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data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8nBM46ZbKWRm5C6hB5wXTnuy6Bc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/chemistHeroImages-5c7eb5d2c9e77c0001fd5ab6.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A chemist looking at a tube of liquid in a lab" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8nBM46ZbKWRm5C6hB5wXTnuy6Bc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/chemistHeroImages-5c7eb5d2c9e77c0001fd5ab6.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A chemist looking at a tube of liquid in a lab" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">The Discarded Phlogiston Theory in Early Chemistry History</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_7-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_7-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606463" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/quantum-numbers-and-electron-orbitals-606463" data-ordinal="7"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/noiTXsagX3YSnTB4LElcXSGjvFg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157144951-5a3fe10be258f80036259e2e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Anatomy of an Atom, Illustration" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/noiTXsagX3YSnTB4LElcXSGjvFg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157144951-5a3fe10be258f80036259e2e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Anatomy of an Atom, Illustration" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_8-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_8-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="608645" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nuclear-fission-versus-nuclear-fusion-608645" data-ordinal="8"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/G5ZI_wphdoFPZVJiKvdEQ0PZ29I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artwork-of-nuclear-fusion-reaction-160936093-57f174485f9b586c35490999.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Atomic nuclei combine in nuclei fusion and break into smaller pieces in nuclear fission." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/G5ZI_wphdoFPZVJiKvdEQ0PZ29I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artwork-of-nuclear-fusion-reaction-160936093-57f174485f9b586c35490999.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Atomic nuclei combine in nuclei fusion and break into smaller pieces in nuclear fission." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Nuclear Fission Versus Nuclear Fusion</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_9-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_9-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606458" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/valences-of-the-elements-chemistry-table-606458" data-ordinal="9"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/59jfPl7Vk8fcg-QogKXHIzEvD5Y=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/85757530-56a12f0c5f9b58b7d0bcdabe.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Valence electrons" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/59jfPl7Vk8fcg-QogKXHIzEvD5Y=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/85757530-56a12f0c5f9b58b7d0bcdabe.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Valence electrons" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Valency of Elements on the Periodic Table</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_10-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_10-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="608647" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-and-is-not-radiation-608647" data-ordinal="10"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MKVBOE8tdT-2m3vibQSV7D03va4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-151867495-56a798ab3df78cf772977296.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="This is the symbol for radioactivity. Radioactive materials emit radiation, but so do many non-radioactive objects." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MKVBOE8tdT-2m3vibQSV7D03va4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-151867495-56a798ab3df78cf772977296.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="This is the symbol for radioactivity. Radioactive materials emit radiation, but so do many non-radioactive objects." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Examples of Radiation (and What's Not Radiation)</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_11-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_11-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606452" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-define-anode-and-cathode-606452" data-ordinal="11"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KZizje67SQVqqt3sffKKqom9E7o=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/how-to-define-anode-and-cathode-606452_FINAL-0fb3b21b79564acd9ef7c729a2bcd98e.png" width="219" height="146" alt="Anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs. Cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KZizje67SQVqqt3sffKKqom9E7o=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/how-to-define-anode-and-cathode-606452_FINAL-0fb3b21b79564acd9ef7c729a2bcd98e.png" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs. Cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">How to Define Anode and Cathode</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_12-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_12-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="607351" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-do-sparklers-work-607351" data-ordinal="12"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/S79leN0SAQ_H_OYb_o5axnXNtMs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/happy-new-year-160007559-57752c595f9b585875691764.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Woman holding sparkler firework" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/S79leN0SAQ_H_OYb_o5axnXNtMs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/happy-new-year-160007559-57752c595f9b585875691764.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Woman holding sparkler firework" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">The Chemistry Behind Sparklers</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_13-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_13-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="609260" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-chemical-energy-609260" data-ordinal="13"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h_dJk_2B8nXyEsAMGigUw9wq3Vk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/example-of-chemical-energy-609260-final-bbb1d1f37ef443ad82bc2f2cdb2646ce.png" width="219" height="146" alt="Examples of chemical energy: coal, natural gas, wood, photosynthesis, propane, biomass, food, petroleum, cellular respiration, chemical batteries" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h_dJk_2B8nXyEsAMGigUw9wq3Vk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/example-of-chemical-energy-609260-final-bbb1d1f37ef443ad82bc2f2cdb2646ce.png" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Examples of chemical energy: coal, natural gas, wood, photosynthesis, propane, biomass, food, petroleum, cellular respiration, chemical batteries" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Examples of Chemical Energy</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_14-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_14-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606454" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nernst-equation-electrochemistry-equations-606454" data-ordinal="14"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fQTou3dc2gGsWnVZ1aq1C_iRO7w=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustration-of-daniell-cell-electrochemical-cell-consisting-of-copper-and-zinc-plates-immersed-in-96168851-589cb0463df78c475818e614.