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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Curie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بيار كوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيار كوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyer_K%C3%BCri" title="Pyer Küri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyer Küri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیئر کوری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیئر کوری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="পিয়ের ক্যুরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ের ক্যুরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пьер Кюри – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пьер Кюри" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B" title="П’ер Кюры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Кюры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B" title="П’ер Кюры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="П’ер Кюры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пиер Кюри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Кюри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Πιερ Κιουρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ Κιουρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیر کوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر کوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%ED%80%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="피에르 퀴리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 퀴리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Պիեռ Կյուրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Կյուրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पियरे क्यूरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पियरे क्यूरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="פייר קירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר קירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಿಯರೆ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಯರೆ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პიერ კიური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიერ კიური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пьер Кюри – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пьер Кюри" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пьер Кюри – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пьер Кюри" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Curie" title="Petrus Curie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Curie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Kir%C4%AB" title="Pjērs Kirī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Kirī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пјер Кири – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пјер Кири" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="പിയറി ക്യൂറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയറി ക്യൂറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पिएर क्युरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिएर क्युरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პიერ კიური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიერ კიური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بيار كورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيار كورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیر کوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیر کوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯦ ꯀꯨꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯦ ꯀꯨꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пьер Кюри – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пьер Кюри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ပယ်ရီကျူရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပယ်ရီကျူရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पिएरे क्युरी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पिएरे क्युरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ピエール・キュリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・キュリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyeer_Kurii" title="Piyeer Kurii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Piyeer Kurii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਿਏਰੇ ਕਿਊਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਏਰੇ ਕਿਊਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیری کیوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیری کیوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="پییر کیوري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پییر کیوري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ព្យែរ គុយរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្យែរ គុយរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кюри, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кюри, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पिएरे क्युरी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पिएरे क्युरी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="පියරි කියුරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පියරි කියුරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیەر کووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیەر کووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пјер Кири – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјер Кири" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பியேர் கியூரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியேர் கியூரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пьер Күри – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пьер Күри" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="పియరీ క్యూరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పియరీ క్యూరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ปีแยร์ กูว์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีแยร์ กูว์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96" title="П'єр Кюрі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'єр Кюрі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیری کیوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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hreflang="war" data-title="Pierre Curie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮埃尔·居里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="פיער קירי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיער קירי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie – Yoruba" lang="yo" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French physicist (1859–1906)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pierre Curie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg/220px-Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg/330px-Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg/440px-Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Curie, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1906</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-05-15</span>)</span>15 May 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> (now France)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1906<span style="display:none">(1906-04-19)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (now France)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/DSc" class="mw-redirect" title="DSc">DSc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pioneering research on <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a></li><li>Discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Discovery_and_early_research" title="Piezoelectricity">Discovery of piezoelectricity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie (unit)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Skłodowska">Maria Skłodowska</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Curie">Jacques Curie</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Curie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> (1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1904)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (posthumously, 1909)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314183089">Propriétés magnétiques des corps à diverses températures (Magnetic properties of bodies at various temperatures)</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1895)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pierre_Curie_signature.svg/150px-Pierre_Curie_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pierre_Curie_signature.svg/225px-Pierre_Curie_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pierre_Curie_signature.svg/300px-Pierre_Curie_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Curie</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/jʊər/: 'ure' in 'cure'">jʊər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KURE</span>-ee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>kyʁi]</a></span>; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. In 1903, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1903_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their