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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p>The <b>Ministry of Public Security</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i>), was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counter-espionage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a> agency operating in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the <b>Security Office</b> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Urząd Bezpieczeństwa</i></span>, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the <b>Security Service</b> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Służba Bezpieczeństwa</i></span>, SB).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;"> Ministry of Public Security </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_(1955-1980).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%25281955-1980%2529.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%25281955-1980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%25281955-1980%2529.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%25281955-1980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> Coat of Arms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> used by the UB as its official logo </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg/220px-Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%25C5%259Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg/330px-Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%25C5%259Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%25C5%259Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg/440px-Ministerstwo_Sprawiedliwo%25C5%259Bci_Aleje_Ujazdowskie_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6684" data-file-height="3964"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <ul> <li>1 January 1945<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1945-01-01</span>)</span></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <ul> <li>7 December 1954<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1954-12-07</span>)</span></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Political police">Secret police</a>, Border Police, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal Security Corps">Internal Security Corps</a> special purpose military formation also known as interior troops. foreign intelligence, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counterintelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Border_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">border security</a>, criminal investigations</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th> <td class="infobox-data">Poland</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th> <td class="infobox-data">10,000 employees (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Radkiewicz">Stanisław Radkiewicz</a> (1944–1954), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genera%C5%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Generał">Generał dywizji</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Security_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Commission">National Security Commission</a>, from 1949 Commission of the Secretariat of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers Party for Public Security</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal Security Corps">KBW</a></li> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicja Obywatelska">MO</a></li> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ORMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ORMO">ORMO</a></li> <li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Border_Protection_Troops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Protection Troops">WOP</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%C3%A9hicule_ffi04.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%C3%A9hicule_ffi04.jpg/220px-Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%C3%A9hicule_ffi04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%25C3%25A9hicule_ffi04.jpg/330px-Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%25C3%25A9hicule_ffi04.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%25C3%25A9hicule_ffi04.jpg/440px-Porte_ouverte_18RT-15_juin_2009_v%25C3%25A9hicule_ffi04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1131"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a>, a car commonly used by the UB </figcaption> </figure> <p>The initial UB was headed by Public Security General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Radkiewicz">Stanisław Radkiewicz</a> and supervised by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Berman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish Politburo</a>. The main goal of the Department of Security was the swift eradication of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-communist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> structures and socio-political base of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>, as well as the persecution of former underground soldiers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Armia Krajowa</i></span>) and later anti-communist organizations like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">Freedom and Independence</a> (WiN).</p> <p>The Ministry of Public Security was established on 1 January 1945 and ceased operations on 7 December 1954. It was the chief secret service in communist Poland during the period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. Throughout its existence, the UB was responsible for brutally beating, arresting, imprisoning, torturing and murdering at least tens of thousands<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of political opponents and suspects as well as taking part in actions such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Vistula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a> in 1947. The headquarters were located on Koszykowa Street in central <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, but its branches and places of detention were scattered across the entire country, the most infamous being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mokotów Prison">Mokotów Prison</a>.</p> <p>The Ministry of Public Security was replaced by a short-lived Committee for Public Security (1954–1956). Propaganda publicized these events, although the changes were in reality cosmetic. The competences of the MBP were taken over by the KdsBP, headed by Władysław Dworakowski. All operational, technical-operational and accounting departments of the MBP remained in the committee. It therefore maintained full surveillance and repression capabilities. Several people were removed from prominent positions, but the personal continuity of the MBP-KdsBP management was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956 the marginally less repressive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Security_Service_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Security Service (Poland)">Security Service</a> (SB) replaced the committee in 1956. All secret servicemen, functionaries, and employees were widely known by the public as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ubecy</i></span>; in English "Ubeks" and singular "Ubek/Esbek" (<small>pronounced:</small> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OO</span>-beck</i></a>).</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#UB_tasks_and_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">UB tasks and numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Soviet_infiltration_and_political_repressions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet infiltration and political repressions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Stalinist_reign_of_terror"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Stalinist reign of terror</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Defection"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Defection</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organization"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organization</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ministry_of_Public_Security_roster_(1951_and_1953)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ministry of Public Security roster (1951 and 1953)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#UB_in_the_field"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">UB in the field</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1954_reorganization_and_formation_of_SB"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">1954 reorganization and formation of SB</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_MBP_and_UB_personnel"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable MBP and UB personnel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_people_killed_by_the_MBP_and_UB"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people killed by the MBP and UB</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links_and_further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links and further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:PKWN_Manifest.