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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Bruce of Carnock</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish merchant and engineer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/220px-George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/330px-George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/440px-George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of George Bruce junior by <a href="/wiki/George_Jamesone" title="George Jamesone">George Jamesone</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sir George Bruce of Carnock</b> (c. 1550 – 1625) was a Scottish merchant, ship-owner, and mining engineer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Bruce was a son of Edward Bruce of <a href="/wiki/Blairhall" title="Blairhall">Blairhall</a> and Alison Reid, a sister of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reid_(bishop)" title="Robert Reid (bishop)">Robert Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Orkney" title="Bishop of Orkney">Bishop of Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His older brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce,_1st_Lord_Kinloss" title="Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss">Edward Bruce</a> (1548-1610), was created Lord Bruce of Kinloss in 1602.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Bruce built the large mansion known as Culross House or Abbey House (now reduced in size) and George built Culross Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coal,_salt,_and_silver"><span id="Coal.2C_salt.2C_and_silver"></span>Coal, salt, and silver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coal, salt, and silver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/220px-The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/330px-The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg/440px-The_memorial_to_Sir_George_Bruce_of_Carnock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The memorial to Sir George Bruce of Carnock</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruce was an innovator in <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> techniques, including the construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Moat_Pit_at_Culross" title="The Moat Pit at Culross">The Moat Pit at Culross</a>, the World's first example of undersea mining which accessed the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hirst" title="Upper Hirst">Upper Hirst</a> seam with use of new drainage technology.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These innovations attracted much interest, including a visit from <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James VI</a> in 1617. Sir George Bruce invited him to visit one of his mines which tunnelled down beneath the sea bed. James ventured into an entrance on land which went far out under the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> and found himself emerging at the top of a stone tower sitting a quarter of a mile from shore. Alarmed to find himself surrounded by water, James accused Sir George of an attempt on his life and declared that the whole affair was an act of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. It was only when George Bruce pointed out the <a href="/wiki/Rowing_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing boat">rowing boat</a> and explained that one could either use that or return by the tunnel from whence they came that James relaxed again - and took the option of the boat journey.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(poet)" title="John Taylor (poet)">John Taylor</a>, an English writer known as the "Water Poet" came to Culross in 1618, and described his visit in the <i>Pennilesse Pilgrimage</i>. Three of Bruce's workmen gave the poet a tour of the mine. Taylor described how the mine had an entrance on land and another entrance through a waterproof tower built on a sandbank with bituminous cement. He was given the choice of returning from the Moat tower via the mine or by boat. Taylor was impressed and wrote that he told George Bruce that the Gunpowder plotters might have learnt from him, or such underground works would be a suitable wine cellar for a London tavern. He also noted a horse drawn drainage machine, later described as an <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">Egyptian wheel</a>, draining the mine with an endless chain with 36 buckets attached, and the extensive salt works. Salt was exported to England and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> also visited in 1618, and recorded the name of the landward mine entrance as the "eye". He saw salt pans at <a href="/wiki/Kincardine,_Fife" title="Kincardine, Fife">Kincardine</a>, west of Culross, where over 500 people were employed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea tower called the "Moat Pit" and the mine beneath the Forth was inundated by a great storm in March 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1658 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moray" title="Robert Moray">Robert Moray</a> recalled visiting the mine before it was abandoned, and he thought the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kincardine" title="Earl of Kincardine">Earl of Kincardine</a> would not now re-open it. Moray thought George Bruce's idea of mills powered by the tide to drain a mine could be useful again.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Bruce bought several existing salt pans around Culross, where sea-water was evaporated to make salt for seasoning and for preserving meat. The library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> has several charters detailing these acquisitions from 1586 onwards. The equipment of one pan included "buckets, pots, stands, scaffolds, and troughs".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce petitioned to sell his salt in London in 1611, undercutting other suppliers, and claiming to employ 1,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1608 and 1609 Bruce was treasurer of the royal silver-mine at <a href="/wiki/Hilderston,_West_Lothian" title="Hilderston, West Lothian">Hilderston</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bathgate" title="Bathgate">Bathgate</a>. He had a lodging at the works, with furniture from Culross, though day to day supervision was undertaken by his deputy. The mine accounts are held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Scotland" title="National Archives of Scotland">National Archives of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipping_and_fishing">Shipping and fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shipping and fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruce was a financier, and offered credit to an English diplomat <a href="/wiki/William_Ashby_(died_1593)" title="William Ashby (died 1593)">William Asheby</a> in July 1588.