History of ISI | Clarivate

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module-content_builder bg-white " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-warm-purple text-start">Introduction</h2> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="row ">  <div class="col-lg-7 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <p>Eugene Garfield and his Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)™ pioneered new methods for indexing and disseminating the world’s scientific and scholarly research literature in the second half of the 20th century.</p> <p>Today, as the research arm of Clarivate™, ISI continues Garfield’s commitment to provide researchers with high-quality data, advanced tools and key insights to accelerate discovery and innovation.</p> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-4 offset-lg-1 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <img src="https://clarivate.com/academia-government/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/10/dr_garfield.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt=""> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </section> <section class="module content module-content_builder bg-white " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-warm-purple text-start">Building a foundation for information science</h2> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="row ">  <div class="col-lg-7 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <p>Garfield introduced the concept of citation indexing for the sciences in 1955 and ISI produced the first Science Citation Index (SCI)™ in 1964. Citation indexing revolutionized information retrieval. By recording and linking the cited references that authors attached to their papers, the SCI represented an “association of ideas index.”</p> <p>It was an idea before its time, proving Garfield a visionary as well as an innovator. By organizing information through a network of citation connections, Garfield anticipated <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228172321/https://annualreviewsnews.org/2017/02/27/eugene-garfield-1925-2017/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">web hyperlinking and the Google Search</a> algorithm by three decades.</p> <p>From its foundation in 1960, ISI introduced a range of current awareness and information retrieval products and services covering the literature of the sciences, social sciences and humanities.</p> <p>A Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)™ was introduced in 1973 and an Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI)™ in 1978. Several products focused on the chemical sciences, such as Index Chemicus, the ISI’s first offering in 1960.</p> <p>The Journal Citation Reports™, introduced in 1976, collated journal-to-journal citations to help librarians and publishers understand the communication system of the science and social sciences literature, as well as the influence and prestige of specific titles. Among other indicators in the product, the most popular was the Journal Impact Factor™.</p> <p>Other ISI products were designed to keep researchers up to date on new publications in their fields, such as Current Contents, a weekly bulletin presenting the content pages of journals, eventually issued in seven field-specific editions.</p> <p>SCI data also served as a foundation for quantitative studies in the history and sociology of science and eventually gave birth to the field of scientometrics.</p> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-4 offset-lg-1 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <img src="https://clarivate.com/academia-government/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/10/sci_books.webp" class="img-fluid" alt=""> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </section> <section class="module content module-content_builder bg-white " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-warm-purple text-start">Carrying the torch of Garfield’s intellectual legacy</h2> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="row ">  <div class="col-lg-7 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <p>In 1992, the Thomson Corporation acquired ISI. Thomson merged with Reuters in 2008 to form Thomson Reuters. In 2016, the scientific and scholarly information business of Thomson Reuters, including the products and services of the former ISI, was spun out to private ownership and rebranded as Clarivate.</p> <p>ISI was revived as a research division within Clarivate in 2018 to conduct scientometric research, to advise the company on the content and features of its products, and to offer guidance to the research community on best practices in the use of quantitative indicators in the evaluation of research. It also maintains the foundational knowledge and editorial rigor upon which the Web of Science index and its related products and services are built.</p> <p>ISI’s reports and publications and participation in events and conferences play a crucial role in extending and improving the knowledge base that is essential to our colleagues, partners and all those who deal with research in academia, government organizations, corporations, as well as funders and publishers.</p> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-4 offset-lg-1 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <img src="" class="img-fluid" alt=""> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </section><section class="module content module-slider bg-gradient-purple-blue overflow-hidden " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-white text-start">Timeline of key events:</h2> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="container container-slider 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16.0039C0.599976 7.16735 7.76342 0.00390625 16.6 0.00390625C25.4365 0.00390625 32.6 7.16735 32.6 16.0039C32.6 24.8405 25.4365 32.0039 16.6 32.0039C7.76342 32.0039 0.599976 24.8405 0.599976 16.0039Z" fill="#F9FAFB" /> <path class="bullet-border" d="M1.59998 16.0039C1.59998 7.71964 8.3157 1.00391 16.6 1.00391C24.8842 1.00391 31.6 7.71964 31.6 16.0039C31.6 24.2882 24.8842 31.0039 16.6 31.0039C8.3157 31.0039 1.59998 24.2882 1.59998 16.0039Z" stroke="#E4E7EC" stroke-width="2" /> <circle class="bullet-center" cx="16.6" cy="16.0039" r="5" fill="#D0D5DD" /> </svg> </div> <div class="bullet bullet-15"> <svg class="timeline-bullet" width="33" height="32" viewBox="0 0 33 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path class="bullet-background" d="M0.599976 16.0039C0.599976 7.16735 7.76342 0.00390625 16.6 