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PKWN_Manifest.jpg/200px-PKWN_Manifest.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6991" data-file-height="10865"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PKWN_Manifest.jpg/200px-PKWN_Manifest.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PKWN_Manifest.jpg/300px-PKWN_Manifest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PKWN_Manifest.jpg/400px-PKWN_Manifest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PKWN_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PKWN Manifesto">PKWN Manifesto</a>, issued on 22 July 1944 </figcaption> </figure> <p>In July 1944, behind the Soviet front line, a brand new Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> was formed, called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> (<i>Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego</i>, PKWN).<sup id="cite_ref-N-D_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-N-D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Che%C5%82m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chełm">Chełm</a> on the initiative of Polish communists, in order to assume control over Polish territories liberated from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by the advancing Red Army. PKWN was proclaimed "the only legitimate Polish government" by Stalin, with full political control and Soviet sponsorship. Within the PKWN's internal structure, there were thirteen departments called <i>Resorty</i>. One of these was the Department of Public Security (Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or RBP, headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Radkiewicz">Stanisław Radkiewicz</a>. It was a precursor of the Polish communist secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On 31 December 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the London-based <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a>, among them <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a> (later chased out of the country). PKWN was then transformed into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej or RTRP</i>). All departments were renamed: the Department of Public Security became the Ministry of Public Security (<i>Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i>) or MBP and UB.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="UB_tasks_and_numbers">UB tasks and numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: UB tasks and numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>From the end of the 1940s to 1954, the Ministry of Public Security – operating alongside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (Poland)">Ministry of Defence</a> – was one of the largest and most powerful institutions in post-war <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>. It was responsible for internal and foreign intelligence, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counter-intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a>, monitoring anti-state activity in Poland and abroad, monitoring government and civilian communications (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiretapping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a>), supervision of the local governments, maintaining a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militsiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a>, maintaining prisons, fire services, rescue services, and border patrol; as well as several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> set up by the NKVD (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgoda_labour_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgoda labour camp">Zgoda labour camp</a>). In July 1947, the UB absorbed <i>Section II</i> of General Staff of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a> (the Polish Military Intelligence). Military and civilian intelligence merged to become <i>Department VII</i> of Ministry of Public Security.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1950s Ministry of Public Security employed around 32,000 people. Also, UB had control over 41,000 soldiers, including 29,053 privates and 2,356 officers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal Security Corps">Internal Security Corps</a> (<i>Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego</i>, KBW),<sup id="cite_ref-Tkaczew-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tkaczew-1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 57,000 officers in the Citizens' Militia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Milicja Obywatelska</a>), 32,000 officers and soldiers in the Border guard (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza), 10,000 prison officers (Straż Więzienna), and 125,000 members of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ORMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ORMO">Volunteer Reserves</a> of the Citizens Militia (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ORMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ORMO">ORMO</a>), a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gendarmerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gendarmerie">paramilitary police</a> used for special operations.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Soviet_infiltration_and_political_repressions">Soviet infiltration and political repressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Soviet infiltration and political repressions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Political penetration and military control over the country by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Union</a> was evident in the early years of the Polish People's Republic. The Soviet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a> was stationed in Poland until 1956. The command and administrative structure of the Polish Armed Forces, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counter-intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">Counter-intelligence</a>, special services and Internal security organs both civilian (UB) and military (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Information_of_the_Polish_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army">Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army</a> GZI WP) were infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and counter-intelligence officers, who served as the main guarantee of pro-Soviet policy of the new Polish socialist state. The Red Army provided assistance to MPB not only in the form of advisors, but also with their own paramilitary units including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NKGB">NKGB</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMERSH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a>; and, in later years <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD">MVD</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KGB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KGB">KGB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first Russian chief advisor to the MPB was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Serov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a>, a well-trained Stalinist experienced with Soviet security organs. Serov became commander of the NKVD-run militsiya during World War II. He worked as chief of the NKVD Secret Political Department, before becoming <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Commissar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar">People's Commissar</a> of Internal Affairs of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in the USSR. In 1941–1945, he was the First Deputy People's Commissar of the State Security and later – Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union. Once he became main advisor to the UB in March 1945, Ivan Serov oversaw the kidnapping of 16 top Polish politicians and underground resistance leaders, secretly transported them to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where they were tortured and thrown into jail after the staged <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>. None survived.