win, the Curies became the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Statistics" title="Nobel Prize">first married couple</a> to win the Nobel Prize, launching the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Family_laureates" title="Nobel Prize">Curie family legacy</a> of five Nobel Prizes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugène Curie (1827–1910), a doctor of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> Protestant origin from <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and Sophie-Claire Curie (née Depouilly; 1832–1897). He was educated by his father and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. When he was 16, he earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the age of 18, he earned his license in physical sciences from the Faculty of Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, also known as the University of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead, he worked as a laboratory instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pierre Curie was preparing for his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree, he worked in the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Gustave_Bourbouze" title="Jean-Gustave Bourbouze">Jean-Gustave Bourbouze</a> in the Faculty of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, he went on to receive his doctorate at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submission material for his doctorate consisted of his research over <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After obtaining his doctorate, he became professor of physics and in 1900, he became professor in the faculty of sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/170px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/255px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/340px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Pierre and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880, Pierre and his older brother <a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques</a> (1856–1941) demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when crystals were compressed, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brothers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brothers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To aid this work they invented the piezoelectric quartz electrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-Molinié_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinié-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year they demonstrated the reverse effect: that crystals could be made to deform when subject to an electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-Brothers_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brothers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all digital electronic circuits now rely on this in the form of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">crystal oscillators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent work on magnetism Pierre Curie defined the Curie scale.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work also involved delicate equipment – balances, electrometers, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre Curie was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Maria Skłodowska</a> by their friend, physicist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wierusz-Kowalski" title="Józef Wierusz-Kowalski">Józef Wierusz-Kowalski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curie took her into his laboratory as his student. His admiration for her grew when he realized that she would not inhibit his research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Do researchers typically take people into their lab who they think will interfere with their work? (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He began to regard Skłodowska as his muse.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She refused his initial proposal, but finally agreed to marry him on 26 July 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It would be a beautiful thing, a thing I dare not hope if we could spend our life near each other, hypnotized by our dreams: your patriotic dream, our humanitarian dream, and our scientific dream. [Pierre Curie to Maria Skłodowska]<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The Curies had a happy, affectionate marriage, and they were known for their devotion to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curie1895These.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Curie1895These.jpg/220px-Curie1895These.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Curie1895These.jpg/330px-Curie1895These.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Curie1895These.jpg/440px-Curie1895These.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><i>Propriétés magnétiques des corps à diverses temperatures</i> <br />(Curie's dissertation, 1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>Before his famous doctoral studies on magnetism, he designed and perfected an extremely sensitive <a href="/wiki/Torsion_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsion balance">torsion balance</a> for measuring magnetic coefficients. Variations on this equipment were commonly used by future workers in that area. Pierre Curie studied <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetism</a> for his doctoral thesis, and discovered the effect of temperature on paramagnetism which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a>. The material constant in Curie's law is known as the <a href="/wiki/Curie_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie constant">Curie constant</a>. He also discovered that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a> transition, above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior. This is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a>. The Curie temperature is used to study plate tectonics, treat hypothermia, measure caffeine, and to understand extraterrestrial magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a> is a unit of measurement (3.7 × 10<sup>10</sup> decays per second or 37 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">gigabecquerels</a>) used to describe the intensity of a sample of radioactive material and was named after Marie and Pierre Curie by the Radiology Congress in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre Curie formulated what is now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Curie_Dissymmetry_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Dissymmetry Principle">Curie Dissymmetry Principle</a></i>: a physical effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient <a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">cause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Castellani_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castellani-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berova_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berova-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no <a href="/wiki/Dissymmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissymmetry">dissymmetry</a> (it is <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a>). Introduce a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/220px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/330px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/440px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Pierre and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> in their laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p>Curie worked with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">his wife</a> in isolating <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>. They were the first to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>", and were pioneers in its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric <a href="/wiki/Electrometer" title="Electrometer">electrometer</a> constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_prize_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_prize-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Curie's 26 December 1898 publication with his wife and M. G. Bémont<sup id="cite_ref-Paper_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the <a href="/wiki/ESPCI_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPCI ParisTech">ESPCI ParisTech</a> (officially the École supérieure de physique et de Chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Award_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, to honor the Curies' work, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_society_of_london" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal society of london">Royal Society of London</a> invited Pierre to present their research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie Curie was not permitted to give the lecture so <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> sat beside her while Pierre spoke on their research. After this, Lord Kelvin held a luncheon for Pierre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in London, Pierre and Marie were awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Pierre and Marie Curie, as well as Henri Becquerel, were awarded a Nobel Prize in physics for their research of radioactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the first discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">nuclear energy</a>, by identifying the continuous emission of heat from radium particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curie also investigated the radiation emissions of radioactive substances, and through the use of magnetic fields was able to show that some of the emissions were positively charged, some were negative and some were neutral. These correspond to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagowski_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagowski-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spiritualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late nineteenth century, Pierre Curie was investigating the mysteries of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> when he became aware of the <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> experiments of other European scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>. Pierre Curie initially thought the systematic investigation into the paranormal could help with some unanswered questions about magnetism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwic_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> He wrote to Marie, then his fiancée: "I must admit that those spiritual phenomena intensely interest me. I think they are questions that deal with physics."<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwic_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Pierre Curie's notebooks from this period show he read many books on spiritualism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwic_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> He did not attend séances such as those of <a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a> in Paris in June 1905<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwic_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 238">: 238 </span></sup> as a mere spectator, and his goal certainly was not to communicate with spirits. He saw the séances as scientific experiments, tried to monitor different parameters, and took detailed notes of every observation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurwic_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> Curie considered himself as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierre Curie's grandfather, Paul Curie (1799–1853), a doctor of medicine, was a committed Malthusian humanist and married Augustine Hofer, daughter of Jean Hofer and great-granddaughter of Jean-Henri Dollfus, great industrialists from <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a> in the second half of the 18th century and the first part of the 19th century. Through this paternal grandmother, Pierre Curie is also a direct descendant of the Basel scientist and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Jean Bernoulli</a> (1667–1748), as is <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>, winner of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics. </p><p>Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a>, and their son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a>, were also physicists involved in the study of <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>, and each also received Nobel prizes for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Curies' other daughter, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève</a>, wrote a noted biography of her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Eve_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eve-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the only member of the Curie family to not become a physicist. Ève married <a href="/wiki/Henry_Richardson_Labouisse_Jr." title="Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.">Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.</a>, who received a Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre and Marie Curie's granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a>, is a professor of nuclear physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, and their grandson, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a>, who was named after Pierre Curie, is a noted biochemist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG/170px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG/255px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG/340px-Panth%C3%A9on_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tombs of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> (above) and Pierre Curie at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>' <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierre Curie died in a street collision in Paris on 19 April 1906. Crossing the busy <a href="/wiki/Rue_Dauphine" title="Rue Dauphine">Rue Dauphine</a> in the rain at the Quai de Conti, he slipped and fell under a heavy horse-drawn cart. One of the wheels ran over his head, fracturing his skull and killing him instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Curies experienced radium burns, both accidentally and voluntarily,<sup id="cite_ref-Mould_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mould-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were exposed to extensive doses of radiation while conducting their research. They experienced radiation sickness and Marie Curie died from radiation-induced <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anemia" title="Aplastic anemia">aplastic anemia</a> in 1934. Even now, all their papers from the 1890s, even her cookbooks, are too dangerous to touch. Their laboratory books are kept in special lead boxes and people who want to see them have to wear <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">protective clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TASCH_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TASCH-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these items can be found at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had Pierre Curie not been killed in an accident as he was, he would most likely have eventually died of the effects of radiation, as did his wife, their daughter <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a>, and her husband <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redniss_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redniss-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartusiak_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartusiak-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1995, Pierre and Marie Curie were moved from their original resting place, a family cemetery, and enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon in Paris</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/300px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/450px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/600px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9277" data-file-height="6253" /></a><figcaption>1903 Nobel Prize diploma</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1903_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1903-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Quinn_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1904)<sup id="cite_ref-Matteucci_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matteucci-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1909) awarded posthumously during <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>'s award ceremony</li> <li>Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Award_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). 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Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831103525/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.aip.org&rft.atitle=Pierre+Curie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fpierre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1996" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bteAVVwkeUIC&pg=PA106"><i>Marie Curie : a life</i></a>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5"><bdi>978-0-201-88794-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%3A+a+life&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-201-88794-5&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbteAVVwkeUIC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marie Curie et Les conquérants de tome : 1896–2006</i>, par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Poirier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Poirier (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Poirier</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11709002.html">"Curie, Pierre, 1859–1906"</a>. <i>history.aip.