0.00390625C25.4365 0.00390625 32.6 7.16735 32.6 16.0039C32.6 24.8405 25.4365 32.0039 16.6 32.0039C7.76342 32.0039 0.599976 24.8405 0.599976 16.0039Z" fill="#F9FAFB" /> <path class="bullet-border" d="M1.59998 16.0039C1.59998 7.71964 8.3157 1.00391 16.6 1.00391C24.8842 1.00391 31.6 7.71964 31.6 16.0039C31.6 24.2882 24.8842 31.0039 16.6 31.0039C8.3157 31.0039 1.59998 24.2882 1.59998 16.0039Z" stroke="#E4E7EC" stroke-width="2" /> <circle class="bullet-center" cx="16.6" cy="16.0039" r="5" fill="#D0D5DD" /> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-11 offset-1 col-lg-6 offset-lg-3"> <div class="slider-desc text-white" id="slider-desc-674293e400371"> <div class="desc"> <p>Eugene Garfield establishes the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>ISI publishes the first Science Citation Index (SCI), fulfilling Garfield’s 1955 proposal for citation indexing of the scientific literature</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>The U.S. National Science Foundation incorporates SCI publication and citation data in the first Science Indicators report on national performance in research</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>ISI expands coverage of the scholarly literature with the introduction of the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), respectively</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>ISI publishes the first Journal Citation Reports, including Journal Impact Factors and other descriptive statistics</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>Garfield publishes Citation Indexing – Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>The ISI Atlas of Science is published, based on research by ISI’s Chief Scientist Henry Small and using co-citation to map research topics</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>ISI introduces the Science Citation Index on CD-ROM</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>The Thomson Corporation acquires ISI</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>The Web of Science first launches online, bringing together the SCI, SSCI and AHCI</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>Essential Science Indicators is introduced – a web-based analytic tool providing data on the output and impact of researchers, institutions, nations and journals, as well as highly cited papers and research fronts</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>InCites, a platform for in-depth analysis of research performance integrated with complete Web of Science data, is launched</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>Clarivate acquires the ISI product range from Thomson Reuters Corporation</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>The life of Eugene Garfield (1925-2017) is commemorated and celebrated September 15-16 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</p> </div> <div class="desc"> <p>ISI formally re-established within Clarivate, continuing Garfield’s original business and intellectual legacy</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-3 d-flex justify-content-end justify-content-lg-center align-items-top py-lg-5"> <div class="prev-btn prev-btn-customer px-3 text-white"> <span 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align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Video</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-white"> 50 Years of Citation Indexing - A visit with Dr. Eugene Garfield </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-white"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">movie</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kZ0_5HTYDQ" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link video-modal" target="_blank" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2kZ0_5HTYDQ" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#video_modal" ></a></div> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-5 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-5"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card dark video-card card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-white h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Video</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-white"> Web of Stories - Eugene Garfield tells his family history </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-white"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">movie</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.webofstories.com/play/eugene.garfield/1;jsessionid=97680E6E6B3BA7157ACD06D8D6DE2895" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link" target="_blank" ></a></div> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-5 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-5"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card dark video-card card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-white h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Video</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-white"> In Quest of the World Brain </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> "The Life and Work of the Pragmatic Polymath Eugene Garfield" - A lecture given by David Pendlebury at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 2017. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-white"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">movie</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsmS7EcBc7Q&t=67s" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link video-modal" target="_blank" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JsmS7EcBc7Q" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#video_modal" ></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section class="module content module-cards bg-white " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-warm-purple text-start">Links of interest</h2> <p class="lead text-black text-start">A wealth of information on the history of ISI can be found on Garfield’s personal web pages, maintained at the University of Pennsylvania. <div class="btn-wrapper d-inline-block me-3"><a class="btn btn-purple" href="https://garfield.library.upenn.edu/homepg.html"><span class="text-white">View the archive</span><i class="material-symbols-outlined ">north_east</i></a></div> <div></div> </p> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row" > </div> </div> </section><section class="module content module-cards bg-gradient-purple-blue-opacity " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-primary text-start">Resources</h2> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row" > <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-7 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-7"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card light card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-black h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Article</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-primary"> 60 Years of Invention and Innovation </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> Grimwade A. Eugene Garfield – 60 Years of Invention and Innovation. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics 3, 14. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-primary"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">north_east</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frma.2018.00014/full" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link" target="_blank" ></a></div> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-7 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-7 academia_and_government-7"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card light card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-black h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Article</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-primary"> The origins and importance of analyzing citation data </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> Pendlebury D. “The threads that hold the fabric of science together”: The origins and importance of analyzing citation data. Web of Science blog, January 2021. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-primary"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">north_east</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://clarivate.com/academia-government/blog/the-threads-that-hold-the-fabric-of-science-together-the-origins-and-importance-of-analyzing-citation-data/" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link" ></a></div> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-7 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-7"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card light card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-black h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Book</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-primary"> Eugene Garfield and the Institute for Scientific Information </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> Pendlebury D. Eugene Garfield and the Institute for Scientific Information. Handbook Bibliometrics, Rafael Ball, ed., Walter de Gruyter, pp 27-40. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-primary"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">north_east</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110646610-005/html" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link" target="_blank" ></a></div> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 col-md-6 col-lg-4 mb-4 mb-4 all-7 filter-d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e-7"> <div class="h-100 w-100 card light card-image-none"> <div class="d-flex h-100 flex-column"> <div class="card-content-wrapper card-content-default h-100"> <div class="card-body z-2 p-4 p-lg-5 text-black h-100"> <div class="d-flex flex-column min-height-100 justify-content-between img"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center mb-12"> <span class="content-type">Article</span> <span class="date"></span> </div> <h5 class="card-title text-primary"> Scientometrics Special Issue </h5> <div class="card-text"> <div class="mb-3 "> Eugene Garfield Memorial Issue </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-footer px-0 py-0 z-2 mt-4 text-primary"> <i class="material-symbols-outlined hover-padding">north_east</i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/11192/114/2/page/1" aria-label="Read More" class="stretched-link stretched-link" target="_blank" ></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="module content module-content_builder bg-white " > <div class="container">  <div class="row justify-content-start"> <div class="col-sm-10 col-md-9 col-lg-7 "> <div class="section-title"> <h2 class="text-warm-purple text-start">Eugene Garfield obituaries</h2> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="row ">  <div class="col-lg-7 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/543492a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nature </a>(by Paul Wouters, Leiden University)<br /> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751157717301463" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal of Informetrics </a>(by Henry Small)<br /> <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-017-2352-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientometrics</a><br /> <a href="https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/Eugene-Garfield-91-created-an-indexing-system-for-scientific-knowledge.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Philadelphia Inquirer </a><br /> <a href="https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/scientometrics-pioneer-eugene-garfield-dies-31963" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Scientist </a><br /> <a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/citation-analytics-pioneer-eugene-garfield-dies-aged-91" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Times Higher Education</a><br /> <a href="https://blog.scielo.org/en/2017/03/03/in-memoriam-eugene-garfield-1925-2017/#.YAB0xuj7SUk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library Online</a><br /> <a href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i22/Eugene-Garfield.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chemical & Engineering News</a><br /> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/6781/in-memory-of-eugene-garfield-a-review-of-his-life-and-work" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics </a><br /> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5429449/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Pan African Medical Journal </a></p> </div> </div>   <div class="col-lg-4 offset-lg-1 " > <div class="ps-0 pe-0 "> <img src="https://clarivate.com/academia-government/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/07/EugeneGarfield_489x489.webp" class="img-fluid" alt=""> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </section> </div>  </div> <div class="pre-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <div class="d-md-flex w-100 justify-content-between align-items-center 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