<sup id="cite_ref-ARRE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ARRE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shub_&_Quint_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shub_&_Quint-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_Stalinist_reign_of_terror">The Stalinist reign of terror</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The Stalinist reign of terror" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> </div> <p>Infiltrated by NKGB and NKVD agents – the Ministry of Public Security was well known for its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_crimes_(legal_concept)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist crimes (legal concept)">criminal nature</a>. From January 1945 (or, July 22), the surviving members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> laid down their arms, granted an official amnesty (lasting till October 15). Most were arrested by UB on the spot, tortured and tried for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bagley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UB carried out brutal pacification of civilians, mass arrests (see: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a>), as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_crimes_(legal_concept)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist crimes (legal concept)">makeshift executions</a> (see: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951_Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison_execution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Mokotów Prison execution">Mokotów Prison murder</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_execution_in_D%C4%99bica_(1946)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Public execution in Dębica (1946)">Public execution in Dębica</a>) and secret assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-CIVIL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIVIL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to depositions by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a> and other communist sources, in 1945 alone the number of members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> deported to Siberia and various labor camps in the Soviet Union reached 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski,_131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Piotrowski,_131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Overall, in the years 1944–1956 around 300,000 Polish citizens had been arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". A special disciplinary legislation had been introduced, which allowed for the sentencing of civil persons before military tribunals including young people and children.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts were concerned with the alleged crimes, not the age and the maturity of its victims. For many years, the public prosecutors and judges as well as functionaries of the Ministry of Public Security, Security Service of the Ministry of Interior (SB) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Information_of_the_Polish_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army">Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army</a> (GZI WP) engaged in acts recognized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International law">international law</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimes_against_peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">crimes against peace</a>. The so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a>" of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)">anti-communist resistance</a>, who opposed the new occupiers and attacked the Stalinist strongholds, were eventually hunted down by UB security services and assassination squads.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bagley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underground structures had been destroyed, and most members of the Armia Krajowa and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">WiN</a> who remained opposed to communism,<sup id="cite_ref-CIVIL_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIVIL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLAV_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SLAV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were executed after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kangaroo_trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo trial">kangaroo trials</a> (staged by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helena_Woli%C5%84ska-Brus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helena Wolińska-Brus">Wolińska-Brus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zarakowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Zarakowski">Zarakowski</a> among others), or deported to the Soviet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GULAG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-doomedsoldiers-1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-doomedsoldiers-1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Defection">Defection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Defection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jakub_Berman.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jakub_Berman.jpg/150px-Jakub_Berman.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="444"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jakub_Berman.jpg/150px-Jakub_Berman.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jakub_Berman.jpg/225px-Jakub_Berman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jakub_Berman.jpg/300px-Jakub_Berman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Berman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Swiatlo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Swiatlo.jpg/150px-Swiatlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="334"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Swiatlo.jpg/150px-Swiatlo.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Swiatlo.jpg/225px-Swiatlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Swiatlo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a>, born Izaak Fleischfarb, defected to the West and spoke publicly of UB's brutal actions </figcaption> </figure> <p>In November 1953, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish United Workers' Party">First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, asked Politburo member <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Berman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a> to send MBP <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a> on an important mission to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>. Światło, deputy head of UB <i>Department 10</i>, together with Colonel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatol_Fejgin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatol Fejgin">Anatol Fejgin</a>, were asked to consult with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East German</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stasi">Ministry for State Security's</a> chief <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erich_Mielke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a> about eliminating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wanda_Bro%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wanda Brońska (page does not exist)">Wanda Brońska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The two officials traveled to Berlin and spoke with Mielke. On December 5, 1953, the day after meeting Mielke, Światło defected to the United States through their military mission in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. The next day, American military authorities transported Światło to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and by December, Światło had been flown to Washington D.C, where he underwent an extensive debriefing.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Światło's defection was widely publicized in the United States and Europe by the American authorities, as well as in Poland via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, embarrassing the authorities in Warsaw. Światło had intimate knowledge of the internal politics of the Polish government, especially the activities of the various secret services. Over the course of the following months, American newspapers and Radio Free Europe reported extensively on political repression in Poland based on Światło revelations, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torture">torture</a> of prisoners under interrogation and politically motivated executions. Światło also detailed struggles inside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Among other activities, Światło had been ordered to falsify evidence that was used to incriminate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, whom he personally arrested. He had also arrested and falsified evidence against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_Spychalski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a>, the future <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Defence (Poland)">Minister of National Defence</a>, who was at the time a leading politician and high-ranking military officer.