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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Localised_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localised_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Localised disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localised_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metastatic_or_recurrent_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metastatic_or_recurrent_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Metastatic or recurrent disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metastatic_or_recurrent_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anale_kanker" title="Anale kanker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anale kanker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سرطان الشرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الشرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_anal" title="Càncer anal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer anal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analkarzinom" title="Analkarzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Analkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_ano" title="Cáncer de ano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de ano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="سرطان مقعد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان مقعد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_de_l%27anus" title="Cancer de l'anus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer de l'anus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EB%AC%B8%EC%95%94" title="항문암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항문암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_anus" title="Kanker anus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker anus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumore_dell%27ano" title="Tumore dell'ano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumore dell'ano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="סרטן פי-הטבעת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן פי-הטבעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_v%C3%A9gb%C3%A9lny%C3%ADl%C3%A1s_r%C3%A1kja" title="A végbélnyílás rákja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A végbélnyílás rákja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سرطان الشرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان الشرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9B%E9%96%80%E7%99%8C" title="肛門癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肛門癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ମଳଦ୍ୱାର କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଳଦ୍ୱାର କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_odbytu" title="Rak odbytu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak odbytu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_anal" title="Câncer anal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer anal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_anal" title="Cancer anal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer anal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рак анального канала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рак анального канала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anal cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A4aukon_sy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Peräaukon syöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peräaukon syöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_sa_anus" title="Kanser sa anus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser sa anus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="குதப் புற்றுநோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குதப் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makat_kanseri" title="Makat kanseri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makat kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_h%E1%BA%ADu_m%C3%B4n" title="Ung thư hậu môn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư hậu môn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9B%E9%96%80%E7%99%8C" title="肛門癌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肛門癌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Anal cancer</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Diagram showing stage 1 anal cancer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anal bleeding or lump<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Age over 45 years<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Small cell carcinoma">small cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nel2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, receptive <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>, smoking, many sexual partners<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-incidence-by-sexuality_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incidence-by-sexuality-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Physical examination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">tissue biopsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anal_warts" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal warts">Anal warts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoids">hemorrhoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">anal fissure</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV vaccination">HPV vaccination</a>, avoiding risk factors<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2019Pre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2019Pre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, surgery<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five_year_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Five year survival">Five year survival</a> ~68% (US 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">8,300 (US 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">1,280 (US 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anal cancer</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> which arises from the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> opening of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symptoms may include pain, itchiness, or discharge from the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A change in bowel movements may also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, receptive <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-incidence-by-sexuality_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incidence-by-sexuality-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> smoking, and many sexual partners.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anal cancer is typically a <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nel2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types include <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Small cell carcinoma">small cell carcinoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nel2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is suspected based on <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">tissue biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prevention includes avoiding risk factors and <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV vaccination">HPV vaccination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2019Pre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2019Pre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard treatment may include <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, and surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 8,300 people are diagnosed a year in the United States, representing about 0.5% of new cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset is typically after the age of 45.