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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glorious_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Glorious Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glorious_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_ideals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_ideals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Liberal ideals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_ideals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protectionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Protectionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whig_Supremacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whig_Supremacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Whig Supremacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whig_Supremacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_III's_accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_III's_accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>George III's accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_III's_accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>American impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-party_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-party_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Two-party system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-party_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_and_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Structure and appeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Return to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_Liberal_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_Liberal_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Transition to the Liberal Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_Liberal_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Parliament of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Parliament of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Parliament of the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whigs (British political party)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party" title="Whig Party – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Whig Party" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حزب الأحرار البريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الأحرار البريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viql%C9%99r_(Britaniyada_siyasi_partiya)" title="Viqlər (Britaniyada siyasi partiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viqlər (Britaniyada siyasi partiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2)" title="হুইগস (ব্রিটিশ রাজনৈতিক দল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুইগস (ব্রিটিশ রাজনৈতিক দল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Вігі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вігі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Виги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Whig_angl%C3%A8s" title="Partit Whig anglès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Whig anglès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigov%C3%A9" title="Whigové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Whigové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig-partiet" title="Whig-partiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Whig-partiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig" title="Whig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Whig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viigide_Partei" title="Viigide Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viigide Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig" title="Whig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Whig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig" title="Whig – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Whig" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(Erresuma_Batua)" title="Whig (Erresuma Batua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Whig (Erresuma Batua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="ویگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_whig_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Parti whig (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti whig (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuigeanna_(p%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_polait%C3%ADochta)" title="Fuigeanna (páirtí polaitíochta) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuigeanna (páirtí polaitíochta)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%98%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%B9_(%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD)" title="휘그당 (영국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휘그당 (영국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Whig_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Whig (Britania Raya) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Whig (Britania Raya)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggar_(Bretland)" title="Viggar (Bretland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viggar (Bretland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs" title="Whigs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Whigs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הוויגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הוויגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уигтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уигтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig" title="Whig – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Whig" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_%C3%A9s_Whig" title="Tory és Whig – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tory és Whig" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Whig_(United_Kingdom)" title="Parti Whig (United Kingdom) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Whig (United Kingdom)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Whig Party (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whig Party (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="ホイッグ党 (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホイッグ党 (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(historisk_britisk_parti)" title="Whig (historisk britisk parti) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Whig (historisk britisk parti)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigpartiet" title="Whigpartiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Whigpartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA)" title="وگ (برطانوی سیاسی جماعت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وگ (برطانوی سیاسی جماعت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig" title="Whig – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Whig" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_Partia_Wig%C3%B3w" title="Brytyjska Partia Wigów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brytyjska Partia Wigów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Whig_(Reino_Unido)" title="Partido Whig (Reino Unido) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Whig (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Виговці – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Виговці" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Виги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(Breetish_poleetical_pairty)" title="Whigs (Breetish poleetical pairty) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Whigs (Breetish poleetical pairty)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs" title="Whigs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whigs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigovci" title="Whigovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Whigovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigovci" title="Vigovci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vigovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Виговци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виговци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigovci" title="Vigovci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vigovci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigit" title="Whigit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Whigit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs" title="Whigs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Whigs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Partisi_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k)" title="Whig Partisi (Birleşik Krallık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Whig Partisi (Birleşik Krallık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Віги (партія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віги (партія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA)" title="وگ (برطانوی سیاسی جماعت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وگ (برطانوی سیاسی جماعت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political faction in England between 1678 and 1859. For the political party founded in 2014, see <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(British_political_party)" title="Whig Party (British political party)">Whig Party (British political party)</a>. For the 19th-century American political party, see <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (United States)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF7F00; border-bottom:2px solid #FF7F00; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Whigs</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_British_Whig_Party" title="Leaders of the British Whig Party">Leaders</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1678<span class="noprint">; 346 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1678</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1859<span class="noprint">; 165 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1859</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Roundheads</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Party" title="Kirk Party">Kirk Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><b>Factions:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">British</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentarism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-radical_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radical-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF7F00;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hammond" title="Barbara Hammond">Hammond (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Hammond" title="John Lawrence Hammond">Hammond (John Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Trevelyan (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan (George Macaulay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomas_Bass" title="Michael Thomas Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Clegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kennedy" title="Charles Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simon,_1st_Baron_Simon_of_Wythenshawe" title="Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whigs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">Socialism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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.excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical 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href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Whigs</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliaments of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Between the 1680s and the 1850s, the Whigs contested power with their rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>. The Whigs became the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> when the faction merged with the <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> in the 1850s. Many Whigs left the Liberal Party in 1886 over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>, which merged into the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in 1912. </p><p>The Whigs began as a political faction that opposed <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, supporting <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchism">constitutional monarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary government</a>, but also Protestant supremacy. They played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 and were the standing enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart kings and pretenders</a>. The period known as the Whig Supremacy (1714–1760) was enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian succession">Hanoverian succession</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> in 1714 and the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a> by Tory rebels. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715 and thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the legal profession, and local political offices. The first great leader of the Whigs was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, who maintained control of the government from 1721 to 1742, and whose protégé, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a>, led the government from 1743 to 1754. Great Britain approximated a <a href="/wiki/Single_party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Single party state">one-party state</a> under the Whigs until King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> came to the throne in 1760 and allowed Tories back in. But the Whig Party's hold on power remained strong for many years thereafter. Thus historians have called the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the "long period of Whig oligarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the Whigs were the party more sympathetic to American independence and the creation of a democracy in the United States. </p><p>By 1784, both the Whigs and Tories had become formal political parties, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> becoming the leader of a reorganized Whig Party arrayed against <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>'s new Tories. The foundation of both parties depended more on the support of wealthy politicians than on popular votes. Although there were elections to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>, only a few men <a href="/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons" title="Unreformed House of Commons">controlled most of the voters</a>. </p><p>Both parties slowly evolved during the 18th century. In the beginning, the Whig Party generally tended to support the <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> families, the continued disenfranchisement of Catholics and toleration of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> Protestants (<a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenters</a> such as the Presbyterians), while the Tories generally favoured the minor <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> and people who were (<a href="/wiki/Forty_shilling_freeholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty shilling freeholders">relatively speaking</a>) smallholders; they also supported the legitimacy of a strongly <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. (The so-called <a href="/wiki/High_Tories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Tories">High Tories</a> preferred <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> Anglicanism, or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>. Some, particularly adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Non-juring_schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-juring schism">non-juring schism</a>, openly or covertly supported the exiled <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>'s claim to the throne—a position known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>.) Later, the Whigs came to draw support from the emerging industrial reformists and the mercantile class while the Tories came to draw support from farmers, landowners, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">royalists</a> and (relatedly) those who favoured imperial military spending. </p><p>By the first half of the 19th century, the Whig manifesto had come to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">supremacy of parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>, the expansion of the franchise (suffrage) and an acceleration of the move toward <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">complete equal rights for Catholics</a> (a reversal of the party's late-17th-century position, which had been militantly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Whig</i> began as a short form of <i>whiggamore</i>, a term originally used by people in the north of England to refer to (cattle) <a href="/wiki/Droving" title="Droving">drovers</a> from western Scotland who came to <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> to buy corn. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>-speaking Scottish cattle drivers would call out "Chuig" or "Chuig an bothar"—meaning "away" or "to the road"; this sounded to the English like "Whig", and they came to use the word "Whig" or "Whiggamore" derisively to refer to these people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="English Civil Wars">English Civil Wars</a>, when Charles I reigned, the term "Whig" was picked up and used by the English to refer derisively to a radical faction of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a> who called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Party" title="Kirk Party">Kirk Party</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Whiggamore_Raid" title="Whiggamore Raid">Whiggamore Raid</a>). It was later applied to Scottish Presbyterian rebels who were against the king's <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Episcopalian</a> order in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Whig</i> entered English political discourse during the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion Bill">Exclusion Bill</a> crisis of 1679–1681: there was controversy about whether King Charles II's brother, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a>, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and <i>Whig</i> became a term of abuse for members of the <a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(Britain)" title="Country Party (Britain)">Country Party</a>, which sought to remove James from the line of succession on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, a fervent Tory, often joked that "the first Whig was the Devil".).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, Country Party politicians themselves would start describing their own faction as the "Whigs". </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume_book)" title="The History of England (Hume book)">The History of England</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The court party reproached their antagonists with their affinity to the fanatical conventiclers in Scotland, who were known by the name of Whigs: The country party found a resemblance between the courtiers and the popish banditti in Ireland, to whom the appellation of Tory was affixed. And after this manner, these foolish terms of reproach came into public and general use; and even at present seem not nearer their end than when they were first invented.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_parliamentarian_faction">The parliamentarian faction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The parliamentarian faction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The precursor to the Whigs was <a href="/wiki/Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles" title="Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles">Denzil Holles</a>' parliamentarian faction, which was characterised by its opposition to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarchism">absolute monarchism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exclusion Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Ribbon_Club" title="Green Ribbon Club">Green Ribbon Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/220px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/330px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg/440px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, painted more than once during his chancellorship in 1672 by <a href="/wiki/John_Greenhill" title="John Greenhill">John Greenhill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Lord Shaftesbury's leadership, the Whigs (also known as the Country Party) sought to exclude the Duke of York (who later became King James II) from the throne due to his Roman Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism, and his connections to France. They believed the heir presumptive, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty and property.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>The first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a> Parliament and then dissolved it, but the subsequent elections in August and September saw the Whigs' strength increase. This new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, but was rejected in the Lords. Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it after only a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, who promised to support him against the Whigs. Without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to government repression following the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Rye_House_Plot" title="Rye House Plot">Rye House Plot</a>. The Whig peers, the <a href="/wiki/George_Melville,_1st_Earl_of_Melville" title="George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville">Earl of Melville</a>, the <a href="/wiki/David_Leslie-Melville" class="mw-redirect" title="David Leslie-Melville">Earl of Leven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a>, and Charles II's illegitimate son the <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a>, being implicated, fled to and regrouped in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Armstrong">Sir Thomas Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell" title="William Russell, Lord Russell">William Russell, Lord Russell</a>, were executed for treason. The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a> committed suicide in the Tower of London over his arrest for treason, whilst <a href="/wiki/Ford_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Tankerville" title="Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville">Lord Grey of Werke</a> escaped from the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glorious_Revolution">Glorious Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glorious Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_Landing_at_Brixham,_Torbay,_5_November_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/220px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/330px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/440px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wyck" title="Jan Wyck">Jan Wyck</a>, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> and King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> governed with both Whigs and Tories, despite the fact that many of the Tories still supported the deposed Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William saw that the Tories were generally friendlier to royal authority than the Whigs and he employed both groups in his government. His early ministry was largely Tory, but gradually the government came to be dominated by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Junto Whigs</a>, a group of younger Whig politicians who led a tightly organised political grouping. The increasing dominance of the Junto led to a split among the Whigs, with the so-called Country Whigs seeing the Junto as betraying their principles for office. The Country Whigs, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley</a>, gradually merged with the Tory opposition in the later 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_Feiling_1714_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_Feiling_1714-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although William's successor <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> had considerable Tory sympathies and excluded the Junto Whigs from power, after a brief and unsuccessful experiment with an exclusively Tory government she generally continued William's policy of balancing the parties, supported by her moderate Tory ministers, the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Lord Godolphin</a>. However, as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> went on and became less and less popular with the Tories, Marlborough and Godolphin were forced to rely more and more on the Junto Whigs, so that by 1708 they headed an administration of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> dominated by the Junto. Anne herself grew increasingly uncomfortable with this dependence on the Whigs, especially as her personal relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Duchess of Marlborough</a> deteriorated. This situation also became increasingly uncomfortable to many of the non-Junto Whigs, led by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_1st_Duke_of_Shrewsbury" title="Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury">Duke of Shrewsbury</a>, who began to intrigue with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley's</a> Tories. In the spring of 1710, Anne dismissed Godolphin and the Junto ministers, replacing them with Tories.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_Feiling_1714_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_Feiling_1714-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whigs now moved into opposition and particularly decried the 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, which they attempted to block through their majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. The Tory administration led by Harley and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Viscount Bolingbroke</a> persuaded the Queen to create twelve new Tory peers to force the treaty through.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal_ideals">Liberal ideals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberal ideals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></div> <p>The Whigs primarily advocated the supremacy of Parliament, while calling for toleration for Protestant dissenters. They adamantly opposed a Catholic as king.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They opposed the Catholic Church because they saw it as a threat to liberty, or as <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a> stated: "The errors of Rome are rank idolatry, a subversion of all civil as well as religious liberty, and the utter disgrace of reason and of human nature".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcraft and Goldsmith (1983) have traced in detail, in the period 1689 to 1710, the major influence of the liberal political ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> on Whig political values, as expressed in widely cited manifestos such as "Political Aphorisms: or, the True Maxims of Government Displayed", an anonymous pamphlet that appeared in 1690 and was widely cited by Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century Whigs borrowed the concepts and language of universal rights employed by political theorists Locke and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a> (1622–1682).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1770s the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, a founder of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> became important. As Wilson and Reill (2004) note: "Adam Smith's theory melded nicely with the liberal political stance of the Whig Party and its middle-class constituents".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> (1709–1784), a leading London intellectual, repeatedly denigrated the "vile"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whigs and praised the Tories, even during times of Whig political supremacy. In his great <i>Dictionary</i> (1755), Johnson defined a Tory as "one who adheres to the ancient Constitution of the state and the apostolical hierarchy of the Church of England, opposed to a Whig". He linked 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a> with 17th-century revolutionary Puritanism, arguing that the Whigs of his day were similarly inimical to the established order of church and state. Johnson recommended that strict uniformity in religious externals was the best antidote to the objectionable religious traits that he linked to Whiggism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protectionism">Protectionism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protectionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At their inception, the Whigs were <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> in economic policy, with <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> policies being advocated by Tories.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 270–71">: 270–71 </span></sup> The Whigs were opposed to the pro-French policies of the Stuart kings Charles II and James II as they believed that such an alliance with the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> of France endangered liberty and Protestantism. The Whigs claimed that trade with France was bad for England and developed an economic theory of overbalance, that is a deficit of trade with France was bad because it would enrich France at England's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 270–74">: 270–74 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1678, the Whigs passed the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_1678" title="Prohibition of 1678">Prohibition of 1678</a> that banned certain French goods from being imported into England. The economic historian <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">William Ashley</a> claimed that this Act witnessed the "real starting-point in the history of Whig policy in the matter of trade".<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 271">: 271 </span></sup> It was repealed upon the accession of James II by a Tory-dominated House of Commons but upon the accession of William III in 1688 a new <a href="/wiki/Trade_with_France_Act_1688" title="Trade with France Act 1688">Act</a> was passed that prohibited the importation of French goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup> In 1704, the Whigs passed the <a href="/wiki/Trade_with_France_Act_1704" title="Trade with France Act 1704">Trade with France Act</a> that renewed protectionism against France. In 1710, Queen Anne appointed the predominantly Tory <a href="/wiki/Harley_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley Ministry">Harley Ministry</a>, which favoured free trade. When the Tory minister Lord Bolingbroke proposed a commercial treaty with France in 1713 that would have led to freer trade, the Whigs were vehemently against it and it had to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 271, 299">: 271, 299 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1786, Pitt's government negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Agreement" title="Eden Agreement">Eden Agreement</a>, a commercial treaty with France which led to freer trade between the two countries. All of the Whig leaders attacked this on traditional Whig anti-French and protectionist grounds. Fox claimed that France was England's natural enemy and that it was only at Britain's expense that she could grow. