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id="toc-City_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>City walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>City structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>First phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Second phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Third phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Palaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin,_Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Dynasties_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin,_Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Dynasties_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin,_Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Dynasties_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui_and_Tang_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui_and_Tang_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sui and Tang periods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sui_and_Tang_periods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sui and Tang periods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sui_and_Tang_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Layout of the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pools,_streams,_and_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pools,_streams,_and_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pools, streams, and canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pools,_streams,_and_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_and_events_during_the_Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_and_events_during_the_Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Locations and events during the Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_and_events_during_the_Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southwestern_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwestern_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Southwestern Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwestern_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Central_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Central_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>South Central Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Central_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeastern_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeastern_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Southeastern Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeastern_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Central_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Central_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>West Central Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Central_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Central Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Central_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Central_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>East Central Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Central_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwestern_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwestern_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Northwestern Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwestern_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Central_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Central_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>North Central Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Central_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Chang'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Chang'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.9</span> <span>Northeastern Chang'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Chang'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.10</span> <span>West Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.11</span> <span>West Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daming_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daming_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.12</span> <span>Daming Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daming_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.13</span> <span>East Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tallies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tallies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.14</span> <span>Tallies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tallies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citywide_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citywide_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.15</span> <span>Citywide events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citywide_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chang'an</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تشانغآن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشانغآن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anqan" title="Çanqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çanqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%B4ng-an" title="Tiông-an – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiông-an" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྲང་ཨན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྲང་ཨན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchang-an" title="Čchang-an – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čchang-an" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%E2%80%99an" title="Chang’an – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chang’an" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88angano" title="Ĉangano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉangano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%86" title="چانگ‌آن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چانگ‌آن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%88" title="장안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չանան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չանան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8" title="चांगआन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चांगआन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩანანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تشانجآن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشانجآن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an_(stad)" title="Chang'an (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chang'an (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" title="長安 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長安" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%E2%80%99an" title="Chang’an – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chang’an" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changan" title="Changan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Changan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чанъань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чанъань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%82%27%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="චං'ආන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චං'ආන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cangan" title="Čangan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čangan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="چانگان (پایتەختی ھان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چانگان (پایتەختی ھان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chang'an" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ฉางอาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฉางอาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ang%27an" title="Çang'an – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çang'an" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%27%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чан'ань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чан'ань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%86" title="چانگ آن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چانگ آن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_An" title="Trường An – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường An" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" title="長安 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="長安" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" title="長安 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長安" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长安" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chang%27an&params=34_18_30_N_108_51_30_E_type:city_region:CN-SN-01"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°51′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.30833°N 108.85833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.30833; 108.85833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient capital city of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chang'an (disambiguation)">Chang'an (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chang%27an&params=34_18_30_N_108_51_30_E_type:city_region:CN-SN-01"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°51′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.30833°N 108.85833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.30833; 108.85833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Yide%27s_tomb,_towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg/300px-Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg/450px-Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg/600px-Prince_Yide%27s_tomb%2C_towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Que_(tower)" title="Que (tower)">Que</a></i> towers along the walls of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>-era Chang'an, as depicted in this eighth-century mural from <a href="/wiki/Li_Chongrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Chongrun">Li Chongrun</a>'s (682–701) tomb at the <a href="/wiki/Qianling_Mausoleum" title="Qianling Mausoleum">Qianling Mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chang'an is located in Northern China"><img alt="Chang'an is located in Northern China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/300px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/450px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/600px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.94%;left:29.292%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chang'an"><img alt="Chang'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:#FFFFDD">Chang'an</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" title="File:China Northern Plain relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Chang'an within north-central China</div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chang'an</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">長安</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">长安</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Perpetual Peace"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Zh-Changan.ogg\/Zh-Changan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Ch\u00e1ng'\u0101n"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-Changan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Zh-Changan.ogg/Zh-Changan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Cháng'ān</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-Changan.ogg" title="File:Zh-Changan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄔㄤˊ ㄢ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Charng-an</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Ch'ang<sup>2</sup>-an<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Cháng-an</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋ.án]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chèuhng-ōn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Coeng4-on1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰœŋ˩.ɔn˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tn̂g-an (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">col.</a>)<br />Tiông-an (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">lit.</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">ɖɨang-'an</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chang'an</b> (<span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋ.án]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Zh-Changan.ogg\/Zh-Changan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-Changan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Zh-Changan.ogg/Zh-Changan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-Changan.ogg" title="File:Zh-Changan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">長安</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">长安</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Cháng'ān</span></i>) is the traditional name of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> and was the capital of several Chinese dynasties, ranging from 202 BCE to 907 CE. The site has been inhabited since <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times, during which the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a>, in what is now the city's suburbs. Furthermore, in the northern vicinity of modern Xi'an, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, China's first emperor, held his imperial court and constructed his massive mausoleum guarded by the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>. </p><p>From its capital at <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, the Qin dynasty ruled a larger area than either of the preceding dynasties. The imperial city of Chang'an during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> was located northwest of today's Xi'an. During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the area that came to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a substantial part of its southern suburbs. Thus, Tang Chang'an was eight times the size of the Ming Xi'an, which was reconstructed upon the site of the former imperial quarters of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and Tang city. During its heyday, Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> in the world. Around AD 750, Chang'an was called a "million-man city" in Chinese records, with modern estimates putting it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the census in 742 recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, 362,921 families with 1,960,188 persons were counted in <a href="/wiki/Jingzhao" title="Jingzhao">Jingzhao</a> <a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">京兆府</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> including small cities in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Han_period">Han period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Han period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HanHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HanHorse.jpg/200px-HanHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HanHorse.jpg/300px-HanHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HanHorse.jpg/400px-HanHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> horse head from the Han dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The Han capital was located 3 km northwest of modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. As the capital of the Western Han, it was the political, economic and cultural center of China. It was also the eastern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and a cosmopolitan metropolis. It was a consumer city, a city whose existence was not primarily predicated upon manufacturing and trade, but rather boasted such a large population because of its role as the political and military center of China. By 2 AD, the population was 246,200 in 80,000 households.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This population consisted mostly of the scholar gentry class whose education was being sponsored by their wealthy aristocratic families. In addition to these civil servants there was a larger underclass to serve them. </p><p>Initially, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a> decided to build his capital at the area south of Luo River, which according to Chinese geography was in modern <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. This location was the site of the holy city <a href="/wiki/Chengzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengzhou">Chengzhou</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a>. However, the strategic military value of a capital located in the Wei Valley became the deciding factor for locating the new capital. To this end, it is recorded c 200 BC he forcibly relocated thousands of clans in the military aristocracy to this region.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose was twofold. First, it kept all potential rivals close to the new Emperor, and second, it allowed him to redirect their energy toward defending the capital from invasion by the nearby <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. His adviser Liu Jing described this plan as weakening the root while strengthening the branch. </p><p>After the necessary political structure was set up, the area of the capital was divided into three prefectures and construction began. At its founding in 195 BC, the population of Changan was 146,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> was dispatched westward into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Subsequently, Chang'an city became the Asian gateway to Europe as the point of departure of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. On 4 October 23 AD, Chang'an was captured and sacked during a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BClin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lülin">peasant rebellion</a>. The emperor, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> was killed and decapitated by the rebels two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-Hymes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Western Han period, the Eastern Han government settled on <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> as the new capital. Chang'an was therefore also sometimes referred to as the Western Capital or Xijing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西京</span></span>) in some Han dynasty texts. In 190 AD during late Eastern Han, the court was seized and relocated back to Chang'an by the notorious Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhuo" title="Dong Zhuo">Dong Zhuo</a>, as it was a strategically superior site against the mounting insurgency formed against him. After Dong's death (192) the capital was moved back to Luoyang in August 196, and to <a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a> in autumn 196.<sup id="cite_ref-2006dict36_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006dict36-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Chang'an was already regarded as the symbolic site of supreme power and governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_walls">City walls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: City walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Xi%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/300px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/450px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/600px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the history of city walls of Xi'an from Zhou dynasty to Qing dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 25.7 km long city wall was initially 3.5 m wide at the base tapering upward 8 m for a top width of 2 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Culture,_P.R_2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture,_P.R_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond this wall, a 6.13 m wide moat with a depth of 4.62 m was spanned by 13.86 m long stone bridges. The wall was later expanded to 12–16 m at base and 12 m high. The moat was expanded to 8 m wide and 3 m deep. The expansion of the wall was likely a solution to flooding from the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a>. The entire city was sited below the 400 m <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour line</a> which the Tang dynasty used to mark the edge of the floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelve gates with three gateways each, according with the ritual formulas of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning" title="Ancient Chinese urban planning">Zhou dynasty urban planning</a>, pierced the wall. These gates were distributed three a side and from them eight 45 m wide main avenues extended into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Culture,_P.R_2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture,_P.R_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These avenues were also divided into three lanes aligned with the three gateways of each gate. The lanes were separated by median strips planted with pine, elm, and <a href="/wiki/Scholar_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar tree">scholar trees</a>. Bachengmen Avenue was an exception with a width of 82 m and no medians.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the gates opened directly into the palaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_structure">City structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: City structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall form of the city was an irregular rectangle. The ideal square of the city had been twisted into the form of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Big Dipper</a> for astrological reasons, and also to follow the bank of the Wei River. The eight avenues divided the city into nine districts. These nine main districts were subdivided into 160 walled 1×1 <i>li</i> wards.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 50–100 families lived in each ward. Historically, Chang'an grew in four phases: the first from 200 to 195 BC when the palaces were built; the second 195–180 BC when the outer city walls were built; the third between 141 and 87 BC with a peak at 100 BC; and the fourth from 1 BC–24 AD when it was destroyed. </p><p>The Xuanpingmen gate was the main gate between the city and the suburbs. The district north of the <a href="/wiki/Weiyang_Palace" title="Weiyang Palace">Weiyang Palace</a> was the most exclusive. The main market, called the Nine Markets, was the eastern economic terminus of the Silk Road. Access to the market was from the Northeast and Northwest gates, which were the most heavily used by the common people. The former connect with a bridge over the Wei River to the northern suburbs and the latter connected with the rest of China to the east. An intricate network of underground passages connected the imperial harem with other palaces and the city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These passages were controlled by underground gatehouses and their existence was unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_phase">First phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 200 BC after marking the boundaries of the three prefectures, which comprised the metropolitan region of <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> appointed Xiao He to design and build the new capital. He chose to site the city on ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> Apex Temple (formerly, Xin Palace). This old Qin palace was meant to be the earthly mirror of Polaris, the apex star, where the heavenly emperor resided. This site thus represented the center of the earth lying under the center of heaven with an <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a> running upward from the imperial throne to its heavenly counterpart. The ruins were greatly expanded to 7×7 <i>li</i> in size and renamed <a href="/wiki/Changle_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle Palace">Changle Palace</a> (<span lang="zh">长乐宫</span>; <span lang="zh">長樂宮</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chánglègōng</span></i>). Two years later, a new palace called <a href="/wiki/Weiyang_Palace" title="Weiyang Palace">Weiyang Palace</a> (<span lang="zh">未央宮</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wèiyānggōng</span></i>) was constructed 5×7 <i>li</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> convinced Liu Bang that both the excessive size and multiplicity of palaces was necessary to secure his rule by creating a spectacle of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_phase">Second phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg/260px-Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg/390px-Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg/520px-Chang_Le_Gong_and_Wei_Yang_Gong_by_Bi_Yuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qing-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing-era">Qing-era</a> map of Weiyang and Chang'an Palace</figcaption></figure><p>In 195 BC, his son, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Emperor Hui of Han</a> began the construction of the walls of Chang'an and finished them in September 191 BC. The grid north of the palaces was built at this time with a 2° difference in alignment to the grid of the palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city remained quite static after this expansion. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_phase">Third phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> began a third phase of construction which peaked on 100 BC with the construction of many new palaces. He also added the nine temples complex south of the city, and built the park. In 120 BC, Shanglin Park, which had been used for agriculture by the common people since Liu Bang was sealed off, was turned into an imperial park again. In the center of the park was a recreation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_fairy_islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three fairy islands (page does not exist)">three fairy islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Lake" title="Kunming Lake">Kunming Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces">Palaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Changle Palace</b> (<span lang="zh">长乐宫</span>; <span lang="zh">長樂宮</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chánglègōng</span></i>) Also called the East Palace. It was built atop the ruins of Qin dynasty Apex Temple (<span lang="zh">Xingōng</span>). After Liu Bang it was used as the residence of the Empress Regent. The 10,000 m wall surrounded a square 6 km<sup>2</sup> complex. Important halls of the palace included: Linhua Hall, Changxin Hall, Changqiu Hall, Yongshou Hall, Shenxian Hall, Yongchang Hall, and the Bell Room.