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are affected more often than men.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of cases has increased since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nel2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nel2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> in the United States is 68%.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2019_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg/220px-Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg/330px-Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg/440px-Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_anal_rim_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>A squamous cell carcinoma of the anus visible</figcaption></figure> <p>Symptoms of anal cancer can include pain or pressure in the anus or rectum, a change in bowel habits, a lump near the anus, rectal bleeding, itching or discharge. Bleeding may be severe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StanleyWinder2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanleyWinder2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus</a>: Examination of squamous cell carcinoma tumor tissues from patients in Denmark and Sweden showed a high proportion of anal cancers to be positive for the types of HPV that are also associated with high risk of cervical cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study done, high-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16, were detected in 84 percent of anal cancer specimens examined.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the study in Denmark and Sweden, Parkin estimated that 90% of anal cancers are attributable to HPV.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin06_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">Sexual activity</a>: Due to increased risk of exposure to HPV, having <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">multiple sex partners</a> and receptive <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal intercourse</a> greatly increases the likelihood of developing anal cancer, for men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-www.fhcrc.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.fhcrc.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC_men_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_men-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cancer.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a>: Current smokers are several times more likely to develop anal cancer compared with nonsmokers.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiologist</a> Janet Daling, Ph.D., a member of <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center">Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division</a>, and her team found that smoking appears to play a significant role in anal-cancer development that is independent of other behavioral risk factors, such as sexual activity. More than half of the anal-cancer patients studied were current smokers at the time of diagnosis, as compared to a smoking rate of about 23 percent among the controls. "Current smoking is a very important promoter of the disease," said Daling. "There's a fourfold increase in risk if you're a current smoker, regardless of whether you're male or female." They explained that the mechanism behind smoking and anal-cancer development is unknown, but researchers speculate that smoking interferes with a process called <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, or programmed cell death, which helps rid the body of abnormal cells that could turn cancerous. Another possibility is that smoking suppresses the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, which can decrease the body's ability to clear persistent infection or abnormal cells.<sup id="cite_ref-www.fhcrc.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.fhcrc.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</a>, which is often associated with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infection.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer.org_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A history of cervical, vaginal or vulval cancers<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cloacogenic. Cloacogenic carcinoma is a rare tumor of the anorectal region originating from a persistent remnant of the cloacal membrane of the embryo. The tumor accounts for 2–3% of anorectal carcinomas and occurs more than twice as often in women.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology">Pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most anal cancers are <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinomas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermoid carcinoma">epidermoid carcinomas</a>), that arises near the squamocolumnar junction. It may be keratinizing (basaloid) or non-keratinizing (cloacogenic).<sup id="cite_ref-Anal_Cancer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anal_Cancer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of anal cancer are <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 1 anal cancer"><img alt="Stage 1 anal cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg/239px-Diagram_showing_stage_1_anal_cancer_CRUK_189.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 1 anal cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 2 anal cancer"><img alt="Stage 2 anal cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_2_anal_cancer_CRUK_204.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 2 anal cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 3 anal cancer"><img alt="Stage 3 anal cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_anal_cancer_CRUK_217.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 3 anal cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 4 anal cancer"><img alt="Stage 4 anal cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_4_anal_cancer_CRUK_227.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 4 anal cancer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staging">Staging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Staging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pathologic TNM staging of anal carcinomas:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary tumor (pT) </p> <ul><li>"TX: Primary tumor not assessed"</li> <li>"T0: No evidence of primary tumor"</li> <li>"Tis: High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion"</li> <li>"T1: Tumor ≤ 2 cm"</li> <li>"T2: Tumor > 2 cm but ≤ 5 cm"</li> <li>"T3: Tumor > 5 cm"</li> <li>"T4: Tumor of any size invading adjacent organ(s), such as the vagina, urethra or bladder"</li></ul> <p>Regional lymph nodes (pN) </p> <ul><li>"NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed"</li> <li>"N0: No regional lymph node metastasis"</li> <li>"N1: Metastasis in inguinal, mesorectal, internal iliac or external iliac nodes" <ul><li>"N1a: Metastasis in inguinal, mesorectal or internal iliac nodes"</li> <li>"N1b: Metastasis in external iliac lymph nodes"</li> <li>"N1c: Metastasis in external iliac with any N1a nodes"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Distant metastasis (pM) </p> <ul><li>"M0: No distant metastasis"</li> <li>"M1: Distant metastasis"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since many, if not most, anal cancers derive from HPV infections, and since the <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a> before exposure to HPV prevents infection by some strains of the virus and has been shown to reduce the incidence of potentially precancerous lesions,<sup id="cite_ref-MerckStudy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerckStudy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scientists surmise that HPV vaccination may reduce the incidence of anal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efficacy of the vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18 in naive women ≤26 years old has been shown to be between 91-100% but is lower when individuals are vaccinated irrespective of baseline HPV infection at 76%.