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> all spoke out against the trade agreement on the same grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashley claimed that "[t]he traditional policy of the Whig party from before the Revolution [of 1688] down to the time of Fox was an extreme form of Protectionism".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs' protectionism of this period is today increasingly cited with approval by heterodox economists such as <a href="/wiki/Ha-Joon_Chang" title="Ha-Joon Chang">Ha-Joon Chang</a>, who wish to challenge contemporary prevailing free trade orthodoxies via precedents from the past.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, several members from the Whig party came to oppose the protectionism of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, but trade restrictions were not repealed even after the Whigs returned to power in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whig_Supremacy">Whig Supremacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Whig Supremacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Somers,_Baron_Somers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Somers%2C_Baron_Somers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1705</span> portrait of <a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">John Somers, 1st Baron Somers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the succession of <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a> <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George Louis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> as king in 1714, the Whigs returned to government with the support of some <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Tories" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Tories">Hanoverian Tories</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a> discredited much of the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> party as treasonous <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Septennial_Act_1716" class="mw-redirect" title="Septennial Act 1716">Septennial Act</a> ensured that the Whigs became the dominant party, establishing the Whig oligarchy. Between 1717 and 1720 the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Split" title="Whig Split">Whig Split</a> led to a division in the party. Government Whigs led by the former soldier <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope</a> were opposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> and his allies. While Stanhope was backed by George I, Walpole and his supporters were closer to the <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">Prince of Wales</a>. Following his success in defeating the government over the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Bill" title="Peerage Bill">Peerage Bill</a> in 1719, Walpole was invited back into government the following year. He was able to defend the government in the Commons when the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Bubble</a> collapsed. When Stanhope died unexpectedly in 1721, Walpole replaced him as leader of the government and became known as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722 general election</a> the Whigs swept to a decisive victory. </p><p>Between 1714 and 1760, the Tories struggled as an active political force, but always retained a considerable presence in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. The governments of Walpole, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> and his older brother the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a> dominated between 1721 and 1757 (with a brief break during the also-Whig <a href="/wiki/Carteret_ministry" title="Carteret ministry">Carteret ministry</a>). The leading entities in these governments consistently referred to themselves as "Whigs".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_III's_accession"><span id="George_III.27s_accession"></span>George III's accession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: George III's accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This arrangement changed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a>, who hoped to restore his own power by freeing himself from the great Whig magnates. Thus George promoted his old tutor <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Lord Bute</a> to power and broke with the old Whig leadership surrounding the Duke of Newcastle. After a decade of factional chaos, with distinct <a href="/wiki/Bedfordite" title="Bedfordite">Bedfordite</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chathamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenvillite" title="Grenvillite">Grenvillite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs" title="Rockingham Whigs">Rockinghamite</a> factions successively in power and all referring to themselves as "Whigs", a new system emerged with two separate opposition groups. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a> Whigs claimed the mantle of Old Whigs as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. The other group were the followers of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Lord Chatham</a>, who as the great political hero of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> generally took a stance of opposition to party and faction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whigs were opposed by the government of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a> which they accused of being a Tory administration. While it largely consisted of individuals previously associated with the Whigs, many old Pelhamites as well as the Bedfordite Whig faction formerly led by the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a> and elements of that which had been led by <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a>, it also contained elements of the Kings' Men, the group formerly associated with Lord Bute and which was generally seen as Tory-leaning.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_impact">American impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: American impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The association of Toryism with Lord North's government was also influential in the American colonies and writings of British political commentators known as the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a> did much to stimulate colonial <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> sentiment. Early activists in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonies</a> called themselves Whigs,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (November 2015)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> seeing themselves as in alliance with the political opposition in Britain, until they turned to independence and started emphasising the label <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="When and how ow did the patriot label come about? (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In contrast, the American <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>, who supported the monarchy, were consistently also referred to as Tories. </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Whig Party">United States Whig Party</a> was founded in 1833 on the basis of opposition to a strong <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidency</a>, initially the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, analogous to the British Whig opposition to a strong monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/True_Whig_Party" title="True Whig Party">True Whig Party</a>, which for a century dominated <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, was named for the American party rather than directly for the British one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-party_system">Two-party system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two-party system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/300px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/450px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/600px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>In <i>A Block for the Wigs</i> (1783), caricaturist <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>'s return to power in a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Frederick North, Lord North</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> is the blockhead in the centre)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dickinson reports the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All historians are agreed that the Tory party declined sharply in the late 1740s and 1750s and that it ceased to be an organized party by 1760. The research of Sir Lewis Namier and his disciples [...] has convinced all historians that there were no organized political parties in Parliament between the late 1750s and the early 1780s. Even the Whigs ceased to be an identifiable party, and Parliament was dominated by competing political connections, which all proclaimed Whiggish political views, or by independent backbenchers unattached to any particular group.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The North administration left power in March 1782 following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and a coalition of the Rockingham Whigs and the former Chathamites, now led by the <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Earl of Shelburne</a>, took its place. After Rockingham's unexpected death in July 1782, this uneasy coalition fell apart, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, Rockingham's successor as faction leader, quarrelling with Shelburne and withdrawing his supporters from the government. The following Shelburne administration was short-lived and Fox returned to power in April 1783, this time in an unexpected coalition with his old enemy Lord North. Although this pairing seemed unnatural to many at the time, it was to last beyond the demise of the coalition in December 1783. The coalition's untimely fall was brought about by George III in league with the House of Lords and the King now brought in Chatham's son <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> as his prime minister. </p><p>It was only now that a genuine two-party system can be seen to emerge, with Pitt and the government on the one side, and the ousted Fox-North coalition on the other. On 17 December 1783, Fox stated in the House of Commons that "[i]f [...] a change must take place, and a new ministry is to be formed and supported, not by the confidence of this House or the public, but the sole authority of the Crown, I, for one, shall not envy that hon. gentleman his situation. From that moment I put in my claim for a monopoly of Whig principles".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Pitt is often referred to as a Tory and Fox as a Whig, Pitt always considered himself to be an independent Whig and generally opposed the development of a strict partisan political system. Fox's supporters saw themselves as legitimate heirs of the Whig tradition and they strongly opposed Pitt in his early years in office, notably during the regency crisis revolving around the King's temporary insanity in 1788–1789, when Fox and his allies supported full powers as regent for their ally, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. </p><p>The opposition Whigs were split by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. While Fox and some younger members of the party such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a> were sympathetic to the French revolutionaries, others led by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> were strongly opposed. Although Burke himself was largely alone in defecting to Pitt in 1791, much of the rest of the party, including the influential House of Lords leader the <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>, Rockingham's nephew <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzwilliam,_4th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam">Lord Fitzwilliam</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Windham" title="William Windham">William Windham</a>, were increasingly uncomfortable with the flirtations of Fox and his allies with radicalism and the French Revolution. They split in early 1793 with Fox over the question of support for the war with France and by the end of the year they had openly broken with Fox. By the summer of the next year, large portions of the opposition had defected and joined Pitt's government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grey2.JPG/220px-Grey2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grey2.JPG/330px-Grey2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grey2.JPG/440px-Grey2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Earl_Grey" title="Portrait of Earl Grey">Portrait of Earl Grey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, 1820. Grey led the Whigs for many years in opposition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Whigs who had joined with Pitt would eventually return to the fold, joining again with Fox in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a> following Pitt's death in 1806. The followers of Pitt—led until 1809 by Fox's old colleague the Duke of Portland—rejected the label of Tories and preferred to call themselves <a href="/wiki/Pittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittite">The Friends of Mr. Pitt</a>. After the fall of the Talents ministry in 1807, the Foxite Whigs remained out of power for the better part of 25 years. The accession of Fox's old ally, the Prince of Wales, to the regency in 1811 did not change the situation, as the Prince had broken entirely with his old Foxite Whig companions. The members of the government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> from 1812 to 1827 called themselves Whigs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure_and_appeal">Structure and appeal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Structure and appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1815, the Whigs were still far from being a "party" in the modern sense. They had no definite programme or policy and were by no means even united. Generally, they stood for reducing crown patronage, sympathy towards <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>, support for the interests of merchants and bankers and a leaning towards the idea of a limited reform of the voting system.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Whig leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Grenville">Lord Grenville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Althorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Althorp">Lord Althorp</a>, William Lamb (later <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, were still rich landowners. The most prominent exception was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a>, the talented lawyer, who had a relatively modest background.