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id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain's_attitude_towards_its_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain's_attitude_towards_its_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spain's attitude towards its colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain's_attitude_towards_its_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_interest_in_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_interest_in_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>American interest in the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_interest_in_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Path to war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Path_to_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Path to war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Path_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuban_struggle_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_struggle_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cuban struggle for independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_struggle_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_attitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_attitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish attitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_attitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>US response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USS_Maine_dispatch_to_Havana_and_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USS_Maine_dispatch_to_Havana_and_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>USS <i>Maine</i> dispatch to Havana and loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USS_Maine_dispatch_to_Havana_and_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaring_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaring_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Declaring war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaring_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pacific theater</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pacific_theater-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pacific theater subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pacific_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Guam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Caribbean theater</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caribbean_theater-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caribbean theater subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuban_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cuban sentiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_at_Cienfuegos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_at_Cienfuegos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Action at Cienfuegos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_at_Cienfuegos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Land campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tayacoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tayacoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Battle of Tayacoba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tayacoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Naval operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>U.S. withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cámara's_squadron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cámara's_squadron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cámara's squadron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cámara's_squadron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Making_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Making_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Making peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Making_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medical disaster</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_disaster-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical disaster subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typhoid_fever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typhoid_fever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Typhoid fever</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typhoid_fever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_term_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_term_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Long term impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_term_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Aftermath in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teller_and_Platt_Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teller_and_Platt_Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Teller and Platt Amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teller_and_Platt_Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Aftermath in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterans_Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Veterans Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Marine_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Marine_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Impact on the Marine Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Marine_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_acquired_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_acquired_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Aftermath in acquired territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_acquired_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Guam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_American_investment_in_Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_American_investment_in_Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_American_investment_in_Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Military decorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military decorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wartime_service_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_service_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Wartime service and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_service_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_occupation_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_occupation_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Postwar occupation service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_occupation_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Reference materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish–American War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans-Amerikaanse_Oorlog" title="Spaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأمريكية الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأمريكية الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Espa%C3%B1a_y_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Guerra d'España y Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'España y Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span%E2%80%93AB%C5%9E_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İspan–ABŞ müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspan–ABŞ müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایسپانیا-آمریکا ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپانیا-آمریکا ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іспана-амерыканская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспана-амерыканская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Испанско-американска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испанско-американска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_1898_etre_Spagn_hag_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Brezel 1898 etre Spagn hag ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel 1898 etre Spagn hag ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_hispano-estatunidenca" title="Guerra hispano-estatunidenca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra hispano-estatunidenca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsko-americk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Španělsko-americká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělsko-americká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Sbaen_ac_America" title="Rhyfel Sbaen ac America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Sbaen ac America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spansk-amerikanske_krig" title="Den spansk-amerikanske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den spansk-amerikanske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanisch-Amerikanischer_Krieg" title="Spanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania-Ameerika_s%C3%B5da" title="Hispaania-Ameerika sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania-Ameerika sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ισπανοαμερικανικός πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανοαμερικανικός πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_hispano-estadounidense" title="Guerra hispano-estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra hispano-estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana-usona_milito" title="Hispana-usona milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana-usona milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainia-Estatu_Batuak_Gerra" title="Espainia-Estatu Batuak Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainia-Estatu Batuak Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنگ آمریکا و اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ آمریکا و اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_hispano-am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Guerre hispano-américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre hispano-américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Sp%C3%A1inn-Mheirice%C3%A1nach" title="Cogadh Spáinn-Mheiriceánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Spáinn-Mheiriceánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_hispano-estadounidense" title="Guerra hispano-estadounidense – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra hispano-estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD-%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="미국-스페인 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국-스페인 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(1898)" title="Իսպանա-ամերիկյան պատերազմ (1898) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանա-ամերիկյան պատերազմ (1898)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्पेन अमेरिका का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेन अमेरिका का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolsko-ameri%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Španjolsko-američki rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolsko-američki rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_Hispana-Usana" title="Milito Hispana-Usana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito Hispana-Usana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_ti_Espaniol%E2%80%93Amerikano" title="Gubat ti Espaniol–Amerikano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gubat ti Espaniol–Amerikano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Spanyol%E2%80%93Amerika_Serikat" title="Perang Spanyol–Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Spanyol–Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_hispano-statounitese" title="Guerra hispano-statounitese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra hispano-statounitese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_Sp%C3%A1nar_og_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Stríð Spánar og Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríð Spánar og Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ispano-americana" title="Guerra ispano-americana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra ispano-americana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מלחמת ארצות הברית–ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת ארצות הברית–ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ესპანეთ-ამერიკის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთ-ამერიკის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_Marekani_dhidi_Hispania" title="Vita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83_(1898)" title="Испания-Америка согушу (1898) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Испания-Америка согушу (1898)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Hispano-Americanum" title="Bellum Hispano-Americanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Hispano-Americanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81nijas%E2%80%94ASV_kar%C5%A1" title="Spānijas—ASV karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spānijas—ASV karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanijos%E2%80%93Amerikos_karas" title="Ispanijos–Amerikos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanijos–Amerikos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol%E2%80%93amerikai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Spanyol–amerikai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol–amerikai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шпанско-американска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпанско-американска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="സ്പാനിഷ്-അമേരിക്കൻ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പാനിഷ്-അമേരിക്കൻ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب الاسبانيه الامريكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب الاسبانيه الامريكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Amerika_Syarikat%E2%80%93Sepanyol" title="Perang Amerika Syarikat–Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Amerika Syarikat–Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Испани-Америкийн дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Испани-Америкийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans-Amerikaanse_Oorlog" title="Spaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="米西戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米西戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spansk-amerikanske_krigen" title="Den spansk-amerikanske krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den spansk-amerikanske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spansk-amerikanske_krigen" title="Den spansk-amerikanske krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den spansk-amerikanske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya-Amerika_urushi" title="Ispaniya-Amerika urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispaniya-Amerika urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%93%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%90_%D9%80%D9%80_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د هسپانیې ــ امریکې جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هسپانیې ــ امریکې جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_spagneula-merican-a_d%C3%ABl_1898" title="Guèra spagneula-merican-a dël 1898 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra spagneula-merican-a dël 1898" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_ameryka%C5%84sko-hiszpa%C5%84ska" title="Wojna amerykańsko-hiszpańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna amerykańsko-hiszpańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Hispano-Americana" title="Guerra Hispano-Americana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Hispano-Americana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Hispano-American" title="Războiul Hispano-American – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Hispano-American" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Испано-американская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испано-американская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaingie%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spaingie–American War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spaingie–American War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish–American War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اسپيني آمريڪي جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپيني آمريڪي جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panielsko-americk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Španielsko-americká vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielsko-americká vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pansko-ameri%C5%A1ka_vojna" title="Špansko-ameriška vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Špansko-ameriška vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%E2%80%93%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="شەڕی ئیسپانیا–ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ئیسپانیا–ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шпанско-амерички рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанско-амерички рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pansko-ameri%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Špansko-američki rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Špansko-američki rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan%E2%80%93Yhdysvaltain_sota" title="Espanjan–Yhdysvaltain sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan–Yhdysvaltain sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk-amerikanska_kriget" title="Spansk-amerikanska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spansk-amerikanska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Espanyol%E2%80%93Amerikano" title="Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எசுப்பானிய அமெரிக்கப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுப்பானிய அமெரிக்கப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Испан-америка сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Испан-америка сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E2%80%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สงครามสเปน–สหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามสเปน–สหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya-Amerika_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İspanya-Amerika Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya-Amerika Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іспансько-американська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспансько-американська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%93%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی–امریکی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95-%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89" title="ئىسپانىيە-ئامېرىكا ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسپانىيە-ئامېرىكا ئۇرۇشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1898 conflict between the Spanish Empire and the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish–American War<sup id="cite_ref-alternative_names_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternative_names-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">decolonization of the Americas</a>, <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a>, <br /> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/300px-Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/450px-Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/600px-Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span><br />(clockwise from top left) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a> extending telegraph lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)" title="USS Iowa (BB-4)">USS <i>Iowa</i></a> at the Victory Fleet Review in August 1898 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a></li> <li>Filipino soldiers wearing Spanish <a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">pith helmets</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li>The Spanish signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">San Juan Hill</a></li> <li>Replacing of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish flag</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Antonio_Abad" title="Fort San Antonio Abad">Fort San Antonio Abad</a> (Fort Malate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 21<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – August 13,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1898<br />(3 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>U.S. victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris of 1898</a></li> <li>Founding of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> and beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">Spain sells to Germany</a> its last colonies in the Pacific in 1899</li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li>Rise of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as a world power</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba; cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States. $20 million paid to Spain by the United States for infrastructure owned by Spain.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Liberation_Army" title="Cuban Liberation Army">Cuban Liberation Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-unrecognized_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrecognized-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-unrecognized_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrecognized-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government</a> (May-June)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government</a> (from June)</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Hare" title="Luther Hare">Luther Hare</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Miles">Nelson Miles</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Shafter" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shafter">William Shafter</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William Sampson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sigsbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Sigsbee">Charles Sigsbee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Demetrio_Castillo_Duany" title="Demetrio Castillo Duany">Demetrio 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Toral_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="José Toral y Velázquez">José Toral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basilio_August%C3%ADn" title="Basilio Augustín">Basilio Augustín</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_J%C3%A1udenes" title="Fermín Jáudenes">Fermín Jáudenes</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Diego de los Ríos">Diego de los Ríos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Total: 300,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA21_21–22]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA21_21–22]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> 72,339<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017256_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017256-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 53,000<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span> 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-karnow1990p115_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnow1990p115-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Total: 339,783</b> (only 20–25 percent of the army capable of field operations)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA20_20]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA20_20]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 288,452 (Caribbean) </p> <ul><li>278,447 in Cuba (only 2,820 engaged in major land battles)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10,005 in Puerto Rico</li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 51,331 (Philippines)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Total: 4,119</b><br /><b>American:</b> </p> <ul><li>2,446 dead <ul><li>369 soldiers killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10 sailors killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 Marines killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2,061 dead from disease<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1,662 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 captured<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 cargo ship sunk<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 cruiser damaged<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Total: 56,400–56,600</b><br /><b>Spanish:</b> </p> <ul><li>15,700–15,800 dead <ul><li>200 soldiers killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>500–600 sailors killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15,000 dead from disease<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA105_105]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA105_105]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>700–800 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>40,000+ captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 small ships sunk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 cruisers sunk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 destroyers sunk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_American_War_Theaters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish–American_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Spanish–American War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Atlantic Ocean Theater</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pacific Ocean Theater</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banana_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banana_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">1st U.S. occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">2nd U.S. occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rican campaign</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Honduras">Honduras</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Honduran_Civil_War" title="First Honduran Civil War">First Honduran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Honduran_Civil_War" title="Second Honduran Civil War">Second Honduran Civil War</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Granada_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Granada (1912) (page does not exist)">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masaya_(1912)" title="Battle of Masaya (1912)">Masaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coyotepe_Hill" title="Battle of Coyotepe Hill">Coyotepe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">1926–1927 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Paz_Centro" title="Battle of La Paz Centro">La Paz Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocotal" title="Battle of Ocotal">Ocotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando" title="Battle of San Fernando">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara_(1927)" title="Battle of Santa Clara (1927)">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telpaneca" title="Battle of Telpaneca">Telpaneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapotillal" title="Battle of Sapotillal">Sapotillal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1927)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1927) (page does not exist)">1st Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1928)" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1928)">2nd Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Quilali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Quilali (page does not exist)">Quilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Bramadero" title="Battle of El Bramadero">El Bramadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Flor" title="Battle of La Flor">La Flor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achuapa" title="Battle of Achuapa">Achuapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agua_Carta" title="Battle of Agua Carta">Agua Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Sauce" title="Battle of El Sauce">El Sauce</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Mexico</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border War (1910–19)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dipitie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Dipitie">Fort Dipitie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of Fort Rivière">Fort Rivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-au-Prince_(1919)" title="Battle of Port-au-Prince (1919)">1st Port-au-Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-au-Prince_(1920)" title="Battle of Port-au-Prince (1920)">2nd Port-au-Prince</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Dominican Republic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Affair" title="Santo Domingo Affair">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Trencheras" title="Battle of Las Trencheras">Las Trencheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guayacanas" title="Battle of Guayacanas">Guayacanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco_de_Macoris" title="Battle of San Francisco de Macoris">San Francisco de Macoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Spanish–American War</b><sup id="cite_ref-alternative_names_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternative_names-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (April 21 – December 10, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and resulted in the U.S. acquisitions of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and its domination of Cuba. It represented U.S. intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, with the latter later leading to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. The Spanish–American War brought an end to almost four centuries of Spanish presence in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific; the United States meanwhile not only became a major world power, but also gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which provoked rancorous debate over the wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century represented a clear decline for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, while the United States went from a newly founded country to a rising power. In 1895, Cuban nationalists began a revolt against Spanish rule, which was brutally suppressed by the colonial authorities. <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a> in the U.S. exaggerated the atrocities in Cuba to sell more newspapers and magazines,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which swayed American public opinion in support of the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> resisted mounting demands for U.S. intervention, as did his successor <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not seeking a war, McKinley made preparations in readiness for one. </p><p>In January 1898, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> armored cruiser USS <i>Maine</i> was sent to Havana to provide protection for U.S. citizens. After the <i>Maine</i> was sunk by a mysterious explosion in the harbor on February 15, 1898, political pressures pushed McKinley to receive congressional authority to use military force. On April 21, the U.S. began a blockade of Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-trask57_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon after Spain and the U.S. declared war. The war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific, where American war advocates correctly anticipated that U.S. naval power would prove decisive. On May 1, a squadron of U.S warships destroyed the Spanish fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">at Manila Bay</a> in the Philippines and captured the harbor. The first U.S. Marines landed in Cuba on June 10 in the island's southeast, moving west and engaging in at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">Battles of El Caney</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill" title="San Juan Hill">San Juan Hill</a> on July 1 and the destroying the fleet at and capturing Santiago de Cuba on July 17.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 20, the island of <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam surrendered</a> without resistance, and on July 25, U.S. troops <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">landed on Puerto Rico</a>, which a blockade had begun on May 8 and where fighting continued until an armistice was signed on August 13. </p><p>The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">1898 Treaty of Paris</a>, signed on December 10 with terms favorable to the U.S. The treaty ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S., and set Cuba up to become independent state in 1901, although in practice became a U.S. protectorate. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($730 million today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, the defeat in the war was a profound shock to the national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known as the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108–109_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108–109-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain's_attitude_towards_its_colonies"><span id="Spain.27s_attitude_towards_its_colonies"></span>Spain's attitude towards its colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spain's attitude towards its colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/300px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/450px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/600px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>World empires and colonies 1898. In yellow Spain and in light blue United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>The combined problems arising from the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> (1807–1814), the loss of most of its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonies in the Americas</a> in the early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a> (1832–1876) marked a low point for Spanish colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal Spanish elites like <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a> offered new interpretations of the concept of "empire" to dovetail with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>. Cánovas made clear in an address to the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">University of Madrid</a> in 1882<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements—on both sides of the Atlantic—that tied Spain's territories together. </p><p>Cánovas saw Spanish colonialism as more "benevolent" than that of other European colonial powers. The prevalent opinion in Spain before the war regarded the spreading of "<a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as Spain's main objective and contribution to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba, which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years, and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation. The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_interest_in_the_Caribbean">American interest in the Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American interest in the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1823, the fifth American President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1758–1831, served 1817–25) enunciated the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake or expand their colonial holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere. The U.S. would, however, respect the status of the existing European colonies. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> and convert it into a new <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a>. The pro-slavery element proposed the <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a> of 1854. Anti-slavery forces rejected it. </p><p>After the American Civil War and Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>, U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba. In 1894, 90% of Cuba's total exports went to the United States, which also provided 40% of Cuba's imports.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba, it was the U.S. that held economic power over Cuba. </p><p>The U.S. became interested in a trans-isthmus canal in either <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and realized the need for naval protection. Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> was an exceptionally influential theorist; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">naval fleet</a> of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s. Roosevelt served as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> from 1897 to 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of an American war with Spain over Cuban interests. </p><p>Meanwhile, the "Cuba Libre" movement, led by Cuban intellectual <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> until he died in 1895, had established offices in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The face of the Cuban revolution in the U.S. was the "<a href="/wiki/Cuban_Junta" title="Cuban Junta">Cuban Junta</a>", under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a>, who in 1902 became Cuba's first president. The Junta dealt with leading newspapers and Washington officials and held fund-raising events across the U.S. It funded and smuggled weapons. It mounted an extensive propaganda campaign that generated enormous popular support in the U.S. in favor of the Cubans. Protestant churches and most Democrats were supportive, but business interests called on Washington to negotiate a settlement and avoid war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuba attracted enormous American attention, but almost no discussion involved the other Spanish colonies of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, also in the Caribbean, or of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians note that there was no popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Path_to_war">Path to war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Path to war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_struggle_for_independence">Cuban struggle for independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cuban struggle for independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/220px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/330px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG/440px-La_fallera_de_l%27oncle_Sam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> propaganda drawing published in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Campana_de_Gr%C3%A0cia" title="La Campana de Gràcia">La Campana de Gràcia</a></i> (1896) by <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Molin%C3%A9_i_Muns" class="extiw" title="ca:Manuel Moliné i Muns">Manuel Moliné</a> criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba. Upper text (in old <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>) reads: "Uncle Sam's craving", and below: "To keep the island so it won't get lost".</figcaption></figure> <p>The first serious bid for Cuban independence, the Ten Years' War, erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later. Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Zanj%C3%B3n" title="Pact of Zanjón">Pact of Zanjón</a> (February 1878) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and, ultimately, independence. One such revolutionary, José Martí, continued to promote Cuban financial and political freedom in exile. In early 1895, after years of organizing, Martí launched a three-pronged invasion of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan called for one group from <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> led by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Máximo Gómez">Máximo Gómez</a>, one group from <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Maceo Grajales">Antonio Maceo Grajales</a>, and another from the United States (preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising. While their call for revolution, the <i>grito de Baire</i>, was successful, the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected. With a quick victory effectively lost, the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the architect of Spain's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time, ordered General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a>, a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba, to quell the revolt. Campos's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Province" title="Oriente Province">Oriente</a> earned him criticism in the Spanish press.<sup id="cite_ref-online_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a>, a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole. Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry, supplies, and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to <a href="/wiki/Reconcentration_policy" title="Reconcentration policy">reconcentration areas</a> near the military headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-online_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion. In the United States, this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a political speech, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels. He even said this "was not civilized warfare" but "extermination".<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Message_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Message-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_attitude">Spanish attitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish attitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain depended on Cuba for prestige and trade, and used it as a training ground for its army. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Prime Minister">Spanish Prime Minister</a> Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that "the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics. He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Michele_Angiolillo" title="Michele Angiolillo">Michele Angiolillo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_response">US response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: US response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">Presidency of William McKinley</a></div> <p>The eruption of the Cuban revolt, Weyler's measures, and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal">New York Journal</a></i> recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies. Both papers denounced Spain but had little influence outside New York. American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba. American Catholics were divided before the war began but supported it enthusiastically once it started.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about Cuba's future. Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt. Other American business concerns, specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar, looked to the Spanish to restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stability, not war, was the goal of both interests. How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/220px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/330px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Judge-2-6-1897.jpg/440px-Judge-2-6-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>An American cartoon published in <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge</a></i>, February 6, 1897: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a> (representing the American people) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba (the caption under the chained child reads "Spain's 16th century methods") while <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> (representing the U.S. government) sits blindfolded, refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene (cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Grant_E._Hamilton" title="Grant E. Hamilton">Grant E. Hamilton</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant Commander Charles Train, in 1894, in his preparatory notes in an outlook of an armed conflict between Spain and the United States, wrote that Spain was solely dependent on the trade activities that Cuba was carrying out and that it would mean Spain would use their "entire forces" to defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish government, popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States. Many Americans likened the Cuban revolt to the American Revolution, and they viewed the Spanish government as a tyrannical oppressor. Historian Louis Pérez notes that "The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter. Such was the sense of the public mood." Many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the "Cuba Libre" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights, wanted to take part in the war. They saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality, service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG/220px-USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG/330px-USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG/440px-USS_Maine_entering_Havana_harbor_HD-SN-99-01929.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>The battleship Maine entering <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Bay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>President McKinley, well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict, wanted to end the revolt peacefully. He began to negotiate with the Spanish government, hoping that the talks would dampen yellow journalism in the United States and soften support for war with Spain. An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office. However, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed <a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Stewart L. Woodford</a> as the new minister to Spain, who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government refused the United States' offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change its policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities. This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor-General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba. This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquess_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata">Ramón Blanco</a>, arrived in Cuba. U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This request led to the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> being sent to Cuba. While <i>Maine</i> was docked in Havana harbor, a spontaneous explosion sank the ship. The sinking of <i>Maine</i> was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez199858_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez199858-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the negotiation process, the major European powers, especially Britain, France, and Russia, generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver; American patience ran out.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USS_Maine_dispatch_to_Havana_and_loss">USS <i>Maine</i> dispatch to Havana and loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine (1889)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USSMaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USSMaine.jpg/288px-USSMaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/USSMaine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The sunken <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana_harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana harbor">Havana harbor</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_(Washington,_D.C.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg/296px-18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg/444px-18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg/592px-18980216_Blown_Up_By_Spain_-_USS_Maine_-_The_Evening_Times_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Though publication of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> investigation report would take a month, this <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> newspaper<sup id="cite_ref-EverningTimes_18980216_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EverningTimes_18980216-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was among those asserting within one day that the explosion was not accidental.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>McKinley sent <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests, and to underscore the urgent need for reform. Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided. As <i>Maine</i> left Florida, a large part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Squadron" title="North Atlantic Squadron">North Atlantic Squadron</a> was moved to Key West and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon, and others were moved to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-offner2004p56_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offner2004p56-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 9:40 P.M. on February 15, 1898, <i>Maine</i> sank in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a> after suffering a massive explosion. More than 3/4 of the ship's crew of 355 sailors, officers and Marines died as a result of the explosion. Of the 94 survivors only 16 were uninjured.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 260<sup id="cite_ref-history.navy.mil_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> servicemen were killed in the initial explosion, six more died shortly thereafter from injuries,<sup id="cite_ref-history.navy.mil_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the greatest loss of life for the American military in a single day since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">defeat at Little Bighorn</a> twenty-one years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Arch_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Arch-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> </p><p>While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion, the deaths of hundreds of American<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sailors held the public's attention. McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense, and Congress unanimously obliged. Most American leaders believed that the cause of the explosion was unknown. Still, public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war. Spain appealed to the European powers, most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofsp00keenpage372_372]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofsp00keenpage372_372]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA614_614]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA614_614]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Navy's investigation, made public on March 28, concluded that the ship's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship's hull. This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S., making war virtually inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-offner2004p57_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offner2004p57-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's investigation came to the opposite conclusion: the explosion originated within the ship. Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions, but had no bearing on the coming of the war. In 1974, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hyman_George_Rickover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyman George Rickover">Hyman George Rickover</a> had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-fisher2010_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study commissioned by <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> magazine in 1999, using AME computer modeling, reported: "By examining the bottom plating of the ship and how it bent and folded, AME concluded that the destruction could have been caused by a mine."<sup id="cite_ref-fisher2010_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaring_war">Declaring war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Declaring war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of the Spanish–American War">Propaganda of the Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg/220px-Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg/330px-Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg/440px-Mapa_ilustrado_del_Reino_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_sus_posesiones_para_la_Guardia_Civil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8173" data-file-height="6316" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated map published by the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a> showing the Kingdom of Spain and its remaining colonial possessions in 1895 (<a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> are not included.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuban_soldiers,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg/220px-Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg/330px-Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg/440px-Cuban_soldiers%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Cuban insurgent soldiers, who had already been fighting for <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Independence</a> against Spain since 1895.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <i>Maine</i> was destroyed, New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame, and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even prior to the explosion, both had published sensationalistic accounts of "atrocities" committed by the Spanish in Cuba; headlines such as "Spanish Murderers" were commonplace in their newspapers. Following the explosion, this tone escalated with the headline "Remember The Maine, To Hell with Spain!", quickly appearing.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories were based on factual accounts, but most of the time, the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers. A common myth falsely states that when illustrator <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> said there was no war brewing in Cuba, Hearst responded: "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this new "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>" was uncommon outside New York City, and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action, overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a>, and the business community to find a negotiated solution. Wall Street, big business, high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of severe depression, the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897. However, the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery. "War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years," warned the <i>New Jersey Trade Review.</i> The leading railroad magazine editorialized, "From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace." McKinley paid close attention to the strong antiwar consensus of the business community, and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Nick Kapur argues that McKinley's actions as he moved toward war were rooted not in various pressure groups but in his deeply held "Victorian" values, especially arbitration, pacifism, humanitarianism, and manly self-restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A speech delivered by Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Redfield Proctor</a> of Vermont on March 17, 1898, thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause. Proctor concluded that war was the only answer.<sup id="cite_ref-cubarmy_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cubarmy-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war, switched sides, leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 11, McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there, knowing that Congress would force a war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg/250px-Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg/375px-Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg/500px-Spanish_American_War_transport_Seneca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The American transport ship <i>Seneca</i>, a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 19, while Congress was considering <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolutions</a> supporting Cuban independence, Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a> to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war. The amendment, disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba, passed the Senate 42 to 35; the House concurred the same day, 311 to 6. The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain. President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20, 1898, and the ultimatum was sent to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-stat33.738_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat33.738-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-trask57_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 23, Spain reacted to the blockade by declaring war on the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, the U.S. Congress <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Spain">responded in kind</a>, declaring that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of Cuba had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-trask57_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the embodiment of the naval plan created by Lieutenant Commander Charles Train four years ago, stating once the US enacted a proclamation of war against Spain, it would mobilize its N.A. (North Atlantic) squadron to form an efficient blockade in Havana, <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagua_La_Grande" title="Sagua La Grande">Sagua La Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy was ready, but the Army was not well-prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies. In the spring of 1898, the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">U.S. Regular Army</a> was just 24,593 soldiers. The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">state National Guard units</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of USS <i>Maine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President McKinley issued two calls for volunteers, the first on April 23 which called for 125,000 men to enlist, followed by a second appeal for a further 75,000 volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States in the Northeast, Midwest, and the West quickly filled their volunteer quota. In response to the surplus influx of volunteers, several Northern states had their quotas increased. Contrastingly, some Southern states struggled to fulfil even the first mandated quota, namely Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of states did not allow African American men to volunteer which impeded recruitment in Southern states, especially those with large African American populations. Quota requirements, based on total population, were unmanageable, as they were disproportionate compared to the actual population permitted to volunteer.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was especially evident in some states, such as Kentucky and Mississippi, which accepted out-of-state volunteers to aid in meeting their quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Southern apprehension towards enlistment can also be attributed to "a war weariness derived from the Confederacy's defeat in the Civil War."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the South were still recuperating financially after their losses in the Civil War, and the upcoming war did not provide much hope for economic prosperity in the South. The prospect of a naval war gave anxiety to those in the South. The financial security of those working and living in the cotton belt relied heavily upon trade across the Atlantic which would be disrupted by a nautical war, the prospect of which fostered a reluctance to enlist.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential volunteers were also not financially incentivized, with pay per month initially being $13.00 which then was then raised to $15.60 for combat pay.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was more economically promising for most southern men to continue in their own enterprises rather than enlist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg/220px-The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg/330px-The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg/440px-The_last_stand_of_the_Spanish_Garrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The last stand of the Spanish Garrison in Cuba by <a href="/wiki/Murat_Halstead" title="Murat Halstead">Murat Halstead</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>The overwhelming consensus of observers in the 1890s, and historians ever since, is that an upsurge of humanitarian concern with the plight of the Cubans was the main motivating force that caused the war with Spain in 1898. McKinley put it succinctly in late 1897 that if Spain failed to resolve its crisis, the United States would see "a duty imposed by our obligations to ourselves, to civilization and humanity to intervene with force".<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Message_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Message-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intervention in terms of negotiating a settlement proved impossible—neither Spain nor the insurgents would agree. Louis Perez states, "Certainly the moralistic determinants of war in 1898 has been accorded preponderant explanatory weight in the historiography."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, however, American political scientists began attacking the war as a mistake based on idealism, arguing that a better policy would be realism. They discredited the idealism by suggesting the people were deliberately misled by propaganda and sensationalist yellow journalism. Political scientist Robert Osgood, writing in 1953, led the attack on the American decision process as a confused mix of "self-righteousness and genuine moral fervor," in the form of a "crusade" and a combination of "knight-errantry and national self- assertiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osgood argued: </p> <dl><dd>A war to free Cuba from Spanish despotism, corruption, and cruelty, from the filth and disease and barbarity of General 'Butcher' Weyler's reconcentration camps, from the devastation of haciendas, the extermination of families, and the outraging of women; that would be a blow for humanity and democracy.... No one could doubt it if he believed—and skepticism was not popular—the exaggerations of the Cuban <i>Junta's</i> propaganda and the lurid distortions and imaginative lies pervade by the "yellow sheets" of Hearst and Pulitzer at the combined rate of 2 million [newspaper copies] a day.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In his <i>War and Empire</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts (Boston) writes: </p> <blockquote><p>The Spanish–American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy. ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the <i>USS Maine</i> was deliberately, and falsely, attributed to Spanish villainy. ... In a cryptic message ... Senator Lodge wrote that 'There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things. We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana, and our fleet, which overmatches anything the Spanish have, is masked at the Dry Tortugas.</p></blockquote> <p>In his autobiography,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war: </p> <blockquote><p>Our own direct interests were great, because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar, and especially because of Cuba's relation to the projected Isthmian [Panama] Canal. But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity. ... It was our duty, even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest, to stop the devastation and destruction. Because of these considerations I favored war.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_theater">Pacific theater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pacific theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacifico-98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacifico-98.jpg/290px-Pacifico-98.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Pacifico-98.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The Pacific theater of the Spanish–American War</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 333 years of Spanish rule, the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Mexico-based <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> to a land with modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe. Among these <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrados</a> was the Filipino national hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities. This movement eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> against Spanish colonial rule. The revolution had been in a state of <a href="/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> since the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> in 1897, with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country. </p><p>Lt. William Warren Kimball, Staff Intelligence Officer with the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA180_180]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA180_180]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prepared a plan for war with Spain including the Philippines on June 1, 1896, known as "the Kimball Plan".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 23, 1898, a document from <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilio_August%C3%ADn" title="Basilio Augustín">Basilio Augustín</a> appeared in the <i>Manila Gazette</i> newspaper warning of the impending war and calling for Filipinos to participate on the side of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt, who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy, ordered Commodore <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> of the United States Navy: "Order the squadron ...to Hong Kong. Keep full of coal. In the event of declaration of war with Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands." Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> on the evening of April 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Howland1921_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howland1921-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg/220px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg/330px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg/440px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg/220px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg/330px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg/440px-Dotaci%C3%B3n_de_la_escuadrilla_en_la_bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6571" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Marines">Spanish Marines</a> entrenched during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> where, on May 1, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> Dewey, commanding the Asiatic Squadron aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Olympia_(C-6)" title="USS Olympia (C-6)">USS <i>Olympia</i></a>, in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadron</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Patricio_Montojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricio Montojo">Patricio Montojo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey managed this with only nine wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the German seizure of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Leased_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory">Qingdao</a> in 1897, Dewey's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own, and was beset with coal and ammunition problems.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRJune1988p659-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these problems, the Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish fleet and captured Manila's harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRJune1988p659-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Dewey's victory, Manila Bay became filled with the warships of other naval powers.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRJune1988p659-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German squadron of eight ships, ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests, acted provocatively—cutting in front of American ships, refusing to salute the <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a> (according to customs of naval courtesy), taking soundings of the harbor, and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With interests of their own, Germany was eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolan1991_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan1991-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans called Germany's bluff and threatened conflict if the aggression continued. The Germans backed down.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolan1991_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan1991-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat, with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States government had concerns about the self-government capability of the Filipinos, fearing that a power such as Germany or Japan might take control if the United States did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commodore Dewey transported <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, a Filipino leader who led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896, from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 9, Aguinaldo's forces controlled the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, and had laid siege to Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinas_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinas-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Aguinaldo's revolutionary forces were fighting, preparations were underway in the U.S. to send land forces to supplement Dewey's naval forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FaustCh4_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaustCh4-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops began departing San Francisco on May 25 and arriving on Manila on June 30,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been officially formed as the U.S. Army the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_Corps_(Spanish%E2%80%93American_War)" title="Eighth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)">Eighth Army Corps</a> on June 21 while they were in transit. </p><p>On August 5, upon instruction from Spain, Governor-General Basilio Augustin turned over the command of the Philippines to his deputy, Fermin Jaudenes.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day in Washington D.C., American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle marked the end of Filipino–American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. This later led to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lac126_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lac126-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish–American War. </p><p>The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines. On August 14, 1898, Spanish Captain-General Jaudenes formally capitulated and U.S. General Merritt formally accepted the surrender and declared the establishment of a U.S. military government in occupation. The capitulation document declared, "The surrender of the Philippine Archipelago." and set forth a mechanism for its physical accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJdq22The20surrender20of20the20Philippine20Archipelago22pgPA465_465]_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJdq22The20surrender20of20the20Philippine20Archipelago22pgPA465_465]-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same day, the <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission</a> recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines, possibly granting independence in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 10, 1898, the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war, quickly escalating into the Philippine–American War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guam">Guam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Capture of Guam</a></div> <p>On June 20, 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Charleston_(C-2)" title="USS Charleston (C-2)">USS <i>Charleston</i></a> commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Glass_(admiral)" title="Henry Glass (admiral)">Henry Glass</a>, and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines, entered Guam's Apia Harbor. Captain Glass had opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam and capture it</a> while en route to the Philippines. <i>Charleston</i> fired a few rounds at the abandoned Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire. Two local officials, not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute, came out to <i>Charleston</i> to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder. Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war.<sup id="cite_ref-208–209_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208–209-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, Glass sent Lieutenant William Braunersreuther to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there. Two officers, 54 Spanish infantrymen as well as the governor-general and his staff were taken prisoner<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war. No U.S. forces were left on Guam, but the only U.S. citizen on the island, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Portusach" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Portusach">Frank Portusach</a>, told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned.<sup id="cite_ref-208–209_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208–209-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean_theater">Caribbean theater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caribbean theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Hill order of battle">San Juan Hill order of battle</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Caney_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="El Caney order of battle">El Caney order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg/220px-Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg/330px-Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg/440px-Cristobal-colon_h63229.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish armored cruiser <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Spanish cruiser Cristóbal Colón"><i>Cristóbal Colón</i></a>, which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG/220px-San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG/330px-San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG/440px-San_Juan_Hill_by_Kurz_and_Allison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <i>Charge of the <a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="24th Infantry Regiment (United States)">24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Regiment (United States)">25th Colored Infantry</a> and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, July 2, 1898</i>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba, both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine. While Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he placed the Navy on a war-time footing and prepared Dewey's Asiatic Squadron for battle. He also worked with <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a> in convincing the Army to raise an all-volunteer regiment, the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry. Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans planned to destroy Spain's army forces in Cuba, capture the port city of Santiago de Cuba, and destroy the Spanish Caribbean Squadron (also known as the Flota de Ultramar). To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in <a href="/wiki/El_Caney" title="El Caney">El Caney</a>. The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General <a href="/wiki/Calixto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Calixto García">Calixto García</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuban_sentiment">Cuban sentiment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuban sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence, and even annexation was considered for a time, which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book <i>Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy</i>. The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish government, a result of years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish. The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction. While the Cubans were wary of the United States' intentions, the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind, because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Action_at_Cienfuegos">Action at Cienfuegos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Action at Cienfuegos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first combat between American and Spanish forces in the Caribbean occurred on May 11, 1898, in the harbor near the city of <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was the southern terminus for undersea communication cables that connected Cuba to Spain and other Spanish holdings in the Caribbean. American Naval officers needed to destroy these cables to cut communications into and out of Cuba, in preparation for later operations against the major city of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/USS_Marblehead_(C-11)" title="USS Marblehead (C-11)">USS <i>Marblehead</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Nashville_(PG-7)" title="USS Nashville (PG-7)">USS <i>Nashville</i></a> were dispatched to cut these cables early on the morning of May 11. To cut the cables, two steam cutters, with a crew of eight sailors and six Marines each, and two sailing launches, with a crew of fourteen sailors each, maneuvered into harbor and within 200 feet from shore.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the boats moved towards shore, the <i>Marblehead</i> and <i>Nashville</i> shelled Spanish trenches dug to protect the cables from sabotage attempts. They succeeded in destroying support buildings for the cables and drove the Spanish force back away from the beach. The boats' crews pulled one cable up and began trying to cut through its metal jacket while Spanish soldiers started firing from cover. Marine sharpshooters returned fire from the boats and the <i>Marblehead</i> and <i>Nashville</i> began firing shrapnel shells in an attempt to force the Spanish completely out of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sailors finished cutting one cable and pulled up a second one to begin severing it too. Spanish fire began to take a toll on the Marines and sailors with multiple casualties in the small boats, but the Americans were still able to cut a second wire. They began working on the final wire and succeeded in partially cutting it until the still heavy Spanish fire and mounting casualties forced the Navy officer in command, Lieutenant E. A. Anderson, to order the boats to return to the cover of the larger vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the almost three hours of combat, two men were killed, two mortally wounded, and four more seriously wounded and they succeeded in severing two of the three cables running out of Cienfuegos.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relatively brief fight significantly disrupted communications between Cuba, Santiago, and Spain and contributed to the overall American goal of isolating Cuba from outside support. It also provided a major boost to American morale because it was the first combat American servicemen had seen close to home. For their brave actions, all the Marines and sailors in the four small boats received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_campaign">Land campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Land campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Mauser_1893.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Spanish_Mauser_1893.png/220px-Spanish_Mauser_1893.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Spanish_Mauser_1893.png/330px-Spanish_Mauser_1893.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Spanish_Mauser_1893.png/440px-Spanish_Mauser_1893.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1893" title="Mauser Model 1893">Mauser Model 1893</a> rifle, used by the Spanish infantry and perceived to be superior to the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Model_1892%E2%80%9399" title="Springfield Model 1892–99">Springfield Model 1892–99</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Krag%E2%80%93J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Krag–Jørgensen">Krag–Jørgensen</a> rifles, used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. Because of this, the U.S. Army later developed the <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903 Springfield</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America%27s_war_for_humanity_related_in_story_and_picture,_embracing_a_complete_history_of_Cuba%27s_struggle_for_liberty,_and_the_glorious_heroism_of_America%27s_soldiers_and_sailors_(1898)_(14591603718).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/America%27s_war_for_humanity_related_in_story_and_picture%2C_embracing_a_complete_history_of_Cuba%27s_struggle_for_liberty%2C_and_the_glorious_heroism_of_America%27s_soldiers_and_sailors_%281898%29_%2814591603718%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/America%27s_war_for_humanity_related_in_story_and_picture%2C_embracing_a_complete_history_of_Cuba%27s_struggle_for_liberty%2C_and_the_glorious_heroism_of_America%27s_soldiers_and_sailors_%281898%29_%2814591603718%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/America%27s_war_for_humanity_related_in_story_and_picture%2C_embracing_a_complete_history_of_Cuba%27s_struggle_for_liberty%2C_and_the_glorious_heroism_of_America%27s_soldiers_and_sailors_%281898%29_%2814591603718%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Charge of the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG/220px-Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG/330px-Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG/440px-Charge_of_the_Rough_Riders_at_San_Juan_Hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>The Rough Riders in San Juan (<a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first American landings in Cuba occurred on June 10 with the landing of the First Marine Battalion at Fisherman's Point in <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was followed on June 22 to 24, when the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_Corps_(Spanish%E2%80%93American_War)" title="Fifth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)">Fifth Army Corps</a> under General <a href="/wiki/William_R._Shafter" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Shafter">William R. Shafter</a> landed at <a href="/wiki/Daiquir%C3%AD" title="Daiquirí">Daiquirí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siboney,_Cuba" title="Siboney, Cuba">Siboney</a>, east of Santiago, and established an American base of operations. A contingent of Spanish troops, having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23, had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Las Guasimas</a>. An advance guard of U.S. forces under former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a> ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution. They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General <a href="/wiki/Antero_Rub%C3%ADn" title="Antero Rubín">Antero Rubín</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who effectively ambushed them, in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24. The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago. </p><p>The U.S. Army employed Civil War–era <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher#American_Civil_War" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a> at the head of the advancing columns. Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed, including <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II_(Rough_Rider)" title="Hamilton Fish II (Rough Rider)">Hamilton Fish II</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>, the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant), and Captain <a href="/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Allyn K. Capron, Jr.">Allyn K. Capron</a>, whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met. Only <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> Indian, Tom Isbell, wounded seven times, survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger-loaded, 7mm <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1893" title="Mauser Model 1893">1893 Spanish Mauser rifles</a> and using <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a>. The high-speed <a href="/wiki/7%C3%9757mm_Mauser" title="7×57mm Mauser">7×57mm Mauser</a> round was termed the "Spanish Hornet" by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead. Other irregular troops were armed with <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rolling_Block_rifle" title="Remington Rolling Block rifle">Remington Rolling Block rifles</a> in <a href="/wiki/.43_Spanish" title=".43 Spanish">.43 Spanish</a> using smokeless powder and brass-jacketed bullets. U.S. regular infantry were armed with the <a href="/wiki/.30-40_Krag" title=".30-40 Krag">.30–40</a> <a href="/wiki/Krag%E2%80%93J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Krag–Jørgensen">Krag–Jørgensen</a>, a bolt-action rifle with a complex magazine. Both the U.S. regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition. In later battles, state volunteers used the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_model_1873" title="Springfield model 1873">.45–70 Springfield</a>, a single-shot black powder rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's "Colored" <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldier</a> regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders", the <a href="/wiki/71st_New_York_Infantry_Regiment" title="71st New York Infantry Regiment">71st New York</a>, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">Battle of El Caney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a> outside of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish put down range at the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wikoff" title="Charles A. Wikoff">Charles A. Wikoff</a>, a U.S. Army colonel who was killed in action, was the most senior U.S. Army officer killed in the Spanish–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting fire by <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a> was critical to the success of the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later. First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, nicknamed "Black Jack", oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war. Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle. </p><p>The Spanish forces at <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a> were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege, and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines. This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege. </p><p>After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance halted. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody, strangling siege of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the nights, Cuban troops dug successive series of "trenches" (raised parapets), toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. American troops, while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire, suffered far more casualties from <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">heat exhaustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>-borne disease.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the western approaches to the city, Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Tayacoba">Battle of Tayacoba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Tayacoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tayacoba" title="Battle of Tayacoba">Battle of Tayacoba</a></div> <p>Lieutenant Carter P. Johnson of the Buffalo Soldiers' <a href="/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">10th Cavalry</a>, with experience in special operations roles as head of the 10th Cavalry's attached Apache scouts in the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a>, chose 50 soldiers from the regiment to lead a deployment mission with at least 375 Cuban soldiers under Cuban Brigadier General Emilio Nunez and other supplies to the mouth of the San Juan River east of Cienfuegos. On June 29, 1898, a reconnaissance team in landing boats from the transports <i>Florida</i> and <i>Fanita</i> attempted to land on the beach, but were repelled by Spanish fire. A second attempt was made on June 30, 1898, but a team of reconnaissance soldiers was trapped on the beach near the mouth of the Tallabacoa River. A team of four soldiers saved this group and were awarded Medals of Honor. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Peoria_(1898)" title="USS Peoria (1898)">USS <i>Peoria</i></a> and the recently arrived <a href="/wiki/USS_Helena_(PG-9)" title="USS Helena (PG-9)">USS <i>Helena</i></a> then shelled the beach to distract the Spanish while the Cuban deployment landed 40 miles east at Palo Alto, where they linked up with Cuban General Gomez.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naval_operations">Naval operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Naval operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish–American War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_campaign_1898.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Santiago_campaign_1898.gif/450px-Santiago_campaign_1898.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Santiago_campaign_1898.gif/675px-Santiago_campaign_1898.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Santiago_campaign_1898.gif/900px-Santiago_campaign_1898.gif 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>The Santiago Campaign (1898)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg/220px-US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg/330px-US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg/440px-US_Navy_Battleship_USS_Iowa_BB-4_Crewmen_Pose_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)" title="USS Iowa (BB-4)"><i>Iowa</i></a> in 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p>The major port of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> was the main target of naval operations during the war. The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">hurricane season</a>; Guantánamo Bay, with its excellent harbor, was chosen. The <a href="/wiki/1898_invasion_of_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay">1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay</a> happened between June 6 and 10, with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> with naval support.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 23, a council of senior admirals of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> had decided to order Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete" title="Pascual Cervera y Topete">Pascual Cervera y Topete</a>'s squadron of four armored cruisers and three torpedo boat destroyers to proceed from their present location in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> (having left from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, Spain) to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted in Santiago harbor by American forces, where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack. A two-month stand-off between Spanish and American naval forces followed. </p><p>U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Pearson_Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Pearson Hobson">Richmond Pearson Hobson</a> was ordered by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a> to sink the <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">collier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimac_(1894)" title="USS Merrimac (1894)">USS <i>Merrimac</i></a> in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet. The mission was a failure, and Hobson and his crew were captured though Hobson soon became a national hero for leading what was widely reported as a suicide mission. Upon release, Hobson was presented with the Congressional Medal of Honor and promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain.</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Battle of Santiago de Cuba</a> on July 3, was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish–American War. When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3, the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships. Only one Spanish vessel, the new armored cruiser <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Spanish cruiser Cristóbal Colón"><i>Cristóbal Colón</i></a>, survived, but her captain hauled down her flag and <a href="/wiki/Scuttled" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttled">scuttled</a> her when the Americans finally caught up with her. The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured and sent to <a href="/wiki/Seavey%27s_Island" title="Seavey's Island">Seavey's Island</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard" title="Portsmouth Naval Shipyard">Portsmouth Naval Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kittery,_Maine" title="Kittery, Maine">Kittery, Maine</a>, where they were confined at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Prison" title="Portsmouth Naval Prison">Camp Long</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> from July 11 until mid-September. The Americans treated Spain's officers, soldiers, and sailors with great respect. Ultimately, Spanish prisoners were returned to Spain with their "honors of war" on American ships. Admiral Cervera received different treatment from the sailors taken to Portsmouth. For a time, he was held at Annapolis, Maryland, where he was received with great enthusiasm by the people of that city.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._withdrawal">U.S. withdrawal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U.S. withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> had quickly spread among the American occupation force, crippling it. A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft <a href="/wiki/Round-Robin_Letter_(Spanish%E2%80%93American_War)" title="Round-Robin Letter (Spanish–American War)">a request</a> to Washington that it withdraw the Army, a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter, who described his force as an "army of convalescents". By the time of his letter, 75% of the force in Cuba was unfit for service.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 7, the American invasion force started to leave Cuba. The evacuation was not total. The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth U.S. Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation. The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed "Immunes". Still, when the Ninth left, 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico,_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero,_Puerto_Rico,_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Spanish_troops_leaving_Mayag%C3%BCez%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_to_engage_the_American_forces_at_Hormiguero%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_08-10-1898_-_NARA_-_533437.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Spanish troops before they departed to engage the American forces at <a href="/wiki/Hormigueros,_Puerto_Rico" title="Hormigueros, Puerto Rico">Hormigueros, Puerto Rico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On May 24, 1898, in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge wrote, "Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it".<sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rico-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same month, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government before the invasion. </p><p>The American offensive began on May 12, 1898, when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>. Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal, the Americans established a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> in the city's harbor, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a>. On June 22, the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Isabel_II" title="Spanish cruiser Isabel II"><i>Isabel II</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_destroyer_Terror" title="Spanish destroyer Terror"><i>Terror</i></a> delivered a <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of San Juan">Spanish counterattack</a>, but were unable to break the blockade and <i>Terror</i> was damaged. </p><p>The land offensive began on July 25, when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> disembarked off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Guánica">Guánica</a>. The first organized armed opposition occurred in <a href="/wiki/Yauco" class="mw-redirect" title="Yauco">Yauco</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yauco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yauco">Battle of Yauco</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This encounter was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fajardo" title="Battle of Fajardo">Battle of Fajardo</a>. The United States seized control of <a href="/wiki/Fajardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajardo">Fajardo</a> on August 1, but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican-Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city, while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse. The Americans encountered larger opposition during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guayama">Battle of Guayama</a> and as they advanced towards the main island's interior. They engaged in crossfire at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Guamani_River_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Guamani River Bridge">Guamaní River Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coamo">Coamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Silva Heights">Silva Heights</a> and finally at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Asomante">Battle of Asomante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asomante_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asomante-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated. </p><p>A battle in <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="San Germán">San Germán</a> concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to <a href="/wiki/Lares,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lares, Puerto Rico">Lares</a>. On August 9, 1898, American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in <a href="/wiki/Aibonito" class="mw-redirect" title="Aibonito">Aibonito</a> in a mountain known as <i>Cerro Gervasio del Asomante</i> and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured. They returned three days later, reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack. In the subsequent crossfire, confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured, which prompted a retreat order. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13, after U.S. President William McKinley and French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a>, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-Asomante_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asomante-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cámara's_squadron"><span id="C.C3.A1mara.27s_squadron"></span>Cámara's squadron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cámara's squadron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg/220px-Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg/330px-Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg/440px-Escuadra_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_r%C3%ADa_de_Ferrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9019" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1mara%27s_Flying_Relief_Column" title="Cámara's Flying Relief Column">Spanish East Asia Rescue Squadron</a>, which never saw engagement; oil on canvas painted around 1897<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the war began in April, the Spanish Navy ordered major units of its fleet to concentrate at Cádiz in southern Spain to form the 2nd Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_C%C3%A1mara" title="Manuel de la Cámara">Manuel de la Cámara y Livermoore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Spain's most powerful warships, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Pelayo" title="Spanish battleship Pelayo"><i>Pelayo</i></a> and the brand-new <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Emperador_Carlos_V" title="Spanish cruiser Emperador Carlos V"><i>Emperador Carlos V</i></a>, were not available when the war began—the former undergoing reconstruction in a French shipyard and the latter not yet delivered from her builders—but both were rushed into service and assigned to Cámara's squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadron was ordered to guard the Spanish coast against raids by the U.S. Navy. No such raids materialized. While Cámara's squadron lay idle at Cádiz, U.S. Navy forces destroyed Montojo's squadron at Manila Bay on 1 May and bottled up Cervera's squadron at Santiago de Cuba on 27 May. </p><p>During May, the Spanish Ministry of Marine considered options for employing Cámara's squadron. Spanish Minister of Marine <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n_y_Villal%C3%B3n" title="Ramón Auñón y Villalón">Ramón Auñón y Villalón</a> made plans for Cámara to take a portion of his squadron across the Atlantic Ocean and bombard a city on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a>, preferably <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, and then head for the Caribbean to make port at San Juan, Havana, or Santiago de Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-tucker85_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker85-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the end this idea was dropped. Meanwhile, U.S. intelligence reported rumors as early as 15 May that Spain also was considering sending Cámara's squadron to the Philippines to destroy Dewey's squadron and reinforce the Spanish forces there with fresh troops.<sup id="cite_ref-OToolep222_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OToolep222-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pelayo</i> and <i>Emperador Carlos V</i> each were more powerful than any of Dewey's ships, and the possibility of their arrival in the Philippines was of great concern to the United States, which hastily arranged to dispatch 10,000 additional U.S. Army troops to the Philippines and send two U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a> to reinforce Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-OToolep222_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OToolep222-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Fleet,_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg/220px-Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg/330px-Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg/440px-Spanish_Fleet%2C_Suez_Canal_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_C%C3%A1mara" title="Manuel de la Cámara">Cámara's</a> <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in July 1898. His <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Pelayo" title="Spanish battleship Pelayo"><i>Pelayo</i></a>, can be seen in the foreground. The last ship in the line is the <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Emperador_Carlos_V" title="Spanish cruiser Emperador Carlos V"><i>Emperador Carlos V</i></a>. The squadron never saw combat.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 June, Cámara finally received orders to depart immediately for the Philippines. His squadron, made up of <i>Pelayo</i> (his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>), <i>Emperador Carlos V</i>, two <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruiser">auxiliary cruisers</a>, three destroyers, and four colliers, was to depart Cádiz escorting four <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">transports</a>. After detaching two of the transports to steam independently to the Caribbean, his squadron was to proceed to the Philippines, escorting the other two transports, which carried 4,000 Spanish Army troops to reinforce Spanish forces there. He then was to destroy Dewey's squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tucker85_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker85-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, he sortied from Cádiz on 16 June<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after detaching two of the transports for their voyages to the Caribbean, passed Gibraltar on 17 June<sup id="cite_ref-:2_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>, at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, on 26 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervera's_papers,_p._154_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervera's_papers,_p._154-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he found that U.S. operatives had purchased all the <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> available at the other end of the canal in <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> to prevent his ships from coaling with it.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received word on 29 June from the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a>, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">controlled Egypt</a> at the time, that his squadron was not permitted to coal in Egyptian waters because to do so would violate Egyptian and British neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervera's_papers,_p._154_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervera's_papers,_p._154-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tucker85_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker85-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ordered to continue,<sup id="cite_ref-encycamerican1925p243_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycamerican1925p243-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cámara's squadron passed through the Suez Canal on 5–6 July. By that time, word had reached Spain of the annihilation of Cervera's squadron off Santiago de Cuba on 3 July, freeing up the U.S. Navy's heavy forces from the blockade there, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a> had announced that a U.S. Navy "armored squadron with cruisers" would assemble and "proceed at once to the Spanish coast."<sup id="cite_ref-encycamerican1925p243_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycamerican1925p243-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing for the safety of the Spanish coast, the Spanish Ministry of Marine recalled Cámara's squadron, which by then had reached the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, on 7 July 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cámara<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s squadron returned to Spain, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> on 23 July. No U.S. Navy forces subsequently threatened the coast of Spain, and Cámara and Spain's two most powerful warships thus never saw combat during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker85_164-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker85-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Making_peace">Making peace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Making peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris,_1899.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/220px-Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/330px-Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG/440px-Jules_Cambon_signs_Treaty_of_Paris%2C_1899.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a>, the French ambassador to the United States, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines, and its fleets in both places destroyed, Spain <a href="/wiki/Sued_for_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sued for peace">sued for peace</a> and negotiations were opened between the two parties. After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson-Walker, American admiral Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Andr%C3%A9_(consul)" title="Édouard André (consul)">Édouard André</a>, to take Rawson-Walker's place as intermediary with the Spanish government.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898, with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After over two months of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)#Negotiations" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">difficult negotiations</a>, the formal peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-TreatyOfParis_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreatyOfParis-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on February 6, 1899. </p><p>The United States gained Spain's colonies of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico in the treaty, and Cuba became a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TreatyOfParis_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreatyOfParis-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11, 1899, with Cubans participating only as observers. Having been occupied since July 17, 1898, and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government (USMG), Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20, 1902, with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island. However, the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved the right to intervene. The U.S. also established a <i>de facto</i> perpetual lease of <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantánamo Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_disaster">Medical disaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Medical disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish-American War was a medical disaster for American and Spanish forces. While combat casualties were low, disease took a devastating toll on American troops. The central medical crisis of the war was the typhoid fever epidemic that ravaged military camps. The war exposed serious deficiencies in American military medical preparedness and sanitation practices and led to long-term reforms. <sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typhoid_fever">Typhoid fever</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Typhoid fever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>21,738 soldiers contracted <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> (82% of all sick soldiers).</li> <li>1,590 died from typhoid, resulting in a 7.7% mortality rate</li> <li>Typhoid accounted for 87% of all deaths from disease in assembly camps</li> <li>The epidemic affected every regiment. The assembly camps at home proved more deadly than the Cuban battlefields due to poor sanitation and inadequate medical knowledge about disease transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While typhoid was the primary killer, other diseases also plagued American forces. <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> struck over 2,000 troops during the Cuban campaign. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> were widespread among soldiers. About 55,000 Spanish troops in Cuba (out of 230,000) were incapacitated by illness.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple interacting factors contributed to the disaster:<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Lack of preparedness: Many medical officers lacked experience in camp sanitation and disease prevention. The previous Army experience in numerous small frontier camps left it unprepared. Poor sanitation: Camps were often filthy, with inadequate waste disposal systems. Insufficient medical supplies: Chaos during embarkation left many units without proper medical equipment. Inexperience: Many volunteer regiments were hastily organized, leading to increased sickness early on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_term_impact">Long term impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Long term impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medical crisis of the Spanish-American War had far-reaching consequences:<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More soldiers died from disease than from combat (fewer than 400 killed in action vs. thousands from illness) This led to significant reforms in military medicine and sanitation practices. Special boards, such as the U.S. Army Typhoid Board, were established to study the outbreaks and recommend preventive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war lasted 16 weeks. <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (the U.S. ambassador in London) boasted that it had been "a splendid little war".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press showed <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a>, blacks and whites fighting against a common foe, helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemplary of this was that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war, now in the U.S. Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks. These officers were <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Matthew Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Rosser" title="Thomas L. Rosser">Thomas L. Rosser</a> and Joseph Wheeler, though only the latter had seen action. Still, in an exciting moment during the Battle of San Juan Hill, Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting, having supposedly called out "Let's go, boys! We've got the damn Yankees on the run again!"<sup id="cite_ref-Dupuy794_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dupuy794-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war marked <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">American entry</a> into world affairs. Since then, the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world, and entered many treaties and agreements. The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> was over by this point, and the U.S. entered a <a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">long and prosperous period</a> of economic and population growth, and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all future news reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> changed in the public's mind after the short and successful Spanish–American War. Because of the United States' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily, Cuba's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions. Two major developments emerged from the Spanish–American War: one, it firmly established the United States' vision of itself as a "defender of democracy" and as a major world power, and two, it had severe implications for <a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban–American relations">Cuban–American relations</a> in the future. As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book <i>Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos</i>, the Spanish–American War of 1898 "fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves: a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_in_Spain">Aftermath in Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aftermath in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Described as absurd and useless by much of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, the war against the United States was sustained by an internal logic, in the idea that it was not possible to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">monarchical regime</a> if it was not from a more than predictable military defeat</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Suárez Cortina, La España Liberal, <sup id="cite_ref-Suárez_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suárez-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> A similar point of view that is shared by Carlos Dardé:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Once the war was raised, the Spanish government believed that it had no other solution than to fight, and lose. They thought that defeat —certain— was preferable to revolution —also certain—. [...] Granting independence to Cuba, without being defeated militarily... it would have implied in Spain, more than likely, a military coup d'état with broad popular support, and the fall of the monarchy; that is, the revolution</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>La Restauración, 1875–1902. Alfonso XII y la regencia de María Cristina, <sup id="cite_ref-Dardé_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dardé-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As the head of the Spanish delegation to the Paris peace negotiations, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montero_R%C3%ADos" title="Eugenio Montero Ríos">Eugenio Montero Ríos</a>, said: "Everything has been lost, except the Monarchy". Or as the <a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">U.S. ambassador in Madrid</a> said: the politicians of the dynastic parties preferred "the odds of a war, with the certainty of losing Cuba, to the dethronement of the monarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were Spanish officers in Cuba who expressed "the conviction that the government of Madrid had the deliberate intention that the squadron be destroyed as soon as possible, in order to quickly reach peace<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". </p><p>Although there was nothing exceptional about the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">context of the time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fachoda incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>among <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)#Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">other examples</a>), in Spain the result of the war caused a <a href="/wiki/National_trauma" title="National trauma">national trauma</a> due to the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, but only in the <i>intellectual class</i> (which gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Regenerationism" title="Regenerationism">Regenerationism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a>), because the majority of the population was illiterate and lived under the regime of <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique#Caciquismo_and_caudillismo" title="Cacique">caciquismo</a></i>. </p><p>The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon's invasion. Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Africa" title="Spanish West Africa">Spanish West Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. With the loss of the Philippines, Spain's remaining Pacific possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> became untenable and were sold to Germany<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a>. </p><p>The Spanish soldier <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cervera_Baviera" title="Julio Cervera Baviera">Julio Cervera Baviera</a>, who served in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rican campaign (page does not exist)">Puerto Rican campaign</a>, published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans, saying, "I have never seen such a servile, ungrateful country [i.e., Puerto Rico] ... In twenty-four hours, the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American.... They humiliated themselves, giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was challenged to a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culturally, a new wave called the Generation of '98 originated as a response to this trauma, marking a renaissance in Spanish culture. Economically, the war benefited Spain, because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain. This massive flow of capital (equivalent to 25% of the gross domestic product of one year) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel, chemical, financial, mechanical, textile, shipyard, and electrical power industries.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the political consequences were serious. The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>. </p><p>A few years after the war, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a>, Spain improved its commercial position and maintained close relations with the United States, which led to the signing of commercial treaties between the two countries in 1902, 1906 and 1910. Spain would turn its attention to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spanish Africa (disambiguation)">its possessions in Africa</a> (especially northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea) and would begin to rehabilitate itself internationally after the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a> of 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, it signed a kind of defensive alliance with France and the United Kingdom, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena</a> in case of war against the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain improved economically because of <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">its neutrality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teller_and_Platt_Amendments">Teller and Platt Amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Teller and Platt Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Teller Amendment was passed in the Senate on April 19, 1898, with a vote of 42 for versus 35 against. On April 20, it was passed by the House of Representatives with a vote of 311 for versus 6 against and signed into law by President William McKinley.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively, it was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba, but would help in gaining its independence from Spain. The <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a>, was a move by the United States' government to shape Cuban affairs to promote American interests without violating the Teller Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Platt Amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if Cuban freedom and independence were ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force.<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passed as a rider to an Army <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">appropriations bill</a> which was signed into law on 2 March 1903, it effectively prohibited Cuba from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt. It also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations</a> in 1903. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The U.S. compelled Cuban assent by insinuating American forces would not be withdrawn otherwise.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended, the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_in_the_United_States">Aftermath in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Aftermath in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of the United States as an imperial power, with colonies, was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had supported the war. The American public largely supported the possession of colonies, but there were many outspoken critics such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Prayer" title="The War Prayer">The War Prayer</a></i> in protest. Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero,<sup id="cite_ref-:02322_209-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02322-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was soon elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of New York">governor</a> of New York and then became the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. At the age of 42, he became the youngest person to become president after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of President McKinley</a>. </p><p>The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty. This was an important development, since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The African American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba, supported entry into the war, and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army. Spokesmen noted that 33 African American seamen had died in the <i>Maine</i> explosion. The most influential Black leader, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, argued that his race was ready to fight. War offered them a chance "to render service to our country that no other race can", because, "unlike Whites", they were "accustomed" to the "peculiar and dangerous climate" of Cuba. One of the Black units that served in the war was the <a href="/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">9th Cavalry Regiment</a>. In March 1898, Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by "at least ten thousand loyal, brave, strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land, and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down, and the sacrifices made, that Blacks might have their freedom and rights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatewood197523–29_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatewood197523–29-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterans_Associations">Veterans Associations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Veterans Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/United_Spanish_War_Veterans" title="United Spanish War Veterans">United Spanish War Veterans</a> was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish–American War. The organization has been defunct since 1992 when its last surviving member <a href="/wiki/Nathan_E._Cook" title="Nathan E. Cook">Nathan E. Cook</a> a veteran of the Philippine-American war died, but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish–American War Veterans, created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> of the United States (VFW) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two veterans organizations which both arose in 1899: the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-glance_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glance-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish–American War, while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine–American War. Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government. </p><p>To pay the costs of the war, Congress passed an <a href="/wiki/Federal_telephone_excise_tax" title="Federal telephone excise tax">excise tax on long-distance phone service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones. However, the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later. The tax remained in place for over 100 years until, on August 1, 2006, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS">IRS</a> would no longer collect it.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_on_the_Marine_Corps">Impact on the Marine Corps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Impact on the Marine Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries was primarily a ship-borne force. Marines were assigned to naval vessels to protect the ship's crew during close quarters combat, man secondary batteries, and provide landing parties when the ship's captain needed them.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and the Civil War, the Marine Corps participated in some amphibious landings and had limited coordination with the Army and Navy in their operations.