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Gardasil was approved in the US to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years. The vaccine has been used before to help prevent cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancer, and associated lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in women.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screening">Screening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Screening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of anal cancer has increased in recent years, screening and early detection of anal <a href="/wiki/Intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Intraepithelial neoplasia">intraepithelial neoplasia</a> (AIN) has become a necessity in patients at risk. This screening detects <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">premalignant</a> lesions, which are highly <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalents</a>, and improves the staging of lesions after treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anal_Pap_smear" title="Anal Pap smear">Anal Pap smears</a> similar to those used in <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> screening have been studied for early detection of anal cancer in high-risk individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, an HIV clinic implemented a program to enhance access to anal cancer screening for HIV-positive men. Nurse practitioners perform anal Papanicolaou screening, and men with abnormal results receive further evaluation with high-resolution anoscopy. The program has helped identify many precancerous growths, allowing them to be safely removed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar study was performed in women with a history of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> or high-grade <a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">cervical intraepithelial neoplasia</a>. More than 30% had abnormal <a href="/wiki/Anal_Pap_smear" title="Anal Pap smear">anal Pap smears</a> and one third of those already had <a href="/wiki/Anal_intraepithelial_neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intraepithelial neoplasia">anal intraepithelial neoplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localised_disease">Localised disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Localised disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Localised disease (carcinoma-in-situ) and the precursor condition, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (anal dysplasia or AIN) can be ablated with minimally invasive methods such as infrared photocoagulation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, anal cancer was treated with surgery, and in early-stage disease (i.e., localised cancer of the anus without <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguinal lymph node">inguinal lymph nodes</a>), surgery is often curative. The difficulty with surgery has been the necessity of removing the <a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">internal</a> and <a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">external anal sphincter</a>, with concomitant <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>. For this reason, many patients with anal cancer have required permanent <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anal_Cancer_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anal_Cancer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current gold-standard therapy is <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">the combination of chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation treatment">radiation treatment</a> to reduce the necessity of debilitating surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "combined modality" approach has led to the increased preservation of an intact anal sphincter, and therefore improved quality of life after definitive treatment. Survival and cure rates are excellent, and many patients are left with a functional sphincter. Some patients have fecal incontinence after combined chemotherapy and radiation. Biopsies to document disease regression after chemotherapy and radiation were commonly advised, but are not as frequent any longer. Current chemotherapy consists of continuous infusion 5-FU over four days with bolus mitomycin given concurrently with radiation. 5-FU and cisplatin are recommended for metastatic anal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For stages I to III anal squamous cell carcinoma, using cisplatin instead of mitomycin C (MMC) in chemoradiation therapy doesn't improve overall survival or slow down the cancer compared to the standard treatment of 5-FU plus MMC. Although cisplatin might cause fewer blood-related side effects, 5-FU combined with MMC is still the preferred treatment for nonmetastatic anal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 systematic review found that chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-FU and Mitomycin C improves locoregional control and colostomy-free survival compared to radiation alone, though with increased acute hematologic toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metastatic_or_recurrent_disease">Metastatic or recurrent disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metastatic or recurrent disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>10 to 20% of patients treated for anal cancer will develop distant metastatic disease following treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22619735_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22619735-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metastatic or recurrent anal cancer is difficult to treat, and usually requires <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>. Radiation is also employed to palliate specific locations of disease that may be causing symptoms. Chemotherapy commonly used is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell">squamous cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial">epithelial</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasms">neoplasms</a>, such as platinum analogues, <a href="/wiki/Anthracyclines" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracyclines">anthracyclines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">doxorubicin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/5-FU" class="mw-redirect" title="5-FU">5-FU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a>. JD Hainsworth developed a protocol that includes Taxol and Carboplatinum along with 5-FU.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Median survival rates for people with distant metastases range from 8 to 34 months.