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1092"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ministry office in Warsaw (current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Justice (Poland)">Ministry of Justice</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:WUBP_sn.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WUBP_sn.JPG/220px-WUBP_sn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WUBP_sn.JPG/220px-WUBP_sn.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WUBP_sn.JPG/330px-WUBP_sn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WUBP_sn.JPG/440px-WUBP_sn.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Office of Public Security regional location in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, Poland </figcaption> </figure> <p>The political and administrative matters of the Ministry came under the authority of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Berman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>. The Ministry of Public Security structure was being changed constantly from January 1945 on, as the Ministry expanded. It was divided into departments and each department was subdivided into sections entrusted with different tasks. In January 1945, the largest and the most important department in UB was Department One, responsible for <i>counter-espionage</i> and <i>anti-state activities</i>. It was headed by General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Romkowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Romkowski">Roman Romkowski</a>. <i>Department I</i> was divided into Sections, each responsible for a different but specific function <i>self-described</i> in the following way:</p> <ol> <li>Fighting German espionage and Nazi underground remaining in Poland.</li> <li>Fighting reactionary underground.</li> <li>Fighting political banditry.</li> <li>Protection of the national economy.</li> <li>Protection of legal political parties from outside (underground) penetration.</li> <li>Prisons.</li> <li>Observation.</li> <li>Investigations.</li> </ol> <p>Two new departments were formed in addition to departments and sections created for the Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (RBP) forming the core of <b>MBP</b> or UB in January 1945. On September 6, 1945, from the existing structure of <i>Department II</i> emerged three additional departments: <i>Department IV</i> commanded by Aleksander Wolski-Dyszko, <i>Department V</i> commanded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Brystygier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Brystygier">Julia Brystygier</a>, and <i>Department VI</i> headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Duda&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Teodor Duda (page does not exist)">Teodor Duda</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Duda" class="extiw" title="pl:Teodor Duda">(pl)</a></i>. In July 1946, further changes were enacted. UB was divided into eight (8) departments, five of which dealt with operational cases, including <i>Counter-espionage</i> (Dep 1), <i>Technical operations and technology</i> (Dep 2), <i>Fighting underground resistance</i> (Dep 3), <i>Protection of economy</i> (Dep 4), and <i>Counteraction of hostile penetration and church influences</i> (Dep 5).<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In June 1948 the <i>Secret Office</i> was established for <i>Internal</i> counter-intelligence. The Special Office conducted surveillance on members of the MPB itself. On March 2, 1949, the <i>Special Bureau</i> was established, renamed in 1951 simply as <i>Department Ten</i>. Department 10 conducted surveillance of high-ranking members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> and people associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ministry_of_Public_Security_roster_(1951_and_1953)"><span id="Ministry_of_Public_Security_roster_.281951_and_1953.29"></span>Ministry of Public Security roster (1951 and 1953)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ministry of Public Security roster (1951 and 1953)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png/300px-Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 400px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png/300px-Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png" data-width="300" data-height="400" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Organization_of_the_Ministerstwo_Bezpieczenstwa_Publicznego_1953.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ministry of Public Security organization for 1953, (Organizacja Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego na rok 1953, M Malinowski) </figcaption> </figure> <div style="font-size:85%;"> <dl> <dt> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minister_(government)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a> of Public Security – Gen. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Radkiewicz">Stanisław Radkiewicz</a> (1944/54) </dt> <dt> Deputy – Gen. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Mietkowski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mieczysław Mietkowski (page does not exist)">Mieczysław Mietkowski</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%25C5%2582aw_Mietkowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Mieczysław Mietkowski">(pl)</a></i> (1944/54) </dt> <dt> Deputy – Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Konrad_%C5%9Awietlik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Konrad Świetlik (page does not exist)">Konrad Świetlik</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_%25C5%259Awietlik" class="extiw" title="pl:Konrad Świetlik">(pl)</a></i> (1948/54) </dt> <dt> Deputy – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wac%C5%82aw_Lewikowski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wacław Lewikowski (page does not exist)">Wacław Lewikowski</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%25C5%2582aw_Lewikowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Wacław Lewikowski">(pl)</a></i> (1949/52) </dt> <dt> Deputy – Gen. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Romkowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Romkowski">Roman Romkowski</a> (1946/49) </dt> <dt> Deputy – Gen. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Moczar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieczysław Moczar">Mieczysław Moczar</a> (1948) </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><b>Department I</b> – <i>Counter-intelligence</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Antosiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stefan Antosiewicz (page does not exist)">Stefan Antosiewicz</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Antosiewicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Stefan Antosiewicz">(pl)</a></i> (1944-48/54)</li> <li><b>Department II</b> – <i>Operative Technology and records</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leon_Rubinstein&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leon Rubinstein (page does not exist)">Leon Rubinstein</a> <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Rubinsztein" class="extiw" title="pl:Leon Rubinsztein">(pl)</a></i> (1947-49/51)</li> <li><b>Department III</b> – <i>Fighting "bandits"</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czaplicki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Józef Czaplicki (page does not exist)">Józef Czaplicki</a> (b. Izydor Kurc, 1950/53)</li> <li><b>Department IV</b> – <i>Protection of economy</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Kratko&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Józef Kratko (page does not exist)">Józef Kratko</a></li> <li><b>Department V</b> – <i>Religious political and social organizations</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Brystiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Brystiger">Julia Brystiger</a> (1954)</li> <li><b>Department VI</b> – <i>Prisons</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Piz%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stanisław Pizło (page does not exist)">Stanisław Pizło</a> (1946-47/51)</li> <li><b>Department VII</b> – <i>Intelligence</i> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Witold_(Lewin)_Sieniewicz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Witold (Lewin) Sieniewicz (page does not exist)">Witold (Lewin) Sieniewicz</a> (1950/54)</li> <li><b>Department of Investigations</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_R%C3%B3%C5%BCa%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Różański">Józef Różański</a> (b.