</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Anglo-Russian invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Netherlands</a>. Russian general <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> inflicted a series of defeats on the French in Italy, driving them back to the Alps. The allies were less successful in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, where the British and Russians retreated after a defeat <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castricum" title="Battle of Castricum">at Castricum</a>, and in Switzerland, where after initial victories an Austro-Russian army was completely routed at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a>. These reverses, as well as British insistence on searching shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, led to Russia's withdrawal from the Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon invaded <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> from Egypt, but retreated after a failed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">siege of Acre</a>, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount <a href="/wiki/18_Brumaire" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Brumaire">a coup</a> that made him <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a>, the head of the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field Marshal Suvorov at the Battle of the Trebbia"><img alt="Field Marshal Suvorov at the Battle of the Trebbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg/200px-Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg/300px-Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg/400px-Suvorov_Trebbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suvorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvorov">Field Marshal Suvorov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebbia_(1799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Trebbia (1799)">Battle of the Trebbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Zurich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Masséna at the Second Battle of Zurich"><img alt="General Masséna at the Second Battle of Zurich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/197px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/296px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_Zurich.jpg/394px-Battle_of_Zurich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Massena" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Massena">General Masséna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor,_en_Syrie,_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Bonaparte at the Battle of Mount Tabor"><img alt="General Bonaparte at the Battle of Mount Tabor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg/200px-La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg/300px-La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg/400px-La_Bataille_du_mont_Tabor%2C_en_Syrie%2C_le_27_germinal_an_VI_by_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune_Salon_de_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">General Bonaparte</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Bonaparte at the Siege of Acre"><img alt="General Bonaparte at the Siege of Acre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg/200px-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg/300px-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg/400px-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General Bonaparte at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slag_bij_Bergen,_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-1891-A-16626_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Bergen"><img alt="Battle of Bergen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Slag_bij_Bergen%2C_1799_Bataille_bij_Bergen_den_19_September_1799_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1891-A-16626_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergen_(1799)" title="Battle of Bergen (1799)">Battle of Bergen</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800">1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars</a></div> <p>Napoleon sent Moreau to campaign in Germany, and went himself to raise a new army at <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> and march through Switzerland to attack the Austrian armies in Italy from behind.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Moreau meanwhile invaded <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and won a great battle against Austria at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hohenlinden (1800)">Hohenlinden</a>. He continued toward Vienna and the Austrians sued for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Steyr" title="Armistice of Steyr">Armistice of Steyr</a> on 25 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1800, Napoleon led his troops across the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Bernard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Bernard Pass">Great St. Bernard Pass</a> into Italy in a military campaign against the Austrians. He conducted the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Bard" title="Siege of Fort Bard">Siege of Fort Bard</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinian</a> and Austrian armies for two weeks, after which he was able to cross the Alps and enter Italy. He narrowly defeated the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a>. While the Austrians had a much larger force, Napoleon was able to organise a hurried retreat from the village before returning with reinforcements. The French successfully charged the Austrian flank with cavalry and Napoleon negotiated for Austria to evacuate Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden"><img alt="General Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg/200px-Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg/300px-Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg/400px-Bataille_de_Hohenlinden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">General Moreau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Fort_Bard_(1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siege of Fort Bard"><img alt="Siege of Fort Bard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Siege_of_Fort_Bard_%281800%29.jpg/200px-Siege_of_Fort_Bard_%281800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Siege_of_Fort_Bard_%281800%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Bard" title="Siege of Fort Bard">Siege of Fort Bard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Desaix at the Battle of Marengo"><img alt="General Desaix at the Battle of Marengo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/200px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/300px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg/400px-Lejeune_-_Bataille_de_Marengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">General Desaix</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1801">1801</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1801"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Copenhagen,_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Battle_of_Copenhagen%2C_2_April_1801_RMG_BHC0529.