</li> <li><b>Weiyang Palace</b> (<span lang="zh">未央宮</span>; <a href="/wiki/Weiyang_Palace" title="Weiyang Palace">Wèiyāng Gōng</a>) Also known as the West Palace. The official center of government from Emperor Huidi onwards. The palace was a walled rectangle 2250×2150 m enclosing a 5 km<sup>2</sup> building complex of 40 halls. There were four gates in the wall facing a cardinal direction. The east gate was used only by nobility and the north one only by commoners. The palace was sited along the highest portion of the <a href="/wiki/Ridgeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridgeline">ridgeline</a> on which Chang'an was built. In, fact the Front Hall at the center of the palace was built atop the exact highest point of the ridge. The foundation terrace of this massive building is 350×200×15 m. Other important halls are: Xuanshi Hall, Wenshi Hall, Qingliang Hall, Qilin Hall, Jinhua Hall, and Chengming Hall. Used by seven dynasties this palace has become the most famous in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a>.</li> <li><b>Gui Palace</b> (<span lang="zh">桂宫</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guigōng</span></i>) Built as an extension of the harem built in 100 BC</li> <li><b>North Palace</b> (<span lang="zh">北宮</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Běigōng</span></i>) A ceremonial center built in 100 BC</li> <li><b>Mingguang Palace</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明光宫</span></span>) Built as a guesthouse in 100 BC</li> <li><b>Epang Palace</b> (<span lang="zh">阿房宮</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ēpánggōng</span></i>)</li> <li><b>Jianzhang Palace</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">建章宫</span></span>) Built in 104 BC in Shanglin Park. It was a rectangle 20×30 <i>li</i> with a tower 46 m high. The name means palace of establishing eternal rules.</li> <li>Boliang Terrace</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jin,_Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Dynasties_period"><span id="Jin.2C_Sixteen_Kingdoms_and_Northern_Dynasties_period"></span>Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chang'an was briefly the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin dynasty</a> from 312 to 316. It was also the capital of <a href="/wiki/Former_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Zhao">Former Zhao</a> (318–329), <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> (351–385) and <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> (384–417). In 417, a century after the Western Jin lost Chang'an, the city was reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> in 420. The city was lost to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> by 439. When Northern Wei split in two, Chang'an became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a> (535–557), and also of its successor state <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> (557–581). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sui_and_Tang_periods">Sui and Tang periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sui and Tang periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg/350px-Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg/525px-Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg/700px-Chang%27an_of_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Map of Chang'an during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sui and Tang empires occupied the same location. In 582, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> sited a new region southeast of the much ruined Han dynasty Chang'an to build his new capital, which he called Daxing (<span lang="zh">大興</span>; 'Great prosperity'). Daxing was renamed Chang'an in the year 618 when the Duke of Tang, Li Yuan, proclaimed himself the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a>. Chang'an during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) was, along with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, one of the largest cities in the world. It was a cosmopolitan urban center with considerable foreign populations from other parts of Asia and beyond. This new Chang'an was laid out on a north–south axis in a grid pattern, dividing the enclosure into 108 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a> and featuring two large <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplaces</a>, in the east and west respectively. Every day, administrators of the two marketplaces would beat gongs three hundred times in the morning and evening to signify the start and stop of business. People who lived in the wards were not allowed to go outside after curfew. Officials with higher ranking had the privilege to live closer to the central avenue. Chang'an's layout influenced the city planning of several other Asian capitals for many years to come. Chang'an's walled and gated wards were much larger than conventional city blocks seen in modern cities, as the smallest ward had a surface area of 68 acres, and the largest ward had a surface area of 233 acres (0.94 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-benn_50_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_50-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the walls enclosing each ward were on average 9 to 10 ft (3.0 m) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_50_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_50-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese built their ancient capitals, <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>) and later <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, modeled after Chang'an in a more modest scale, yet was never fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_92_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Kyoto still retains some characteristics of Sui-Tang Chang'an. Similarly, the Korean <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> dynasty modeled their capital of <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a> after the Chinese capital. <a href="/wiki/Shangjing_Longquanfu" title="Shangjing Longquanfu">Sanggyeong</a>, one of the five capitals of the state of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, was also laid out like Chang'an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_of_the_city">Layout of the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Layout of the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg/200px-Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg/300px-Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg/400px-Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Giant Wild Goose Pagoda">Giant Wild Goose Pagoda</a>, built in 652 AD, located in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Southeastern_Chang'an">southeast sector</a> of Chang'an.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Tang, the main exterior walls of Chang'an rose 18 ft (5.5 m) high, were 5 mi (8.0 km) by six miles in length, and formed a city in a rectangular shape, with an inner surface area of 30 sq mi (78 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_47_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas to the north that jutted out like appendages from the main wall were the West Park, the smaller East Park, and the <a href="/wiki/Daming_Palace" title="Daming Palace">Daming Palace</a>, while the southeasternmost extremity of the main wall was built around the Serpentine River Park that jutted out as well. The West Park walled off and connected to the West Palace (guarded behind the main exterior wall) by three gates in the north, the walled-off enclosure of the Daming Palace connected by three gates in the northeast, the walled-off East Park led in by one gate in the northeast, and the Serpentine River Park in the southeast was simply walled off by the main exterior wall, and open without gated enclosures facing the southeasternmost city blocks. There was a Forbidden Park to the northwest outside of the city, where there was a <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pear_Garden" title="Pear Garden">Pear Garden</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a>, and fields for playing popular sports such as horse <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a></i> (ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">football</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the northwest section of the main outer wall there were three gates leading out to the Forbidden Park, three gates along the western section of the main outer wall, three gates along the southern section of the main outer wall, and three gates along the eastern section of the main outer wall.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the city had many different streets and roads passing between the wards, city blocks, and buildings, there were distinct major roads (lined up with the nine gates of the western, southern, and eastern walls of the city) that were much wider avenues than the others.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were six of these major roads that divided the city into nine distinct gridded sectors (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Locations_and_events">listed below</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal direction</a>). The narrowest of these streets were 82 ft (25 m) wide, those terminating at the gates of the outer walls being 328 ft (100 m) wide, and the largest of all, the Imperial Way that stretched from the central southern gate all the way to the Administrative City and West Palace in the north, was 492 ft (150 m) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_48_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streets and roads of these widths allowed for efficient fire breaks in the city of Chang'an. For example, in 843, a large fire consumed 4,000 homes, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a>, and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city was at a safe distance from the blaze (which was largely <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantined</a> in East Central Chang'an).<sup id="cite_ref-benn_48_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizens of Chang'an were also pleased with the government once the imperial court ordered the planting of <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit trees</a> along all of the avenues of the city in 740.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_49_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pools,_streams,_and_canals"><span id="Pools.2C_streams.2C_and_canals"></span>Pools, streams, and canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pools, streams, and canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/200px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/300px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG/400px-Xi%27anwildgoosepagoda2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Small_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Small Wild Goose Pagoda">Small Wild Goose Pagoda</a>, built in 709 AD, damaged by an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> in 1556 but still standing, in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Central_Chang'an">central sector</a> of Chang'an.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the West Park was a running stream and within the walled enclosure of the West Palace were two running streams, one connecting three ponds and another connecting two ponds. The small East Park had a pond the size of those in the West Palace. The <a href="/wiki/Daming_Palace" title="Daming Palace">Daming Palace</a> and the Xingqing Palace (along the eastern wall of the city) had small lakes to boast. The Serpentine River Park had a large lake within its bounds that was bigger than the latter two lakes combined, connected at the southern end by a river that ran under the main walls and out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were five transport and sanitation <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> running throughout the city, which had several water sources, and delivered water to city parks, gardens of the rich, and the grounds of the imperial palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_49_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources of water came from a stream running through the Forbidden Park and under the northern city wall, two running streams from outside the city in the south, a stream that fed into the pond of the walled East Park, which in turn fed into a canal that led to the inner city. These canal waterways in turn streamed water into the ponds of the West Palace; the lake in the Xingqing Palace connected two canals running through the city. The canals were also used to transport crucial goods throughout the city, such as <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and firewood in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_49_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations_and_events_during_the_Tang_dynasty">Locations and events during the Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Locations and events during the Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southwestern_Chang'an"><span id="Southwestern_Chang.27an"></span>Southwestern Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southwestern Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the southwest sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xix_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xix-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>15 walled and gated wards</li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a></li> <li>14 <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Family shrines</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Inns" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">Inn</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Graveyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Graveyard">Graveyard</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a> where the owner carefully <a href="/wiki/Exhume" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhume">exhumed</a> and reburied the remains of a long-dead military general because the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> was too close to the home's <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouse</a>.