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="You can use the Nernst equation to perform calculations relating to electrochemical cells." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fQTou3dc2gGsWnVZ1aq1C_iRO7w=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustration-of-daniell-cell-electrochemical-cell-consisting-of-copper-and-zinc-plates-immersed-in-96168851-589cb0463df78c475818e614.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="You can use the Nernst equation to perform calculations relating to electrochemical cells." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Electrochemistry Calculations Using the Nernst Equation</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_15-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_15-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606453" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-electroplating-606453" data-ordinal="15"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZeIASjJaU1yznleACNt4wU9zJY4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battery-connected-to-a-copper-pipe-and-a-key-in-copper-sulphate-solution-copper-plating-dor20023034-57a48f613df78cf459fe179c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A demonstration of electroplating" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZeIASjJaU1yznleACNt4wU9zJY4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battery-connected-to-a-copper-pipe-and-a-key-in-copper-sulphate-solution-copper-plating-dor20023034-57a48f613df78cf459fe179c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A demonstration of electroplating" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Electroplating and How Does It Work?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_16-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_16-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="607312" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-molotov-cocktail-607312" data-ordinal="16"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m5yHNe07BBysxdSFMayhEk2xvg4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hooded-180797559-5908c8105f9b58647054faf1.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A Molotov cocktail is a fuel-filled bottle with a fuse." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m5yHNe07BBysxdSFMayhEk2xvg4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/hooded-180797559-5908c8105f9b58647054faf1.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A Molotov cocktail is a fuel-filled bottle with a fuse." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is a Molotov Cocktail? Definition and Explanation</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_17-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_17-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="607313" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-fire-made-of-607313" data-ordinal="17"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bGCoBoVGRbnInAK6wLDHJ7BZznA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/close-up-of-flame-536940503-59b2b3de845b3400107a7f27-5b967c9546e0fb00254ed63b.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Flames" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bGCoBoVGRbnInAK6wLDHJ7BZznA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/close-up-of-flame-536940503-59b2b3de845b3400107a7f27-5b967c9546e0fb00254ed63b.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Flames" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Fire Made Of?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_18-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_18-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="607342" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elements-in-fireworks-607342" data-ordinal="18"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HtRZseOXG-IZwkF-oy4rhbdurKw=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/low-angle-view-of-firework-display-over-river-during-sunset-604213021-57752e7b3df78cb62c11aba4.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Fireworks" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HtRZseOXG-IZwkF-oy4rhbdurKw=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/low-angle-view-of-firework-display-over-river-during-sunset-604213021-57752e7b3df78cb62c11aba4.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Fireworks" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Chemical Elements in Fireworks</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_19-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_19-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="608643" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-visit-the-nevada-test-site-608643" data-ordinal="19"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zdN8lLBxbXOFI_ctHZDf2oQzY04=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/teapotwaspprime-56a129905f9b58b7d0bca25a.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Operation Teapot's Wasp Prime was an air-dropped nuclear device at Nevada Test Site March 29, 1955." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zdN8lLBxbXOFI_ctHZDf2oQzY04=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/teapotwaspprime-56a129905f9b58b7d0bca25a.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Operation Teapot's Wasp Prime was an air-dropped nuclear device at Nevada Test Site March 29, 1955." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">How to Visit the Nevada Test Site</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_20-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_20-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="608649" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-radioactive-decay-occurs-608649" data-ordinal="20"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SK2zSs_gUwyId-bjpVWJPC5_eUs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-559008481-56a135363df78cf77268643f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Radioactive decay occurs because an atom&#39;s atomic nucleus isn&#39;t stable, due to a mismatch in the numbers of protons and neutrons." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SK2zSs_gUwyId-bjpVWJPC5_eUs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-559008481-56a135363df78cf77268643f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Radioactive decay occurs because an atom&#39;s atomic nucleus isn&#39;t stable, due to a mismatch in the numbers of protons and neutrons." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Why Does Radioactive Decay Occur?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_21-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_21-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="3866337" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/force-definition-and-examples-science-3866337" data-ordinal="21"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vUYtF8xrbmzyPrsvO2RxqubqtL4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-123535187-56c51cba5f9b58e9f33053b5.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The yellow block held by the toy's magnet exerts a downward force due to gravity and an opposing upward force." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vUYtF8xrbmzyPrsvO2RxqubqtL4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-123535187-56c51cba5f9b58e9f33053b5.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The yellow block held by the toy's magnet exerts a downward force due to gravity and an opposing upward force." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="Physical Chemistry"></div> <span class="block-title">Force Definition and Examples (Science)</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_22-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_22-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="606461" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/angular-momentum-quantum-numbers-606461" data-ordinal="22"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img 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