</li> </ul> <p>Josef Goldberg) (1945/47)</p> <ul> <li><b>Department for Training</b> – headed by Mjr. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zdzis%C5%82aw_Szymczak&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zdzisław Szymczak (page does not exist)">Zdzisław Szymczak</a> (1945-48/53)</li> <li><b>Department of Staff</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Orechwa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mikołaj Orechwa (page does not exist)">Mikołaj Orechwa</a> (1944/54)</li> <li><b>Department for Government Protection</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Faustym_Grzybowski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Faustym Grzybowski (page does not exist)">Faustym Grzybowski</a></li> <li><b>Department of Transport</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Czes%C5%82aw_Radzicki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Czesław Radzicki (page does not exist)">Czesław Radzicki</a></li> <li><b>Department of Communications</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Feliks_Suczek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Feliks Suczek (page does not exist)">Feliks Suczek</a></li> <li><b>Special Bureau</b> – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatol_Fejgin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatol Fejgin">Anatol Fejgin</a> (1950/53)</li> <li><b>Bureau for control</b> – deputies: Joachim Getzel (1949), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jefim_Artymowicz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jefim Artymowicz (page does not exist)">Jefim Artymowicz</a> (1952/54)</li> <li><b>Bureau of foreign passports</b> – headed by Lt. Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adyslaw_(Spychaj)_Sobczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Władyslaw (Spychaj) Sobczyński (page does not exist)">Władyslaw (Spychaj) Sobczyński</a></li> <li><b>Bureau of Budget and Finances</b> – headed by Lt./Lt. Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Szymon_Ela_Tenenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Szymon Ela Tenenbaum (page does not exist)">Szymon Ela Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><b>Bureau A</b> (<i>Observation of suspicious element</i>)</li> <li><b>Bureau B</b> (<i>Central archives</i>) – headed by Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Okr%C4%99t&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zygmunt Okręt (page does not exist)">Zygmunt Okręt</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="UB_in_the_field">UB in the field</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: UB in the field" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MBP_Ministry.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MBP_Ministry.png/300px-MBP_Ministry.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="399"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MBP_Ministry.png/300px-MBP_Ministry.png" data-width="300" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/MBP_Ministry.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ministry of Public Security field organization, 1953 </figcaption> </figure> <p>All over Poland <b>Ministry of Public Security</b> had regional offices. There was one, or more UB office in each <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voivodeship">voivodeship</a>, each of them called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Voivode_Office_of_Public_Security&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Voivode Office of Public Security (page does not exist)">Voivode Office of Public Security</a> (<i>Wojewódzki Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i>, or WUBP). Each WUBP had 308 full-time UB officers and employees on staff. Beside WUBP, there were also City Offices of Public Security (<i>Miejski Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i> or MUBP), with 148 MPB officers and employees; as well as District Offices of Public Security (<i>Powiatowy Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i> or PUBP), with 51 officers and employees; and finally, the Communal Offices of Public Security (<i>Gminny Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i>, or GUBP), which were stationed at the local militia precincts (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicja Obywatelska">MO</a>), with 3 UBP security officers on staff.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1953, in the field, there were 17 Voivode Offices of Public Security (WUBP), and 2 Regional Offices of Public Security on the order of WUBP. There were 268 District Offices of Public Security (PUBP) and 5 City Offices of Public Security (MUBP), which operated as District Offices of Public Security (PUBP). Together, they employed 33,200 permanent officers, of which 7,500 were stationed in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headquarters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a>. According to professor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Paczkowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Paczkowski">Andrzej Paczkowski</a>, in 1953, there was one UB officer for every 800 Polish citizens. Never again, in the 45-year-old history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>, were its special services' formations so large in numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Paczkowski_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paczkowski-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1954_reorganization_and_formation_of_SB">1954 reorganization and formation of SB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1954 reorganization and formation of SB" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png/200px-Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="1581"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png/200px-Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png" data-width="200" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png/300px-Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png/400px-Pieczec_komitet_bezp_publ_prl.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Stamp of the Committee for Public Security, 1954–1956 </figcaption> </figure> <p>The highly publicized defection of Colonel Światło, not to mention the general hatred of the Ministry of Public Security among the Polish public led to changes in late 1954. In December of that year, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Council of State">Polish Council of State</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Poland">Council of Ministers</a> decided to replace the ministry with two separate administrations: the Committee for Public Security (<i>Komitet do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego</i> or KDSBP), headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Dworakowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Dworakowski">Władysław Dworakowski</a>, and the Ministry of Interior (<i>Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych</i> or MSW), headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wicha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Wicha">Władysław Wicha</a>. The number of employees of the Committee for Public Security was cut by 30% in central headquarters and by 40–50% in local structures. The huge network of secret informers was also substantially reduced and the most implicated functionaries of the Ministry of Public Security were arrested. Surveillance and repressive activities were reduced; in the majority of factories, special cells of public security, set up to spy on workers, were secretly closed.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Committee for Public Security took responsibility for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> and counter-espionage, government security and the secret police. From September 3, 1955 to November 28, 1956 it also controlled the Polish Army's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Zarz%C4%85d_Informacji_Wojska_Polskiego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego">Main Directorate of Information</a> (<i>Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska</i>), which ran the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Police">Military Police</a> and counter espionage service. The Ministry of Interior was responsible for the supervision of local governments, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Milicja Obywatelska</a> (Citizens' Militia, MO) police force, correctional facilities, fire and rescue forces, and the border guard. In 1956 the Committee was dissolved, most of its functions merged into Ministry of Interior; the secret police was renamed to the 'Security Service' (<i>Służba Bezpieczeństwa</i> or SB) on 28 November 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order was made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wicha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Wicha">Władysław Wicha</a>, who was the incumbent Minister of Interior until 1964.