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002648/https://history.aip.org/phn/11709002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.aip.org&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Pierre%2C+1859%E2%80%931906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11709002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/history/exhibits/curie/stud1.htm">"Marie Curie – A Student in Paris (1891–1897)"</a>. <i>history.aip.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Pierre+Curie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicheritage.org%2Fprofile%2Fpierre-curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottJensenAaserudKragh2000" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott, Steve; Jensen, Carsten; Aaserud, Finn; Kragh, Helge; Rudinger, Erik; Stuewer, Roger H. (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TygBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">"Controversy and Consensus: Nuclear Beta Decay 1911–1934"</a>. <i>The Mathematical Gazette</i>. <b>84</b> (500): 382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3621743">10.2307/3621743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-8444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-8444-0"><bdi>978-3-0348-8444-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3621743">3621743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=Controversy+and+Consensus%3A+Nuclear+Beta+Decay+1911%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=500&rft.pages=382&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3621743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3621743&rft.isbn=978-3-0348-8444-0&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Carsten&rft.au=Aaserud%2C+Finn&rft.au=Kragh%2C+Helge&rft.au=Rudinger%2C+Erik&rft.au=Stuewer%2C+Roger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TygBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagowski-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagowski_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Lagowski, Joseph J. 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New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 1293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-897225-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-897225-2"><bdi>0-02-897225-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+encyclopedia+of+chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1293&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-02-897225-2&rft.aulast=Lagowski&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurwic-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwic_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwic_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwic_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwic_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwic_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwic1995" class="citation book cs1">Hurwic, Anna (1995). <i>Pierre Curie, Translated by Lilananda Dasa and Joseph Cudnik</i>. Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782082115629" title="Special:BookSources/9782082115629"><bdi>9782082115629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Curie%2C+Translated+by+Lilananda+Dasa+and+Joseph+Cudnik&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9782082115629&rft.aulast=Hurwic&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Allen Smith (2000). Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists. Barricade Books. p. 259. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781569801581" title="Special:BookSources/9781569801581">9781569801581</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Curie, Pierre (1859–1906) A co-discoverer of radium, Pierre Curie was an atheist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935: Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1935%3A+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Joliot%2C+Ir%C3%A8ne+Joliot-Curie&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1935%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eve-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eve_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurie1937" class="citation book cs1">Curie, Eve (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madamecurie035051mbp"><i>Madame Curie</i></a>. London: William Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Curie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Curie&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadamecurie035051mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2007" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/arts/25labouisse.html">"Eve Curie Labouisse, Mother's Biographer, Dies at 102"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eve+Curie+Labouisse%2C+Mother%27s+Biographer%2C+Dies+at+102&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F25%2Farts%2F25labouisse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Warren Allen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit">"Curie, Pierre (1859–1906)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit/page/259"><i>Who's who in hell : handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, rationalists, and non-theists</i></a>. New York: Barricade Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit/page/259">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1"><bdi>978-1-56980-158-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Pierre+%281859%E2%80%931906%29&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+hell+%3A+handbook+and+international+directory+for+humanists%2C+freethinkers%2C+rationalists%2C+and+non-theists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Barricade+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-158-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinhellhan00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820231306/http://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/En/html/2014/People_0519/68.html">"Hélène Langevin-Joliot: A Granny, More Than a Physicist"</a>. <i>Peking University News</i>. 19 May 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peking+University+News&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Langevin-Joliot%3A+A+Granny%2C+More+Than+a+Physicist&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oir.pku.edu.cn%2FEn%2Fhtml%2F2014%2FPeople_0519%2F68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1906/04/20/archives/prof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html">"Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 20 April 1906, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215446/https://www.nytimes.com/1906/04/20/archives/prof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html">archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prof.+Curie+killed+in+a+Paris+street&rft.date=1906-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1906%2F04%2F20%2Farchives%2Fprof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mould-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mould_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMould2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mould, R.F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891197">"Pierre Curie, 1859–1906"</a>. <i>Current Oncology</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 74–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3747%2Fco.2007.110">10.3747/co.2007.110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891197">1891197</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576470">17576470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology&rft.atitle=Pierre+Curie%2C+1859%E2%80%931906&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-82&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1891197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17576470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3747%2Fco.2007.110&rft.aulast=Mould&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1891197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TASCH-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TASCH_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tasch, Barbara (31 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/marie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8">"These personal effects of 'the mother of modern physics' will be radioactive for another 1500 years"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002731/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/marie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=These+personal+effects+of+%27the+mother+of+modern+physics%27+will+be+radioactive+for+another+1500+years&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Tasch&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmarie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConcastytexte1967" class="citation book cs1">Concasty, Marie-Louise (1914–1977) Auteur du texte; texte, Bibliothèque nationale (France) Auteur du (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58393240"><i>Pierre et Marie Curie : [exposition], Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, [octobre-décembre] 1967 / [catalogue réd. par Marie-Louise Concasty] ; [préf. par Étienne Dennery]</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002648/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58393240">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+et+Marie+Curie+%3A+%5Bexposition%5D%2C+Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale%2C+%5Boctobre-d%C3%A9cembre%5D+1967+%2F+%5Bcatalogue+r%C3%A9d.