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Spanish–American War though, the Marines conducted several successful combined operations with both the Army and the Navy. Marine forces helped in the Army-led assault on Santiago and Marines also supported the Navy's operations by securing the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Battle of Guantánamo Bay">Guantanamo Bay</a> so American vessels could clear the harbor of mines and use it as a refueling station without fear of Spanish harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctrinally, the Army and the Navy did not agree on much of anything and Navy officers were often frustrated by the lack of Army support.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having the Marine Corps alleviated some of this conflict because it gave Navy commanders a force "always under the direction of the senior naval officer" without any "conflict of authority" with the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combined Marine Corps-Navy operations during the war also signaled the future relationship between the two services.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> of the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">island-hopping campaigns</a> in the Pacific during World War II, and into modern conflicts America is involved in, the Marine Corps and Navy operate as a team to secure American interests. Thanks to the new territorial acquisitions of Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, America needed the capabilities the Marines could provide.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish–American War was also the first time that the Marine Corps acted as America's "force in readiness" because they were the first American force to land on Cuba. Being a "body of troops which can be quickly mobilized and sent on board transports, fully equipped for service ashore and afloat" became the Marine Corps' mission throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_218-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish–American War also served as a coming of age for several influential Marines. Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley D. Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lejeune" title="John A. Lejeune">John A. Lejeune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Cushing_Neville" title="Wendell Cushing Neville">Wendell C. Neville</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/George_F._Elliott" title="George F. Elliott">George F. Elliott</a> all served with distinction with the First Battalion that fought in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lieutenant Butler would go on to earn two Medals of Honor, in Veracruz and Haiti. Lieutenants Lejeune and Neville and Captain Elliott would all become <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandants</a> of the Marine Corps, the highest rank in the service and the leader of the entire Corps. </p><p>Marines' actions during the Spanish–American War also provided significant positive press for the Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men of the First Battalion were welcomed as heroes when they returned to the States and many stories were published by journalists attached to the unit about their bravery during the Battle of Guantanamo. The Marine Corps began to be regarded as America's premier fighting force thanks in large part to the actions of Marines during the Spanish–American War and to the reporters who covered their exploits.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the Marines also led to increased funding for the Corps from Congress during a time that many high-placed Navy officials were questioning the efficacy and necessity of the Marine Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_218-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle for Congressional funding and support would continue until the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>, but Marine actions at Guantanamo and in the Philippines provided a major boost to the Corps' status.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_215-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_in_acquired_territories">Aftermath in acquired territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Aftermath in acquired territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article IX of The Treaty of Paris stated that the U.S. Congress were responsible for decisions regarding the civil and political rights of the indigenous populations of the newly acquired territories of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. There was initial reluctance in Congress to set firm plans for the once-Spanish islands. The debate of whether to retain the islands or give them independence eventually became the core debating and campaigning issue of the 1900 election.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With McKinley's victory, Congress began to pass legislation that marked the United States' "deliberate turn toward imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puerto_Rico_2">Puerto Rico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, Congress enacted the Foraker Act, this established that Puerto Ricans would not have U.S. citizenship, despite being under U.S. sovereignty. Instead, the Act declared that they were only "citizens of Porto Rico," and therefore, would not gain the civil, political, or constitutional rights that came with U.S. citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foraker Act also established a system of taxation. Puerto Ricans were required to pay tax to fund the imposed system of government, and goods imported from the U.S. to Puerto Rico had tariffs placed upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act implemented a new system of government in Puerto Rico, with the U.S. president holding the sole power to appoint the governor and upper legislative chamber. Puerto Ricans were able to elect the lower legislative chamber delegates and a resident commissioner to represent them in Washington, although the latter role had restricted influence, as it was as a non-voting representative.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two political parties emerged, the Republicanos, co-founded by Frederico Degetau, and the Federales. The Republicanos' politics were strongly aligned with U.S. policies especially in comparison to the Federales. Before the election took place, the Federales decided to boycott the polls, this was in response to the favouritism displayed towards the Republicanos by U.S. officials. The Republicanos were subsequently elected, with Degetau becoming resident commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treatment of Puerto Rico was considered unconstitutional by some due to the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment which declares that "persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, a series of court cases known as the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a> took place, which sought to determine if the territories acquired in the War would be given U.S. citizenship or any constitutional rights. As a result of these cases, the Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation was established. This stated that the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam would be categorised as "unincorporated" territories and would "not form part of the United States within the meaning of the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decree set a new precedent for how the U.S. government dealt with acquired territories, as they established a "colonial formula" in which they had total sovereignty over territories without been legally obligated to give rights to those they preside over.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guam_2">Guam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of Guam was placed under the control of the U.S. Navy Department. A naval base was upkept, with the commanders of the base acquiring the role of colonial governor who presided over all legislation and policies on the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_American_investment_in_Puerto_Rico">Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico, like the occupation of Cuba, brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies. Before 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the second half of the nineteenth century, technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry. Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production, which required less capital and land accumulation. However, these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony. Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with the large capital reserves of American businesses, led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican nuts and sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes. </p><p>At the same time, the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area, effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade, increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection. In 1897, the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports. By 1905, these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, coffee was not protected, as it was not a product of the mainland. At the same time, Cuba and Spain, traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee, now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs. These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry. From 1897 to 1901, coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tariff system also provided a protected market-place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports. The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country's agricultural sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Olympia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Olympia_2.jpg/220px-USS_Olympia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Olympia_2.jpg/330px-USS_Olympia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Olympia_2.jpg/440px-USS_Olympia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Olympia_(C-6)" title="USS Olympia (C-6)">USS <i>Olympia</i></a>, the only ship currently preserved from the conflict</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish–American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> archives contain many films and film clips from the war.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As good footage of fighting was difficult to capture, filmed reenactments using model ships and cigar smoke were shown on vaudeville screens.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, a few feature films have been made about the war. These include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)">The Rough Riders</a></i>, a 1927 silent film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Message_to_Garcia_(film)" title="A Message to Garcia (film)">A Message to Garcia</a></i>, 1936</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursued" title="Pursued">Pursued</a></i>, a 1947 Western film. Its main character Jeb Rand (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a>) is wounded in the war and receives the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Riders (film)"><i>Rough Riders</i></a>, a 1997 television <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Milius" title="John Milius">John Milius</a>, and featuring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Berenger" title="Tom Berenger">Tom Berenger</a> (Theodore Roosevelt), <a href="/wiki/Gary_Busey" title="Gary Busey">Gary Busey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sam_Elliott" title="Sam Elliott">Sam Elliott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill" title="Buckey O'Neill">Buckey O'Neill</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dale_Dye" title="Dale Dye">Dale Dye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brian_Keith" title="Brian Keith">Brian Keith</a> (William McKinley), <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a> (William Randolph Hearst), and <a href="/wiki/R._Lee_Ermey" title="R. Lee Ermey">R. Lee Ermey</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucible_of_Empire" title="Crucible of Empire">Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War</a></i>, a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Television_documentary" title="Television documentary">television documentary</a> from <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><i>The Spanish–American War: First Intervention</i>, a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_History_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Channel">The History Channel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baler_(film)" title="Baler (film)">Baler</a></i>, a 2008 film about the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Siege of Baler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_%C3%BAltimos_de_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Los últimos de Filipinas">Los últimos de Filipinas</a></i> ("The Last Ones of the Philippines"), a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Antonio Román">Antonio Román</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amigo_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amigo (film)">Amigo</a></i>, 2010</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1898,_Our_Last_Men_in_the_Philippines" title="1898, Our Last Men in the Philippines">1898, Our Last Men in the Philippines</a></i>, a well-acclaimed 2016 film about the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Siege of Baler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_decorations">Military decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Military decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spainc.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spainc.gif/350px-Spainc.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spainc.gif/525px-Spainc.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spainc.gif/700px-Spainc.gif 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>US Army "War with Spain" campaign streamer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish–American War were as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime_service_and_honors">Wartime service and honors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Wartime service and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specially_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Specially Meritorious Service Medal">Specially Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Campaign_Medal" title="Spanish Campaign Medal">Spanish Campaign Medal</a>—upgradeable to include the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Citation_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Citation Star">Silver Citation Star</a> to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_Medal" title="West Indies Campaign Medal">West Indies Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_Medal" title="Sampson Medal">Sampson Medal</a>, West Indies service under Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Medal" title="Dewey Medal">Dewey Medal</a>, service during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_Service_Medal" title="Spanish War Service Medal">Spanish War Service Medal</a>, U.S. Army homeland service</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_occupation_service">Postwar occupation service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Postwar occupation service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Puerto_Rican_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal">Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Cuban Occupation Medal">Army of Cuban Occupation Medal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossofmerit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Crossofmerit.jpg/143px-Crossofmerit.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Crossofmerit.jpg/216px-Crossofmerit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Crossofmerit.jpg/287px-Crossofmerit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Cross of Military Merit for Combat in Cuba</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Army <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Military_Merit" title="Cross of Military Merit">Cross of Military Merit</a>/Cruces del Mérito Militar—Spain issued two Crosses of Military Merit including one for fighters with a red badge and a red ribbon with a white stripe, and one for non-fighters with a white badge and a white ribbon with a red stripe. An example of the Silver Cross of Military Merit with the red emblem for fighters was issued on July 18 of 1898 for good behavior on the 11th of May in defense of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_Jagua" title="Castillo de Jagua">El Faro and the Pueblo de Jagua</a> on May 11 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cienfuegos" title="Battle of Cienfuegos">Battle of Cienfuegos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Army Operations Medal/Medalla Para Ejercito de Operaciones, Cuba<sup id="cite_ref-:4_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medal for Volunteers/Medalla Para Los Voluntarios, Cuban Campaign, 1895–1898<sup id="cite_ref-:4_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Army Operations Medal for Valor, Discipline and Loyalty, Philippines, 1896–1898<sup id="cite_ref-:4_237-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Army Medal for Volunteers/Medalla Para Los Voluntarios, Philippines, Luzon Campaign, 1896–1897<sup id="cite_ref-:4_237-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The governments of Spain and Cuba issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish, Cuban, and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of the Spanish–American War">Battles of the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Hall_(activist)" title="Bolton Hall (activist)">Bolton Hall (activist)</a>, opposed the war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Separate_Brigade_(Philippine_Expedition)" title="1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)">1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">List of wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of weapons of the Spanish–American War">List of weapons of the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Timeline of the Spanish–American War">Timeline of the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Siege of Baler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolines_Question" title="Carolines Question">Carolines Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1900)" title="Treaty of Washington (1900)">Treaty of Washington (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of battles of the Spanish–American War">List of battles of the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="American propaganda of the Spanish–American War">American propaganda of the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unrecognized-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unrecognized_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unrecognized_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unrecognized by the primary belligerents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alternative_names-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alternative_names_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alternative_names_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternative names: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a>: <ul><li><i>Guerra hispano-estadounidense</i></li> <li><i>Guerra hispano-americana</i></li> <li><i>Desastre colonial de 1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Digmaang Espanyol–Amerikano</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: <ul><li><i>The War of 1898</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898, but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The formal end came with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA308_308]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA308_308]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The higher naval losses may be attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter describes the U.S. capturing 30,000 prisoners (plus 100 cannons, 19 machine guns, 25,114 rifles, and various other equipment) in the Oriente province and around Santiago. He also states that the 10,000-strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the U.S. after only minor fighting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Text of the document which appeared in the <i>Manila Gazette</i> on April 23, 1898</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>Further Notes: </p> <dl><dd>1. This is the English language text of the document as published by the supporting source cited, possibly as translated from the original Spanish or Tagalog. In 1898, Spanish, Tagalog, and English were official languages in the Spanish colonial Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2. In the Spanish colonial Philippiines, the term <i>Filipino</i> was reserved for full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines (<i>insulares</i>). Full-blooded Spaniards born in the Spanish peninsula were termed <i>peninsulares</i>. The Filipinos that we know today were then termed <i>indios</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The text of the document as published in the cited source was as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND OF THE CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES </p><p>Fellow Spaniards, </p><p>Hostilities between Spain and the United States have broken out. </p><p>The moment has come for us to show the world that we are more than courageous to triumph over those, who, feigning to be loyal friends, took advantage of our misfortunes and capitalized on our nobility by making use of the means civilized nations consider as condemnable and contemptible. </p><p>The Americans, gratified with their social progress, have drained off our patience and have instigated the war through wicked tactics, treacherous acts, and violations of human rights and internal agreements. </p><p>Fighting will be short and decisive. God of victories will render this victory glorious and complete as demanded by reason and justice to our cause. </p><p>Spain, counting on the sympathies of all nations, will come out in triumph from this new test, by shattering and silencing the adventurers of those countries which, without cohesiveness and post, offer to humanity shameful traditions and the ungrateful spectacle of some embassies within which jointly dwell intrigues and defamation, cowardice and cynicism. </p><p>A US squadron, manned by strangers, by ignorant undisciplined men, is coming into the Archipelago for the purpose of grabbing from us what we consider to be our life, honor freedom. It tries to inspire (motivate) American sailors by saying that we are weak, they are encouraged to keep on with an undertaking that can be accomplished; namely of substituting the Catholic religion with Protestantism, they consider you as a people who impedes growth; they will seize your wealth as if you do not know your rights to property; they will snatch away from you those they consider as useful to man their ships, to be exploited as workers in their fields and factories. </p><p>Useless plans! Ridiculous boastings! </p><p>Your indomitable courage suffices to hold off those who dare to bring it to reality. We know you will not allow them to mock the faith you are professing, their feet to step on the temple of the true God, incredulity to demolish the sacred images you honor; you will not allow the invaders to desecrate the tombs of your forefathers; to satisfy their immodest passions at the expense of your wives and daughters' honor; you will not allow them to seize all the properties you have put up through honest work in order to assure your future; you will not allow them to commit any of those crimes inspired by their wickedness and greed, because your bravery and patriotism suffice in scaring them away and knocking down the people who, calling themselves civilized and cultured, resort to the extermination of the natives of North America instead of trying to attract them to live a civilized life and of progress. </p><p>Filipinos! Prepare yourself for the battle and united together under the glorious Spanish flag, always covered with laurels, let us fight, convinced that victory will crown our efforts and let us reply the intimations of our enemies with a decision befitting a Christian and patriot, with a cry of "Long live Spain!" </p><p>Manila, April 23, 1898 </p><p>Your general </p><p> BASILO AUGISTIN<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The American squadron consisted of nine ships: <i>Olympia</i> (flagship), <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)"><i>Boston</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)" title="USS Baltimore (C-3)"><i>Baltimore</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(C-8)" title="USS Raleigh (C-8)"><i>Raleigh</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Concord_(PG-3)" title="USS Concord (PG-3)"><i>Concord</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Petrel_(PG-2)" title="USS Petrel (PG-2)"><i>Petrel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_McCulloch" title="USS McCulloch"><i>McCulloch</i></a>, <i>Zapphire</i>, and <i>Nashan</i>. The Spanish squadron consisted of seven ships: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Reina_Cristina" title="Spanish cruiser Reina Cristina"><i>Reina Cristina</i></a> (flagship), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Castilla" title="Spanish cruiser Castilla"><i>Castilla</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Spanish cruiser Don Juan de Austria"><i>Don Juan de Austria</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Don_Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Spanish cruiser Don Antonio de Ulloa"><i>Don Antonio de Ulloa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Isla_de_Luz%C3%B3n" title="Spanish cruiser Isla de Luzón"><i>Isla de Luzon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Isla_de_Cuba#Spanish_Navy" title="USS Isla de Cuba"><i>Isla de Cuba</i></a>, and <i>Marques del Duero</i>. The Spanish ships were of inferior quality to the American ships; <i>Castilla</i> was unpowered and had to be towed into position by the transport ship <i>Manila</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 3 of the peace protocol provided: "The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbour of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJpgPA459_459]_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJpgPA459_459]-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobson resigned his commission after his request to retire as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">naval captain</a> was refused, prompting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> to reconsider and allow him to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected in 1907 from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. In 1934, his naval retirement rank was advanced to <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Painting is signed with initials A.A. by Antonio Antón and Antonio Iboleón. It is an idealized view — since the ships represented never sailed together — of the Spanish Squadron of Instruction steaming in a choppy sea under partly cloudy skies in 1896, before the Spanish-American War of 1898. On the left is the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Pelayo" title="Spanish battleship Pelayo"><i>Pelayo</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">ensign</a>, followed by the armored cruisers <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n" title="Spanish cruiser Cristóbal Colón"><i>Cristóbal Colón</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Infanta_Maria_Teresa" title="Spanish cruiser Infanta Maria Teresa"><i>Infanta Maria Teresa</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Alfonso_XIII" title="Spanish cruiser Alfonso XIII"><i>Alfonso XIII</i></a>; on the right are the armored cruisers <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Emperador_Carlos_V" title="Spanish cruiser Emperador Carlos V"><i>Emperador Carlos V</i></a> (with ensign), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Almirante_Oquendo" title="Spanish cruiser Almirante Oquendo"><i>Almirante Oquendo</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Vizcaya" title="Spanish cruiser Vizcaya"><i>Vizcaya</i></a>. The <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_gunboat" title="Torpedo gunboat">torpedo gunboat</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_warship_Destructor" title="Spanish warship Destructor"><i>Destructor</i></a> steams on the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">starboard</a> side of <i>Pelayo</i>. Two <a href="/wiki/Furor-class_destroyer" title="Furor-class destroyer"><i>Furor</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> steam along the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bows</a> of <i>Emperador Carlos V</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Moreno_Luz%C3%B3n" title="Javier Moreno Luzón">Moreno Luzón, Javier</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/398/400">"Alfonso el Regenerador. Monarquía escénica e imaginario nacionalista español, en perspectiva comparada (1902–1913)"</a> [Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902–1913)]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(journal)" title="Hispania (journal)">Hispania</a></i>. <b>LXXIII</b> (244). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas">Editorial CSIC</a>: 319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fhispania.2013.009">10.3989/hispania.2013.009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2141">0018-2141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Alfonso+el+Regenerador.+Monarqu%C3%ADa+esc%C3%A9nica+e+imaginario+nacionalista+espa%C3%B1ol%2C+en+perspectiva+comparada+%281902%E2%80%931913%29&rft.volume=LXXIII&rft.issue=244&rft.pages=319&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fhispania.2013.009&rft.issn=0018-2141&rft.aulast=Moreno+Luz%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhispania.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fhispania%2Farticle%2Fview%2F398%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_A._Pérez1998" class="citation cs2">Louis A. Pérez (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC"><i>The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography</i></a>, UNC Press Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807847428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807847428"><bdi>978-0807847428</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424205952/https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC">archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+of+1898%3A+the+United+States+and+Cuba+in+history+and+historiography&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0807847428&rft.au=Louis+A.+P%C3%A9rez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVFV4qclY-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_R._Beede1994" class="citation cs2">Benjamin R. Beede (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC"><i>The War of 1898, and US interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824056247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824056247"><bdi>978-0824056247</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527060800/https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC">archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+US+interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0824056247&rft.au=Benjamin+R.+Beede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Marie_Bouvier2001" class="citation cs2">Virginia Marie Bouvier (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwp3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Whose America?: the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation</i></a>, Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275967949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275967949"><bdi>978-0275967949</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514090018/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwp3AAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+America%3F%3A+the+war+of+1898+and+the+battles+to+define+the+nation&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0275967949&rft.au=Virginia+Marie+Bouvier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddwp3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA21_21–22]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA21_21–22]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA21">21–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017256-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017256_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA308_308]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA308_308]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA308">308</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karnow1990p115-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karnow1990p115_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow1990">Karnow 1990</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA20_20]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA20_20]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA20">20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017255_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf">"America's Wars: Factsheet."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720082158/https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf">Archived</a> July 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US Department of Veteran Affairs. Office of Public Affairs. Washington DC. Published April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsh, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/pow_synopsis.htm">"POWs in American History: A Synoposis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806110312/https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/pow_synopsis.htm">Archived</a> August 6, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Park Service. 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimac_(1894)" title="USS Merrimac (1894)">USS <i>Merrimac</i> (1894)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan200170_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeenan2001">Keenan 2001</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA105_105]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA105_105]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2009">Tucker 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA105">105</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (October 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&pg=PA299">"The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901"</a>. <i>From Colony to Superpower: US Foreign Relations Since 1776</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 299–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743773" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743773"><bdi>9780199743773</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923143125/https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+the+New+Empire%2C+and+the+Dawn+of+the+American+Century%2C+1893%E2%80%931901&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+US+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pages=299-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft.isbn=9780199743773&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfODT-qOVoiIC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Joseph Campbell, <i>Yellow journalism: Puncturing the myths, defining the legacies</i> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/concentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049/">"Concentration camps existed long before Auschwitz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917152003/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/concentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049/">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concentration+camps+existed+long+before+Auschwitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fconcentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl4.html">"February, 1896: Reconcentration Policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003153232/http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl4.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=February%2C+1896%3A+Reconcentration+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fcrucible%2Ftl4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Nasaw2013" class="citation book cs1">David Nasaw (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObU1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT171"><i>The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547524726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547524726"><bdi>978-0547524726</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309224238/https://books.google.com/books?id=ObU1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT171">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+The+Life+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0547524726&rft.au=David+Nasaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObU1AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trask57-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trask57_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask57_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask57_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YtDT1ZQ588C&pg=RA1-PA57">57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=spaniard/spaniard.htm">"Military Book Reviews"</a>. StrategyPage.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501194159/http://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=spaniard%2Fspaniard.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Book+Reviews&rft.pub=StrategyPage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategypage.com%2Farticles%2Fdefault.asp%3Ftarget%3Dspaniard%2Fspaniard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_R._Beede2013" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin R. Beede (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289"><i>The War of 1898 and US Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136746901" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136746901"><bdi>978-1136746901</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515150507/https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+US+Interventions%2C+1898T1934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136746901&rft.au=Benjamin+R.+Beede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drg6BAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108–109-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108–109_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA108">108–09</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoddar2008" class="citation book cs1">Poddar, Prem (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Spain%27s+remaining+empire%22&pg=PA601">601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748630271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748630271"><bdi>978-0748630271</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185523/https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Companion+to+Postcolonial+Literatures+%E2%80%93+Continental+Europe+and+its+Empires&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748630271&rft.aulast=Poddar&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeOqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaycroftHewitson2006">Baycroft & Hewitson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuPcvc2F4YC&pg=PA225">225–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Cánovas_del_Castillo1882" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a> (November 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/67927392103470562565679/p0000001.htm">"Discurso sobre la nación"</a> (in Spanish). cervantesvirtual.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091537/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/67927392103470562565679/p0000001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discurso+sobre+la+naci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=cervantesvirtual.com&rft.date=1882-11&rft.au=Antonio+C%C3%A1novas+del+Castillo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F67927392103470562565679%2Fp0000001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><a href="#CITEREFBaycroftHewitson2006">Baycroft & Hewitson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuPcvc2F4YC&pg=PA225">225–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Nowara2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher (January 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_WhqeinKEIC"><i>The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Pitt Latin American series. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (published 2008). pp. 34–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822971092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822971092"><bdi>978-0822971092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627174406/http://books.google.com/books?id=h_WhqeinKEIC">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+History%3A+Spanish+Colonialism+and+National+Histories+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.series=Pitt+Latin+American+series&rft.pages=34-42&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0822971092&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Nowara&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_WhqeinKEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez, Louis A., Jr, <i>Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez, Louis A., Jr, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary R. Mormino, "Cuba Libre, Florida, and the Spanish American War", <i>Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal</i> (2010) Vol. 31 Issue 1/2, pp. 43–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuxier1939" class="citation journal cs1">Auxier, George W. (1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895–1898". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 286–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2507259">10.2307/2507259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507259">2507259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Propaganda+Activities+of+the+Cuban+Junta+in+Precipitating+the+Spanish-American+War%2C+1895%E2%80%931898&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=286-305&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2507259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2507259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Auxier&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (October 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&pg=PA318">"The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901"</a>. <i>From Colony to Superpower: US Foreign Relations Since 1776</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 318–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743773" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743773"><bdi>9780199743773</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144106/https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+the+New+Empire%2C+and+the+Dawn+of+the+American+Century%2C+1893%E2%80%931901&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+US+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pages=318-319&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft.isbn=9780199743773&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfODT-qOVoiIC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1978" class="citation journal cs1">Field, James A. (1978). "American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 644–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1861842">10.2307/1861842</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861842">1861842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Imperialism%3A+The+Worst+Chapter+in+Almost+Any+Book&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=644-68&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1861842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1861842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA2">2–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-online_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Krohn, "Review of Tone, John Lawrence, <i>War and Genocide in Cuba 1895–1898</i>. "H-War, H-Net Reviews." May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14509">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065526/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14509">Archived</a> January 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA8">8–10</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCarr1982">Carr 1982</a>, pp. 379–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annual_Message-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Message_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Message_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinley1897" class="citation web cs1">McKinley, William (December 6, 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29538">"First Annual Message"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430225437/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29538">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=First+Annual+Message&rft.date=1897-12-06&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D29538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ford_Rhodes2007" class="citation cs2">James Ford Rhodes (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=em-5IEHHTAUC"><i>The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897–1909</i></a>, Read Books, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=em&pg=PA44">44</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406734645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406734645"><bdi>978-1406734645</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McKinley+and+Roosevelt+Administrations+1897%E2%80%931909&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1406734645&rft.au=James+Ford+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dem-5IEHHTAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span>, citing an annual message delivered December 6, 1897, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench_Ensor_Chadwick1968" class="citation cs2">French Ensor Chadwick (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozGTAAAAIAAJ"><i>The relations of the United States and Spain: diplomacy</i></a>, Russell & Russell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780846212300" title="Special:BookSources/9780846212300"><bdi>9780846212300</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144106/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozGTAAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+relations+of+the+United+States+and+Spain%3A+diplomacy&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780846212300&rft.au=French+Ensor+Chadwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozGTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA6">6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/08/22/100431439.pdf">"Angiolillo Died Bravely"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054753/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/08/22/100431439.pdf">Archived</a> October 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, August 22, 1897, The New York Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Octavio Ruiz, "Spain on the Threshold of a New Century: Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898", <i>Mediterranean Historical Review</i> (June 1998), Vol. 13 Issue 1/2, pp. 7–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Wright, "The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish–American War: American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the 'Splendid Little War,'" <i>American Catholic Studies</i> 116#4 (2005): 55–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began. Benjamin Wetzel, "A Church Divided: Roman Catholicism, Americanization, and the Spanish–American War." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 14#3 (2015): 348–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US$100 million. <a href="#CITEREFOffner2004">Offner 2004</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Pletcher, <i>The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900</i> (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/pre-war-planning/plan-of-operations-a-5.html">"Plan Of Operations Against Spain Prepared By Lieutenant Commander Charles J. Train (1894)"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107014014/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/pre-war-planning/plan-of-operations-a-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+Of+Operations+Against+Spain+Prepared+By+Lieutenant+Commander+Charles+J.+Train+%281894%29&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fdocumentary-histories%2Funited-states-navy-s%2Fpre-war-planning%2Fplan-of-operations-a-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_A._Pérez_Jr.2000" class="citation book cs1">Louis A. Pérez Jr. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC&pg=PA24"><i>The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807866979" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807866979"><bdi>978-0807866979</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102151229/https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%3A+The+United+States+and+Cuba+in+History+and+Historiography&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0807866979&rft.au=Louis+A.+P%C3%A9rez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVFV4qclY-YC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2013" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Timothy Dale (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n09f9g0#page-8"><i>African Americans and the Spanish–American War and Philippine Insurrection. Military Participation, Recognition and Memory 1898–1904</i></a> (First. Published dissertation ed.). Riverside, CA: University of California, Riverside. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903075627/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n09f9g0#page-8">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+and+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+and+Philippine+Insurrection.+Military+Participation%2C+Recognition+and+Memory+1898%E2%80%931904&rft.place=Riverside%2C+CA&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=First.+Published+dissertation&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Riverside&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6n09f9g0%23page-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner1963" class="citation book cs1">Faulkner, Harold (1963). <i>Politics, reform, and expansion, 1890–1900</i>. New York: Harper. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+reform%2C+and+expansion%2C+1890%E2%80%931900.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTone2006" class="citation book cs1">Tone, John (2006). <i>War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Genocide+in+Cuba%2C+1895%E2%80%931898&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tone&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez199858-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez199858_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez1998">Pérez 1998</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1992">Offner 1992</a>, pp. 54–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1992">Offner 1992</a>, pp. 86–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EverningTimes_18980216-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EverningTimes_18980216_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/the-evening-times-feb-16-1898-p-1/">"Blown Up By Spain / Every Evidence That the Maine Was Torpedoed / Cap't Sigsbee's Statement / Two Hundred Fifty American Sailors the Food of Sharks / Lieuts. Jenkins and Merritt Dead"</a>. <i>The Evening Times</i>. Washington, D.C., U.S. February 16, 1898. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054755/https://newspaperarchive.com/the-evening-times-feb-16-1898-p-1/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Times&rft.atitle=Blown+Up+By+Spain+%2F+Every+Evidence+That+the+Maine+Was+Torpedoed+%2F+Cap%27t+Sigsbee%27s+Statement+%2F+Two+Hundred+Fifty+American+Sailors+the+Food+of+Sharks+%2F+Lieuts.+Jenkins+and+Merritt+Dead&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1898-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fthe-evening-times-feb-16-1898-p-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-offner2004p56-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-offner2004p56_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner2004">Offner 2004</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Surgeon_General1896" class="citation web cs1">US Surgeon General (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9QEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA173">"Annual report of the Surgeon General of the US Navy 1898"</a>. <i>Bureau of Medicine and Surgery</i>. US Navy Department. p. 173<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Annual+report+of+the+Surgeon+General+of+the+US+Navy+1898&rft.pages=173&rft.date=1896&rft.au=US+Surgeon+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9QEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.navy.mil-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.navy.mil_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.navy.mil_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218041515/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/disasters-and-phenomena/destruction-of-uss-maine.html">"The Destruction of USS Maine"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/disasters-and-phenomena/destruction-of-uss-maine.html">the original</a> on December 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+USS+Maine&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fbrowse-by-topic%2Fdisasters-and-phenomena%2Fdestruction-of-uss-maine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-Arch-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Arch_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Where total U.S. casualties were 268 dead, 55 severely wounded-six of whom died shortly thereafter from their wounds. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottFoxConnorHarmon2013" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Douglas D.; Fox, Richard A.; Connor, Melissa A.; Harmon, Dick (2013) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUA23jOi1sC&pg=PA244"><i>Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3292-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-3292-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUA23jOi1sC&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Perspectives+on+the+Battle+of+the+Little+Bighorn&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3292-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+D.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Connor%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSUA23jOi1sC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Lovers:_Roosevelt,_Lodge,_Hearst,_and_the_Rush_to_Empire,_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898">The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898</a></i>. Little, Brown and Co. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Lovers%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Lodge%2C+Hearst%2C+and+the+Rush+to+Empire%2C+1898&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofsp00keenpage372_372]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsencyclopediaofsp00keenpage372_372]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeenan2001">Keenan 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp00keen/page/372">372</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA614_614]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8V3vZxOmHssCpgPA614_614]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2009">Tucker 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA614">614</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-offner2004p57-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-offner2004p57_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner2004">Offner 2004</a>, p. 57. For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene, see Louis A. Pérez, "The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish–American War", <i>The Pacific Historical Review,</i> Vol. 58, No. 3 (August 1989), pp. 293–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher2010-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fisher2010_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fisher2010_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Louis (August 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104112359/https://loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Maine.1898.pdf">"Destruction of the Maine (1898)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Law Library of Congress. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Maine.1898.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destruction+of+the+Maine+%281898%29&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+Law+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fusconlaw%2Fpdf%2FMaine.1898.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> (source includes a summary of other studies)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evan Thomas, <i>The war lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the rush to empire, 1898</i> (Little, Brown, 2010) pp. 4–5, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/cuba/map_04.html">"CBSNews.com"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727085410/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/cuba/map_04.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=CBSNews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fhtdocs%2Fcuba%2Fmap_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/remember-maine-hell-spain">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. October 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727085416/https://www.usni.org/remember-maine-hell-spain">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Remember+the+Maine%2C+to+Hell+with+Spain%21%27&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fremember-maine-hell-spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz, Vicki L. 2006. "Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History." <i>Journal of American History</i>. p.?655</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2000" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, W. Joseph (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003655/http://academic2.american.edu/~wjc/wjc3/notlikely.htm">"Not likely sent: the Remington-Hearst "telegrams"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic2.american.edu/~wjc/wjc3/notlikely.htm">the original</a> on July 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journalism+and+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Not+likely+sent%3A+the+Remington-Hearst+%22telegrams%22&rft.date=2000-08&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=W.+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic2.american.edu%2F~wjc%2Fwjc3%2Fnotlikely.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmythe2003">Smythe 2003</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1934" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, Julius W. (May 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-14.2.163">"American Business and the Spanish-American War"</a>. <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 163–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-14.2.163">10.1215/00182168-14.2.163</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506353">2506353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Business+and+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-201&rft.date=1934-05&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2506353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-14.2.163&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Julius+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-14.2.163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt1934">Pratt 1934</a>, pp. 163–201. quotes on p. 168. Page 173 states: "an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Kapur (2011), "William McKinley's Values and the Origins of the Spanish‐American War: A Reinterpretation." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 41.1: pp. 18–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884754">23884754</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cubarmy-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cubarmy_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wv5KHk2_dsC&pg=PA210">210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt1934">Pratt 1934</a>, pp. 173–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1992">Offner 1992</a>, pp. 131–35; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby, "Senator Proctor's Cuban Speech: Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish–American War," <i>Quarterly Journal of Speech</i> 1969 55(2): 131–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul T. McCartney, "Religion, the Spanish–American War, and the Idea of American Mission", <i>Journal of Church and State</i> 54 (Spring 2012), 257–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat33.738-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat33.738_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resolution 24, 33 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-33-738">738</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanish_Ministry_of_State1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spanish Ministry of State (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beg1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Documentos presentados á las Cortes en la legislatura de 1898: Negociaciones diplomáticas desde el principio de la guerra con los Estados Unidos hasta la firma del protocolo de Washington y gestiones practicadas para su cumplimiento</i></a> (in European Spanish). Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra". p. 25. <q>Por ahora procederá el Gobierno de V. M. á la inmediata organización de un servicio de «cruceros auxiliares de la Marina militar», que se formará con los barcos que se estimen más útiles de nuestra Marina mercante, y que cooperará brillantemente con la de guerra, á cuyo fuero y jurisdicción estará sujeto, á las necesidades de la campaña. Á fin de evitar posibles dudas y de trazar en cuanto quepa una pauta fija por lo que respecta á las consecuencias jurídicas de la guerra, el Gobierno de V. M. opina que las anteriores manifestaciones deben ir acompañadas de algunas otras que terminantemente expresan la caducidad de todos los Tratados, pactos y acuerdos hasta aquí vigentes entre España y los Estados Unidos; [For now the V.M. Government will proceed with the immediate organization of the service of the "auxiliary cruisers of the military navy", which will form with the ships considered most useful from our merchant navy, and will cooperate brilliantly in the war, to which its jurisdiction will be subjected, to the necessities of the campaign. In order to avoid possible doubts and draw up as soon as possible a fixed pattern regarding legal consequences, the V.M. Government is of the opinion foregoing statements should be accompanied by others which strictly express the expiration of all treaties, pacts and agreements hitherto in force between Spain and the United States;]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentos+presentados+%C3%A1+las+Cortes+en+la+legislatura+de+1898%3A+Negociaciones+diplom%C3%A1ticas+desde+el+principio+de+la+guerra+con+los+Estados+Unidos+hasta+la+firma+del+protocolo+de+Washington+y+gestiones+practicadas+para+su+cumplimiento&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Est.+tipogr%C3%A1fico+%22Sucesores+de+Rivadeneyra%22&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Spanish+Ministry+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbeg1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham A. Cosmas, <i>An Army for Empire: The United States Army and the Spanish–American War</i> (1971) ch. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Evan (2016). "Evan Thomas: War Lovers and American Power". <i>Military History, September 2010, 14 World History Collection</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History%2C+September+2010%2C+14+World+History+Collection&rft.atitle=Evan+Thomas%3A+War+Lovers+and+American+Power&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Roger D. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30242237">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Lot of Fine, Sturdy Black Warriors": Texas's African American "Immunes" in the Spanish-American War"</a>. <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>108</b> (3): 345. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30242237">30242237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22A+Lot+of+Fine%2C+Sturdy+Black+Warriors%22%3A+Texas%27s+African+American+%22Immunes%22+in+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30242237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30242237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23521538">"African Americans and the War against Spain"</a>. <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 192. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23521538">23521538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=African+Americans+and+the+War+against+Spain&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192&rft.date=1996-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23521538%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23521538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turpie, David C. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">"A Voluntary War: The Spanish-American War, White Southern Manhood, and the Struggle to Recruit Volunteers in the South"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 862. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">43918105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Voluntary+War%3A+The+Spanish-American+War%2C+White+Southern+Manhood%2C+and+the+Struggle+to+Recruit+Volunteers+in+the+South&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=862&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turpie&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turpie, David C. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">"A Voluntary War: The Spanish-American War, White Southern Manhood, and the Struggle to Recruit Volunteers in the South"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 890. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">43918105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Voluntary+War%3A+The+Spanish-American+War%2C+White+Southern+Manhood%2C+and+the+Struggle+to+Recruit+Volunteers+in+the+South&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turpie&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turpie, David C. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">"A Voluntary War: The Spanish-American War, White Southern Manhood, and the Struggle to Recruit Volunteers in the South"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 863. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">43918105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Voluntary+War%3A+The+Spanish-American+War%2C+White+Southern+Manhood%2C+and+the+Struggle+to+Recruit+Volunteers+in+the+South&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=863&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turpie&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey2002" class="citation journal cs1">McCaffrey, James M. (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30240344">"Texans in the Spanish-American War"</a>. <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>106</b> (2): 260. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30240344">30240344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Texans+in+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30240344%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30240344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turpie, David C. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">"A Voluntary War The Spanish-American War, White Southern Manhood, and the Struggle to Recruit Volunteers in the South"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 879. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">43918105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Voluntary+War+The+Spanish-American+War%2C+White+Southern+Manhood%2C+and+the+Struggle+to+Recruit+Volunteers+in+the+South&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=879&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turpie&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis A. Perez, Jr., review, in <i>Journal of American History</i> (Dec. 2006), p. 889. See more detail in Perez, <i>The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography</i> (1998) pp. 23–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perez (1998) pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Endicott Osgood, <i>Ideals and self-interest in America's foreign relations: The great transformation of the twentieth century</i> (1953) p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2010" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Paul (2010). <i>War and Empire</i>. New York: Pluto Press. pp. 98–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745327648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745327648"><bdi>978-0745327648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-102&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0745327648&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt191" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (191). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3335/3335-h/3335-h.htm"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218032858/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3335/3335-h/3335-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2017 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.date=191&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3335%2F3335-h%2F3335-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA180_180]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyalCarpenterThomas1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCWaCEfeuQXkCpgPA180_180]_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA180">180</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1896" class="citation web cs1">Kimball, William W. (June 1, 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/pre-war-planning/plan-of-operations-a.html">"War With Spain – 1896. General Consideration of the Object of the War, the Results Desired, and the Kind of Operation to be Undertaken"</a>. <i>history.navy.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607004550/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/pre-war-planning/plan-of-operations-a.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.navy.mil&rft.atitle=War+With+Spain+%E2%80%93+1896.+General+Consideration+of+the+Object+of+the+War%2C+the+Results+Desired%2C+and+the+Kind+of+Operation+to+be+Undertaken&rft.date=1896-06-01&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fdocumentary-histories%2Funited-states-navy-s%2Fpre-war-planning%2Fplan-of-operations-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2002" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C"><i>A History of the Spanish Language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&dq=spanish+philippines+">"official+language"&pg=PA30 30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521011846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521011846"><bdi>978-0521011846</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185523/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521011846&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjcrhyQlFa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuka2008" class="citation book cs1">Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC"><i>Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&dq=filipinos+indios+peninsulares&pg=PA72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9712350450" title="Special:BookSources/978-9712350450"><bdi>978-9712350450</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226162105/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Freedom%27+2008+Ed.&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9712350450&rft.aulast=Duka&rft.aufirst=Cecilio+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wk8yqCEmJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2007" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC"><i>Language and National Identity in Asia</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&dq=filipino+insulares+peninsulares+indios&pg=PA363">363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191533082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191533082"><bdi>978-0191533082</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626071717/http://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+National+Identity+in+Asia&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0191533082&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3XvBbdWCKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003">Saravia & Garcia 2003</a>, pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howland1921-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howland1921_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland1921" class="citation book cs1">Howland, Harold (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdA6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245"><i>Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement</i></a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1279815199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1279815199"><bdi>978-1279815199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+his+times%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+progressive+movement&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-1279815199&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdA6AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003">Saravia & Garcia 2003</a>, pp. 11–13, 27, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq84-1.htm">Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216154304/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq84-1.htm">Archived</a> December 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. Retrieved on October 10, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/archives/dewey2.htm">The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014124232/http://wtj.com/archives/dewey2.htm">Archived</a> October 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The War Times Journal</i>. Retrieved on October 10, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHRJune1988p659-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHRJune1988p659_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Field_Jr.1978" class="citation cs2">James A. Field Jr. (June 1978), "American Imperialism: the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book", <i>The American Historical Review</i>, <b>83</b> (3), American Historical Association: 659, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1861842">10.2307/1861842</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861842">1861842</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Imperialism%3A+the+Worst+Chapter+in+Almost+Any+Book&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=659&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1861842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1861842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=James+A.+Field+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWionzek2000">Wionzek 2000</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm; Admiral <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Diederichs" title="Otto von Diederichs">Otto von Diederichs</a> responded with a list of eleven.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolan1991-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan1991_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan1991_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekins1991" class="citation cs2">Seekins, Donald M. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ph0023)">"Historical Setting – Outbreak of War, 1898"</a>, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html"><i>Philippines: A Country Study</i></a>, Washington: Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306052112/http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html">archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting+%E2%80%93+Outbreak+of+War%2C+1898&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bph0023%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> (LOC call Number <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+92039812&&CNT=10+records+per+page">DS655.P598 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109030210/http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+92039812&&CNT=10+records+per+page">Archived</a> January 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_K._Harris2011" class="citation book cs1">Susan K. Harris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eOC4op3MKoC&pg=PA133"><i>God's Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898–1902</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199781072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199781072"><bdi>978-0199781072</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512103721/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eOC4op3MKoC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Arbiters%3A+Americans+and+the+Philippines%2C+1898%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199781072&rft.au=Susan+K.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eOC4op3MKoC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_R._BeedeVernon_L._WilliamsWolfgang_Drechsler1994" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin R. Beede; Vernon L. Williams; Wolfgang Drechsler (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA201"><i>The War of 1898, and US Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 201–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824056247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824056247"><bdi>978-0824056247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428034511/https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+US+Interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=201-202&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0824056247&rft.au=Benjamin+R.+Beede&rft.au=Vernon+L.+Williams&rft.au=Wolfgang+Drechsler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Trask1981" class="citation book cs1">David F. Trask (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA284"><i>The War with Spain in 1898</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803294295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803294295"><bdi>978-0803294295</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426064239/https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA284">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Spain+in+1898&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0803294295&rft.au=David+F.+Trask&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f0Gf0DQfmUC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugusto_V._de_Viana2006" class="citation cs2">Augusto V. de Viana (September 21, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030050605/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/sept/21/yehey/top_stories/20060921top9.html"><i>What ifs in Philippine history</i></a>, Manila Times, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/sept/21/yehey/top_stories/20060921top9.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+ifs+in+Philippine+history&rft.pub=Manila+Times&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.au=Augusto+V.+de+Viana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Fnational%2F2006%2Fsept%2F21%2Fyehey%2Ftop_stories%2F20060921top9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> <br /> ^ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030050610/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/sept/22/yehey/top_stories/20060922top9.html"><i>What ifs in Philippine history, Conclusion</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Times">Manila Times</a>, September 22, 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/sept/22/yehey/top_stories/20060922top9.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+ifs+in+Philippine+history%2C+Conclusion&rft.pub=Manila+Times&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Fnational%2F2006%2Fsept%2F22%2Fyehey%2Ftop_stories%2F20060922top9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWionzek2000">Wionzek 2000</a>, p. xvi, citing Hubatsch, Walther, <i>Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik</i>, Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau (August 1944), pp. 130–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war">"The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902"</a>. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philippine-American+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1899-1913%2Fwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Library_of_Congress-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Library_of_Congress_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html"><i>The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War</i></a>, US Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125650/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html">archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003">Saravia & Garcia 2003</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara2005" class="citation cs2">Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. 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DLSU-Manila. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pub=DLSU-Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinas.dlsu.edu.ph%2Fhistory%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaustCh4-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FaustCh4_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaust1899">Faust 1899</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l60TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55">55–70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaust1899">Faust 1899</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l60TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63">63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003">Saravia & Garcia 2003</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJpgPA459_459]-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJpgPA459_459]_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeman1906">Foreman 1906</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2crAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA459">459</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224035526/http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">"Our flag is now waving over Manila"</a>, <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">the original</a> on December 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Our+flag+is+now+waving+over+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fspotlight%2F6879%2Fnewspaper_article_americans_capture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lac126-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lac126_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacsamana2006">Lacsamana 2006</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJdq22The20surrender20of20the20Philippine20Archipelago22pgPA465_465]-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeman1906[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW2crAAAAYAAJdq22The20surrender20of20the20Philippine20Archipelago22pgPA465_465]_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeman1906">Foreman 1906</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2crAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22The%20surrender%20of%20the%20Philippine%20Archipelago.%22&pg=PA465">465</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003">Saravia & Garcia 2003</a>, pp. 129–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruneBurns2003">Brune & Burns 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xux-LSxSY6cC&pg=PA290">290</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208–209-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-208–209_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-208–209_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeede1994">Beede 1994</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA208">208–09</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRogers1995">Rogers 1995</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEn9J3tXFS8C&pg=PA110">110–12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1899">Roosevelt 1899</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beth_Norton2014" class="citation book cs1">Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0jAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA582"><i>A People and a Nation, Volume II: Since 1865</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285974682" title="Special:BookSources/978-1285974682"><bdi>978-1285974682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527135756/https://books.google.com/books?id=F0jAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA582">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+and+a+Nation%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1865&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1285974682&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0jAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulimsonRenfrowKelly_LtColEnglander1998" class="citation book cs1">Shulimson J, Renfrow WJ, Kelly LtCol DE, Englander EA, eds. (1998). <i>Marines in the Spanish-American War 1895–1899</i>. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marines+in+the+Spanish-American+War+1895%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division+Headquarters%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_139-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulimson J, Renfrow WJ, Kelly LtCol DE, Englander EA, eds. (1998). <i>Marines in the Spanish-American War 1895–1899</i>. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulimson J, Renfrow WJ, Kelly LtCol DE, Englander EA, eds. (1998). <i>Marines in the Spanish-American War 1895–1899</i>. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spanishamericanwar.info/cuba.htm#LasGuasimas">The Spanish–American War in Cuba : Battle of Las Guasimas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510210235/http://spanishamericanwar.info/cuba.htm#LasGuasimas">Archived</a> May 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt,_Theodore_p._572_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, Theodore, <i>The Rough Riders</i>, Scribner's Magazine, Vol. 25 (January–June), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/10_sanjuan.html">The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714045841/http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/10_sanjuan.html">Archived</a> July 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at HomeOfHeroes.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/11_crowdedhour.html">The Crowded Hour: The Charge at El Caney & San Juan Hills</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514061523/http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/11_crowdedhour.html">Archived</a> May 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at HomeOfHeroes.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profile-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-profile_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1-22infantry.org/commanders/wikoffpers.htm">Col. Charles A. Wikoff profile at 1-22infantry.org</a> Retrieved January 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2003">Parker 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6888"><i>History of the Gatling Gun Detachment</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213123700/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6888">Archived</a> February 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, John Henry Parker at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaley2000">Daley 2000</a>, pp. 161–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCook1899">McCook 1899</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxNQAAAAYAAJ"><i>Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents: Ser. A.-F.]</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1898. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxNQAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22palo+alto%22&pg=PA691">691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054754/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxNQAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elihu+Root+Collection+of+United+States+Documents%3A+Ser.+A.-F.%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=691&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxNQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_N._Schubert" title="Frank N. Schubert">Schubert, Frank N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/135"><i>Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898</i></a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/135">135–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842025867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842025867"><bdi>978-0842025867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Valor%3A+Buffalo+Soldiers+and+the+Medal+of+Honor%2C+1870%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=135-39&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0842025867&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackvalorbuffal00schu%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulimson1998" class="citation book cs1">Shulimson, Jack (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ_fAAAAMAAJ"><i>Marines in the Spanish American War</i></a>. Washington DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1998. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144607/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ_fAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marines+in+the+Spanish+American+War&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division%2C+Headquarters%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps%2C+1998&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shulimson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZ_fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor2017" class="citation web cs1">Trevor, Plante (December 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/spanish-american-war-marines-1.html">"The First Marine Battalion in the Spanish-American War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810131009/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/spanish-american-war-marines-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Marine+Battalion+in+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft.aulast=Trevor&rft.aufirst=Plante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F1998%2Fspring%2Fspanish-american-war-marines-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=Fernando+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+admiral&pg=RA3-PA64">Information from abroad: War notes, Issues 1–8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185523/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3oDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA64&lpg=RA3-PA64&dq=Fernando+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+admiral&source=bl&ots=xKrD0TCkuA&sig=NhdM206irX3yMWwWe-ipkVJRr0A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKrYOJmLPYAhVD3GMKHYN4CzIQ6AEIOzAI#v=onepage&q=Fernando%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20de%20admiral&f=false">Archived</a> January 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1899), <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a>, pp. 60–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobson-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067846/1903-02-11/ed-1/seq-1/">"Hobson Will Get Out"</a>. <i>The Watchman and Southronvia=University of South Carolina</i>. February 11, 1903. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017233017/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067846/1903-02-11/ed-1/seq-1/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchman+and+Southronvia%3DUniversity+of+South+Carolina&rft.atitle=Hobson+Will+Get+Out&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1903-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn93067846%2F1903-02-11%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Cervera at Annapolis". Chicago Tribune. July 17, 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cervera+at+Annapolis&rft.date=1898-07-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_J._Cirillo_2004_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Cirillo. 2004. <i>Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish–American War and Military Medicine</i>. Rutgers University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rico-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64500545.pdf">"Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Park Service</i>. United States Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211073515/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64500545.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Spanish-American+War+in+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2Fpdfhost%2Fdocs%2FNRHP%2FText%2F64500545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asomante-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asomante_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asomante_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgardo_Pratts2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edgardo Pratts (2006), <i>De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante</i> (in Spanish) (First ed.), Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976218562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976218562"><bdi>978-0976218562</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Coamo+a+la+Trinchera+del+Asomante&rft.place=Puerto+Rico&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Educativa+Idelfonso+Pratts&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0976218562&rft.au=Edgardo+Pratts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanamwar.com/pelayo.htm">"The Spanish–American War Centennial Website: <i>Pelayo</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128102921/http://www.spanamwar.com/pelayo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+Centennial+Website%3A+Pelayo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanamwar.com%2Fpelayo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nofi, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tucker85-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tucker85_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker85_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker85_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker85_164-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer C., ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&dq=admiral+manuel+camara+born+1835&pg=PA85"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144607/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&dq=admiral+manuel+camara+born+1835&pg=PA85">Archived</a> September 23, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Santa Barbara, CS: ABC-CLIO LLC, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099511" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099511">978-1851099511</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OToolep222-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OToolep222_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OToolep222_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WozGjq1OAi0C&dq=Deway+Pelayo+Carlos&pg=PA222">O'Toole, G. J. A., <i>The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054757/https://books.google.com/books?id=WozGjq1OAi0C&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=Deway+Pelayo+Carlos&source=bl&ots=mtnauGUHbu&sig=ACfU3U2bbqUunBmiGMmydHgNY7c_1V1VIw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetp2A96XpAhVUlnIEHRtQA4cQ6AEwCXoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=Deway%20Pelayo%20Carlos&f=false">Archived</a> October 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393303047" title="Special:BookSources/0393303047">0393303047</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nofi, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cervera's papers, pp. 151–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nofi, p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cervera's_papers,_p._154-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cervera's_papers,_p._154_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cervera's_papers,_p._154_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cervera's papers, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French Ensor Chadwick, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ditAAAAAYAAJ&dq=ethelbert+watts+cairo&pg=PA388">The relations of the United States and Spain: the Spanish–American War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220210132/http://books.google.com/books?id=ditAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA388&dq=ethelbert+watts+cairo&ei=DIiqTMbBE5KuNoiwzKoD&cd=7#v=onepage&q=ethelbert%20watts%20cairo&f=false">Archived</a> February 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Volume 2, p. 388 (1911).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycamerican1925p243-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encycamerican1925p243_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycamerican1925p243_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHzFM6104e0C&q=Camara&pg=PA243">"<i>The Encyclopedia Americana</i>, New York: The Americana Corporation, 1925, p. 243 Retrieved 6 May 2020"</a>. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002162756/https://books.google.com/books?id=tHzFM6104e0C&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=admiral+Manuel+de+la+camara+%22retired%22&source=bl&ots=HHb0N_Le-7&sig=ACfU3U0M170RXrV_tQVJR7zxYL1JKPxRvg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibuIDXsp_pAhUKj3IEHbEzAJMQ6AEwCHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Camara&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+New+York%3A+The+Americana+Corporation%2C+1925%2C+p.+243+Retrieved+6+May+2020&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHzFM6104e0C%26q%3DCamara%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nofi, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1961">Wolff 1961</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA175">175</a>, "When the British consul died, intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul, M. Edouard Andre; and, as US troops poured in, everything began to fall into place. Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooling2007">Cooling 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1BfxsjQ6nAC&pg=PA99">99</a>, "Fearful of what the Filipinos might do, the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City. Aided by Belgian consul Edouard Andre, Dewey, Merritt, and Augustin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996">Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA175">175</a>, "After Rawson-Walker's sickness and death, Belgian consul Edouard André carried on the diplomatic exchanges between Dewey, General Wesley Merritt,*and Jaudenes. Through these diplomatic exchanges, early in August Jaudenes began to ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012131323/http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/pr980812.html">"Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries"</a>. <i>msc.edu.ph</i>. Washington, DC. August 12, 1898. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pr980812.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=msc.edu.ph&rft.atitle=Protocol+of+Peace+Embodying+the+Terms+of+a+Basis+for+the+Establishment+of+Peace+Between+the+Two+Countries&rft.date=1898-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fpr980812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TreatyOfParis-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TreatyOfParis_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TreatyOfParis_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">"Treaty of Paris, 1898"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523121634/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Paris%2C+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fsp1898.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress1947" class="citation book cs1">Congress, United States (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0jAQAAMAAJ&q=perpetual+lease"><i>Reports and Documents</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923145108/https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0jAQAAMAAJ&q=perpetual+lease">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+and+Documents&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIo0jAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperpetual%2Blease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress1963" class="citation book cs1">Congress, United States (1963) [1873]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgSh2LvgS-AC&q=%22perpetual+lease%22&pg=PA12259"><i>Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, first session</i></a>. Vol. 109. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 12259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923145109/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgSh2LvgS-AC&q=%22perpetual+lease%22&pg=PA12259">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record%3A+Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+88th+Congress%2C+first+session&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=12259&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgSh2LvgS-AC%26q%3D%2522perpetual%2Blease%2522%26pg%3DPA12259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2009" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Michael J. (May 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQSrCQAAQBAJ&q=guantanamo+lease+perpetual"><i>The Leasing of Guantanamo Bay</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 96–107, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37783-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37783-9"><bdi>978-0-313-37783-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923145149/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQSrCQAAQBAJ&q=guantanamo+lease+perpetual">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leasing+of+Guantanamo+Bay&rft.pages=96-107%2C+174&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37783-9&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQSrCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dguantanamo%2Blease%2Bperpetual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Graham A. Cosmas, ‘’An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War’’ (Texas A&M University Press, 1998) pp. 247-296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=q35B829vNQEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Cosmas+empire&ots=wD3QwwR2FP&sig=tZnF-jQS_BM2dYxigxKfnhnPZvA">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingrid Gessner, "Heroines of health: Examining the other side of the 'splendid little war'. <i>European Journal of American Studies</i> (2015) 10.10-1 (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Cirillo, "Fever and Reform: The Typhoid Epidemic in the Spanish-American War" <i>Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences’’ 55.4 (2000): 363-397. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vlp.cah.ucf.edu/instructionalmaterials/UCF-VLP-9th-12th-SPAM-DiseaseImpact-TyphoidArticle.pdf">online</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Great Fever: Scourge of the Spanish American War," <i>American Experience</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/fever/">online</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Alfred J. Bollet, "Military medicine in the Spanish-American War." <i>Perspectives in biology and medicine</i> 48.2 (2005): 293-300 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/181349/summary">online</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosmas, pp. 273–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Cirillo, <i>Bullets and bacilli: The Spanish-American War and military medicine</i> (Rutgers University Press, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_rG9HWy6fVkC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=medical+reform+after+Spanish+American+war&ots=41VWHAT9WQ&sig=TBlGFewog7GkJ9RDrV70nU7YUg4">online</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George William Latshaw, "Military medical service during and immediately after the Spanish-American War (1898-1901)" (Thesis U of Wisconsin, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/34531/1310613.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William B. Bean, "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever" <i>JAMA</i> (1983) 250#5:659-662. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/387597">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1998" class="citation cs2">Bethell, John (November–December 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205135255/http://harvardmagazine.com/1998/11/war.html"><i>"A Splendid Little War"; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order</i></a>, Harvard magazine, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/1998/11/war.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Splendid+Little+War%22%3B+Harvard+and+the+commencement+of+a+new+world+order&rft.pub=Harvard+magazine&rft.date=1998-11%2F1998-12&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F1998%2F11%2Fwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontoya2011">Montoya 2011</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupuy794-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dupuy794_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuyJohnsonBongard1992">Dupuy, Johnson & Bongard 1992</a>, p. 794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1961">Bailey 1961</a>, p. 657</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, Richard L. 2003. "American Journalism Goes to War, 1898–2001: a manifesto on media and empire", p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérez2008">Pérez 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9uSsePHCVWAC&pg=PA11">11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suárez-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suárez_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suárez Cortina, Manuel (2006). "The survival of the monarchical regime... it led liberals and conservatives to opt for defeat as a guarantee that it was thus possible to safeguard the Crown. [...] The logic of war was thus subject to a basic task: to preserve the integrity of the inherited patrimony and to safeguard the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">child-king</a>. [(translated from Spanish)]" La <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sintesis.com/data/indices/9788497564154.pdf">España Liberal (1868–1917). Política y sociedad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101533/https://www.sintesis.com/data/indices/9788497564154.pdf">Archived</a> July 12, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Madrid: Síntesis. ISBN 84-9756-415-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dardé-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dardé_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardé, Carlos (1996). p. 116. La Restauración, 1875–1902. Alfonso XII y la regencia de María Cristina. Madrid: Historia 16-Temas de Hoy. ISBN 84-7679-317-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suárez Cortina, 2006, p. 146-147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardé, 1996, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J. M. (2013). Hay, Denys (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870590864"><i>Europe 1880–1945</i></a>. General History of Europe (3rd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87962-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87962-6"><bdi>978-1-317-87962-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870590864">870590864</a> – via ProQuest Ebook Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.series=General+History+of+Europe&rft.pages=128-129&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870590864&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87962-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F870590864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNegrón-Muntaner2004">Negrón-Muntaner 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bbp-8X0U9YC">11</a>, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulio_Cervera_Baviera1898" class="citation cs2">Julio Cervera Baviera (1898), <i>La defensa militar de Puerto Rico</i>, pp. 79–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+defensa+militar+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=79-80&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Julio+Cervera+Baviera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers2.htm#anchor134043"><i>Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II – Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera</i></a>, 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130100035/http://home.coqui.net/sarrasin/pers2.htm#anchor134043">archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protagonistas+de+la+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico+Parte+II+%E2%80%93+Comandante+Julio+Cervera+Baviera&rft.pub=1898+La+Guerra+Hispano+Americana+en+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.coqui.net%2Fsarrasin%2Fpers2.htm%23anchor134043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> (an excerpt from <a href="#CITEREFCarrerasTafunell2004">Carreras & Tafunell 2004</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell: <i>Historia Económica de la España contemporánea</i>, pp. 200–08, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8484325024" title="Special:BookSources/8484325024">8484325024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernal2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernal, Antonio Ñiguez (July 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studylib.es/doc/6871128/las-relaciones-pol%C3%ADticas--econ%C3%B3micas-y-culturales-entre-e...">"Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales entre España y los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX"</a>. <i>studylib.es</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studylib.es&rft.atitle=Las+relaciones+pol%C3%ADticas%2C+econ%C3%B3micas+y+culturales+entre+Espa%C3%B1a+y+los+Estados+Unidos+en+los+siglos+XIX+y+XX&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft.aulast=Bernal&rft.aufirst=Antonio+%C3%91iguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudylib.es%2Fdoc%2F6871128%2Flas-relaciones-pol%25C3%25ADticas--econ%25C3%25B3micas-y-culturales-entre-e...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By which, with the transfer of technology from the United Kingdom and France, the Spanish government was able to begin to rebuild the fleet and built the <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a-class_battleship" title="España-class battleship"><i>España</i>-class battleship</a> and projected the <a href="/wiki/Reina_Victoria_Eugenia-class_battleship" title="Reina Victoria Eugenia-class battleship"><i>Reina Victoria Eugenia</i>-class battleship</a> that were canceled by the beginning of the First World War. When the Great War broke out in 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian government declared its neutrality</a> so that the Spanish government had scope to <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">also declare its neutrality</a> in the conflict.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2003" class="citation web cs1">McEvoy, William P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/spain.htm">"Spain During the First World War"</a>. 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Naval Postgraduate School.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423105708/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/platt">"Milestones: 1899–1913 : The United States, Cuba, and the Platt Amendment, 1901"</a>. <i>Milestones</i>. Office of the Historian, US Department of State. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Provinciality+of+American+Empire%3A+%27Liberal+Exceptionalism%27+and+U.S.+Colonial+Rule%2C+1898-1912&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417507000412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4497683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4497683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergad1978">Bergad 1978</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergad1978">Bergad 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Hewitson, Mark (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuPcvc2F4YC"><i>What is a nation?: Europe 1789–1914</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199295753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199295753"><bdi>978-0199295753</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuPcvc2F4YC">archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+nation%3F%3A+Europe+1789%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199295753&rft.aulast=Baycroft&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Hewitson%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RuPcvc2F4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation cs2">Beede, Benjamin R., ed. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC"><i>The War of 1898 and US Interventions, 1898–1934</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824056247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824056247"><bdi>978-0824056247</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527060800/https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC">archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+US+Interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0824056247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span>. An encyclopedia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergad1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bergad, Laird W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100031290">"Agrarian History of Puerto Rico, 1870–1930"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 63–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100031290">10.1017/S0023879100031290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133521213">133521213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Agrarian+History+of+Puerto+Rico%2C+1870%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=63-94&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100031290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133521213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bergad&rft.aufirst=Laird+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100031290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotero2001" class="citation cs2">Botero, Rodrigo (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0A1q6_aEEoC">"Ambivalent embrace: America's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War"</a>, <i>Contributions to the study of world history</i>, vol. 78, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313315701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313315701"><bdi>978-0313315701</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915131205/http://books.google.com/books?id=y0A1q6_aEEoC">archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+the+study+of+world+history&rft.atitle=Ambivalent+embrace%3A+America%27s+troubled+relations+with+Spain+from+the+Revolutionary+War+to+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=78&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0313315701&rft.aulast=Botero&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0A1q6_aEEoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruneBurns2003" class="citation cs2">Brune, Lester H.; Burns, Richard Dean (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xux-LSxSY6cC">"Chronological History of US Foreign Relations: 1607–1932"</a>, <i>Volume 1 of Chronological History of US Foreign Relations, Richard Dean Burns</i> (2 ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939140" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415939140"><bdi>978-0415939140</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Volume+1+of+Chronological+History+of+US+Foreign+Relations%2C+Richard+Dean+Burns&rft.atitle=Chronological+History+of+US+Foreign+Relations%3A+1607%E2%80%931932&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415939140&rft.aulast=Brune&rft.aufirst=Lester+H.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Richard+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXux-LSxSY6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation cs2">Campbell, W. Joseph (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u4ZBA-P1IQC"><i>Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275966867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275966867"><bdi>978-0275966867</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054807/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u4ZBA-P1IQC">archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellow+Journalism%3A+Puncturing+the+Myths%2C+Defining+the+Legacies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0275966867&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=W.+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u4ZBA-P1IQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1982" class="citation cs2">Carr, Raymond (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ0lMQAACAAJ&q=Spain,+1808-1975"><i>Spain, 1808–1975</i></a>, Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198221289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198221289"><bdi>978-0198221289</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1808%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0198221289&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQ0lMQAACAAJ%26q%3DSpain%2C%2B1808-1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrerasTafunell2004" class="citation cs2">Carreras, Albert; Tafunell, Xavier (2004), <i>Historia económica de la España Contemporánea</i>, Crítica, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484325024" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484325024"><bdi>978-8484325024</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+econ%C3%B3mica+de+la+Espa%C3%B1a+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8484325024&rft.aulast=Carreras&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Tafunell%2C+Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cervera Y Topete, Pascual. <i>Office of Naval Intelligence War Notes No. VII: Information From Abroad: The Spanish–American War: A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operations in the West Indies, Translated From the Spanish</i>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). 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(1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvxFKPI6q_oC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War</i></a>, Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313288524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313288524"><bdi>978-0313288524</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915131208/http://books.google.com/books?id=PvxFKPI6q_oC">archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+American+War&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313288524&rft.aulast=Dyal&rft.aufirst=Donald+H&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Brian+B.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvxFKPI6q_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust1899" class="citation book cs1">Faust, K.I. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l60TAAAAYAAJ"><i>Campaigning in the Philippines: Illustrated</i></a>. Hicks-Judd Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigning+in+the+Philippines%3A+Illustrated&rft.pub=Hicks-Judd+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=K.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl60TAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman1906" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, John (F.R.G.S.) (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippineislan04foregoog"><i>The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government</i></a>. C. Scribner's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%3A+A+Political%2C+Geographical%2C+Ethnographical%2C+Social+and+Commercial+History+of+the+Philippine+Archipelago%2C+Embracing+the+Whole+Period+of+Spanish+Rule%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Succeeding+American+Insular+Government&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=John+%28F.R.G.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippineislan04foregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> (full text available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22815/22815-h/22815-h.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803114159/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22815/22815-h/22815-h.htm">Archived</a> August 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatewood1975" class="citation cs2">Gatewood, Willard B. (1975), <i>Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898–1903</i>, University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252004759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252004759"><bdi>978-0252004759</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+and+the+White+Man%27s+Burden%2C+1898%E2%80%931903&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0252004759&rft.aulast=Gatewood&rft.aufirst=Willard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudreault2009" class="citation cs2">Gaudreault, André (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3h9RrEokcrwC"><i>American cinema, 1890–1909: themes and variations</i></a>, Rutgers University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813544434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813544434"><bdi>978-0813544434</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915152935/http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9RrEokcrwC">archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+cinema%2C+1890%E2%80%931909%3A+themes+and+variations&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0813544434&rft.aulast=Gaudreault&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3h9RrEokcrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2003" class="citation cs2">Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk53AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Spanish–American War</i></a>, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313316623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313316623"><bdi>978-0313316623</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915195653/http://books.google.com/books?id=Jk53AAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0313316623&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJk53AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span>. short summary</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1990" class="citation cs2">Karnow, Stanley (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8DcOwAACAAJ"><i>In Our Image</i></a>, Century, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712637329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0712637329"><bdi>978-0712637329</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Our+Image&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0712637329&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8DcOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2001" class="citation book cs1">Keenan, Jerry (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp00keen"><i>Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070932" title="Special:BookSources/9781576070932"><bdi>9781576070932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+%26+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781576070932&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofsp00keen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsamana2006" class="citation cs2">Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb53AAAACAAJ"><i>Philippine history and government</i></a>, Phoenix Pub. House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9710618941" title="Special:BookSources/978-9710618941"><bdi>978-9710618941</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820010155/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb53AAAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+history+and+government&rft.pub=Phoenix+Pub.+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9710618941&rft.aulast=Lacsamana&rft.aufirst=Leodivico+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWb53AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyThompson2010" class="citation cs2">Levy, Jack S.; Thompson, William R. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6puH_395tUYC"><i>Causes of War</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405175593" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405175593"><bdi>978-1405175593</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512031804/https://books.google.com/books?id=6puH_395tUYC">archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+of+War&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405175593&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6puH_395tUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillis1979" class="citation cs2">Millis, Walter (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_QlhpIsrXgC"><i>The martial spirit</i></a>, Ayer Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0405118661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0405118661"><bdi>978-0405118661</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427085249/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_QlhpIsrXgC">archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martial+spirit&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0405118661&rft.aulast=Millis&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_QlhpIsrXgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya2011" class="citation cs2">Montoya, Arthur (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro77t2oCXhEC"><i>America's Original Sin: Absolution & Penance</i></a>, Xlibris Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462844340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1462844340"><bdi>978-1462844340</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507172107/https://books.google.com/books?id=ro77t2oCXhEC">archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Original+Sin%3A+Absolution+%26+Penance&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1462844340&rft.aulast=Montoya&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro77t2oCXhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegrón-Muntaner2004" class="citation cs2">Negrón-Muntaner, Frances (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boricuapop00fran"><i>Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture</i></a></span>, NYU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814758182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814758182"><bdi>978-0814758182</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boricua+Pop%3A+Puerto+Ricans+and+the+Latinization+of+American+Culture&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0814758182&rft.aulast=Negr%C3%B3n-Muntaner&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboricuapop00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Albert A.</a> <i>The Spanish–American War, 1898</i>. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, Inc., 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0938289578" title="Special:BookSources/0938289578">0938289578</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffner1992" class="citation cs2">Offner, John L. (1992), <i>An Unwanted War: the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unwanted+War%3A+the+Diplomacy+of+the+United+States+and+Spain+over+Cuba%2C+1895%E2%80%931898&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Offner&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffner2004" class="citation cs2">Offner, John L. (2004), "McKinley and the Spanish–American War", <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, <b>34</b> (1): 50–61, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00034.