</li> <li>A large wooden <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pagoda">Chinese pagoda</a> tower that once stood at a monastery in this sector of the city, which held the supposed '<a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s teeth' brought by a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> who traveled from India. After it was built in 611 by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>, the tower stood at a height of 330 ft (100 m) tall (90 ft. taller than the brick-constructed Giant Wild Goose Pagoda) and 120 paces in circumference; it no longer stands.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_62_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_62-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Central_Chang'an"><span id="South_Central_Chang.27an"></span>South Central Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: South Central Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg/200px-Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg/300px-Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg/400px-Gilt_hexagonal_silver_plate_with_a_feilian_beast_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Tang era <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> plate with a Fei Lian beast pattern, found from a 1970 excavation in Xi'an.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Locations and events in the south central sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xix_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xix-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>20 walled and gated wards</li> <li>3 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>7 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>11 Family shrines</li> <li>1 Inn</li> <li>An event in 815 where <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassins</a> murdered <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a> Wu as he was leaving the eastern gate of the northeasternmost ward in south central Chang'an; the event took place just before dawn.</li> <li>An event in 849 where an imperial prince was impeached from his position by officials at court for erecting a building that obstructed a street in the northwesternmost ward in south central Chang'an.</li> <li>The infamous rebel <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a>'s garden</li> <li>A garden with a <a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">pavilion</a> where <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate students</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Advanced Scholar's Exam</a> could hold '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peony_parties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peony parties (page does not exist)">peony parties</a>'.</li> <li>A walled ward with an empty field; in the seventh century it was originally a place where <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> could be sold, but the entire ward was eventually transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a> ground for <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbowmen</a> to practice.</li> <li>A special garden that provided food for the imperial <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>'s household.</li> <li>A government garden that supplied pear-blossom <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, amongst other natural goods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeastern_Chang'an"><span id="Southeastern_Chang.27an"></span>Southeastern Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southeastern Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the southeast sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xix_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xix-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>13 walled and gated wards</li> <li>9 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>3 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>5 Family shrines</li> <li>2 Inns</li> <li>1 Graveyard</li> <li>The Serpentine River Park, which had one of the Buddhist monasteries and one of the family shrines of the southeastern sector of the city within its grounds.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Medicinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal">medicinal</a> garden for the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> was located in a northern walled ward of this southeast sector of the city. A <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a> shop stood by the north gate of the same ward, along with the site of an ancient shrine where citizens came every third day of the third moon and ninth day of the ninth month.</li> <li>A ward to the north of this southeast city sector had half of its area designated as a graveyard.</li> <li>A purportedly <a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">haunted house</a></li> <li>A large monastery with ten <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> and 1897 <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bays</a>; this monastery was home to the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Giant Wild Goose Pagoda">Giant Wild Goose Pagoda</a> (built in 652), which still stands today at a height of 64 m tall. Graduate students of the Advanced Scholars Exam would come here to this monastery in order to inscribe their names. This same city ward also had a large <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bathhouse</a>, an entertainment <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plaza</a>, an additional monastery which had its own pond, and a mansion that had its own bathhouse.</li> <li>A ward with another garden pavilion for graduate students to hold their 'peony parties'.</li> <li>An inn that was attached to the rapid relay <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a> grove where graduate students could celebrate their success with <a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">feasts</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Central_Chang'an"><span id="West_Central_Chang.27an"></span>West Central Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: West Central Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/200px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/300px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/400px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A Tang era <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> ear cup with <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> design, found from a 1970 excavation in Xi'an.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Locations and events in the west central sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xv_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xv-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>11 walled and gated wards (including the large marketplace ward)</li> <li>22 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>2 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>2 Family shrines</li> <li>3 Large water ponds</li> <li>The West Market (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西市</span></span>); its surface area covered the size of two regular city wards, and was divided into 9 different <a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">city blocks</a>. It sported a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> that catered to tastes and styles popular then in medieval <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It had numerous <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wineshops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vendor" title="Vendor">vendors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> being the most popular), gruel, pastries, and cooked <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>. There was a <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">safety deposit firm</a> located here as well, along with government offices in the central city block that monitored <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> actions.</li> <li>The offices for Chang'an <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">County</a>, the western half of the city.</li> <li>The mansion of a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a>.</li> <li>The main office of Chang'an City's <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>.</li> <li>A bureau for managing the households of princes.</li> <li>An event in 613 where a family threw their gold into the <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a> of their mansion because they feared the city government would confiscate it.</li> <li>A firm that rented <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearses</a> and other equipment for <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerals</a>, along with hiring <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcists</a>.</li> <li>An event in 813 where a sow in a pig sty gave birth to a deformed piglet that had one head, three ears, two connected bodies, and eight different legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_54_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_54-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An event every day where the West Market (and East Market) would open at noon, announced by the 300 strikes on a loud drum, while the markets would close one hour and three quarters before dusk, the curfew signaled by the sound of 300 beats to a loud gong.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_55_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_55-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the official markets were closed for the night, small night markets in residential areas would then thrive with plenty of customers, despite government efforts in the year 841 to shut them down.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_55_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_55-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Chang'an"><span id="Central_Chang.27an"></span>Central Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the central sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>16 walled and gated wards</li> <li>17 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>6 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>1 Official temple</li> <li>3 Family shrines</li> <li>3 Locations for Provincial Transmission Offices</li> <li>3 Inns</li> <li>2 Graveyards</li> <li>A court for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese music">imperial musicians</a></li> <li>A minister's mansion that had a 'pavilion of automatic rain', that is, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> by the old Han dynasty invention of technician Ding Huan's (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 180 AD) <a href="/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (mechanical)">rotary fan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_33_233_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_33_233-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An event where a scholar was once injured on the head here by a cuju football, and out of pity for his plight, the emperor gave him a personal gift of twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a> of drinking <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a>.</li> <li>An event in 720 where the walls of one ward partially collapsed during a heavy storm.</li> <li>A mansion belonging to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Taiping" title="Princess Taiping">Princess Taiping</a> (died 713).</li> <li>An event where a <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarf</a> lady <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a> was said to provide the <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> of changing herself into a bamboo stalk and a skull.