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22619735_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22619735-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgical resection with permanent colostomies was the standard treatment until the 1970s, yielding 5-year overall survival of approximately 50%. The best overall survival rates are seen after combined <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> (5-FU + Mitomycin) in people with T2N0 and T3N0 categories of disease (5-y overall survival: 82%). The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with T4 with no involved lymph nodes, T3 with involved lymph nodes, and T4 with involved lymph nodes disease after the combined treatment is 57%, 57%, and 42%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiation therapy side effects (and occurrence rates) include acute (27%) and late (17%) <a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">dermatological toxicities</a>, acute (14%) and late (27%) <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal toxicities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chronic <a href="/wiki/Radiation_enteropathy" title="Radiation enteropathy">pelvic radiation disease</a> (1-10%), e.g., <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_lumbar_plexopathy" title="Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy">irreversible lumbosacral plexopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCR-19-2744_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCR-19-2744-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worldwide in 2002 there were an estimated 30,400 new cases of anal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin06_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With approximately equal fractions in the developing (15,900) and developed (14,500) countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin06_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 90% (27,400) were attributable to <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus (HPV)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin06_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014 about 7,060 new cases of anal cancer were diagnosed in the United States (4,430 in women and 2,630 in men).<sup id="cite_ref-ACSanal_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSanal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically found in adults, average age early 60s.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSanal_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSanal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, an estimated 8,300 adults will be diagnosed with anal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, an estimated 800 to 900 people die of anal cancer annually.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSanal_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSanal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cancer cases and deaths in the United Kingdom. Around 1,200 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011, and around 310 people died in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2018Tx-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2018Tx_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/patient/anal-treatment-pdq">"Anal Cancer Treatment"</a>. <i>National Cancer Institute</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Anal+Cancer+Treatment&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Fanal%2Fpatient%2Fanal-treatment-pdq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnal+cancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2019_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html">"Cancer of the Anus, Anal Canal, and Anorectum—Cancer Stat Facts"</a>. <i>SEER</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEER&rft.atitle=Cancer+of+the+Anus%2C+Anal+Canal%2C+and+Anorectum%E2%80%94Cancer+Stat+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Fanus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnal+cancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nel2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nel2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nel2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nel2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nel2017_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonBenson_AB2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, VM; Benson AB, 3rd (January 2017). "Epidemiology of Anal Canal Cancer". <i>Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soc.2016.07.001">10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889039">27889039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+Anal+Canal+Cancer.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soc.2016.07.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889039&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=VM&rft.au=Benson+AB%2C+3rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnal+cancer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-incidence-by-sexuality-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-incidence-by-sexuality_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-incidence-by-sexuality_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaling1987" class="citation journal cs1">Daling, Janet; et al. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702051166" title="Special:BookSources/9780702051166"><bdi>9780702051166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Surgery+E-Book&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780702051166&rft.aulast=Garden&rft.aufirst=O.+James&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Forsythe%2C+John+L.+R.&rft.au=Parks%2C+Rowan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8BpQO8bOTcC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnal+cancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2019Pre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2019Pre_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2019Pre_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/patient/anal-prevention-pdq">"Anal Cancer Prevention"</a>. <i>National Cancer Institute</i>. 14 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484827" class="extiw" title="d:Q484827">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C21">C21</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001005">D001005</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31467.htm">31467</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">NCI</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/anal">Anal cancer</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/anal-cancer.html">American Cancer Society: Anal Cancer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/type/anal-cancer/">Anal cancer information</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/hp">National Cancer Institute: Anal cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system neoplasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_alimentary_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper alimentary tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric carcinoma">Gastric carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">Signet ring cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma" title="Gastric lymphoma">Gastric lymphoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Linitis plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer" title="Small intestine cancer">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" title="Duodenal cancer">Duodenal cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendix_cancer" title="Appendix cancer">Appendix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" title="Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colon/rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">Colorectal polyp</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_adenoma" title="Colorectal adenoma">adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_polyp" title="Hyperplastic polyp">hyperplastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyp" title="Juvenile polyp">juvenile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sessile_serrated_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessile serrated adenoma">sessile serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_serrated_adenoma" title="Traditional serrated adenoma">traditional serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada_syndrome" title="Cronkhite–Canada syndrome">Cronkhite–Canada</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Polyposis syndromes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyposis_syndrome" title="Juvenile