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notable_MBP_and_UB_personnel">Notable MBP and UB personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable MBP and UB personnel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style> <div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Alster&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Antoni Alster (page does not exist)">Antoni Alster</a> (b. Nachum Alster)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Berman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Bik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Józef Bik (page does not exist)">Józef Bik</a> (vel Jozef Bukar, vel Jozef Gawerski)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Brystiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Brystiger">Julia Brystiger</a> (née Prajs)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czaplicki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Józef Czaplicki (page does not exist)">Józef Czaplicki</a> (b. Izydor Kurc)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatol_Fejgin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatol Fejgin">Anatol Fejgin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Humer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Humer">Adam Humer</a> (b. Adam Umer)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Julian_Kole&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Julian Kole (page does not exist)">Julian Kole</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Julian_Konar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Julian Konar (page does not exist)">Julian Konar</a> (b. Jakub Kohn)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grzegorz_Korczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grzegorz Korczyński (page does not exist)">Grzegorz Korczyński</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Mietkowski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mieczysław Mietkowski (page does not exist)">Mieczysław Mietkowski</a> (b. Mojżesz Bobrowicki)</li> </ul></td> <td class="col-break"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salomon_Morel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salomon Morel">Salomon Morel</a>, commander of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgoda_labour_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgoda labour camp">Zgoda labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Pa%C5%82ka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henryk Pałka (page does not exist)">Henryk Pałka</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Julian_Polan-Haraschin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Julian Polan-Haraschin (page does not exist)">Julian Polan-Haraschin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_R%C3%B3%C5%BCa%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Różański">Józef Różański</a> (b. Józef Goldberg)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Romkowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Romkowski">Roman Romkowski</a> (b. Natan Grunspan – Kikiel)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Radkiewicz">Stanisław Radkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leon_Rubinstein&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leon Rubinstein (page does not exist)">Leon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a> (born Izak Fleischfarb)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helena_Woli%C5%84ska-Brus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helena Wolińska-Brus">Helena Wolińska-Brus</a> (b. Fajga Mindla Danielak)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piotr_Smietanski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotr Smietanski">Piotr Smietanski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zarakowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Zarakowski">Stanisław Zarakowski</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notable_people_killed_by_the_MBP_and_UB">Notable people killed by the MBP and UB</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable people killed by the MBP and UB" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In Warsaw, most of the killings were carried out at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mokotów Prison">Mokotów Prison</a>. The victims' bodies – often placed naked in cement bags – were wheeled out at night and buried in unmarked graves in the vicinity of various Warsaw cemeteries and in open fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"> <div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951_Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison_execution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Mokotów Prison execution">1951 Mokotów Prison execution</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_(rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Ciepli%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łukasz Ciepliński">Łukasz Ciepliński</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karol_Chmiel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karol Chmiel">Karol Chmiel</a></li> <li>Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Lazarowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Lazarowicz">Adam Lazarowicz</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">Captain</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Rzepka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Rzepka">Józef Rzepka</a></li> <li>Captain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Batory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Batory">Józef Batory</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comdr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Comdr.">Comdr.</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Kawalec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieczysław Kawalec">Mieczysław Kawalec</a></li> <li>Captain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franciszek_B%C5%82a%C5%BCej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franciszek Błażej">Franciszek Błażej</a></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant">Comdt.</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hieronim_Dekutowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hieronim Dekutowski">Hieronim Dekutowski</a></li> </ul></td> <td class="col-break"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emil_August_Fieldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil August Fieldorf">Emil August Fieldorf</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Kontrym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław Kontrym">Bolesław Kontrym</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cichociemni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">Cichociemni</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(land)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Cavalry Captain</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Lieutenant">1st Lieutenant</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Rodowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Rodowicz">Jan Rodowicz</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szare_Szeregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danuta_Siedzik%C3%B3wna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danuta Siedzikówna">Danuta Siedzikówna</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Feliks_Selmanowicz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Feliks Selmanowicz (page does not exist)">Feliks Selmanowicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliks_Selmanowicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Feliks Selmanowicz">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander">Commander</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Zygmunt Szendzielarz</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(land)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Capt.