</li> <li>The main Capital Schools, which were the Sons of State Academy, the Grand Learning Academy, and Four Gates Academy.</li> <li>An assortment of other colleges for <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>.</li> <li>A ward that had the largest number of entertainment plazas in the city.</li> <li>A mansion home that was valued at 3 million Tang-era copper coins in the ninth century.</li> <li>Another mansion that had a pavilion of plastered walls covered with an <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herb</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Small_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Small Wild Goose Pagoda">Small Wild Goose Pagoda</a>, which still stands.</li> <li>A shop that sold fancy pastries</li> <li>The Pavilion of Buddha's Tooth, located in a monastery where graduate students of the Advanced Scholars Exam could enjoy their '<a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry feasts</a>' in honor of their academic success.</li> <li>A government-run <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> for casting <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>-coin <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a></li> <li>A small field for playing horse polo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Central_Chang'an"><span id="East_Central_Chang.27an"></span>East Central Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: East Central Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/200px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/300px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/400px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> jar with a pattern of dancing <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">horses</a>, found from a 1970 excavation in Xi'an.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Locations and events in the east central sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xvii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>11 walled and gated wards</li> <li>11 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>7 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>1 Family shrine</li> <li>1 Foreign place of worship (ex: <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a>, etc.)</li> <li>4 Locations for Provincial Transmission Offices</li> <li>3 Inns</li> <li>1 Graveyard</li> <li>1 Large water pond</li> <li>The East Market (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">東市</span></span>); like the West Market, this walled and gated marketplace had nine city blocks and a central block reserved for government offices that regulated trade and monitored the transactions of goods and services. There was a street with the <a href="/wiki/Street_name" title="Street name">name</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ironmonger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironmonger">Ironmongers</a>' Lane", plenty of pastry shops, taverns, and a seller of foreign <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>.</li> <li>The North Hamlet Many of the city's ordinary <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesans</a>, densely populated this quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara_Caroline_Williams_Blanchard_79_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara_Caroline_Williams_Blanchard_79-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>They had excellent table manners, polite mode of speech and behavior, and were reserved for entertaining the elite of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_64_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_64-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Offices of Wannian County, the eastern half of the city</li> <li>The main office of the Municipal <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li>The government bureau of the Directorate for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li>An event in 775 where a <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> Turk stabbed a man to death in broad daylight in the East Market before being arrested in the marketplace shortly after. However, his Uyghur chieftain named Chixin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">赤心</span></span>) or Red Heart broke into the county <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> and freed the murderous culprit, wounding several <a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">wardens</a> in the process.</li> <li>A mansion of a <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">princess</a> with a large polo playing field in the backyard</li> <li>An event where <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong of Tang</a> (r. 649–683) once held the wedding feast here for the marriage ceremony of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Taiping" title="Princess Taiping">Princess Taiping</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> of Toad Tumulus Ale.</li> <li>An event in 788 where a gang of four <a href="/wiki/Thief" class="mw-redirect" title="Thief">thieves</a> killed their arresting officer and fled the city.</li> <li>An event where the assassins of Chancellor Wu hid in the bamboo groves of a mansion in this sector of the city after the murder.</li> <li>A Buddhist monastery with an entertainment plaza</li> <li>A home of a 'face reader' (<a href="/wiki/Physiognomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiognomist">physiognomist</a>) where daily flocks of people came to have their fortunes told.</li> <li>A mansion bestowed by the emperor to <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> (who became the most infamous rebel during the Tang era) in 750 that was converted into a Buddhist abbey after his demise. There was also a garden in a separate ward designated for An Lushan.</li> <li>A mansion of a high-ranking general in the mid-8th century that was recorded to have 3,000 inhabitants of the extended family living on the premises.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> Fire-Temple</li> <li>An event where the imperial court demoted an official because it was discovered that he had assembled a large number of female entertainers here in a dwelling that was not his home.</li> <li>An event in the ninth century where three <a href="/wiki/Maidservant" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidservant">maidservants</a> committed suicide by leaping into a well and drowning once they heard the rebel <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ransack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ransack">ransacking</a> their mistress's mansion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwestern_Chang'an"><span id="Northwestern_Chang.27an"></span>Northwestern Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northwestern Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the northwest sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xv_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xv-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>12 walled and gated city wards</li> <li>27 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>10 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>1 Official Temple</li> <li>1 Family shrine</li> <li>6 Foreign places of worship (Ex: Church, synagogue, etc.)</li> <li>1 Inn</li> <li>1 Graveyard</li> <li>The military <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> for the Divine Strategy Army.</li> <li>A shrine for <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>'s father</li> <li>Three Zoroastrian Fire-Temples</li> <li>Three Persian <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christian">Nestorian-Christian</a> churches of worship</li> <li>The office of the Inexhaustible <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li>An event in 828 where a eunuch commanded fifty <a href="/wiki/Wrestler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler">wrestlers</a> to arrest 300 commoners over a land dispute, whereupon a <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> broke out in the streets.</li> <li>The home of An Jinzang, who cut his belly open with a knife in order to defend <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ruizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ruizong of Tang">Emperor Ruizong of Tang</a> against charges of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.</li> <li>A mansion of Princess Anle</li> <li>The Inexhaustible Treasury; in 713, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a> liquidated the highly lucrative Inexhaustible Treasury, which was run by a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an. This monastery collected vast amounts of money, silk, and treasures through multitudes of anonymous rich people's repentances, leaving the donations on the premises without providing their name. Although the monastery was generous in donations, Emperor Xuanzong issued a decree abolishing their treasury on grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent, collected their riches, and distributed the wealth to various other Buddhist monasteries, Taoist abbeys, and to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Central_Chang'an"><span id="North_Central_Chang.27an"></span>North Central Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: North Central Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the north central sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xv_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xv-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Large gated walls connected to the West Palace and the main outer walls of the city</li> <li>24 walled and gated wards</li> <li>14 Different <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">armed guard units</a> in 6 different wards</li> <li>The August Enceintes; this large walled compound of 24 wards was the Administrative City, where the various offices and main bureaus of the central government were located (in front of the southern walls of the lavish West Palace).</li> <li>The headquarters for the Service for Supreme Justice (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme court</a>).</li> <li>The Imperial <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a></li> <li>An event in 713 where a large <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> was held along the main avenue lined against the southern wall of the West Palace</li> <li>The Imperial <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> fields for horses</li> <li>The government halls for civil and military examinations</li> <li>The Imperial ancestral shrine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeastern_Chang'an"><span id="Northeastern_Chang.27an"></span>Northeastern Chang'an</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northeastern Chang'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Locations and events in the northeast sector of the city included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xv_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xv-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>14 walled and gated wards</li> <li>13 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>4 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>1 Family shrine</li> <li>3 Locations for Provincial Transmission Offices</li> <li>1 Inn</li> <li>The Xingqing Palace; once a Buddhist monastery, it was converted to an Imperial palace in the early eighth century. Within the walled and gated grounds there was a large lake, two streams, an <a href="/wiki/Aloeswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloeswood">aloeswood</a> pavilion, and an archery hall.</li> <li>A large <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> park where officials visiting the Daming Palace could safely leave their <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicles</a> for the day.</li> <li>An entertainment ward in this sector that was considered to have the finest singers in the city, and another with the finest dancers.During the Tang Dynasty, this institution was called "Jiaofang(教坊)" and hired singing courtesans and dancing courtesans to provide performances.The institution also hired male musicians to perform music.<sup id="cite_ref-beverly_bossler_pp._71-99_(29_pages)_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beverly_bossler_pp._71-99_(29_pages)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An event where <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Empress Wu</a> once donated one of her <a href="/wiki/Dressing_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing room">dressing rooms</a> to a monastery here</li> <li>An event where a eunuch who converted his mansion into a monastery held a feast where he demanded each guest to celebrate by striking the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>'s bell and donating 100,000 strings of cash.</li> <li>An event in 730 where <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> had four palace halls dismantled and reassembled as halls and gates for a Taoist abbey, the grounds of which was formally a large garden for the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Bureau of Agriculture</a>.