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_algesiras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bataille_algesiras.jpg/220px-Bataille_algesiras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bataille_algesiras.jpg/330px-Bataille_algesiras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Bataille_algesiras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="First Battle of Algeciras">First Battle of Algeciras</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg/220px-Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg/330px-Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Beau_fait_d%27armes_du_capitaine_Troude_3895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="Second Battle of Algeciras">Second Battle of Algeciras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> of July/August 1800, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> was a separate kingdom, with its own <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">parliament</a>, held in a personal union with Great Britain under the Crown. In response to the 1798 <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">revolt</a>, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, effective 1 January 1801.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Austrians signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Treviso" title="Armistice of Treviso">Armistice of Treviso</a> on 16 January, ending the war in northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February, they signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> for the entire <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, basically accepting the terms of the previous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>. In Egypt, the Ottomans and British invaded and compelled the French to surrender after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain continued the war at sea. A <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">coalition of noncombatants</a> including Prussia, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> joined to protect neutral shipping from Britain's blockade, resulting in Nelson's surprise attack on the Danish fleet in harbour at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France and Spain invaded Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Oranges">War of Oranges</a>, forcing Portugal to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Badajoz_(1801)" title="Treaty of Badajoz (1801)">Treaty of Badajoz (1801)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Russia formally made peace with France through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(8_October_1801)" title="Treaty of Paris (8 October 1801)">Treaty of Paris</a> on 8 October, signing a secret alliance two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1801, France dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a> to recapture the former colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), which had been independent since the 1791 <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. This included over 30,000 troops with many experienced and elite veterans, but ended in catastrophic failure; by the end of 1802, an estimated 15,000–22,000 had died of disease and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, among them Napoleon's brother-in-law General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 March 1802, Britain and France signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, ending British involvement in the war. After a preliminary treaty signed at Paris on 9 October 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> of 25 June 1802 ended the war between France and the Ottoman Empire, the last remaining member of the Second Coalition. The peace treaties ceded the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to France and recognized the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic</a> republics. Thus began the longest period of peace during the period 1792–1815. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_analysis">Strategic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Strategic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder" title="Paul W. Schroeder">Paul W. Schroeder</a> (1987) claimed that, at the time of his writing, most historians – exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Piers_Mackesy" title="Piers Mackesy">Piers Mackesy</a> (1984) – had all too simplistically blamed the Second Coalition's failure on the requirement of "Britain and Russia to trust Austria, when it was obvious that Austria could not be trusted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These historians had assumed that Austria failed to act in accordance with the Coalition's common goal of invading France, ending the Revolution and restoring the Bourbon monarchy, because Vienna was too selfish and too greedy for territorial expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schroeder argued it was not that simple: while Austria's primary war aim was not to overthrow the French Republic, it was reasonable for Vienna to set its own conditions for entering a war with France. The enormous financial debt it still had from the War of the First Coalition jeopardised not just the Habsburg Monarchy's ability to field an army capable of defeating the French, but had also caused hyperinflation and internal instability that risked a revolution inside Austria itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987250_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987250-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habsburg monarchy's very survival was at stake, and so Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> and Thugut resolved not to enter a war in order to defeat France at all costs, but to make Austria come out stronger than it went in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Schroeder reasoned that all the other great powers that were negotiating to form the Second Coalition – Russia, Prussia (which ultimately remained neutral), Britain, and the Ottoman Empire – were duplicitous: each was afraid of and scheming against the others to make sure it gained the most from the war and the others would gain little or actually grow weaker with the new postwar balance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987256–258_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987256–258-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="List of battles of the War of the Second Coalition">List of battles of the War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorov%27s_Swiss_campaign" title="Suvorov's Swiss campaign">Suvorov's Swiss campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominally the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Austrian Habsburg</a> rule, also nominally encompassed some other Italian states abolished in 1797, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> states such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">undeclared naval war</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> after Congress authorised a <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">trade deal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and suspended repaying French loans. Hostilities began in June 1798 and concluded in September 1800. The U.S. was never an official member of the Second Coalition.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(August_1801)" title="Treaty of Paris (August 1801)">treaty of Paris (August 1801)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Great Britain until 1800. Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">treaty of Amiens</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(8_October_1801)" title="Treaty of Paris (8 October 1801)">treaty of Paris</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>. Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris (1802)</a> with France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> with France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Left the war signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Badajoz_(1801)" title="Treaty of Badajoz (1801)">Treaty of Badajoz (1801)</a> with Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1801)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1801)">Treaty of Madrid (1801)</a> with France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the refusal to enter in alliance against the Two Sicilies, France declared war on both Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia the same day, December 6. The Piedmontese Republic was proclaimed on 10 December 1798. The Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Cagliari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And other supporting soldiers as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> in captivity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter, M. (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3rd ed.). McFarland. p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clodfelter-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clodfelter_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (in French). p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts+%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249–250_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Blanning, <i>The French Revolutionary Wars</i> pp. 41–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanning, pp. 230–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gallagher. <i>Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme,</i> Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3875-6">978-0-8061-3875-6</a> p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther E. Rothenberg. <i>Napoleon's Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1914,</i> Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-383-2">978-1-86227-383-2</a> pp. 70–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jourdan, pp. 60–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jourdan, pp. 50–60; Rothenberg, pp. 70–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc_coalitieoorlogen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc_coalitieoorlogen_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a> Encyclopaedia</i> (1993–2002) s.v. "coalitieoorlogen §2. Tweede Coalitieoorlogen (1799–1802)". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987249_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987252-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987252_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson Kent</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Duffy, <i>Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799</i> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Lefebvre, <i>The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799</i> (1964), chapter 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Armand Furse, <i>1800 Marengo and Hohenlinden</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. M. Roberts, "The Negotiations Preceding the Peace of Lunéville", <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>, New Series, Vol. 15 (1901), pp. 47–130, esp. 101–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678081">10.2307/3678081</a> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678081">3678081</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski2018" class="citation book cs1">Zamoyski, Adam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/50839555-napoleon"><i>Napoleon: The Man Behind the Myth</i></a>. William Collins Books. pp. 275–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008116095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008116095"><bdi>978-0008116095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Myth&rft.pages=275-277&rft.pub=William+Collins+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0008116095&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F50839555-napoleon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers Mackesy, <i>British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/106127266/british-victory-in-egypt-1801-the-end-of-napoleon-s">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley Pope, <i>The Great Gamble: Nelson at Copenhagen</i> (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgatha_Ramm1967" class="citation cs2">Agatha Ramm (1967), <i>Germany, 1789–1919: A Political History</i>, Methuen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1789%E2%80%931919%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Agatha+Ramm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987246_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987250-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987250_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987256–258-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder1987256–258_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder1987">Schroeder 1987</a>, pp. 256–258.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Acerbi, Enrico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html">"The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition's Left Wing April–June 1799"</a>. Napoleon Series, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. March 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2009.</li> <li>Ashton, John. <i>English caricature and satire on Napoleon I</i>. London: Chatto & Windus, 1888.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.C.W._Blanning" class="mw-redirect" title="T.C.W. Blanning">Blanning, Timothy</a>. <i>The French Revolutionary Wars</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-56911-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-56911-5">0-340-56911-5</a>.</li> <li>Boycott-Brown, Martin. <i>The Road to Rivoli.</i> London: Cassell & Co., 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35305-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35305-1">0-304-35305-1</a>.</li> <li>Bruce, Robert B. et al. <i>Fighting techniques of the Napoleonic Age, 1792–1815</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312375874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312375874">978-0312375874</a></li> <li>Chandler, David. <i>The Campaigns of Napoleon.</i> New York: Macmillan, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8">978-0-02-523660-8</a>; comprehensive coverage of N's battles</li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). <i>Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.</i> Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7">978-0-7006-3025-7</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). <i>The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.