+par+Marie-Louise+Concasty%5D+%3B+%5Bpr%C3%A9f.+par+%C3%89tienne+Dennery%5D&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Concasty&rft.aufirst=Marie-Louise+%281914%E2%80%931977%29+Auteur+du+texte&rft.au=texte%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+%28France%29+Auteur+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k58393240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redniss-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redniss_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedniss2010" class="citation book cs1">Redniss, Lauren (2010). <i>Radioactive : Marie And Pierre Curie : a tale of love and fallout</i> (1st ed.). New York: HarperEntertainment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135132-7"><bdi>978-0-06-135132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radioactive+%3A+Marie+And+Pierre+Curie+%3A+a+tale+of+love+and+fallout&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperEntertainment&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135132-7&rft.aulast=Redniss&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartusiak-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartusiak_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartusiak2011" class="citation news cs1">Bartusiak, Marcia (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/radioactive-marie-and-pierre-curie--a-tale-of-love-and-fallout-by-lauren-redniss/2011/11/02/gIQANSMBDN_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie – A Tale of Love and Fallout" by Lauren Redniss"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/radioactive-marie-and-pierre-curie--a-tale-of-love-and-fallout-by-lauren-redniss/2011/11/02/gIQANSMBDN_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%22Radioactive%3A+Marie+%26+Pierre+Curie+%E2%80%93+A+Tale+of+Love+and+Fallout%22+by+Lauren+Redniss&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.aulast=Bartusiak&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fradioactive-marie-and-pierre-curie--a-tale-of-love-and-fallout-by-lauren-redniss%2F2011%2F11%2F02%2FgIQANSMBDN_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matteucci-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matteucci_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307213458/http://accademiaxl.it/en/awards/120-medaglia-matteucci.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Matteucci" Medal"</a>. <i>Accademia Nazionale delle Scienza</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accademiaxl.it/en/awards/120-medaglia-matteucci.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accademia+Nazionale+delle+Scienza&rft.atitle=%22Matteucci%22+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accademiaxl.it%2Fen%2Fawards%2F120-medaglia-matteucci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Curie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Curie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/marie-and-pierre-curie-and-the-discovery-of-polonium-and-radium">NobelPrize.org: History of Pierre and Marie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/summary/">Pierre Curie's Nobel prize</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/5">Pierre Curie</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37463#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 6 June 1905 <i>Radioactive Substances, Especially Radium</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/pierre.htm">Biography American Institute of Physics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216035509/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/pierre.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828135517/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FCurie%2C+Pierre">Annotated bibliography for Pierre Curie from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302000827/http://alsos.wlu.edu/"><i>Alsos Digital Library closure</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020225619/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/membres/in_memoriam/Curie/Curie_publi.htm">Curie's publication in French Academy of Sciences papers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie"> Marie</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Pierre</a> Curie</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques Curie</a> (Pierre's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Park" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Island" title="Curie Island">Curie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Lublin)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Lublin)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Downtown,_Warsaw)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Downtown, Warsaw)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Ochota)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Ochota)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Gargoyle" title="Marie Curie Gargoyle">Marie Curie Gargoyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a></i> (1943 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a></i> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (France)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Curie</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> (Poland/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><b>1903 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="Template:People whose names are used in chemical element names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as SI units">Scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_non_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units">non SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Physical constants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121022362">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71443748">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/148275/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYqqtGChCHhhPB9thmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118677527">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85804237">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12233528w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12233528w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620545">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Curie, Pierre <1859-1906>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/GEAV014283">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35407566">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001573&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1242914">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069592691">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072142&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000128926&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201624429">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq4682wb39fbk97">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546457005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279308105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529701706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=129287">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:curie.pierre">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/269083">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3532d9c4-90d2-4cca-a3e0-5f55fd1cf6e6">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/941840">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118677527.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118677527">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031040470">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p9535h">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&oldid=1258961431">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curie&oldid=1258961431</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_births" title="Category:1859 births">1859 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