</li> <li>A residence for princes in the ward forming the northeast corner of the city</li> <li>An event in 835 where palace troops captured rebel leaders in a tea shop that were planning a palace <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against the chief court eunuchs.</li> <li>An event in the early ninth century where the emperor spent 2 million strings of cash to purchase the former mansion of a venerated minister so that the dwelling could be returned to the minister's pious grandson.</li> <li>A mansion of Princess Tongchang that had a water well lined with a railing made of pure <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.</li> <li>A court for imperial musicians</li> <li>A large playing ground as a horse polo field</li> <li>An event in 756 where the occupying rebel <a href="/wiki/An_Shi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Shi Rebellion">An Lushan</a> ordered Sun Xiaozhe to have eighty three princesses, their husbands, and parties of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Guozhong" title="Yang Guozhong">Yang Guozhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Lishi" title="Gao Lishi">Gao Lishi</a> murdered at Zongren Fang in reprisal for his already executed son An Qingzong.</li> <li>A workshop for a maker of musical instruments</li> <li>An event where a renowned but drunken artist painted an entire mural in one night at the north gate of a Buddhist monastery in the southwesternmost ward of this city sector.</li> <li>A spot in the south central ward of this city sector where girls often played cuju football under a tree beside the road.</li> <li>A street where the emperor would organize public entertainments to celebrate his birthday</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Palace">West Palace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: West Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingyun_Bell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jingyun_Bell.JPG/200px-Jingyun_Bell.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jingyun_Bell.JPG/300px-Jingyun_Bell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jingyun_Bell.JPG/400px-Jingyun_Bell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The bronze <i>jingyun</i> bell cast in the year 711 AD, measuring 247 cm high and weighing 6,500 kg, now located at the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an">Bell Tower of Xi'an</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>The West Palace to the north included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An archery hall</li> <li>Polo grounds</li> <li>Elaborate Gardens</li> <li>Five large water ponds and three different streams</li> <li>A cuju football field</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum tower</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a></li> <li>The residence of the Crown Prince, dubbed the 'East Palace'</li> <li>The Flank Court, where women were <a href="/wiki/Incarcerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarcerate">incarcerated</a> for the crimes of their husbands and other menfolk of the family they remained loyal to.</li> <li>The school for palace ladies</li> <li>The Seat of the Eunuch Agency</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Park">West Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: West Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The West Park grounds included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A river stream</li> <li>Three gates leading into the West Palace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> pits for <a href="/wiki/Refrigerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerate">refrigerating</a> foods during the spring and summer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daming_Palace">Daming Palace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Daming Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The <a href="/wiki/Daming_Palace" title="Daming Palace">Daming Palace</a> grounds included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Double walled gates at the north end leading out of the city, and one walled gate at the south end leading into the city</li> <li>A large lake</li> <li>An archery hall</li> <li>A bathhouse</li> <li>A storehouse for musical instruments</li> <li>A drum tower</li> <li>A bell tower</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a> football field</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> for the actors and performers in the <a href="/wiki/Pear_Garden" title="Pear Garden">Pear Garden</a> Troupe</li> <li>A separate entertainment ward</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg/200px-Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg/300px-Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg/400px-Reconstructed_Danfeng_Men.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed Danfeng Gate, housing and conserving the on-site ruins of the original gate, of the Daming Palace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg/200px-Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg/300px-Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg/400px-Daming_Palace_Hanyuan_Hall_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>The ruin of Huanyuan Hall in Daming Palace</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Park">East Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: East Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The East Park grounds included</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A large pond</li> <li>Two streams (one leading into the park from under the wall, one feeding water into a city canal)</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">cuju</a> (traditional Chinese soccer) field</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tallies">Tallies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tallies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>For different buildings and locations in the entire city, the total numbers for each were</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>111 Buddhist monasteries</li> <li>41 Taoist abbeys</li> <li>38 family shrines</li> <li>2 official temples</li> <li>10 city wards having one or multiple provincial transmission offices</li> <li>12 inns</li> <li>6 graveyards</li> <li>7 official foreign-religion churches</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citywide_events">Citywide events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citywide events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citywide events of Chang'an include</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_149_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_149-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benn_150_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benn_151_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benn_152_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_152-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benn_153_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_153-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Festivals of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese holidays">traditional Chinese holidays</a> celebrated throughout the city (and empire) included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">New Year</a>; the grandest of all festivals, and a seven-day holiday period for government officials. Civil officials, military officers, and foreign emissaries gathered first in the early hours of the morning to attend a <a href="/wiki/Levee_(event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levee (event)">levee</a>, an occasion where omens, disasters, and blessings of the previous year would be reviewed, along with tribute of regional prefectures and foreign countries presented. It was also an opportunity for provincial governors to present their recommended candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>. Although festival ceremonies in Chang'an were lavish, rural people in the countryside celebrated privately at home with their families in age old traditions, such as drinking a special wine, Killing Ghosts and Reviving Souls wine, that was believed to cure illnesses in the following year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a>; a three-day festival held on the 14th, 15th, and 16th days of the first <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>. This was the only holiday where the government lifted its nightly curfew all across the city so that people could freely exit their wards and stroll about the main city streets to celebrate. Citizens attempted to outdo one another each year in the amount of lamps and the size of lamps they could erect in a grand display. By far the most prominent was the one in the year 713 erected at a gate in Chang'an by the recently abdicated <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ruizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ruizong of Tang">Emperor Ruizong of Tang</a>. His lantern wheel had a recorded height of 200 ft (61 m), the frame of which was draped in <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">gauze</a>, adorned with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> jewelry, and when it had its total of some 50,000 oil cups lit the radiance of it could be seen for miles.</li> <li>Lustration; this one-day festival took place on the third day of the third moon (dubbed the "double-three"), and traditionally was meant to dispel evil and wash away defilement in a river with scented aromatic <a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">orchis</a> plants. By the Tang era it had become a time of bawdy celebration, feasting, wine drinking, and writing poetry. The Tang court annually served up a special batch of <a href="/wiki/Deep_fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep fried">deep fried</a> pastries as dessert for the occasion, most likely served in the Serpentine River Park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Food_Festival" title="Cold Food Festival">Cold Food Festival</a>; this solar-based holiday on April 5 (concurrent with the <a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming Festival</a>) was named so because no fires were allowed to be lit for three days, hence no warmed or hot food. It was a time to respect one's ancestors by maintaining their tombs and offering sacrifices, while a <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnic</a> would be held later in the day. It was also a time for fun in outdoor activities, with amusement on <a href="/wiki/Swing_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing set">swing sets</a>, playing cuju football, horse polo, and <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a>. In the year 710, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhongzong of Tang">Emperor Zhongzong of Tang</a> had his chief ministers, sons-in-law, and military officers engage in a game of tug of war, and purportedly laughed when the oldest ministers fell over. The imperial throne also presented porridge to officials, and even dyed chicken and duck eggs, similar to the practice on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.</li> <li>Fifth Day of the Fifth Moon; this one-day holiday dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a> was held in honor of an ancient Chinese statesman <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340</span>-278 BC) from the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">State of Chu</a>. Ashamed that he could not save the dire affairs of his state or his king by offering good council, Qu Yuan leaped into a river and committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>; it was said that soon after many went out on the river in boats in a desperate attempt to rescue him if still alive. This act turned into a festive tradition of boarding a <a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">dragon boat</a> to race against other <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oarsmen</a>, and also to call out Qu's name, still in search of him. The type of food commonly eaten during the Tang period for this festival was either glutinous millet or rice wrapped in leaves and boiled.</li> <li>Seventh Night of the Seventh Moon; this was a one-day festival that was held in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">celestial</a> <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">love affair</a> with deities associated with the star <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Altair</a> (the male cow-herd deity) in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a> and the star <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> (the female weaver maid deity) in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a>. For this holiday, women prayed for the enhancement of their skills at sewing and weaving. In the early eighth century Tang servitors had erected a 100 ft (30 m) tall hall by knotting <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocades</a> to a bamboo frame and laid out fruits, ale, and roasts as offerings to the two stellar lovers. It was during this holiday that the emperor's <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> threaded <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> thread into needles with nine eyes, while facing the Moon themselves (in a ritual called "praying for skill [in sewing and weaving]").