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00034.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=McKinley+and+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-61&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00034.x&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft.aulast=Offner&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2003" class="citation cs2">Parker, John H. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060329063707/http://www.authorama.com/gatlings-at-santiago-1.html"><i>The Gatlings at Santiago</i></a>, Indypublish.com, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1404381377" title="Special:BookSources/978-1404381377"><bdi>978-1404381377</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorama.com/gatlings-at-santiago-1.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gatlings+at+Santiago&rft.pub=Indypublish.com&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1404381377&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthorama.com%2Fgatlings-at-santiago-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pérez, Louis A. <i>Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy</i>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003. Print<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2008" class="citation cs2">Pérez, Louis A. (2008), <i>Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos</i>, UNC Press Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+the+American+Imagination%3A+Metaphor+and+the+Imperial+Ethos&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez1998" class="citation cs2">Pérez, Louis A. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC"><i>The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography</i></a>, UNC Press Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807847428" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807847428"><bdi>978-0807847428</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424205952/https://books.google.com/books?id=OVFV4qclY-YC">archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+of+1898%3A+the+United+States+and+Cuba+in+history+and+historiography&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0807847428&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVFV4qclY-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Robert F. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEn9J3tXFS8C"><i>Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam</i></a> (illustrated ed.), University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824816780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824816780"><bdi>978-0824816780</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702094406/https://books.google.com/books?id=AEn9J3tXFS8C">archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny%27s+Landfall%3A+A+History+of+Guam&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0824816780&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEn9J3tXFS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1899" class="citation cs2">Roosevelt, Theodore (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206204834/http://bartleby.com/br/51.html">"I. Raising The Regiment"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bartleby.com/br/51.html"><i>The Rough Riders</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bartleby.com/51/1.html">the original</a> on February 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Raising+The+Regiment&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Riders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbartleby.com%2F51%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonian_Institution2005" class="citation cs2">Smithsonian Institution (2005), <i>The Price of Freedom: Americans at War – Spanish American War</i>, National Museum of American History (US), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974420233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0974420233"><bdi>978-0974420233</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Freedom%3A+Americans+at+War+%E2%80%93+Spanish+American+War&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History+%28US%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0974420233&rft.au=Smithsonian+Institution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Santamarina, Juan C. "The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba, 1898–1915". <i>The Business History Review</i> 74.01 (Spring 2000): 41–83. Print</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003" class="citation cs2">Saravia, José Roca de Togores y; Garcia, Remigio (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898</i></a>, National Historical Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715381673" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715381673"><bdi>978-9715381673</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104230451/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockade+and+Siege+of+Manila+in+1898&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9715381673&rft.aulast=Saravia&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Roca+de+Togores+y&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Remigio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhZ3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Mark. "The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba, 1898–1923". <i>Environmental History Review</i> 19.04 (Winter 1995): 31–48. Print</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythe2003" class="citation cs2">Smythe, Ted Curtis (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIhZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Gilded Age press, 1865–1900</i></a>, Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313300806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313300806"><bdi>978-0313300806</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520195737/https://books.google.com/books?id=iIhZAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gilded+Age+press%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0313300806&rft.aulast=Smythe&rft.aufirst=Ted+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIhZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tone, John Lawrence. <i>War and Genocide in Cuba 1895–1898</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14509">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065526/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14509">Archived</a> January 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation cs2">Trask, David F. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC"><i>The war with Spain in 1898</i></a>, U of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803294295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803294295"><bdi>978-0803294295</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321153841/http://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC">archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+with+Spain+in+1898&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803294295&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f0Gf0DQfmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation cs2">Tucker, Spencer (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-CLIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099511" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099511"><bdi>978-1851099511</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104230451/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC">archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+and+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851099511&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWionzek2000" class="citation cs2">Wionzek, Karl-Heinz (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-RxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Germany, the Philippines, and the Spanish–American War: four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy</i></a>, National Historical Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715381406" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715381406"><bdi>978-9715381406</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502101504/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-RxAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+the+Philippines%2C+and+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War%3A+four+accounts+by+officers+of+the+Imperial+German+Navy&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9715381406&rft.aulast=Wionzek&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-RxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1961" class="citation cs2">Wolff, Leon (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC"><i>Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn</i></a>, Wolff Productions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1582882093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1582882093"><bdi>978-1582882093</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505233232/https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC">archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Brown+Brother%3A+How+the+United+States+Purchased+and+Pacified+the+Philippine+Islands+at+the+Century%27s+Turn&rft.pub=Wolff+Productions&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-1582882093&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHzvx94oiUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Spanish–American War</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Spanish%E2%80%93American+War">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuxier1939" class="citation journal cs1">Auxier, George W. (August 1939). "The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895-1898". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" title="The Hispanic American Historical Review">The Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): 286–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2507259">10.2307/2507259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2507259">2507259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Propaganda+Activities+of+the+Cuban+Junta+in+Precipitating+the+Spanish-American+War%2C+1895-1898&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=286-305&rft.date=1939-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2507259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2507259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Auxier&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuxier1938" class="citation thesis cs1">Auxier, George Washington (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148527637822284"><i>The Cuban question as reflected in the editorial columns of middle western newspapers, 1895-1898</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Cuban+question+as+reflected+in+the+editorial+columns+of+middle+western+newspapers%2C+1895-1898&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Auxier&rft.aufirst=George+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu148527637822284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2010" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfctCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898-1902: An Annotated Bibliography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93699-9"><bdi>978-1-136-93699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+War+and+Philippine+Insurrection%2C+1898-1902%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-93699-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfctCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1908" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Elbert Jay (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924020399808"><i>International law and diplomacy of the Spanish-American war</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins Press">The Johns Hopkins Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law+and+diplomacy+of+the+Spanish-American+war&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Elbert+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924020399808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerner1998" class="citation book cs1">Berner, Brad K. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamericanw0000bern"><i>The Spanish-American War: a historical dictionary</i></a></span>. Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3490-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3490-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-3490-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+War%3A+a+historical+dictionary&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+war%2C+revolution%2C+and+civil+unrest&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3490-3&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Brad+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishamericanw0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerner2014" class="citation book cs1">Berner, Brad K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2Y-AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Spanish-American war: a documentary history with commentaries</i></a>. Madison (N.J.) ; Lanham (Mar.): <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-574-6"><bdi>978-1-61147-574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+war%3A+a+documentary+history+with+commentaries&rft.place=Madison+%28N.J.%29+%3B+Lanham+%28Mar.%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-574-6&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Brad+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2Y-AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1993" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, James C., ed. (1993). <i>Crucible of empire: the Spanish-American War & its aftermath</i>. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-079-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-079-3"><bdi>978-1-55750-079-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+empire%3A+the+Spanish-American+War+%26+its+aftermath&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-079-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Castonguay, James. "The Spanish-American War in United States Media culture." in <i>Hollywood and War, The Film Reader</i> (Routledge, 2023) pp. 97-108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003416661-11/spanish-american-war-united-states-media-culture-1-james-castonguay">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirillo2004" class="citation book cs1">Cirillo, Vincent J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rG9HWy6fVkC"><i>Bullets and bacilli: the Spanish-American War and military medicine</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3339-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-3339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullets+and+bacilli%3A+the+Spanish-American+War+and+military+medicine&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3339-1&rft.aulast=Cirillo&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rG9HWy6fVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbitt1963" class="citation journal cs1">Corbitt, Duvon C. 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"Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba's Struggle for Independence". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" title="The Hispanic American Historical Review">The Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): 395–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2510074">10.2307/2510074</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510074">2510074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Cuban+Revisionist+Interpretations+of+Cuba%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-404&rft.date=1963-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2510074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2510074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Corbitt&rft.aufirst=Duvon+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmas1998" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas, Graham A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q35B829vNQEC"><i>An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-816-1"><bdi>978-0-89096-816-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+for+Empire%3A+The+United+States+Army+in+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-816-1&rft.aulast=Cosmas&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq35B829vNQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrapol1992" class="citation journal cs1">Crapol, Edward P. 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"Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations". <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a></i>. <b>16</b> (4): 573–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1992.tb00632.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1992.tb00632.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912213">24912213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Coming+to+Terms+with+Empire%3A+The+Historiography+of+Late-Nineteenth-Century+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=573-598&rft.date=1992-10&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24912213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1992.tb00632.x&rft.aulast=Crapol&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullCulbertWelch2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Cull, Nicholas John</a>; Culbert, David Holbrook; <a href="/wiki/David_Welch_(historian)" title="David Welch (historian)">Welch, David</a> (2003). "Spanish-American War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csmeyns.github.io/propaganda-everyday/pdf/cull-et-al-2003-architecture.pdf"><i>Propaganda and mass persuasion: a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 378–739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-820-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish-American+War&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+mass+persuasion%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia%2C+1500+to+the+present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pages=378-739&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-820-4&rft.aulast=Cull&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+John&rft.au=Culbert%2C+David+Holbrook&rft.au=Welch%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsmeyns.github.io%2Fpropaganda-everyday%2Fpdf%2Fcull-et-al-2003-architecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daley, L. (2000). "Canosa in the Cuba of 1898". In Aguirre, Benigno E.; Espina, Eduardo (eds.). <i>Los últimos días del comienzo: ensayos sobre la guerra hispano-cubana-estadounidense</i> (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Red Internacional del Libro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-284-115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-284-115-3"><bdi>978-956-284-115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canosa+in+the+Cuba+of+1898&rft.btitle=Los+%C3%BAltimos+d%C3%ADas+del+comienzo%3A+ensayos+sobre+la+guerra+hispano-cubana-estadounidense&rft.place=Santiago+de+Chile&rft.pub=Red+Internacional+del+Libro&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-956-284-115-3&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSantis1981" class="citation book cs1">DeSantis, Hugh (1981). "The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence, 1865–1900". 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Westport, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 65–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21061-7"><bdi>978-0-313-21061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imperialist+Impulse+and+American+Innocence%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=American+foreign+relations%3A+a+historiographical+review&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.series=Contributions+in+American+history&rft.pages=65-90&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21061-7&rft.aulast=DeSantis&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirks" class="citation web cs1">Dirks, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/warfilms.html">"War and Anti-War Films"</a>. <i>The Greatest Films</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107225126/http://www.filmsite.org/warfilms.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpPDEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Spanish-American War at Sea: Naval Action in the Atlantic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02216-6"><bdi>978-0-313-02216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+War+at+Sea%3A+Naval+Action+in+the+Atlantic&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02216-6&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpPDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1978" class="citation journal cs1">Field, James A. (June 1978). "American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>83</b> (3): 644–668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1861842">10.2307/1861842</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861842">1861842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Imperialism%3A+The+Worst+Chapter+in+Almost+Any+Book&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=644-668&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1861842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1861842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlack1906" class="citation book cs1">Flack, Horace Edgar (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamerican00flacgoog"><i>Spanish-American diplomatic relations preceding the war of 1898</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish-American+diplomatic+relations+preceding+the+war+of+1898&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Flack&rft.aufirst=Horace+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishamerican00flacgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Foner, Philip Sheldon</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNZWCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Spanish-Cuban-American war and the birth of American imperialism, 1895-1902</i></a>. Modern reader. Vol. 1: 1895-1898. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-266-9"><bdi>978-0-85345-266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-Cuban-American+war+and+the+birth+of+American+imperialism%2C+1895-1902&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Modern+reader&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-266-9&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNZWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong1909" class="citation book cs1">Furlong, John William (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8V1mebWwUwC"><i>Military Notes on Cuba, 1909</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Notes+on+Cuba%2C+1909&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_S8V1mebWwUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidel1958" class="citation book cs1">Freidel, Frank (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/splendidlittlewa0000unse"><i>The splendid little war</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown and Co.">Little, Brown and Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-73-942342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-73-942342-4"><bdi>978-0-73-942342-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+splendid+little+war&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-73-942342-4&rft.aulast=Freidel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsplendidlittlewa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fry, Joseph A. (May 1996). "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth Century American Foreign Relations". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>65</b> (2): 277–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3639986">10.2307/3639986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3639986">3639986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=From+Open+Door+to+World+Systems%3A+Economic+Interpretations+of+Late+Nineteenth+Century+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-303&rft.date=1996-05&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3639986%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3639986&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry1979" class="citation journal cs1">Fry, Joseph A. (January 1979). "William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish-American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image". <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): 77–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1979.tb00302.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00302.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909956">24909956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=William+McKinley+and+the+Coming+of+the+Spanish-American+War%3A+A+Study+of+the+Besmirching+and+Redemption+of+an+Historical+Image&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-98&rft.date=1979-01&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24909956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1979.tb00302.x&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunston1912" class="citation book cs1">Funston, Frederick (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023511375"><i>Memories of two wars: Cuban and Philippine experiences</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Co._Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Constable & Co. Ltd.">Constable & Co. Ltd.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+two+wars%3A+Cuban+and+Philippine+experiences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Funston&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023511375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gissy, William G. "That “splendid little war”: The costs of the Spanish-American war." in <i>The Economics of Conflict and Peace</i> (Routledge, 2017) pp.258-278. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315240138-21/splendid-little-war-costs-spanish-american-war-william-gissy">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1982" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U1saAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Spanish-American war and president McKinley</i></a>. Lawrence, Kans.: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0227-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-0227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+war+and+president+McKinley&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kans.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0227-8&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1saAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenvilleYoung1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Grenville" title="John Grenville">Grenville, John A. S.</a>; Young, George Berkeley (1966). "The breakdown of neutrality: McKinley goes to war with Spain". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsstrategy0000john"><i>Politics, Strategy and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 239–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00511-0"><bdi>978-0-300-00511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+breakdown+of+neutrality%3A+McKinley+goes+to+war+with+Spain&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Strategy+and+American+Diplomacy%3A+Studies+in+Foreign+Policy%2C+1873-1917&rft.pages=239-266&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00511-0&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+A.+S.&rft.au=Young%2C+George+Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsstrategy0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOj4GergWhAC"><i>President McKinley, War and Empire: President McKinley and the Coming of War, 1898</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3183-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-3183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+McKinley%2C+War+and+Empire%3A+President+McKinley+and+the+Coming+of+War%2C+1898&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3183-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOj4GergWhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardFerrell1988" class="citation book cs1">Hard, Curtis V.; Ferrell, Robert H. (1988). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bannersinair00hard"><i>Banners in the air: the Eighth Ohio Volunteers and the Spanish-American War</i></a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-367-7"><bdi>978-0-87338-367-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88012033">88012033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banners+in+the+air%3A+the+Eighth+Ohio+Volunteers+and+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88012033&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-367-7&rft.aulast=Hard&rft.aufirst=Curtis+V.&rft.au=Ferrell%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbannersinair00hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1998" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Peter; et al. (Brown University) (1998). Harrington, Peter; Sharf, Frederic Alan (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/splendidlittlewa0000harr"><i>"A splendid little war": the Spanish-American war, 1898; the artists' perspective</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-316-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+splendid+little+war%22%3A+the+Spanish-American+war%2C+1898%3B+the+artists%27+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-316-0&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsplendidlittlewa0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1935" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, Fred H. (September 1935). "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898-1900". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mississippi_Valley_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mississippi Valley Historical Review">The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2): 211–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1898467">10.2307/1898467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898467">1898467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Imperialist+Movement+in+the+United+States%2C+1898-1900&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-230&rft.date=1935-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1898467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1898467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Fred+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTvRCwAAQBAJ"><i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972343-0"><bdi>978-0-19-972343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972343-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTvRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganson1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoganson, Kristin L. (1998). <i>Fighting for American manhood: how gender politics provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07181-8"><bdi>978-0-300-07181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+American+manhood%3A+how+gender+politics+provoked+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07181-8&rft.aulast=Hoganson&rft.aufirst=Kristin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbo1967" class="citation journal cs1">Holbo, Paul S. 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"Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs: William McKinley and the Turpie-Foraker Amendment". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): 1321–1335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1847795">10.2307/1847795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1847795">1847795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Presidential+Leadership+in+Foreign+Affairs%3A+William+McKinley+and+the+Turpie-Foraker+Amendment&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1321-1335&rft.date=1967-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1847795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1847795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holbo&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kapur, Nick (March 2011). "William McKinley's Values and the Origins of the Spanish-American War: A Reinterpretation". <i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Studies_Quarterly" title="Presidential Studies Quarterly">Presidential Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 18–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03829.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03829.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23884754">23884754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+McKinley%27s+Values+and+the+Origins+of+the+Spanish-American+War%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-38&rft.date=2011-03&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23884754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03829.x&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1969" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Allan (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamericanw00kell"><i>The Spanish-American War: a compact history</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Books" title="Hawthorn Books">Hawthorn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/70087866">70087866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+War%3A+a+compact+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F70087866&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishamericanw00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillblane1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Killblane, Richard E. (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/spanish-american-war-battle-of-san-juan-hill/">"Assault on San Juan Hill"</a>. <i>Military History</i>. Vol. 15, no. 2. pp. 38–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=Assault+on+San+Juan+Hill&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38-45&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Killblane&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fspanish-american-war-battle-of-san-juan-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kraaz, Sarah Mahler. "The Spanish–American War." in <i>Music and War in the United States</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp.87-102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315194981-6/spanish%E2%80%93american-war-sarah-mahler-kraaz">oline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">LaFeber, Walter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newempireinterpr0000lafe"><i>The new empire: an interpretation of American expansion, 1860-1898</i></a>. Cornell paperbacks (35th anniversary ed.). Ithaca, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8595-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-8595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+empire%3A+an+interpretation+of+American+expansion%2C+1860-1898&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y&rft.series=Cornell+paperbacks&rft.edition=35th+anniversary&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8595-4&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewempireinterpr0000lafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeke2013" class="citation book cs1">Leeke, Jim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0mzB4kSwIYC"><i>Manila and Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish-American War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-414-7"><bdi>978-1-61251-414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila+and+Santiago%3A+The+New+Steel+Navy+in+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-414-7&rft.aulast=Leeke&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0mzB4kSwIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinderman1974" class="citation book cs1">Linderman, Gerald F. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mirrorofwarameri0000lind"><i>The mirror of war: American society and the Spanish-American war</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-57500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-57500-8"><bdi>978-0-472-57500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mirror+of+war%3A+American+society+and+the+Spanish-American+war&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-472-57500-8&rft.aulast=Linderman&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmirrorofwarameri0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaass2007" class="citation journal cs1">Maass, Matthias (2007). "When Communication Fails: Spanish-American Crisis Diplomacy 1898". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Studies_(journal)" title="American Studies (journal)">American Studies</a></i>. <b>52</b> (4): 481–493. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-2827">0340-2827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41158340">41158340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=When+Communication+Fails%3A+Spanish-American+Crisis+Diplomacy+1898&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-493&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41158340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0340-2827&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1961" class="citation book cs1">May, Ernest R. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialdemocrac0000unse_g2p1"><i>Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_%26_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace & World">Harcourt, Brace & World</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Democracy%3A+The+Emergence+of+America+as+a+Great+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialdemocrac0000unse_g2p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2006" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Paul T. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerprogressame0000mcca"><i>Power and progress: American national identity, the War of 1898, and the rise of American imperialism</i></a></span>. Political traditions in foreign policy. Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3114-5"><bdi>978-0-8071-3114-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+progress%3A+American+national+identity%2C+the+War+of+1898%2C+and+the+rise+of+American+imperialism&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.series=Political+traditions+in+foreign+policy&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3114-5&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerprogressame0000mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCook1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Christopher_McCook" title="Henry Christopher McCook">McCook, Henry Christopher</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/martialgravesofo01mcco/martialgravesofo01mcco.pdf"><i>The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Jacobs & Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02000421">02000421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martial+Graves+of+Our+Fallen+Heroes+in+Santiago+de+Cuba&rft.pub=G.+W.+Jacobs+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02000421&rft.aulast=McCook&rft.aufirst=Henry+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fpublic%2Fgdcmassbookdig%2Fmartialgravesofo01mcco%2Fmartialgravesofo01mcco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>McCullough, Matthew. <i>The Cross of War: Christian Nationalism and US Expansion in the Spanish-American War</i> (University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vwfxAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=%22+Spanish-American+War%22&ots=QhBglGT7vV&sig=WQxWp9RBg_9WEIhWdZBnpV-k8cI">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Marolda, Edward., ed. <i>Theodore Roosevelt, the US Navy and the Spanish-American War</i> (Springer, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L-IYDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=%22+Spanish-American+War%22&ots=0Q4OP70Nyt&sig=mnTGs010nQUYXfaoSlgLQvTXFTs">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles, Nelson Appleton</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harperspictorial00milerich"><i>Harper's pictorial history of the war with Spain</i></a>. New York ; London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers Publishers">Harper & Brothers Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00000308">00000308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+pictorial+history+of+the+war+with+Spain&rft.place=New+York+%3B+London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00000308&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Nelson+Appleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharperspictorial00milerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1970" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard H. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanimperial0000unse_h2y6"><i>American imperialism in 1898: The Quest for National Fulfillment</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-60510-2"><bdi>978-0-471-60510-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+imperialism+in+1898%3A+The+Quest+for+National+Fulfillment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-471-60510-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanimperial0000unse_h2y6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillis1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Millis" title="Walter Millis">Millis, Walter</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martialspiritstu0000walt"><i>The martial spirit: A study of our war with Spain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Co">Houghton Mifflin Co</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL40263800M">40263800M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martial+spirit%3A+A+study+of+our+war+with+Spain&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL40263800M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Millis&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartialspiritstu0000walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1965" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, H. Wayne (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasroadtoem0000morg"><i>America's road to empire; the war with Spain and overseas expansion</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-34198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-34198-9"><bdi>978-0-394-34198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+road+to+empire%3B+the+war+with+Spain+and+overseas+expansion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-394-34198-9&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=H.