</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Sojczy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Sojczyński">Stanisław Sojczyński</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> shot dead by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ZOMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> in 1963</li> </ul><p></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montelupich_prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Montelupich prison">Montelupich prison</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Milicja Obywatelska</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgoda_labour_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgoda labour camp">Zgoda labour camp</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> for Silesians, Germans, and Poles, operated in 1945 by the Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret police">secret police</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz (December 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3Durzad%2Bbezpiecze%25C5%2584stwa%2B40000%26pg%3DPA130"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786403714?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780786403714"><bdi>9780786403714</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918-1947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft.isbn=9780786403714&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3Durzad%2Bbezpiecze%25C5%2584stwa%2B40000%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/polish-secret-police.html">Polish Secret Police, The "Bezpieka": Dossiers of Polish secret police functionaries.</a> <i>DoomedSoldiers.com</i>. Retrieved June 3, 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2001" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Jerzy Robert (December 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQBUtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DUb%2Bdziesiatki%2Btysiecy"><i>Zbrodnie UB</i></a>. Wydawn. Maron. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788391591819?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788391591819"><bdi>9788391591819</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbrodnie+UB&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Maron&rft.date=2001-12-10&rft.isbn=9788391591819&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBUtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DUb%2Bdziesiatki%2Btysiecy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzwagrzyk2005" class="citation book cs1">Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof (December 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5oolAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DUb%2Bdziesiatki%2Btysiecy%2Bzamordowanych"><i>Prawnicy czasu bezprawia: sędziowie i prokuratorzy wojskowi w Polsce,1944-1956</i></a>. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788388385650?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788388385650"><bdi>9788388385650</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prawnicy+czasu+bezprawia%3A+s%C4%99dziowie+i+prokuratorzy+wojskowi+w+Polsce%2C1944-1956&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft.isbn=9788388385650&rft.aulast=Szwagrzyk&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oolAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DUb%2Bdziesiatki%2Btysiecy%2Bzamordowanych&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kronika Komunizmu w Polsce</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Kluszczynski. p. 217. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7447-087-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7447-087-2"><bdi>978-83-7447-087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronika+Komunizmu+w+Polsce&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Kluszczynski&rft.isbn=978-83-7447-087-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-N-D-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-N-D_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland</i>. Vol 2. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1982 and several reprints. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05353-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05353-3">0-231-05353-3</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05351-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05351-7">0-231-05351-7</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-1_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Szwagrzyk2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krzysztof_Szwagrzyk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krzysztof Szwagrzyk">Krzysztof Szwagrzyk</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/Aparat_kadra_kier_tom%2520I.pdf"><i>Aparat Bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Kadra kierownicza. 1944–1956</i></a> [<i>The Security Service in Poland. Directorate. 1944–1956)</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Warsaw: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. p. 604. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89078-94-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/83-89078-94-5"><bdi>83-89078-94-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104082816/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/Aparat_kadra_kier_tom%2520I.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aparat+Bezpieczenstwa+w+Polsce.+Kadra+kierownicza.+1944%E2%80%931956&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-89078-94-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fftp%2Fpdf%2FAparat_kadra_kier_tom%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Piotrowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Paweł Piotrowski (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185322/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/62731/1-24925.pdf"><i>Aparat Bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Kadra kierownicza</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. III. Warsaw: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. p. 392. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-80-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-80-9"><bdi>978-83-60464-80-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/62731/1-24925.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aparat+Bezpieczenstwa+w+Polsce.+Kadra+kierownicza&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-60464-80-9&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Piotrowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0019%2F62731%2F1-24925.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tkaczew-1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tkaczew-1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWładysław_Tkaczew" class="citation book cs1">Władysław Tkaczew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DS5ES2aOguWQC%26q%3DKorpus%2BBezpiecze%25C5%2584stwa%2BWewn%25C4%2599trznego%252C%2BKBW%26pg%3DPA111"><i>Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego</i></a>. Bellona. pp. 111–112. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8311109400?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8311109400"><bdi>8311109400</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korpus+Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+Wewn%C4%99trznego&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.isbn=8311109400&rft.au=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Tkaczew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5ES2aOguWQC%26q%3DKorpus%2BBezpiecze%25C5%2584stwa%2BWewn%25C4%2599trznego%252C%2BKBW%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ARRE-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ARRE_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/350"><i>God's Playground: 1795 to the present</i> By Norman Davies</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Shub_&_Quint-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Shub_&_Quint_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Since Stalin, a photo history of our time</i> by Boris Shub and Bernard Quint, Swen Publications, New York, Manila, 1951. Page 121.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bagley-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bagley_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bagley_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent_H._Bagley2007" class="citation book cs1">Tennent H. Bagley (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/spywarsmolesmyst00bagl"><i>Spy wars: moles, mysteries, and deadly games</i></a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/spywarsmolesmyst00bagl/page/120">120</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12198-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12198-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>. <q>puppet government they had set up formally disbanded the AK.