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hay argues that Whig leaders welcomed the increasing political participation of the English middle classes in the two decades after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The fresh support strengthened their position in Parliament. Whigs rejected the Tory appeals to governmental authority and social discipline and extended political discussion beyond Parliament. Whigs used a national network of newspapers and magazines as well as local clubs to deliver their message. The press organised petitions and debates and reported to the public on government policy, while leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> (1778–1868) built alliances with men who lacked direct representation. This new approach to the grass roots helped to define Whiggism and opened the way for later success. Whigs thereby forced the government to recognise the role of public opinion in parliamentary debate and influenced views of representation and reform throughout the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_power">Return to power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Return to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg/220px-William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg/330px-William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg/440px-William_Lamb%2C_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Melbourne_(Partridge)" title="Portrait of Lord Melbourne (Partridge)">Portrait of Lord Melbourne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)" title="John Partridge (artist)">John Partridge</a>. Melbourne was twice Prime Minister during the 1830s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whigs restored their unity by supporting moral reforms, especially the abolition of slavery. They triumphed in 1830 as champions of Parliamentary reform. They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830–1834 and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> championed by Grey became their signature measure. It broadened the franchise and ended the system of "<a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">rotten and pocket boroughs</a>" (where elections were controlled by powerful families) and instead redistributed power on the basis of population. It added 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in England and Wales. Only the upper and middle classes voted, so this shifted power away from the landed aristocracy to the urban middle classes. In 1832, the party abolished enslavement in the British Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>. It purchased and freed the slaves, especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands. After parliamentary investigations demonstrated the horrors of child labour, limited reforms were passed in 1833. The Whigs also passed the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act 1834</a> that reformed the administration of relief to the poor<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1836" title="Marriage Act 1836">Marriage Act 1836</a> that allowed civil marriages. </p><p>It was around this time that the great Whig historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a> began to promulgate what would later be coined the <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig view of history</a>, in which all of English history was seen as leading up to the culminating moment of the passage of Lord Grey's reform bill. This view led to serious distortions in later portrayals of 17th-century and 18th-century history, as Macaulay and his followers attempted to fit the complex and changing factional politics of the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> into the neat categories of 19th-century political divisions. </p><p>In 1836, a private gentleman's Club was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> as a consequence of the successful <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellice_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Ellice Sr.">Edward Ellice Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP for Coventry</a> and Whig <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a>, whose riches came from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> but whose zeal was chiefly devoted to securing the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. This new club, for members of both Houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, was intended to be a forum for the <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> ideas which the First Reform Bill represented: a bastion of liberal and progressive thought that became closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, who largely succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig Party (UK)">Whigs</a> in the second half of the 19th century. </p><p>Until the decline of the Liberal Party in the early 20th century, it was <i>de rigueur</i> for Liberal MPs and peers to be members of the Reform Club, being regarded as an unofficial party headquarters. However, in 1882 the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Club" title="National Liberal Club">National Liberal Club</a> was established under <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>'s chairmanship, designed to be more "inclusive" towards Liberal <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">grandees</a> and activists throughout the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_the_Liberal_Party">Transition to the Liberal Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transition to the Liberal Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> (the term was first used officially in 1868, but had been used colloquially for decades beforehand) arose from a coalition of Whigs, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> Tory followers of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> and free trade <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a>, first created, tenuously under the <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a> in 1852 and put together more permanently under the former <a href="/wiki/Canningite" title="Canningite">Canningite</a> Tory <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> in 1859. Although the Whigs at first formed the most important part of the coalition, the Whiggish elements of the new party progressively lost influence during the long leadership of former Peelite William Ewart Gladstone. Subsequently, the majority of the old Whig aristocracy broke from the party over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Irish_home_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish home rule">Irish home rule</a> in 1886 to help form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>, which in turn would merge with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> by 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Unionist support for trade protection in the early twentieth century under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> (probably the least Whiggish character in the Liberal Unionist party) further alienated the more orthodox Whigs. By the early twentieth century "Whiggery" was largely irrelevant and without a natural political home. One of the last active politicians to celebrate his Whiggish roots was the Liberal Unionist statesman <a href="/wiki/Henry_James,_1st_Baron_James_of_Hereford" title="Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford">Henry James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colours of the Whig Party (<a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a>, a yellow-brown colour named after <a href="/wiki/Buff_leather" title="Buff leather">buff leather</a>) were particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> in "Here's a health to them that's awa" wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>It's guid to support Caledonia's cause<br /> And bide by the Buff and the Blue. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>"The British Whig March" for piano was written by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Telgmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Telgmann">Oscar Telgmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punk band <a href="/wiki/The_Men_That_Will_Not_Be_Blamed_for_Nothing" title="The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing">The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing</a> have a song named "Doing It for the Whigs". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electoral performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Whig_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Whig Party MPs (UK)">List of Whig Party MPs (UK)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_of_England"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parliament of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1661_English_general_election" title="1661 English general election">1661</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Denzil_Holles,_1st_Baron_Holles" title="Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles">Denzil Holles</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="12" bgcolor="#DDDDDD" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">139 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>139 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/March_1679_English_general_election" title="March 1679 English general election">March 1679</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">218 / 522</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 79 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Plurality </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/October_1679_English_general_election" title="October 1679 English general election">October 1679</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">310 / 530</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 92 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1681_English_general_election" title="1681 English general election">1681</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">309 / 502</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1685_English_general_election" title="1685 English general election">1685</a> </th> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">John Somers</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 525</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 252 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1689_English_general_election" title="1689 English general election">1689</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">319 / 551</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 262 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1690_English_general_election" title="1690 English general election">1690</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">241 / 512</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 78 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1695_English_general_election" title="1695 English general election">1695</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">257 / 513</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1698_English_general_election" title="1698 English general election">1698</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">246 / 513</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Plurality </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/January_1701_English_general_election" title="January 1701 English general election">January 1701</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">219 / 513</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1701_English_general_election" title="November 1701 English general election">November 1701</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">248 / 513</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 29 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Plurality </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1705_English_general_election" title="1705 English general election">1705</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">184 / 513</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 49 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_of_Great_Britain"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parliament of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1708_British_general_election" title="1708 British general election">1708</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">John Somers</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="17" bgcolor="#DDDDDD" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">291 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 45 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1710_British_general_election" title="1710 British general election">1710</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 95 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1713_British_general_election" title="1713 British general election">1713</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">161 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 25 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">341 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 180 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">389 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 48 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1727_British_general_election" title="1727 British general election">1727</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">415 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 74%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">330 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 85 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">286 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 44 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">338 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 52 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">368 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 30 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">446 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 80%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 78 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Augustus FitzRoy</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#DDDDDD" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Charles Watson-Wentworth</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">215 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> unknown </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">254 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 39 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">155 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 99 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1790_British_general_election" title="1790 British general election">1790</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">183 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">95 / 558</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 88 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parliament of the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="9" bgcolor="#DDDDDD" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">269 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 184 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">431 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 162 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">213 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 218 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">175 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">215 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 40 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">198 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">370 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 174 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a> </th> <td>554,719 </td> <td>67.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">441 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 71 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb</a> </td> <td>349,868 </td> <td>57.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">385 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 56 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a> </th> <td>418,331 </td> <td>51.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">344 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 41 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a> </th> <td>273,902 </td> <td>46.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">271 / 658</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 73 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell</a> </td> <td>259,311 </td> <td>53.