+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasroadtoem0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller_y_Tejeiro1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller y Tejeiro, José (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqgMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Combates y capitulación de Santiago de Cuba</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: F. Marqués. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6911835M">6911835M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combates+y+capitulaci%C3%B3n+de+Santiago+de+Cuba&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=F.+Marqu%C3%A9s&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6911835M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller+y+Tejeiro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqgMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole1986" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, G. J. A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishwarameric0000otoo"><i>The Spanish War: An American Epic – 1898</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Norton_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Publishing">Norton Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30304-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30304-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16789340M">16789340M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+War%3A+An+American+Epic+%E2%80%93+1898&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL16789340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30304-9&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=G.+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishwarameric0000otoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (May 1996). "United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War". <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_Teacher" title="The History Teacher">The History Teacher</a></i>. <b>29</b> (3): 341–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494551">10.2307/494551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494551">494551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=United+States+Intervention+in+Cuba%2C+1898%3A+Interpretations+of+the+Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino+War&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-361&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F494551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeifer2016" class="citation book cs1">Peifer, Douglas Carl (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNIdDAAAQBAJ"><i>Choosing war: presidential decisions in the Maine, Lusitania, and Panay incidents</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026868-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026868-8"><bdi>978-0-19-026868-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+war%3A+presidential+decisions+in+the+Maine%2C+Lusitania%2C+and+Panay+incidents&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026868-8&rft.aulast=Peifer&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNIdDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez1989" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez, Louis A. (August 1989). "The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>58</b> (3): 293–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3640268">10.2307/3640268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640268">3640268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Maine%3A+Causation+and+the+Historiography+of+the+Spanish-American+War&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-322&rft.date=1989-08&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3640268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3640268&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pérez, Louis A. Jr. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZxtyPRyvGIC"><i>The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography</i></a>. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4742-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-4742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+of+1898%3A+the+United+States+and+Cuba+in+history+and+historiography&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4742-8&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZxtyPRyvGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ephraim K. (1993). "William McKinley's Enduring Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands". In Bradford, James C. (ed.). <i>Crucible of empire: the Spanish-American War & its aftermath</i> (1. ed.). Annapolis, Md: Naval Inst. Press. pp. 205–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-079-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-079-3"><bdi>978-1-55750-079-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+McKinley%27s+Enduring+Legacy%3A+The+Historiographical+Debate+on+the+Taking+of+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+empire%3A+the+Spanish-American+War+%26+its+aftermath&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pages=205-249&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Naval+Inst.+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-079-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ephraim+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_W._Pratt" title="Julius W. Pratt">Pratt, Julius W.</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expansionistsof11964prat"><i>Expansionists of 1898: the acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish islands</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/37000175">37000175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expansionists+of+1898%3A+the+acquisition+of+Hawaii+and+the+Spanish+islands&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F37000175&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Julius+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpansionistsof11964prat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoonover2003" class="citation book cs1">Schoonover, Thomas David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIcQLNMxpoMC"><i>Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the origins of globalization</i></a>. Lexington: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2282-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-2282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Sam%27s+War+of+1898+and+the+origins+of+globalization&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2282-3&rft.aulast=Schoonover&rft.aufirst=Thomas+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIcQLNMxpoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph (1995). <i>The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895-1902</i>. Modern wars in perspective. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-04300-8"><bdi>978-0-582-04300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish-American+War%3A+Conflict+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+Pacific%2C+1895-1902&rft.place=London&rft.series=Modern+wars+in+perspective&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-582-04300-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2009). "15. Emergence to World Power, 1898–1902". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-21/CMH_Pub_30-21.pdf"><i>American Military History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C: <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Military History">Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072362-9"><bdi>978-0-16-072362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Emergence+to+World+Power%2C+1898%E2%80%931902&rft.btitle=American+Military+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-16-072362-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F030%2F30-21%2FCMH_Pub_30-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Stromberg, Joseph R. "The Spanish–American War as Trial Run, or Empire as Its Own Justification." in <i>The Costs of War</i> (2nd ed. Routledge, 2017) pp. 169-201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315131481-8/spanish–american-war-trial-run-empire-justification-joseph-stromberg">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTone2006" class="citation book cs1">Tone, John Lawrence (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/?id=ujwsHQPgmLMC"><i>War and genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898</i></a>. Envisioning Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3006-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+genocide+in+Cuba%2C+1895-1898&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.series=Envisioning+Cuba&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3006-2&rft.aulast=Tone&rft.aufirst=John+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2F%3Fid%3DujwsHQPgmLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Turpie, David C. "A Voluntary War: The Spanish-American War, White Southern Manhood, and the Struggle to Recruit Volunteers in the South." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 80.4 (2014): 859-892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918105">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:American Volunteer Forces in The War With Spain"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Volunteer_Forces_in_The_War_With_Spain"><i>Statistical exhibit of strength of volunteer forces called into service during the war with Spain</i> </a></span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Military History">Center for Military History</a>. 1899. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02000127">02000127</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6225927">6225927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+exhibit+of+strength+of+volunteer+forces+called+into+service+during+the+war+with+Spain&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+for+Military+History&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6225927&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02000127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler, Joseph</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_kLAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Santiago Campaign, 1898</i></a>. Lamson, Wolffe and Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5703010M">5703010M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Santiago+Campaign%2C+1898&rft.pub=Lamson%2C+Wolffe+and+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5703010M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_kLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Zakaria, Fareed</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeA9DwAAQBAJ"><i>From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role</i></a>. Princeton studies in international history and politics. Princeton, N.J: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Wealth+to+Power%3A+The+Unusual+Origins+of+America%27s+World+Role&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J&rft.series=Princeton+studies+in+international+history+and+politics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01035-9&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Fareed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeA9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goldstein, Kalman. <i>The Spanish-American war: a documentary history with commentaries</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o2Y-AwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=%22+Spanish-American+War%22&ots=XaEFcQbQoZ&sig=8t4fJEx4oviVe6T8YttV5HgxcJo">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Spanish–American War</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish-American_War" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spanish-American War">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Spanish-American_War" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Spanish-American War">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" class="extiw" title="v:Spanish–American War">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12583" class="extiw" title="d:Q12583">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/spanish-american-war">The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206001545/http://www.forloveofliberty.net/wars/spanish-american-war">America's Black Patriots – Spanish American War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwanadvice.com/csovtrust.htm">Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty</a></li> <li>Individual state's contributions to the Spanish–American War: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/spanish-american-war-georgia">Georgia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050121101741/http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/spanam.html">Illinois</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226021741/http://www.paspanishamericanwar.com/">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722111519/http://ssawv.org/">Sons of Spanish American War Veterans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=spaniard/spaniard.htm">From 'Dagoes' to 'Nervy Spaniards,' American Soldiers' Views of their Opponents, 1898</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Albert Nofi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=7">Excerpts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090530113246/http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=7">Archived</a> May 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/">The National Museum of American history</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBfh7lop880"><span class="plainlinks">Reenactment of Spanish–American War (video)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110604214452/http://de.geocities.com/hispanofilipino/Articles/Estadisticas03.htm">The American Peril – An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm121.html">William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501183342/http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/spanish-occupation_detailed.htm">Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence, 1898</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 1, 2010) from the state archives of Florida (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040617205348/http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/s-a_war.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-05-01)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-ANC.htm">Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116042952/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-ANC.htm">Archived</a> November 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/ws-art.htm">Art and images from the War with Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105032555/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-art.htm">Archived</a> November 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/keyword/%22Spanish-American+war%22">Spanish–American War photographic collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924233906/http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/keyword/%22Spanish-American+war%22">Archived</a> September 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, via Calisphere, California Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sawhtml/sawhome.html">The Spanish–American War in Motion Pictures – US Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?w6">Wehman Collection of Spanish–American War Photographs</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202014921/http://www.lib.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211170147/http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?e6">Ensminger Brothers Spanish–American War Photographs</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202014921/http://www.lib.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_materials">Reference materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Reference materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1898">United States Department of State, <i>Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5, 1898</i></a> especially pp. 558–1085.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85054468/1898-04-19/ed-1/seq-1/">Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19, 1898, point 4 is the Teller amendment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/1888Santiago-Guantanamo/index.htm">Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/spanishwar/">Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH/AMH-15.htm">Emergence to World Power, 1898–1902</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812101905/http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/amh-15.htm">Archived</a> August 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (an extract from Matloff's American Military History a publication of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/BSSJH/BS-SJH.htm">Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803014319/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/BSSJH/BS-SJH.htm">Archived</a> August 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-SpARmy.htm">Impact on the Spanish Army</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612073046/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-SpARmy.htm">Archived</a> June 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Charles Hendricks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-Prshg.htm">Black Jack in Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072213/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/spanam/WS-Prshg.htm">Archived</a> August 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – General John J. Pershing's service in the Spanish–American War, by Kevin Hymel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/index.html">The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War – Library of Congress Hispanic Division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com/cpp/saw.html">Centennial of the Spanish–American War 1898–1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006181638/http://www.zpub.com/cpp/saw.html">Archived</a> October 6, 2001, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Lincoln Cushing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205093426/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-14388"><i>History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish–American War, and other items of interest</i></a>, by Edward Augustus Johnston, published 1899, hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/spanAm/spanAm_indexToNY.htm">Name Index to New York in the Spanish–American War 1898</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbismarck.com/1898.html">1898: El Ocaso de un Imperio</a> Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish–American War.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153444/http://content.sos.state.ga.us/cdm4/swc.php">Spanish–American War Service Summary Cards</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192332/http://sos.ga.gov/archives/">Georgia Archives</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065532/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll16/id/3444">Spanish–American War Veterans Surveys</a> A finding aid listing photographs, diaries, personal papers held at the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1898/04/25/archives/spain-to-use-privateers-an-official-decree-declares-that-she-is.html#article">"Spain to Use Privateers; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right"</a> (Headline, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, April 24, 1898)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Armed_conflicts_involving_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Armed_conflicts_involving_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Armed conflicts</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagami_revolt" title="Dagami revolt">Dagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Manila (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Borneo expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Conspiracy of the Maharlikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines#Eighty_Years'_War_(1568–1648)" title="Military history of the Philippines">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain#Revolts_Against_the_Tribute_(1589)" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Cagayan and Dingras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magalat_revolt" title="Magalat revolt">Magalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_revolt" title="Igorot revolt">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Formosa expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">First Battle of San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Second Battle of San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sumuroy" title="Agustín Sumuroy">Sumuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">Cavite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro (1902−1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Allied invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamlon_rebellion" title="Kamlon rebellion">Kamlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro (1968−2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuba_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba_topics" title="Template talk:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS <i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_art" title="Cuban art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigar" title="Cuban cigar">Cigars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cuba" title="List of hospitals in Cuba">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cuba" title="Internet in Cuba">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Cuba" title="List of newspapers in Cuba">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cuba" title="Television in Cuba">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_musical_theatre" title="Cuban musical theatre">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Havana" title="Festivals in Havana">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cuba" title="Public holidays in Cuba">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Havana_Cuba" title="Radio Havana Cuba">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Cuba" title="Scouting and Guiding in Cuba">Scouting and Guiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Association Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Cuba" title="Boxing in Cuba">Boxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_architects" title="List of Cuban architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_artists" title="List of Cuban artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban athletes">Athletes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Cuba" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_painters" title="List of Cuban painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_abstract_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban abstract painters">abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_writers" title="List of Cuban writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_women_writers" title="List of Cuban women writers">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba" title="Category:Cuba">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions<br /> and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras#The_internationalization_of_the_north,_1899–1932" title="History of Honduras">Occupations of Honduras</a> (1903–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">1954 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">1964 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1968–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">Limazo</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_McKinley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_McKinley" title="Template:William McKinley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_McKinley" title="Template talk:William McKinley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_McKinley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William McKinley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_McKinley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1897–1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ohio" title="List of governors of Ohio">39th Governor of Ohio</a> (1892–1896)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment" title="23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment">23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_miners%27_strike_of_1873" title="Coal miners' strike of 1873">Coal miners' strike of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign">William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">Front porch campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-McKinley_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2812" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="First inauguration of William McKinley">First inauguration of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Relief_Expedition" title="China Relief Expedition">China Relief Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote_Treaty" title="Hay–Pauncefote Treaty">Hay–Pauncefote Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">Dingley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdman_Act" title="Erdman Act">Erdman Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act of 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_Act" title="Gold Standard Act">Gold Standard Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="Second inauguration of William McKinley">Second inauguration of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McKinley_at_Home,_Canton,_Ohio" title="McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio">McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_National_Memorial" title="McKinley National Memorial">McKinley National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum">William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_McKinley_Birthplace_Memorial" title="National McKinley Birthplace Memorial">National McKinley Birthplace Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Birthplace_Home_and_Research_Center" title="McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center">McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_Memorial" title="William McKinley Memorial">William McKinley Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Birthplace_Memorial_gold_dollar" title="McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar">McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_Monument" title="William McKinley Monument">William McKinley Monument</a></i></li> <li>Statues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_McKinley_(Canton,_Ohio)" title="Statue of William McKinley (Canton, Ohio)">Canton, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_McKinley_(Chicago)" title="Statue of William McKinley (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley" title="Ida Saxton McKinley">Ida Saxton McKinley</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_Sr." title="William McKinley Sr.">William McKinley Sr.</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">← Grover Cleveland</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_McKinley" title="Category:William McKinley">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rough_Riders" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Rough_Riders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oswald_Brodie" title="Alexander Oswald Brodie">Alexander Oswald Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._McClintock" title="James H. McClintock">James H. McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill" title="Buckey O'Neill">Buckey O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bullock" title="Seth Bullock">Seth Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Greenway" title="John Campbell Greenway">John Campbell Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_McIlhenny" title="John Avery McIlhenny">John Avery McIlhenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Allyn K. Capron Jr.">Allyn K. Capron Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Allyn K. Capron Sr.">Allyn K. Capron Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curry_(politician)" title="George Curry (politician)">George Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Kane" title="Woodbury Kane">Woodbury Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Rynning" title="Thomas H. Rynning">Thomas H. Rynning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoughRiders.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/160px-RoughRiders.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/240px-RoughRiders.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/320px-RoughRiders.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2722" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._McMurtry" title="George G. McMurtry">George G. McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Madsen" title="Chris Madsen">Chris Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II_(Rough_Rider)" title="Hamilton Fish II (Rough Rider)">Hamilton Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibur%C3%B3n_Island_Tragedy#The_tragedy" title="Tiburón Island Tragedy">Thomas Grindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_Gunfight#Background" title="Battleground Gunfight">Henry Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McGinty_(cowboy)" title="Billy McGinty (cowboy)">Billy McGinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alamia" title="Juan Alamia">Juan Alamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Frantz" title="Frank Frantz">Frank Frantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nash" title="Henry Nash">Henry Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Daniels_(pioneer)" title="Ben Daniels (pioneer)">Ben Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wrenn" title="Robert Wrenn">Robert Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santiago" title="Siege of Santiago">Siege of Santiago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_Memorial" title="Rough Riders Memorial">Rough Riders Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill_Cabin" title="Buckey O'Neill Cabin">Buckey O'Neill Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucky_O%27Neill_Monument" title="Bucky O'Neill Monument">Bucky O'Neill Monument</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bronco_Buster" title="The Bronco Buster">The Bronco Buster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i> (1927 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i> (1940 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Riders (film)"><i>Rough Riders</i> (1997 mini-series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckhorn_Saloon_%26_Museum_(San_Antonio)" title="Buckhorn Saloon & Museum (San Antonio)">Buckhorn Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rangers" title="Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Guardsmen" title="Three Guardsmen">Three Guardsmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company_(1884%E2%80%931902)#Lawlessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company (1884–1902)">Canyon Diablo Train Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibur%C3%B3n_Island_Tragedy" title="Tiburón Island Tragedy">Tiburón Island Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_World_War_I_volunteers" title="Roosevelt's World War I volunteers">Roosevelt's World War I volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)" title="Lost Battalion (World War I)">The Lost Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/21px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/42px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12583#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12583#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12583#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1128682/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182065-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85140286">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre hispano-américaine (1898)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119513499">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre hispano-américaine (1898)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119513499">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560582">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="španělsko-americká válka (1898)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127833&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerra hispano-americana, 1898"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX544392">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565703705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ee2e6580-8f05-465a-a9b2-e07d4ef7fc1e">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish–American_War&oldid=1259092282">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish–American_War&oldid=1259092282</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1890s in the Spanish Empire">1890s in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1890s in the United States">1890s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_Cuba" title="Category:1898 in Cuba">1898 in Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_Guam" title="Category:1898 in Guam">1898 in Guam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:1898 in Puerto Rico">1898 in Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_Spain" title="Category:1898 in Spain">1898 in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1898 in the Philippines">1898 in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_Spanish_East_Indies" title="Category:1898 in the Spanish East Indies">1898 in the Spanish East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1898 in the Spanish Empire">1898 in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:1898 in the Spanish West Indies">1898 in the Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1898 in the United States">1898 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_conflicts" title="Category:19th-century conflicts">19th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1898" title="Category:Conflicts in 1898">Conflicts in 1898</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Spain" title="Category:Military history of Spain">Military history of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Spain–United States relations">Spain–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_East_Indies" title="Category:Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a 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296.486 3 Template:Country_topics"," 8.12% 233.097 51 Template:Citation"," 7.75% 222.576 14 Template:Efn"," 7.36% 211.508 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.82% 167.288 26 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.730","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19840651,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Peace_Society1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonio_Cánovas_del_Castillo1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugusto_V._de_Viana2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuxier1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuxier1939\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaycroftHewitson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin_R._Beede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin_R._Beede2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin_R._BeedeVernon_L._WilliamsWolfgang_Drechsler1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenton1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergad1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotero2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradford1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruneBurns2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrasco_Garcia1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrerasTafunell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirillo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongress1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongress1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbitt1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrapol1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullCulbertWelch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_F._Trask1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Nasaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSantis1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuka2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuyJohnsonBongard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyalCarpenterThomas1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgardo_Pratts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErman2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlack1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeman1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreidel1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench_Ensor_Chadwick1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunston1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurlong1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatewood1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaudreault2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenvilleYoung1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuevara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardFerrell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHoganson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbo1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowland1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_A._Field_Jr.1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Ford_Rhodes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulio_Cervera_Baviera1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarnow1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillblane1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimball1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacsamana2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyThompson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinderman1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_A._Pérez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_A._Pérez_Jr.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Beth_Norton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaffrey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCartney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCook1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullagh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinley1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillis1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillis1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontoya2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller_y_Tejeiro1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNegrón-Muntaner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeifer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerez2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPoddar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReardon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoarkJohnsonFurstenburgCline_Cohen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt191\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraviaGarcia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Nowara2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoonover2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottFoxConnorHarmon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeekins1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulimson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulimsonRenfrowKelly_LtColEnglander1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithsonian_Institution2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmythe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpanish_Ministry_of_State1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_K._Harris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTone2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTorruella2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTrask1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurpie2014\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Surgeon_General1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirginia_Marie_Bouvier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVázquez-Losada1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWionzek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakaria1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"American conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Campaignbox Banana Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Spanish American War Theaters\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 51,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 87,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Conflicts in the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuba topics\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Spanish-American War\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 14,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 27,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 15,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Great power diplomacy\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 48,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippines topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rough Riders\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 26,\n [\"Ship\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 19,\n [\"USStat\"] = 1,\n [\"United States intervention in Latin America\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 30,\n [\"William McKinley\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","16.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.3"],["type","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","80","4.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.2"],["gsub","60","3.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.2"],["[others]","520","27.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4cmjj","timestamp":"20241123202414","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Spanish\u2013American War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12583","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12583","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-26T00:37:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T09:01:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Collage_infobox_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg","headline":"1898 conflict between Spain 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