polyposis syndrome">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUTYH-associated_polyposis" title="MUTYH-associated polyposis">MUTYH-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome" title="Gardner's syndrome">Gardner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_proofreading-associated_polyposis" title="Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis">Polymerase proofreading-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrated_polyposis_syndrome" title="Serrated polyposis syndrome">Serrated polyposis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Neoplasm:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper and/or lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor" title="Gastrointestinal stromal tumor">Gastrointestinal stromal tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_tumor" title="Liver tumor">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrolamellar_hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma">Fibrolamellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoblastoma" title="Hepatoblastoma">Hepatoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_angiosarcoma" title="Liver angiosarcoma">Liver angiosarcoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" title="Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma" title="Cavernous hemangioma">Cavernous hemangioma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Focal_nodular_hyperplasia" title="Focal nodular hyperplasia">Focal nodular hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_regenerative_hyperplasia" title="Nodular regenerative hyperplasia">Nodular regenerative hyperplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" title="Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer" title="Gallbladder cancer">Gallbladder cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine pancreas">exocrine pancreas</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal carcinoma">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Serous_microcystic_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous microcystic adenoma">Serous microcystic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraductal_papillary_mucinous_neoplasm" title="Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm">Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_mucinous_cystic_neoplasm" title="Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm">Mucinous cystic neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm">Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatoblastoma" title="Pancreatoblastoma">Pancreatoblastoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_peritoneal_carcinoma" title="Primary peritoneal carcinoma">Primary peritoneal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma" title="Peritoneal mesothelioma">Peritoneal mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplastic_small_round_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmoplastic small round cell tumor">Desmoplastic small round cell tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_papillomavirus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_papillomavirus" title="Template:Human papillomavirus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_papillomavirus" title="Template talk:Human papillomavirus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_papillomavirus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human papillomavirus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_papillomavirus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Human papillomavirus</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">Related<br />diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">cancers</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck cancer</a> (<a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Warts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_wart" title="Plantar wart">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruca_plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruca plana">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_papillomatosis" title="Laryngeal papillomatosis">Laryngeal papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis" title="Epidermodysplasia verruciformis">Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heck%27s_disease" title="Heck's disease">Focal epithelial hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Acrochordon (<a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">skin tags</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_stain" title="Papanicolaou stain">stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_system" title="Bethesda system">Bethesda system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytotechnology" title="Cytotechnology">Cytotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Experimental techniques: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculoscopy" title="Speculoscopy">Speculoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervicography" title="Cervicography">Cervicography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colposcopy" title="Colposcopy">Colposcopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biopsy <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koilocyte" title="Koilocyte">Koilocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia"> Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia"> Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_conization" title="Cervical conization">Cervical conization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_electrical_excision_procedure" title="Loop electrical excision procedure">Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanikolaou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:STD_and_STI" title="Template talk:STD and STI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> (STI)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">Haemophilus ducreyi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">lymphogranuloma venereum</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Donovanosis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">Mycoplasma hominis infection</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis" title="Mycoplasma hominis">Mycoplasma hominis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">Trichomoniasis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_louse" title="Crab louse">Crab louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV-1/HIV-2</a></i>)</li> <li>Cancer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">vulvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">penile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">anal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus"><i>Human papillomavirus</i> (HPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">Genital warts (<i>condyloma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B virus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV-1 & HSV-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum_virus" title="Molluscum contagiosum virus">MCV</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br /><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>female</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cervicitis" title="Cervicitis">Cervicitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>male</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>either</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">Urethritis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Non-gonococcal_urethritis" title="Non-gonococcal urethritis">Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&oldid=1253156891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anal_cancer&oldid=1253156891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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