</i> Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9">978-0-7006-3034-9</a></li> <li>Dwyer, Philip. <i>Napoleon: The Path to Power</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Path-Power-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00280LN5G/">excerpt vol 1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund,_Steven2010" class="citation book cs1">Englund, Steven (2010). <i>Napoleon: A Political Life</i>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674018037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674018037"><bdi>978-0674018037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0674018037&rft.au=Englund%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gill, John. <i>Thunder on the Danube Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs,</i> Volume 1. London: Frontline Books, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-713-6">978-1-84415-713-6</a>.</li> <li>Griffith, Paddy. <i>The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802</i> (1998)</li> <li>Hochedlinger, Michael. <i>Austria's Wars of Emergence 1683–1797</i>. London: Pearson, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-29084-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-29084-8">0-582-29084-8</a>.</li> <li>Kagan, Frederick W. <i>The End of the Old Order</i>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81545-4">978-0-306-81545-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2016" class="citation web cs1">Kent, Emerson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emersonkent.com/wars_and_battles_in_history/war_of_the_second_coalition_1798.htm">"War of the Second Coalition 1789–1802"</a>. <i>Emerson Kent.com: World History for the Relaxed Historian</i>. Emerson Kent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerson+Kent.com%3A+World+History+for+the+Relaxed+Historian&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Second+Coalition+1789%E2%80%931802&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Emerson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emersonkent.com%2Fwars_and_battles_in_history%2Fwar_of_the_second_coalition_1798.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mackesy, Piers. <i>British Victory in Egypt: The End of Napoleon's Conquest</i> (2010)</li> <li>Mackesy, Piers. <i> War Without Victory: The Downfall of Pitt, 1799–1802</i> (1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1963" class="citation book cs1">Markham, Felix (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968"><i>Napoleon</i></a>. Mentor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.pub=Mentor&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D10369968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span>; 303 pages; short biography by an Oxford scholar</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1998" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1998). <i>Napoleon</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6247-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6247-2"><bdi>0-7126-6247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7126-6247-2&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span>; well-written popular history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Pivka, Otto von</a>. <i>Armies of the Napoleonic Era</i>. New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8008-5471-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8008-5471-3">0-8008-5471-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Weston_Phipps" title="Ramsay Weston Phipps">Phipps, Ramsay Weston</a>. <i>The Armies of the First French Republic</i>, volume 5: The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'état of Brumaire, 1797–1799, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939.</li> <li>Roberts, Andrew. <i>Napoleon: A Life</i> (2014)</li> <li>Rodger, Alexander Bankier. <i>The War of the Second Coalition: 1798 to 1801, a strategic commentary</i> (Clarendon Press, 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> <i>Napoleon's Great Adversary: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814</i>. Spellmount: Stroud, (Gloucester), 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-383-2">978-1-86227-383-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1987" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, Paul W. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879727">"The Collapse of the Second Coalition"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>59</b> (2). The University of Chicago Press: 244–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F243185">10.1086/243185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879727">1879727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144734206">144734206</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Second+Coalition&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=244-290&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144734206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1879727%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F243185&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1879727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schroeder, Paul W. <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i> (1994) 920 pp; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/28171953/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a>. <i>The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.</i> London: Greenhill, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9">1-85367-276-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K45">Klenau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/">"Mesko"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/">"Quosdanovich"</a>. Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith (compilers). <i>A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815</i>. The Napoleon Series, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Retrieved 19 October 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a>. <i>Charge! Great cavalry charges of the Napoleonic Wars.</i> London: Greenhill, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-722-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-722-9">978-1-85367-722-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_J.M.1951" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J.M. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C"><i>Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. Oxford U.P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+Bonaparte%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2uTaPHPnZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Second+Coalition" class="Z3988"></span>, 412 pages; by an Oxford scholar</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Second_Coalition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Second_Coalition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War (1798)</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns</b><br />War of the Second Coalition </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre (1799)</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26749#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26749#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1110553/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4164330-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119413">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120680358">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120680358">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="koaliční válka 2. 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