</li> <li>Fifteenth Day of the Seventh Moon; this holiday was called All Saints' Feast, developing from the legend <a href="/wiki/Mulian_Rescues_His_Mother" title="Mulian Rescues His Mother">Mulian Rescues His Mother</a>. in which the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> savior Mulian who had discovered his mother paying for her sinful ways while in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> filled with hungry ghosts. According to the tale, she starved there because any food that she put into her mouth would turn into charcoal. Then it was said that she told the Buddha to make an offering with his clergy on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, a virtuous act that would free seven generations of people from being hungry ghosts in Hell as well as people reborn as lower animals. After Mulian was able to save his own mother by offerings, Mulian convinced the Buddha to make the day into a permanent holiday. This holiday was an opportunity of Buddhist monasteries to flaunt their collected wealth and attract donors, especially by methods of drawing crowds with dramatic spectacles and performances.</li> <li>Fifteenth Day of the Eighth Moon; this festival (today simply called the Moon Festival or <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>), took place in mid autumn, and was designated as a three-day <a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">vacation</a> for government officials. Unlike the previous holiday's association with Buddhism, this holiday was associated with Taoism, specifically Taoist <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. There was a tale about a <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> on the moon who worked hard grinding <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">elixir</a> by using a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magician</a> escorted Emperor <a href="/wiki/Li_Longji" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Longji">Illustrious August</a> to the palace of the moon goddess across a silver bridge that was conjured up by him tossing his staff into the air. In the tale, on the fifteenth day of the eighth moon, the emperor viewed the performance of "Air of the Rainbow Robe and Feathered Skirt" by immortal maids. He memorized the music, and on his return to earth taught it to his performers. For people in Chang'an (and elsewhere), this holiday was a means for many to simply feast and drink for the night.</li> <li>Ninth Day of the Ninth Moon; this was a three-day holiday associated with the promotion of longevity (with <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a> as the main symbol). It was a holiday where many sought to have picnics out in the country, especially in higher elevated areas such as mountain sides. Without the ability to travel away to far off mountains, inhabitants of Chang'an simply held their feasts at the tops of pagodas or in the Serpentine River Park. Stems and leaves of chrysanthemum were added to <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> grains and were brewed for a year straight. On the same festival the following year, it was believed that drinking this ale would prolong one's life.</li> <li>The Last Day of the Twelfth Moon; on this holiday ale and fruit were provided as offerings to the god of the stove, after having Buddhist or Taoist priests recite scripture at one's own home (if one had the wealth and means). Offerings were made to the stove god because it was his responsibility to make annual reports to heaven on the good deeds or sins committed by the family in question. A family would do everything to charm the god, including hanging a newly painted portrait of the god on a piece of paper above their stove on New Years, which hung in the same position for an entire year. It was a common practice to rub in some <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> across the picture of the deities mouth, so that he would become drunk and far too <a href="/wiki/Inebriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Inebriated">inebriated</a> to make any sort of reasonably bad or negative report about the family to heaven.</li></ul></li> <li>Grand Carnivals; <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnivals</a> during the Tang period were lively events, with great quantities of eating, drinking, street <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a>, and sideshow acts in tents. Carnivals had no fixed dates or customs, but were merely celebrations bestowed by the emperor in the case of his generosity or special circumstances such as great military victories, abundant <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvests</a> after a long drought or famine, sacrifices to gods, or the granting of grand <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_155_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of carnival as a nationwide tradition was established long before the Tang by <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">Qin Shihuang</a> in the third century BC, upon his unification of China in 221.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_154_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_154-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 628 and 758, the imperial throne bestowed a total of sixty nine different carnivals, seventeen of which were held under <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Empress Wu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_155_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These carnivals generally lasted 3 days, and sometimes five, seven, or nine days (using odd numbers due so that the number of days could correspond with beliefs in the cosmos). The carnival grounds were usually staged in the wide avenues of the city, and smaller parties in attendance in the open plazas of Buddhist monasteries. However, in 713, a carnival was held in the large avenue running east to west between the West Palace walls and the government compounds of the administrative city, an open space that was 0.75 mi (1.21 km) long and 1,447 ft (441 m) wide, and was more secure since the guard units of the city were placed nearby and could handle crowd control of trouble arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_156_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_156-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnivals of the Tang dynasty featured large passing wagons with high poles were acrobats would climb and perform stunts for crowds. Large floats during the Tang, on great four-wheeled wagons, rose as high as five stories, called 'mountain carts' or 'drought boats'.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_157_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_157-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These superstructure vehicles were draped in silken flags and cloths, with bamboo and other wooden type frames, foreign musicians dressed in rich fabrics sitting on the top playing music, and the whole cart drawn by <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> that were covered in <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> skins and outfitted to look like <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>. An official in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Music_Bureau" title="Music Bureau">Music Bureau</a> in the early seventh century set to the task of composing the official music that was to be played in the grand carnival of the year. On some occasions the emperor granted prizes to those carnival performers he deemed to outshine the rest with their talents.</li> <li>In 682, a culmination of major droughts, floods, <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> plagues, and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a>, a widespread famine broke out in the dual Chinese capital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang. The scarcity of food drove the price of grain to unprecedented heights of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, while a once prosperous era under emperors Taizong and Gaozong ended on a sad note.<sup id="cite_ref-Benn_4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benn_4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XiAn_qujiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/XiAn_qujiang.jpg/200px-XiAn_qujiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/XiAn_qujiang.jpg/300px-XiAn_qujiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/XiAn_qujiang.jpg/400px-XiAn_qujiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A theme park of Tang Chang'an in Xi'an today</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg/200px-Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg/300px-Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg/400px-Shaanxi_History_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8158" data-file-height="3577" /></a><figcaption>Shaanxi History Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Chang'an was destroyed during its repeated sacking during the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> and several subsequent events. Chang'an was occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shi_Siming" title="Shi Siming">Shi Siming</a>, in 756; then taken back by the Tang government and allied troops in 757. In 763, Chang'an was briefly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. In 765, Chang'an was besieged by an alliance of the Tibetan Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>. Several laws enforcing segregation of foreigners from <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> were passed during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. In 779, the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uighurs</a> in the capital, Chang'an, to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 783 and 784, Chang'an was again occupied by rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Jingyuan_mutiny" title="Jingyuan mutiny">Jingyuan Rebellion</a>. </p><p>In 881, Chang'an was occupied by the rebel <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a>, who made it the seat of his Qi Dynasty. In 882, the Tang dynasty briefly regained control of Chang'an. However, the Tang forces, although welcomed by the inhabitants, looted Chang'an before being driven back by the forces of Huang Chao. In revenge, Huang Chao conducted a systematic slaughter of the inhabitants after retaking the city. Chang'an was finally retaken by the Tang government in 883. In 904, the warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quanzhong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Quanzhong">Zhu Quanzhong</a> ordered the city's buildings demolished and the construction materials moved to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, which became the new capital. The residents, together with the emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Zhaozong</a>, were also forced to move to Luoyang. Chang'an never recovered after the apex of the Tang dynasty, but there are some monuments from the Tang era still standing. </p><p>After Zhu Quanzhong moved the capital to Luoyang, the Youguo Governorate (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">佑國軍</span></span>) was established in Chang'an, with <a href="/wiki/Han_Jian_(Zhenguo_warlord)" title="Han Jian (Zhenguo warlord)">Han Jian</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">佑國軍節度使</span></span>). Han Jian rebuilt Chang'an on the basis of the old Imperial City. Much of Chang'an was abandoned and the rebuilt Chang'an, called "Xincheng (lit. new city)" by the contemporary people, was less than 1/16 of the old Chang'an in area.<sup id="cite_ref-薛平拴(Xue,_Pingshuan),_五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-薛平拴(Xue,_Pingshuan),_五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the city was overrun by nature and was used for agriculture. Then the northern and eastern city wall was expanded a little and the official name of the city was changed from <a href="/wiki/Jingzhao" title="Jingzhao">Jingzhao</a>, which means capital city, to Xi'an in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.worldhistory.org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.worldhistory.