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">292 / 656</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a> </th> <td>430,882 </td> <td>57.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">324 / 654</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple</a> </td> <td>464,127 </td> <td>65.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">377 / 654</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 53 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a> </th> <td>372,117 </td> <td>65.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">356 / 654</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-18th-century_Whig_plots" title="Early-18th-century Whig plots">Early-18th-century Whig plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Clubs_(Whig_club)" title="King of Clubs (Whig club)">King of Clubs (Whig club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Whig_and_allied_party_leaders,_1801%E2%80%931859" title="List of United Kingdom Whig and allied party leaders, 1801–1859">List of United Kingdom Whig and allied party leaders (1801–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_government" title="Whig government">Whig government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (United States)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many Whigs were members of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, but the party attracted much support from <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenting Protestants</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Whig-Party-England">"Whig and Tory"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Whig+and+Tory&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWhig-Party-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2014" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Alan (2014). "The Liberal Party: A Question of Origins: The Whigs and the politics of Reform". In Routlegde (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJWbBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism: 1776–1988</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89905-1"><bdi>978-1-317-89905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Party%3A+A+Question+of+Origins%3A+The+Whigs+and+the+politics+of+Reform&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+British+Liberalism%3A+1776%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89905-1&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJWbBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach2015" class="citation book cs1">Leach, Robert (2015). Macmillan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=JHfbCQAAQBAJ"><i>Political Ideology in Britain</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33256-1"><bdi>978-1-137-33256-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHfbCQAAQBAJ">the original</a> on 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+in+Britain&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33256-1&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHfbCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2017" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Norman (2017). Macmillan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414045003/https://books.google.com/books?id=XppMDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mastering Modern British History</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60388-3"><bdi>978-1-137-60388-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XppMDwAAQBAJ">the original</a> on 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Modern+British+History&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60388-3&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXppMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrampp2021" class="citation journal cs1">Grampp, William D. (2021). "How Britain Turned to Free Trade". <i>The Business History Review</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 86–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3115775">10.2307/3115775</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115775">3115775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154050334">154050334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=How+Britain+Turned+to+Free+Trade&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-112&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154050334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3115775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3115775&rft.aulast=Grampp&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeroen_DeploigeGita_Deneckere2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeroen Deploige; Gita Deneckere, eds. (2006). <i>Mystifying the Monarch: Studies on Discourse, Power, and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-767-8"><bdi>978-90-5356-767-8</bdi></a>. <q>... preference for the (conservative-liberal) Whigs. But until the second half of the nineteenth century, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystifying+the+Monarch%3A+Studies+on+Discourse%2C+Power%2C+and+History&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-767-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfraim_Podoksik2013" class="citation book cs1">Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013). <i>In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott</i>. Imprint Academic. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-468-0"><bdi>978-1-84540-468-0</bdi></a>. <q>... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Modernity%3A+Vision+and+Philosophy+in+Michael+Oakeshott&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-468-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/whigs-and-tories">"Whigs and Tories"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whigs+and+Tories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fwhigs-and-tories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radical-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radical_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Frey2020" class="citation book cs1">James Frey, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXP6DwAAQBAJ&dq=leftist+%22Radicals%22+Britain+1859&pg=PR30"><i>The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. p. XXX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-905-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-905-7"><bdi>978-1-62466-905-7</bdi></a>. <q>British politics of the first half of the nineteenth century was an ideological spectrum, with the Tories, or Conservative Party, on the right, the Whigs as liberal-centrists, and the radicals on the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Rebellion%2C+1857%E2%80%931859%3A+A+Short+History+with+Documents&rft.pages=XXX&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-905-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXP6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dleftist%2B%2522Radicals%2522%2BBritain%2B1859%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Jonathan Charles Douglas (2000). <i>English Society, 1660–1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics During the Ancien Régime</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Society%2C+1660%E2%80%931832%3A+Religion%2C+Ideology+and+Politics+During+the+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Charles+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2004" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William (2004). <i>The Whig Revival, 1808–1830</i>. Springer. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1771-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-1771-X"><bdi>1-4039-1771-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Revival%2C+1808%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4039-1771-X&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrent1987" class="citation journal cs1">Brent, Richard (1987). "The Whigs and Protestant Dissent in the Decade of Reform: The Case of Church Rates, 1833–1841". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>102</b> (405): 887–910. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/572000">572000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Whigs+and+Protestant+Dissent+in+the+Decade+of+Reform%3A+The+Case+of+Church+Rates%2C+1833%E2%80%931841&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=405&rft.pages=887-910&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F572000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brent&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesSzechi2014" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Geoffrey; Szechi, D. (2014). <i>The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain 1722–1783</i>. Routledge. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89426-1"><bdi>978-1-317-89426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Oligarchy%3A+Pre-Industrial+Britain+1722%E2%80%931783&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89426-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Szechi%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevy1950" class="citation book cs1">Halevy, Elie (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofenglshp0000elie"><i>A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, III; the Triumph of Reform (1830-1841)</i></a>. pp. 60–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+People+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+III%3B+the+Triumph+of+Reform+%281830-1841%29&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Halevy&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofenglshp0000elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/gd/en/chuig%20an%20bothar">"Chuig an bothar in English"</a>. <i>Glosbe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glosbe.com&rft.atitle=Chuig+an+bothar+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglosbe.com%2Fgd%2Fen%2Fchuig%2520an%2520bothar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2005). <i>Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9191-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9191-7"><bdi>0-7139-9191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration%3A+Charles+II+and+His+Kingdoms+1660%E2%80%931685&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7139-9191-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillman1974" class="citation journal cs1">Willman, Robert (1974). "The Origins of 'Whig' and 'Tory' in English Political Language". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 247–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638297">2638297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+%27Whig%27+and+%27Tory%27+in+English+Political+Language&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-64&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638297%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Willman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbould1990" class="citation book cs1">Newbould, Ian (1990). <i>Whiggery and reform, 1830–41</i>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-53124-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-53124-8"><bdi>0-333-53124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whiggery+and+reform%2C+1830%E2%80%9341&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-333-53124-8&rft.aulast=Newbould&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David (1797). "LXVIII". <i>The History of England</i>. <b>VIII</b>. London. p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1961" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. R. (1961). <i>The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678–1683</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1431479">1431479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Whigs.+The+Politics+of+the+Exclusion+Crisis.+1678%E2%80%931683&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1431479&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd1966" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Gerrit P. (1966). <i>A History of Civilization</i>. New York: Macmillan. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224015746">224015746</a>. <q>Some [Tories] remained loyal to James II</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224015746&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith_Feiling_1714-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_Feiling_1714_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keith_Feiling_1714_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiling1924" class="citation book cs1">Feiling, Keith (1924). <i>A History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503503">503503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Tory+Party%2C+1640%E2%80%931714&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503503&rft.aulast=Feiling&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The twelve peers consisted of two who were <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">summoned in their father's baronies</a>, Lords Compton (Northampton) and Bruce (Ailesbury); and ten recruits, namely Lords Hay (Kinnoull), Mountjoy, Burton (Paget), Mansell, Middleton, Trevor, Lansdowne, Masham, Foley and Bathurst. David Backhouse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/eseminars/sem17.html#3">"Tory Tergiversation In The House of Lords, 1714–1760"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628080733/http://www.history.ac.uk/eseminars/sem17.html#3">Archived</a> 28 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Whiggism"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whiggism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1949" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Basil (1949). <i>The Whig Supremacy: 1714–1760</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2963203">2963203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Supremacy%3A+1714%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2963203&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraftGoldsmith1983" class="citation journal cs1">Ashcraft, Richard; Goldsmith, M. M. (1983). "Locke, Revolution Principles, and the Formation of Whig Ideology". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 773–800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00012693">10.1017/S0018246X00012693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Locke%2C+Revolution+Principles%2C+and+the+Formation+of+Whig+Ideology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=773-800&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00012693&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZook2002" class="citation journal cs1">Zook, Melinda S. (2002). "The Restoration Remembered: The First Whigs and the Making of their History". <i>Seventeenth Century</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 213–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2002.10555509">10.1080/0268117X.2002.10555509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeenth+Century&rft.atitle=The+Restoration+Remembered%3A+The+First+Whigs+and+the+Making+of+their+History&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-34&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2002.10555509&rft.aulast=Zook&rft.aufirst=Melinda+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReill2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ellen; Reill, Peter (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment</i>. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.pages=298&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Reill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boswell's Life of Johnson, Vol 2, p502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Chapin, Chester (1990). "Religion and the Nature of Samuel Johnson's Toryism". <i>Cithara</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 38–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cithara&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Nature+of+Samuel+Johnson%27s+Toryism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38-54&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=Chester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashley-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashley_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1900" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, W. J. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_hh8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>Surveys: Historic and Economic</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surveys%3A+Historic+and+Economic&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_hh8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1909" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, Henry Offley (1909). <i>Charles James Fox</i>. London: Gibbings and Company. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679500221">679500221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Gibbings+and+Company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679500221&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Offley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, W. J. (1998). <i>The Tariff Problem</i>. London: Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19467-9"><bdi>0-415-19467-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tariff+Problem&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-19467-9&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa-Joon_Chang2010" class="citation book cs1">Ha-Joon Chang (2010). <i>23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-328-1"><bdi>978-1-84614-328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=23+Things+They+Don%27t+Tell+You+About+Capitalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-328-1&rft.au=Ha-Joon+Chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/corn-laws-guide-what-impact-why-repealed-benefit/">"The 1815–46 Corn Laws: your guide to the crisis and why they were repealed"</a>. <i>History Extra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Extra&rft.atitle=The+1815%E2%80%9346+Corn+Laws%3A+your+guide+to+the+crisis+and+why+they+were+repealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fvictorian%2Fcorn-laws-guide-what-impact-why-repealed-benefit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsStuart1962" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Basil; Stuart, C. H. (1962). <i>The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827608">827608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Supremacy%2C+1714%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827608&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft.au=Stuart%2C+C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElofson1996" class="citation book cs1">Elofson, Warren M. (1996). <i>The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party 1768–1773</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1388-4"><bdi>0-7735-1388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rockingham+Connection+and+the+Second+Founding+of+the+Whig+Party+1768%E2%80%931773&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7735-1388-4&rft.aulast=Elofson&rft.aufirst=Warren+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiling1938" class="citation book cs1">Feiling, Keith (1938). <i>The Second Tory Party, 1714–1832</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932376">932376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Tory+Party%2C+1714%E2%80%931832&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932376&rft.aulast=Feiling&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1973" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). <i>The American Whigs: An Anthology</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-41671-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-41671-1"><bdi>0-471-41671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Whigs%3A+An+Anthology&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-471-41671-1&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. T. Dickinson, "Tories: 1714–1830", in David Loades, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 2:1279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parliamentary History, xxiv, 213, 222, cited in Foord, <i>His Majesty's Opposition</i>, 1714–1830, p. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1982" class="citation book cs1">Christie, I. R. (1982). <i>Wars and Revolutions. Britain 1760–1815</i>. London: Edward Arnold. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6158-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6158-2"><bdi>0-7131-6158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Revolutions.+Britain+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7131-6158-2&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2009" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Norman (2009). <i>Mastering modern British history</i>. Palgrave master series (4th ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20556-7"><bdi>978-0-230-20556-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+modern+British+history&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.series=Palgrave+master+series&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20556-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1998" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Norman (1998). <i>Mastering Modern British History</i> (3rd ed.). pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-72106-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-72106-3"><bdi>0-333-72106-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Modern+British+History&rft.pages=9-10&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-72106-3&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Anthony Hay, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'If There Is a Mob, There Is Also a People': Middle Class Politics and The Whig Revival, 1810–1830", <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers</i> (2000), pp. 396–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. L. Woodward, <i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i> (1938), pp. 120–145, 325–330, 354–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorritt1912" class="citation journal cs1">Porritt, Edward (1912). "Political Parties on the Eve of Home Rule". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>195</b> (676): 333–342. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2397">0029-2397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25119718">25119718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Political+Parties+on+the+Eve+of+Home+Rule&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=676&rft.pages=333-342&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25119718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0029-2397&rft.aulast=Porritt&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1909/nov/29/finance-bill-1#S5LV0004P0_19091129_HOL_23">"Finance BILL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 29 November 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308025813/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1909/nov/29/finance-bill-1#S5LV0004P0_19091129_HOL_23">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Finance+BILL.&rft.date=1909-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1909%2Fnov%2F29%2Ffinance-bill-1%23S5LV0004P0_19091129_HOL_23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s2notesqueries01londuoft/page/268/mode/2up">"Blue and Buff"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a></i>. 2nd ser. <b>1</b> (14): 269. 5 April 1856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Blue+and+Buff&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1856-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fs2notesqueries01londuoft%2Fpage%2F268%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707153429/http://amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca/m5-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=-1&id=544315.1058422&v=1&lvl=1&coll=17&rt=1&itm=5375807&rsn=S_WWWbeaPPbvVu&all=1&dt=AW+%7CTelgmann%7C&spi=-&rp=1&vo=1">"Search Sheet Music – Sheet Music From Canada's Past – Library and Archives Canada"</a>. <i>amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca/m5-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=-1&id=544315.1058422&v=1&lvl=1&coll=17&rt=1&itm=5375807&rsn=S_WWWbeaPPbvVu&all=1&dt=AW+%7CTelgmann%7C&spi=-&rp=1&vo=1">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Search+Sheet+Music+%E2%80%93+Sheet+Music+From+Canada%27s+Past+%E2%80%93+Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fm5-bin%2FMain%2FItemDisplay%3Fl%3D0%26l_ef_l%3D-1%26id%3D544315.1058422%26v%3D1%26lvl%3D1%26coll%3D17%26rt%3D1%26itm%3D5375807%26rsn%3DS_WWWbeaPPbvVu%26all%3D1%26dt%3DAW%2B%257CTelgmann%257C%26spi%3D-%26rp%3D1%26vo%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2001). <i>Walpole in Power</i>. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2523-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2523-X"><bdi>0-7509-2523-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walpole+in+Power&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7509-2523-X&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1976" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, John (1976). <i>Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Ideology+and+Popular+Politics+at+the+Accession+of+George+III&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1981" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John Ashton, ed. (1981). <i>The Whig Ascendancy: Colloquies on Hanoverian England</i>. Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6277-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6277-5"><bdi>0-7131-6277-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Ascendancy%3A+Colloquies+on+Hanoverian+England&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7131-6277-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarswell1954" class="citation book cs1">Carswell, John (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldcause002664mbp/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Old Cause: Three Biographical Studies in Whiggism</i></a>. London: Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Cause%3A+Three+Biographical+Studies+in+Whiggism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cresset+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Carswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldcause002664mbp%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._T._Dickinson" title="H. T. Dickinson">Dickinson, H. T.</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walpolewhigsupre0000dick"><i>Walpole and the Whig Supremacy</i></a></span>. English Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-11515-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-11515-7"><bdi>0-340-11515-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walpole+and+the+Whig+Supremacy&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-340-11515-7&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalpolewhigsupre0000dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elofson, Warren M. <i>The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party 1768–1773</i> (1996).</li> <li>Fairlie, Henry. "Oratory in Political Life," <i>History Today</i> (Jan 1960) 10#1 pp 3–13. A survey of political oratory in Britain from 1730 to 1960.</li> <li>Feiling, Keith; <i>A History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714</i>, 1924 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6610420">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116151514/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?a=o&d=6610420">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Feiling, Keith; <i>The Second Tory Party, 1714–1832</i>, 1938 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58567794">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116151515/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?a=o&d=58567794">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Forbes, Suzanne. "Whigs and Tories, 1709–1712." in<i>Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714</i> (Palgrav</li> <li>Halevy, Elie. <i>A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, III; the Triumph of Reform (1830-1841)</i> (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofenglshp0000elie">online</a></li> <li>Hill, Brian W. <i>British parliamentary parties, 1742-1832 : from the fall of Walpole to the first Reform Act</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishparliamen00hill">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Harris_(Birmingham_Liberal)" title="William Harris (Birmingham Liberal)">Harris, William</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyradicalp00ggoog"><i>The History of the Radical Party in Parliament</i></a>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Radical+Party+in+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench+%26+Co.&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryradicalp00ggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2005" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William Anthony (2005). <i>The Whig Revival: 1808–1830</i>. Studies in Modern History. Palgreave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1771-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-1771-X"><bdi>1-4039-1771-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Revival%3A+1808%E2%80%931830&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=Palgreave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-1771-X&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holmes, Geoffrey. "British Politics in the Age of Anne" (2nd ed. 1987).</li> <li>Jones; J. R. <i>The First Whigs: The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis, 1678–1683</i>, 1961 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050104181309/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98156041">online edition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._McCallum" title="R. B. McCallum">McCallum; Ronald Buchanan</a>. <i>The Liberal Party from Earl Grey to Asquith</i> (1963).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Marshall_(historian)" title="Dorothy Marshall (historian)">Marshall, Dorothy</a>. <i>Eighteenth Century England</i> (1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706101236/http://www.questia.com/library/1619658/eighteenth-century-england">online</a>. A standard scholarly history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Mitchell_(historian)" title="Leslie Mitchell (historian)">Mitchell, L. G.</a> (1971). <i>Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782–1794</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821838-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821838-9"><bdi>0-19-821838-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+James+Fox+and+the+Disintegration+of+the+Whig+Party%2C+1782%E2%80%931794&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-821838-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Mitchell, Austin</a> (1967). <i>The Whigs in Opposition, 1815–1830</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whigs+in+Opposition%2C+1815%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Gorman, Frank (1989). <i>Voters, patrons, and parties: the unreformed electoral system of Hanoverian England 1734–1832</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voters%2C+patrons%2C+and+parties%3A+the+unreformed+electoral+system+of+Hanoverian+England+1734%E2%80%931832&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=O%27Gorman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">Plumb, J. H.