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spy+wars%3A+moles%2C+mysteries%2C+and+deadly+games&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12198-8&rft.au=Tennent+H.+Bagley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspywarsmolesmyst00bagl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CIVIL-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIVIL_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIVIL_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhafLHZgZtt4C%26dq%3Dcivil%2Bwar%2BPoland%2B1945%26pg%3DPA987">Civil war in Poland. <i>Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia</i>, Volume 2, Bernard A. Cook</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski,_131-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Piotrowski,_131_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNBbnrEMswbUC%26dq%3D%2522According%2Bto%2Binformation%2Bfrom%2Blocal%2Bcommunist%2Bsources%2522%26pg%3DPA131"><i>Poland's holocaust</i> By Tadeusz Piotrowski. Page 131.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2913-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2913-5">0-7864-2913-5</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ipn.gov.pl-2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn.gov.pl-2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930192920/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html">"Otwarcie wystawy "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944–1956" – Kraków, 2 lutego 2006"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Instytut_Pami%C4%99ci_Narodowej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Instytut Pamięci Narodowej">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otwarcie+wystawy+%22Zbrodnie+w+majestacie+prawa+1944%E2%80%931956%22+%E2%80%93+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+2+lutego+2006&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fpl%2F2%2F1002%2FOtwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-SLAV-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SLAV_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2000" class="citation web cs1">Bates, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219135149/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/L1Hstal.htm">"Stalinism in Poland: 1945-1956"</a>. <i>arts.gla.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/L1Hstal.htm">the original</a> on 2005-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arts.gla.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Stalinism+in+Poland%3A+1945-1956&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSlavonic%2FL1Hstal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-doomedsoldiers-1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-doomedsoldiers-1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.doomedsoldiers.com/about-doomed-soldiers.html">"Doomed Soldiers, About - This Project Is An All Volunteer Effort Dedicated To the Preservation of history of the fallen Polish Underground Soldiers From Home Army (Armia Krajowa), WiN (Wolnosc i Niezawislosc), NSZ (Narodowe Sily Zbrojne), ROAK, And Other Patriotic Polish Underground Organizations"</a>. <i>www.doomedsoldiers.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doomedsoldiers.com&rft.atitle=Doomed+Soldiers%2C+About+-+This+Project+Is+An+All+Volunteer+Effort+Dedicated+To+the+Preservation+of+history+of+the+fallen+Polish+Underground+Soldiers+From+Home+Army+%28Armia+Krajowa%29%2C+WiN+%28Wolnosc+i+Niezawislosc%29%2C+NSZ+%28Narodowe+Sily+Zbrojne%29%2C+ROAK%2C+And+Other+Patriotic+Polish+Underground+Organizations.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doomedsoldiers.com%2Fabout-doomed-soldiers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paczkowski-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Paczkowski_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Paczkowski2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Paczkowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Paczkowski">Andrzej Paczkowski</a> (2000). <i>Pół wieku dziejów Polski 1939–1989</i> [<i>Half a Century of the History of Poland 1939–1989</i>]. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-14487-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-14487-6"><bdi>978-83-01-14487-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%B3%C5%82+wieku+dziej%C3%B3w+Polski+1939%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-01-14487-6&rft.au=Andrzej+Paczkowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Pawlikowicz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Leszek Pawlikowicz (page does not exist)">Leszek Pawlikowicz</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D45kgAQAAIAAJ">Tajny Front Zimnej Wojny: Uciekinierzy z polskich służb specjalnych 1956–1964</a></i>, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, 2004, 1st edition <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7399-074-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7399-074-6"><bdi>978-83-7399-074-6</bdi></a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Piecuch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henryk Piecuch (page does not exist)">Henryk Piecuch</a>, <i>Akcje Specjalne: Od Bieruta do Ochaba</i>, (part of a series: <i>Tajna Historia Polski</i>, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, Warsaw, 1996 (English: <span lang="en">Special Operations: from Bierut to Ochab, Secret History of Poland series, Warsaw 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigel_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel West">Nigel West</a>, <i>Trzecia Tajemnica: Kulisy zamachu na Papieża</i> (English: <span lang="en">The Third Secret, Behind the Assacination Attempt on the Pope</span>), publ. in <i>Sensacje XX Wieku</i></li> <li><i>Metody Pracy Operacyjnej Aparatu Bezpieczństwa wobec kościołów i związków zawodowych 1945–1989</i>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>, Warsaw, 2004 (Methods of operative work of Security organs against churches and trade unions 1945–1989, published by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Normam_Polmar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Normam Polmar (page does not exist)">Normam Polmar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_B._Allen_(author)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas B. Allen (author)">Thomas Allen</a> – <i>Księga Szpiegów</i> (The Book of Spies), Wydawnictwo Magnum, Warsaw, 2000</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_B%C5%82a%C5%BCy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zbigniew Błażyński (page does not exist)">Zbigniew Błażyński</a>, <i>Mówi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a>: Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1940–1955</i>, Warsaw 2003</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJusupovićLeśkiewicz2013" class="citation book cs1">Jusupović, Adrian; Leśkiewicz, Rafa (2013). <i>Historyczno-prawna analiza struktur organów bezpieczeństwa państwa w Polsce Ludowej (1944-1990). Zbiór studiów</i>. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-457-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-457-5"><bdi>978-83-7629-457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historyczno-prawna+analiza+struktur+organ%C3%B3w+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+pa%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce+Ludowej+%281944-1990%29.+Zbi%C3%B3r+studi%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej.+Komisja+%C5%9Acigania+Zbrodni+przeciwko+Narodowi+Polskiemu&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-457-5&rft.aulast=Jusupovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Le%C5%9Bkiewicz%2C+Rafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinistry+of+Public+Security+%28Poland%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links_and_further_reading">External links and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links and further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security (Poland)</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602010305/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/lista_repres.html">List of persons condemned by Military Courts to the capital punishment (1946–1955)</a></li> <li>Henryk Piecuch, <i>Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych</i> (seria: <i>Tajna Historia Polski</i>) (<i>Dirty Games: the Last Special Services Operations</i> [<i>Secret History of Poland</i> series]). 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="وزارة الأمن العام في بولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وزارة الأمن العام في بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%25C5%2584stwa_Publicznego" title="Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" 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