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce's factor at <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a> in Denmark was Frederick Lyall, or Leyell, who managed his exports of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyall was involved in buying a jewel given by the <a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_5th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> at her proxy marriage to <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruce and several other merchant ship-owners lost cargoes of London-bought goods in the <i>Falcon of Preston</i> and <i>Jesus of <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a></i> in 1583. The <i>Falcon</i> and the cargo of the <i>Jesus</i> were taken in the Lowestoft road on 17 March by an English sailor, Captain Chaleis, who sailed to Portsmouth. The owners jointly petitioned <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> for the return of the ship and value of the cargo. James VI also wrote to Elizabeth on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of the loss was estimated at £440 sterling.The ships probably took salt, coal, and other Scottish products to London.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_wine_and_the_case_of_the_Bruce">Spanish wine and the case of the <i>Bruce</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish wine and the case of the Bruce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Bruce imported Spanish wine. In 1598 George Bruce was involved in a legal case heard in London involving one of his ships. The incident had occurred in August 1593. His ship, the <i>Bruce</i>, captained by <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_(skipper)" title="William Stewart (skipper)">William Stewart</a> of Dundee, went to <a href="/wiki/Ferrol_(comarca)" title="Ferrol (comarca)">Ferrol</a> for a cargo of wine, figs, and raisins.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Stewart encountered some English merchant ships, the <i>Julian of London</i> and a ship of <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, with two <a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">pinnaces</a> they had captured.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Julian</i> was a privateer, captained by John Clarke, and cruised the Spanish coast to capture prize cargoes of sugar and <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">Brazilwood dye</a>, at a time when England was at war with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Julian</i> shot at the Scottish ship to bring it to. The English ships were overloaded with men captured from Spanish ships. Clerk and Captain Petefer forced Stewart to take 52 men onto the <i>Bruce</i>. These were Portuguese sailors and possibly enslaved African men. The case was discussed by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council of England</a>. In September 1598, James VI instructed the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Foulis,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir David Foulis, 1st Baronet">David Foulis</a> to discuss the case with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Sir Robert Cecil</a>. An English diplomat in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/George_Nicholson_(diplomat)" title="George Nicholson (diplomat)">George Nicholson</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a> urging that George Bruce should "find favourable justice" because his brother Edward Bruce counselled James VI in favour of amity with England. The fate of the Portuguese and Africans aboard the <i>Bruce</i> was not recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland_waters">Iceland waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iceland waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1599 James VI wrote to <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a> seeking permission for Bruce to fish in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> waters, with boats crewed with English sailors for the next ten years, after Christian IV had forbidden English fleets to fish in his territories, following <a href="/wiki/Niels_Krag" title="Niels Krag">Niels Krag's</a> diplomatic mission to England. Christian had declared an eight-mile or two-league broad closed-sea or <i>mare clausum</i> around Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forth_navigation">Forth navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forth navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1621 King James asked the Privy Council of Scotland to provide warning beacons, lights and bonfires, on the hidden rocks and shallows of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a> to improve navigation. George Bruce, after some shipwrecks in the Forth, devised a scheme for the beacons, to be financed by a fraction of custom duty. This prompted the owners of coal mines in the Forth valley to make voluntary contributions for the beacons instead, instead of finding the money by taxing foreign ship-owners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culross_Palace">Culross Palace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culross Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culross_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culross_Palace.jpg/250px-Culross_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culross_Palace.jpg/375px-Culross_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Culross_Palace.jpg/500px-Culross_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>George Bruce's residence at <a href="/wiki/Culross_Palace" title="Culross Palace">Culross Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_effigies_(detail),_Culross_Abbey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG/180px-Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG/270px-Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG/360px-Bruce_effigies_%28detail%29%2C_Culross_Abbey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Effigies of George Bruce and Margaret Primrose in <a href="/wiki/Culross_Abbey" title="Culross Abbey">Culross Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1597 and 1611,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce built a <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Culross" title="Culross">Culross</a>, using materials from his foreign trading. This building has subsequently become known as <a href="/wiki/Culross_Palace" title="Culross Palace">Culross Palace</a>. He lavishly decorated the palace and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance_painted_ceilings" title="Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings">stunning painted ceilings</a> with <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a>, other ornate features and panelling can still be seen. Culross Palace is now under the care of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Scotland" title="National Trust for Scotland">National Trust for Scotland</a> and has been restored and conserved in its 17th-century splendour.