</a> (1967). <i>Growth of Political Stability in England 1675–1725</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+of+Political+Stability+in+England+1675%E2%80%931725&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reid, Loren Dudley. <i>Charles James Fox: A Man for the People</i> (1969) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesjamesfoxm0000reid/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Roszman, Jay R. "'Ireland as a Weapon of Warfare': Whigs, Tories, and the Problem of Irish Outrages, 1835 To 1839." <i>Historical Journal</i> 60.4 (2017): 971–995.</li> <li>Southgate, Donald. <i>The passing of the Whigs, 1832-1886</i> (Macmillan, 1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingofwhigs180000dona/page/n8/mode/1up">online</a>.</li> <li>Speck, W. A. <i>Stability and Strife: England, 1714–1760</i> (1977), A standard scholarly history.</li> <li>Trevelyan, George Otto. <i>The Early History of Charles James Fox</i> (1880) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJcgAAAAMAAJ">online edition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Williams, Basil</a>, and C. H. Stuart; <i>The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760</i> (1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whigsupremacy171001761mbp/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a>, a standard scholarly survey</li> <li>Willman, Robert. "The Origins of 'Whig' and 'Tory' in English Political Language." <i>Historical Journal</i> 17, no. 2 (1974): 247–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638297">online</a>.</li> <li>Woodward; E. L. <i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i> (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.524474/page/n3/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hill, Brain W. "II. Executive Monarchy and the Challenge of Parties, 1689–1832: Two Concepts of Government and Two Historiographical Interpretations." <i>The Historical Journal</i> (1970) 13#3 pp: 379–401. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0018246X00009249">abstract</a>.</li> <li>Hone, Joseph. "John Darby and the Whig Canon." <i>Historical Journal</i> 1-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/271583/933EB261-5526-438F-9F48-B1D34A98C72C.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202622/https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/271583/933EB261-5526-438F-9F48-B1D34A98C72C.pdf">Archived</a> 24 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Loades, David ed. <i>Readers Guide to British History</i> (2003) 2:1353–56.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">Pocock, J. G. A.</a> (1985). "The varieties of whiggism from exclusion to reform: a history of ideology and discourse". <i>Virtue, Commerce, and History: essays on political thought and history, chiefly in the eighteenth century</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+varieties+of+whiggism+from+exclusion+to+reform%3A+a+history+of+ideology+and+discourse&rft.btitle=Virtue%2C+Commerce%2C+and+History%3A+essays+on+political+thought+and+history%2C+chiefly+in+the+eighteenth+century&rft.pages=215-310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhigs+%28British+political+party%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas, Peter D. G. "Party Politics in Eighteenth‐Century Britain: Some Myths and a Touch of Reality." <i>Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies</i> (1987) 10#2 pp. 201–210.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eagles, Robin. <i>The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. General Editor Paul Langford. Volume IV: Party, Parliament, and the Dividing of the Whigs 1780–1794</i> Edited by PJ Marshall and Donald C. Bryant. (Oxford University Press. 2015). xvi, 674 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/08/06.htm">Karl Marx on the Tories and the Whigs (1852)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_political_parties_in_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Template:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Template talk:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_Irish_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic Irish parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_political_parties_in_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Defunct political parties in <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">to 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League" title="All-for-Ireland League">All-for-Ireland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Union" title="Catholic Union">Catholic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healyite_Nationalist" title="Healyite Nationalist">Healyite Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Government_Association" title="Home Government Association">Home Government Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party" title="Independent Irish Party">Independent Irish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Federation" title="Irish National Federation">Irish National Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Association" title="Irish Reform Association">Irish Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Irish Socialist Republican Party">Irish Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_League" title="United Irish League">United Irish League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Irish Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Loyal_and_Patriotic_Union" title="Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union">Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Metropolitan_Conservative_Society" title="Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society">Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-UK parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">post 1918</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Communist_Organisation" title="British and Irish Communist Organisation">British and Irish Communist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organisation_in_the_British_Isles" title="Communist Organisation in the British Isles">Communist Organisation in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(1933)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (1933)">Communist Party of Ireland (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Independent Socialist Party (Ireland)">Independent Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Worker_League" title="Irish Worker League">Irish Worker League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Workers Group">Irish Workers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Group_(1976)" title="Irish Workers' Group (1976)">Irish Workers' Group (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Party_(1926)" title="Irish Workers' Party (1926)">Irish Workers' Party (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Party" title="Irish Workers' Party">Irish Workers' Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans" title="League of Communist Republicans">League of Communist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_a_Workers%27_Republic" title="League for a Workers' Republic">League for a Workers' Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_Cowan#The_Vanguard_Movement" title="Peadar Cowan">Vanguard Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Groups" title="Revolutionary Workers' Groups">Revolutionary Workers' Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire" title="Saor Éire">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ireland_(1904)" title="Socialist Party of Ireland (1904)">Socialist Party of Ireland (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ireland_(1971)" title="Socialist Party of Ireland (1971)">Socialist Party of Ireland (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="World Socialist Party (Ireland)">World Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Socialist_Party" title="Cork Socialist Party">Cork Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)">Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Labour Party (Ireland)">National Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Democrats" title="National Progressive Democrats">National Progressive Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo%E2%80%93Leitrim_Independent_Socialist_Organisation" title="Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation">Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)">Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Ireland)" title="United Left (Ireland)">United Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_Alliance" title="United Left Alliance">United Left Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ireland_Anti-Partition_League" title="All Ireland Anti-Partition League">All Ireland Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aontacht_%C3%89ireann" title="Aontacht Éireann">Aontacht Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_%C3%89ireann" title="Clann Éireann">Clann Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta" title="Clann na Poblachta">Clann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_Poblachta" title="Cumann na Poblachta">Cumann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Poblachta_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann">Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Independent Fianna Fáil">Independent Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Anti-Partition_League" title="Irish Anti-Partition League">Irish Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_1924)" title="National Party (Ireland, 1924)">National Party (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Council_for_Unity" title="Northern Council for Unity">Northern Council for Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Democrats_of_Ireland" title="Community Democrats of Ireland">Community Democrats of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Ireland" title="Liberal Party of Ireland">Liberal Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Progressive_League" title="Women's Social and Progressive League">Women's Social and Progressive League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Talmhan" title="Clann na Talmhan">Clann na Talmhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Farmers' Party (Ireland)">Farmers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Democratic Party (Ireland)">National Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Group" title="Business and Professional Group">Business and Professional Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Civic_Party" title="Cork Civic Party">Cork Civic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal">Cumann na nGaedheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Ireland" title="Libertas Ireland">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Centre Party (Ireland)">National Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_Party" title="National League Party">National League Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(Ireland)" title="Social Credit Party (Ireland)">Social Credit Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Democrats (Ireland)">Catholic Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Centrist_Party" title="Christian Centrist Party">Christian Centrist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dublin_Bay_Rockall_Loftus#Political_career" title="Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus">Christian Democrat Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Party" title="Christian Solidarity Party">Christian Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muintir_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Muintir na hÉireann">Muintir na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacht_Chr%C3%ADost%C3%BAil" title="Poblacht Chríostúil">Poblacht Chríostúil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_Progressive_Party" title="Donegal Progressive Party">Donegal Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Centre_Party_(1919)" title="Irish Centre Party (1919)">Irish Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Dominion_League" title="Irish Dominion League">Irish Dominion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Anti-Partition_League" title="Unionist Anti-Partition League">Unionist Anti-Partition League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">Far-right</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_na_Poblachta" title="Córas na Poblachta">Córas na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Ireland" title="Identity Ireland">Identity Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Control_Platform" title="Immigration Control Platform">Immigration Control Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association" title="Irish Monetary Reform Association">Irish Monetary Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia_F%C3%A1il_(political_party)" title="Lia Fáil (political party)">Lia Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Irish_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Irish Workers Party">National Socialist Irish Workers Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_Rights-Responsibility_Party" title="Fathers Rights-Responsibility Party">Fathers Rights-Responsibility Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Health_Alliance" title="Independent Health Alliance">Independent Health Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Democratic_Party" title="Irish Democratic Party">Irish Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monarchist_Society" title="Irish Monarchist Society">Irish Monarchist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party#Ireland" title="Natural Law Party">Natural Law Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Vision_(electoral_alliance)" title="New Vision (electoral alliance)">New Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Political parties in the Republic of Ireland">Current political parties in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Elections in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the House of Commons (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> (1859–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> (1865–75)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a> (1875–80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> (1880–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a> (1894–96)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a> (1896–98)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a> (1899–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a> (1908–16)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the House of Lords (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a> (1859–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a> (1865–68)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a> (1868–91)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a> (1891–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a> (1894–96)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a> (1896–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a> (1902–05)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a> (1905–08)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1908–23)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Overall Leaders (1916–88)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a> (1916–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a> <small>(interim)</small> (1918–20)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> (1926–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1931–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sinclair</a> (1935–45)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Davies</a> (1945–56)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Grimond</a> (1956–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Thorpe</a> (1967–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Grimond</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">Steel</a> (1976–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1929–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sinclair</a> (1931–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Harris,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Harris, 1st Baronet">Harris</a> (1940–45)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1945–49)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Lloyd_George" title="Megan Lloyd George">M Lloyd George</a> (1949–51)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1951–62)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wade,_Baron_Wade" title="Donald Wade, Baron Wade">Wade</a> (1962–64)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1964–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pardoe" title="John Pardoe">Pardoe</a> (1976-79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>vacant</i> (1979-85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Beith" title="Alan Beith">Beith</a> (1985–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Leaders in the Lords (1916–88)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1908–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a> (1923–24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lygon,_7th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp">Beauchamp</a> (1924–31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a> (1931–36)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a> (1936–44)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a> (1944–55)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rea,_2nd_Baron_Rea" title="Philip Rea, 2nd Baron Rea">Rea</a> (1955–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Byers" title="Frank Byers">Byers</a> (1967–84)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">Seear</a> (1984–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Party" title="President of the Liberal Party">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1877–80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Collings" title="Jesse Collings">Collings</a> (1880–81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fell_Pease" title="Henry Fell Pease">Fell Pease</a> (1881–82)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Kitson,_1st_Baron_Airedale" title="James Kitson, 1st Baron Airedale">Kitson</a> (1883–90)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Foster,_1st_Baron_Ilkeston" title="Walter Foster, 1st Baron Ilkeston">Foster</a> (1886–90)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_Watson" title="Robert Spence Watson">Spence Watson</a> (1890–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Birrell</a> (1902–06)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Dyke_Acland,_13th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet">Dyke Acland</a> (1906–07)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Angus_(British_politician)" title="William Angus (British politician)">Angus</a> (1908–11)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Brunner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet">J Brunner</a> (1911–18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Lunn_(British_politician)" title="George Lunn (British politician)">Lunn</a> (1918–20)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Robertson" title="J. M. Robertson">Robertson</a> (1920–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a> (1923–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._A._Spender" title="J. A. Spender">Spender</a> (1926–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hobhouse" title="Charles Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a> (1927–30)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brampton" title="Arthur Brampton">Brampton</a> (1930–33)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">Meston</a> (1936–43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Violet_Bonham_Carter" title="Violet Bonham Carter">Bonham Carter</a> (1945–47)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Foot" title="Isaac Foot">Foot</a> (1947–48)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Dodds" title="Elliott Dodds">Dodds</a> (1948–49)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McFadyean" title="Andrew McFadyean">McFadyean</a> (1949–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Fothergill" title="Philip Fothergill">Fothergill</a> (1950–52)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(British_politician)" title="Ronald Walker (British politician)">Walker</a> (1952–53)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Robson" title="Lawrence Robson">L Robson</a> (1953–54)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_White_(politician)" title="Graham White (politician)">White</a> (1954–55)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rea,_2nd_Baron_Rea" title="Philip Rea, 2nd Baron Rea">Rea</a> (1955–56)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Behrens" title="Leonard Behrens">Behrens</a> (1956–57)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Micklem_(theologian)" title="Nathaniel Micklem (theologian)">Micklem</a> (1957–58)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Comyns_Carr" title="Arthur Comyns Carr">Comyns Carr</a> (1958–59)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glanville_(junior)" title="Harold Glanville (junior)">Glanville</a> (1959–60)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" title="Andrew Murray (Scottish politician)">Murray</a> (1960–61)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Malindine" title="Edwin Malindine">Malindine</a> (1961–62)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Brunner" title="Felix Brunner">F Brunner</a> (1962–63)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Rees-Williams,_1st_Baron_Ogmore" title="David Rees-Williams, 1st Baron Ogmore">Rees-Williams</a> (1963–64)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford</a> (1964–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Seear,_Baroness_Seear" title="Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear">Seear</a> (1965–66)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eden,_7th_Baron_Henley" title="Michael Eden, 7th Baron Henley">Henley and Northington</a> (1966–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wade,_Baron_Wade" title="Donald Wade, Baron Wade">Wade</a> (1967–68)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Beaumont" title="Tim Beaumont">Beaumont</a> (1968–69)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inga-Stina_Robson,_Baroness_Robson_of_Kiddington" title="Inga-Stina Robson, Baroness Robson of Kiddington">S Robson</a> (1969–70)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Terrell" title="Stephen Terrell">Terrell</a> (1971–72)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jones_(British_politician)" title="Trevor Jones (British politician)">Jones</a> (1972–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhys_Lloyd,_Baron_Lloyd_of_Kilgerran" title="Rhys Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Kilgerran">Lloyd</a> (1973–74)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holt_(politician)" title="Arthur Holt (politician)">Holt</a> (1974–75)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wingfield" title="Margaret Wingfield">Wingfield</a> (1975–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Goldstone" title="Basil Goldstone">Goldstone</a> (1976–77)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_Evans,_Baron_Evans_of_Claughton" title="Gruffydd Evans, Baron Evans of Claughton">Evans</a> (1977–78)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steed" title="Michael Steed">Steed</a> (1978–79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Rose" title="Joyce Rose">Rose</a> (1979-80)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holme,_Baron_Holme_of_Cheltenham" title="Richard Holme, Baron Holme of Cheltenham">Holme</a> (1980–81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viv_Bingham" title="Viv Bingham">Bingham</a> (1981–82)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Liberal_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Liberal politician)">Griffiths</a> (1982–83)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Tordoff,_Baron_Tordoff" title="Geoffrey Tordoff, Baron Tordoff">Tordoff</a> (1983–84)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Richmond" title="Alan Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond">Watson</a> (1984–85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Penhaligon" title="David Penhaligon">Penhaligon</a> (1985–86)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson" title="Des Wilson">Wilson</a> (1986–87)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Slade" title="Adrian Slade">Slade</a> (1987–88)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="1967 Liberal Party leadership election">1967 (Thorpe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Liberal Party leadership election">1976 (Steel)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Governments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Single party Liberal governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Gladstone_ministry" title="First Gladstone ministry">First Gladstone ministry</a> (1868–74)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Gladstone_ministry" title="Second Gladstone ministry">Second Gladstone ministry</a> (1880–85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Gladstone_ministry" title="Third Gladstone ministry">Third Gladstone ministry</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1892%E2%80%931895#Fourth_Gladstone_ministry" title="Liberal government, 1892–1895">Fourth Gladstone ministry</a> (1892–94)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosebery_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosebery ministry">Rosebery ministry</a> (1894–95)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Bannerman_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell-Bannerman ministry">Campbell-Bannerman ministry</a> (1905–08)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Asquith_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Asquith ministry">First Asquith ministry</a> (1908–15)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Liberal-led coalitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">Asquith coalition ministry</a> (1915–16)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">Lloyd George ministry</a> (1916–22)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Coalitions with Liberal ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931)" title="National Government (1931)"> First National Government</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)" title="National Government (1931–1935)">Second National Government</a> (1931-1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry</a> (1940–45)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Parliamentarians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_(UK)_MPs" title="List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Liberal_Party_(UK)_Peers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Liberal Party (UK) Peers (page does not exist)">Members of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Chief Whip of the Liberal Democrats">Chief Whip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Frontbench</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1945%E2%80%931956" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1945–1956">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1956%E2%80%931967" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1956–1967">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1956–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1967%E2%80%931976" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1967–1976">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1967–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_Frontbench_Team,_1976%E2%80%931988" title="Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1976–1988">Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1976–1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Federation" title="National Liberal Federation">National Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Party Organisation (page does not exist)">Liberal Party Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Party" title="Scottish Liberal Party">Scottish Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Party" title="Welsh Liberal Party">Welsh Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Assembly" title="Liberal Assembly">Liberal Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specified_Associated_Organisation" title="Specified Associated Organisation">SAOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Young_Liberals" title="National League of Young Liberals">National League of Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberal_Students" title="Union of Liberal Students">Union of Liberal Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Liberal_Federation" title="Women's Liberal Federation">Women's Liberal Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Related_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s" title="Brooks's">Brooks's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Club" title="National Liberal Club">National Liberal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a> (1981-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">SDP–Liberal Alliance</a> (1981–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Liberal_Party" title="Ulster Liberal Party">Ulster Liberal Party</a> (1956–1987)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (1988-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="History_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal Imperialists</a></li> <li>Coalition Government: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a> <i>in Government</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1918)" title="Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)">Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)</a> <i>in Opposition</i></li></ul></li> <li>National Government: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberals_(UK,_1931)" title="Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)">Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)</a> <i>in Opposition</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_and_Liberal_Democrats_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Industrial_Future" title="Britain's Industrial Future">Britain's Industrial Future ("The Yellow Book")</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glee_Club_(UK_politics)" title="Glee Club (UK politics)">Glee Club</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_(song)" title="The Land (song)">The Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberator_(magazine)" title="Liberator (magazine)">Liberator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Action" title="Radical Action">Radical Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reform_Group" title="Radical Reform Group">Radical Reform Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whig Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs" title="Rockingham Whigs">Rockingham Whigs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><div id="Breakaway_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Breakaway parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1922)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)">National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)</a> <small>(David Lloyd George)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)</a> <small>("Simonites")</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party (UK, 1989)</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Michael_Meadowcroft" title="Michael Meadowcroft">Michael Meadowcroft</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&oldid=1257818710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whigs_(British_political_party)&oldid=1257818710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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