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The house was mainly built in two campaigns. The south block in 1597 and the north building in 1611, the year when George Bruce was knighted. The renaissance paintwork was restored in 1932 for the National Trust and again in the 1990s by conservators from <a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. On the second floor of the south block the ceiling painting includes 16 emblems adapted from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Whitney" title="Geoffrey Whitney">Geffrey Whitney's</a> <i>A Choice of Emblemes</i> (London, 1586). The north block has the fragmentary remains of a scene showing the Judgement of Solomon, and extensive original decorative painting.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The palace building, which had faded to a white wash, has been restored to its original yellow-orange <a href="/wiki/Limewash" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewash">harled</a> exterior. The courtyard path and the garden have also been remodelled, with the garden now full of vegetables, herbs and plants, growing as they would have done in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-statlist_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statlist-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When George Bruce acquired the lands of Sillietoun Easter in 1599, he undertook to carry sand to the building works of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Palace" title="Dunfermline Palace">Dunfermline Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce also acquired the Fife estate of <a href="/wiki/Carnock" title="Carnock">Carnock</a>. In 1602 he repaired the church there. Bruce helped the minister of Carnock <a href="/wiki/John_Row_(minister,_born_1568)" title="John Row (minister, born 1568)">John Row</a> by supplying coal to <a href="/wiki/John_Spottiswoode" title="John Spottiswoode">Archbishop Spottiswoode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruce died on 6 May 1625 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Culross_Abbey" title="Culross Abbey">Culross Abbey</a>, now used as the parish church of Culross and <a href="/wiki/Torryburn" title="Torryburn">Torryburn</a>. </p><p>His outstanding memorial (in the north chapel) by the mason John Mercer, shows him lying with his wife whilst his eight children, three sons and five daughters, pray, facing outward at the base as half-size figures. A plank on the ground at the base recorded the deaths of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_family">Marriages and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriages and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George married Margaret Primrose, only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_1st_Laird_of_Burnbrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Primrose, 1st Laird of Burnbrae">Archibald Primrose, 1st Laird of Burnbrae</a> (a property of <a href="/wiki/Culross_Abbey" title="Culross Abbey">Culross Abbey</a>), Writer, whose son, <a href="/wiki/James_Primrose_(Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Primrose (Clerk of the Privy Council of Scotland)">James Primrose</a>, was Principal Clerk to the Privy Council. His second wife was Euphame Primrose, a daughter of David Primrose who lived in Culross.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children included: </p> <ul><li>George Bruce, 2nd of Carnock (d. 1643), who married Mary Preston, daughter of John Preston of <a href="/wiki/Valleyfield,_Fife" title="Valleyfield, Fife">Valleyfield</a>, and was the father of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kincardine" title="Earl of Kincardine">Earl of Kincardine</a></li> <li>Robert Bruce of <a href="/wiki/Broomhall_House" title="Broomhall House">Broomhall</a> (d. 1652), who married Helen Skene, a granddaughter of the diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Skene,_Lord_Curriehill" title="John Skene, Lord Curriehill">John Skene</a></li> <li>Anne Bruce, who married James Arnot of <a href="/wiki/Fernie_Castle" title="Fernie Castle">Fernie</a></li> <li>Christian Bruce, who married (1) Robert Colville, Master of Colville, son of <a href="/wiki/James_Colville,_1st_Lord_Colville_of_Culross" title="James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross">James Colville of Easter Wemyss</a> and Isobel Ruthven, and (2) Laurence Mercer of Aldie</li> <li>Magdalene Bruce, who married John Erskine of Balgownie</li> <li>Nicholas Bruce (d. 1670), who married (1) John Morrison of <a href="/wiki/Dairsie_Castle" title="Dairsie Castle">Dairsie</a>, and (2) John Dick of Braid (died 1642), son of <a href="/wiki/William_Dick_of_Braid" title="William Dick of Braid">William Dick of Braid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Margaret Bruce (d. 1652), who married Francis Nicholls, an English lawyer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Peerage</i> by G.E.Cockayne, edited by the Hon. Vicary Gibbs, vol. 2 ( London, 1912), p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Peerage of Scotland</i> (Peter Brown, Edinburgh, 1834), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David MacGibbon & Thomas Ross, <i>Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1892), p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801191243/http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/02092505.html">"Papers on Mining in Scotland, 18th and 19th centuries"</a>. Archives Hub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/02092505.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Mining+in+Scotland%2C+18th+and+19th+centuries&rft.pub=Archives+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiveshub.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F02092505.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Bruce+of+Carnock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/trails_europe_culross.shtml">"Culross"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culross&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fscottishhistory%2Feurope%2Ftrails_europe_culross.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Bruce+of+Carnock" class="Z3988"></span>, Robert Chambers, <i>Domestic Annals of Scotland</i>, vol. i, (1858), 481, citing Forsyth's <i>Beauties of Scotland</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Taylor, <i>All the Workes of John Taylor, the Water Poet</i> (London, 1630), pp. 132-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 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class="reference-text">John Anderson, <i>Calendar of Laing Charters</i> (Edinburgh, 1899), p. 277 no. 1119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Henry Overall, <i>Analytical index to the Remembrancia, preserved among the archives of the City of London</i> (London, 1878), pp. 215-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert William Cochran-Patrick, <i>Early Records Relating to Mining in Scotland</i> (Edinburgh, 1878), p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Boyd, <i>Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1586-1588</i>, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 582 no. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Wood" title="Marguerite Wood">Marguerite Wood</a>, <i>Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1589-1603</i>, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', <i>Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI</i> (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Boyd, <i>Calendar State Papers Scotland</i>, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1910), pp. 428-9 nos. 431-2, 454 no. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendar State Papers Scotland</i>, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1910), pp. 440 no. 445, 691 no. 726 (as 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Hatfield</i>, vol. 14 (London, 1923), pp. 84-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Melros Papers</i>, vol. 2 (London, 1837), pp. 400-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092637/http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/22/">"Property Details for Culross"</a>. 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Historic Scotland. 12 January 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listed+Building+Report&rft.pub=Historic+Scotland&rft.date=1972-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk%2Fhslive%2Fhsstart%3FP_HBNUM%3D23983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Bruce+of+Carnock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Maitland Thomson, <i>Register of the Great of Seal of Scotland, 1620–1633</i> (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 474 no. 1398, Latin "invectoris sabuli versus palatium".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Row, <i>History of the Kirk of Scotland</i> (Edinburgh, 1842), pp. xii-xiv, 471, 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David MacGibbon & Thomas Ross, <i>Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 206-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nisbet" title="Alexander Nisbet">Alexander Nisbet</a>, <i>A System of Heraldry</i>, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1722), p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Stewart Smith, <i>The Grange of St. Giles</i> (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile/george-bruce">"Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>engineeringhalloffame.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineeringhalloffame.org&rft.atitle=Scottish+Engineering+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringhalloffame.org%2Fprofile%2Fgeorge-bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Bruce+of+Carnock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-299-995-506-C">Sir George Bruce's tombstone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/4525/ClaireMcLoughlinPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">'Scottish Commercial Contacts with the Iberian World, 1581-1730', Claire McLoughlin, University of St Andrews, PhD thesis, 2014, pp. 72-3, for the shipping case</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&oldid=1256772086">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bruce_of_Carnock&oldid=1256772086</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Fife" title="Category:People from Fife">People from Fife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clan_Bruce" title="Category:Clan Bruce">Clan Bruce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_mining_engineers" title="Category:Scottish mining engineers">Scottish mining engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_engineers" title="Category:Scottish engineers">Scottish engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_inventors" title="Category:Scottish inventors">Scottish inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_births" title="Category:1550s births">1550s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1625_deaths" title="Category:1625 deaths">1625 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Scottish_merchants" title="Category:16th-century Scottish merchants">16th-century Scottish merchants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Scottish_merchants" title="Category:17th-century Scottish merchants">17th-century Scottish merchants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_businesspeople_in_shipping" title="Category:Scottish businesspeople in shipping">Scottish businesspeople in shipping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_engineers" title="Category:16th-century engineers">16th-century engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_engineers" title="Category:17th-century engineers">17th-century engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Engineering_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="Category:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees">Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_British_history" title="Category:Black British history">Black British history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 14:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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