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning" title="Ancient Chinese urban planning">Ancient Chinese urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">List of cities in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Ming_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Ming Temple">Xi Ming Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xi%27an" title="History of Xi'an">History of Xi'an</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(a) Tertius Chandler, <i>Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census</i>, Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-207-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-207-0">0-88946-207-0</a>. (b) <a href="/wiki/George_Modelski" title="George Modelski">George Modelski</a>, <i>World Cities: –3000 to 2000</i>, Washington, D.C.: FAROS 2000, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9676230-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9676230-1-4">0-9676230-1-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywoodJotischkyMcGlynn1998" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ"><i>Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492</i></a>. Barnes & Noble. pp. 3.20, 3.31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1976-3"><bdi>978-0-7607-1976-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414153922/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQMUNgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Medieval+World%2C+AD+600-1492&rft.pages=3.20%2C+3.31&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1976-3&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jotischky%2C+Andrew&rft.au=McGlynn%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQMUNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Book of Tang</i>, vol. 41 (Zhi vol. 27) Geography 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schinz,_1996-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schinz,_1996_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schinz, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymes_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Hymes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hymes" title="Robert Hymes">Robert Hymes</a> (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11004-4&rft.au=Robert+Hymes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006dict36-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006dict36_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2006" class="citation book cs1">de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 35–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047411840" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047411840"><bdi>978-9047411840</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214153441/https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+%2823%E2%80%93220+AD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9047411840&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49OvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture,_P.R_2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culture,_P.R_2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture,_P.R_2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Culture, P.R. Chin (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_50-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_50_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_50_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_92-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_92_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_47-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_47_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xiv-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiv_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xiii-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xiii_13-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xviii-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xviii_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_48-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_48_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_48_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_49-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_49_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_49_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_49_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xix-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xix_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xix_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xix_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_62-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_62_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xv-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xv_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xv_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xv_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xv_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xvi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvi_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_xvii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_xvii_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_54-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_54_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_55-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benn_55_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benn_55_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_33_233-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_33_233_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 33, 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lara_Caroline_Williams_Blanchard_79-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lara_Caroline_Williams_Blanchard_79_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard,79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_64-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_64_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beverly_bossler_pp._71-99_(29_pages)-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beverly_bossler_pp._71-99_(29_pages)_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">beverly bossler,pp. 71-99 (29 pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_149-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_149_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_150-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_150_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_151-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_151_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_152-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_152_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_153-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_153_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_155-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benn_155_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benn_155_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_154-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_154_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_156-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_156_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_157-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_157_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn_4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benn_4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_H._Schafer1963" class="citation book cs1">Edward H. Schafer (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA22"><i>The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8"><bdi>0-520-05462-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616133428/http://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+golden+peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+a+study+of+T%CA%BBang+exotics&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-520-05462-8&rft.au=Edward+H.+Schafer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqAGIL02BWQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-薛平拴(Xue,_Pingshuan),_五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-薛平拴(Xue,_Pingshuan),_五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">薛平拴(Xue, Pingshuan), 五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.worldhistory.org-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.worldhistory.org_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Chang%27an/">"worldhistory.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123034405/https://www.worldhistory.org/Chang%27an/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=worldhistory.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FChang%2527an%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Benn, Charles (2002). <i>China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517665-0">0-19-517665-0</a>.</li> <li>Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4">0-618-13384-4</a>.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li>Ma, Dezhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105638/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=69443&Query=1">"Sui Daxing Tang Chang'an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i> (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.</li> <li>Rockhill (1899): <i>The Land of the Lamas: Notes of a Journey Through China, Mongolia and Tibet</i>. William Woodville Rockhill. Longmans, Green and Co., London. Reprint: Winsome Books, Delhi, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88043-34-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-88043-34-6">81-88043-34-6</a>.</li> <li>Xue, Pingshuan. 五代宋元时期古都长安商业的兴衰演变.</li> <li>Wang, Chongshu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100100/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=68928&Query=1">"Han Chang'an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an")</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i> (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102072741/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183H6233H12083.html">"Excavation of Changan"</a>, <i>cultural-china.com</i>, 2007, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183H6233H12083.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cultural-china.com&rft.atitle=Excavation+of+Changan&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F183H6233H12083.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Features2006" class="citation cs2">China Features (November 19, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521203258/http://en.0437.gov.cn/dispArticle.Asp?ID=895"><i>Archaeologists dig deep to revive 2,200 year-old ancient capital</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.0437.gov.cn/dispArticle.Asp?ID=895">the original</a> on May 21, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+dig+deep+to+revive+2%2C200+year-old+ancient+capital&rft.date=2006-11-19&rft.au=China+Features&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.0437.gov.cn%2FdispArticle.Asp%3FID%3D895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture,_P.R.China2003" class="citation cs2">Ministry of Culture, P.R.China (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320224204/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_36839.htm"><i>Site of Capital Chang'an of Hanl</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_36839.htm">the original</a> on 2014-03-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Site+of+Capital+Chang%27an+of+Hanl&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture%2C+P.R.China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaculture.org%2Fgb%2Fen_travel%2F2003-09%2F24%2Fcontent_36839.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schinz, Alfred (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC"><i>The magic square: cities in ancient China</i></a>. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1"><bdi>3-930698-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magic+square%3A+cities+in+ancient+China&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-930698-02-1&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhcRYkz-I3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Archaeology,_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences_(IA_CASS)2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Archaeology,_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a> (IA CASS) (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928042416/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/detail.asp?ProductID=957"><i>Underground Passages Reveal Power Struggle in Ancient Han Capital</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/detail.asp?ProductID=957">the original</a> on 2011-09-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Passages+Reveal+Power+Struggle+in+Ancient+Han+Capital&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences+%28IA+CASS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2Fdetail.asp%3FProductID%3D957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChang%27an" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lara Caroline Williams Blanchard (2001). <i>Visualizing Love and Longing in Song Dynasty Paintings of Women</i>. Oxford: University of Michigan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780493415574" title="Special:BookSources/9780493415574">9780493415574</a>.</li> <li>BEVERLY BOSSLER (JUNE 2012). <i>Vocabularies of Pleasure: Categorizing Female Entertainers in the Late Tang Dynasty</i>. Oxford: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 72, No. 1,Harvard-Yenching Institute.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thilo, Thomas (2016), "Chang'an: China's Gateway to the Silk Road", in: Lieu, Samuel N.C., & Mikkelsen, Gunner B., <i>Between Rome and China: History, Religions and Material Culture of the Silk Road</i> (Silk Road Studies, XVIII), Turnhout, 2016, p. 91–112</li> <li>Cotterell, Arthur (2007). <i>The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire</i>. Pimlico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-009-5">978-1-84595-009-5</a>. 304 pages.</li> <li>Schafer, Edward H. "The Last Years of Ch'ang'an". <i>Oriens Extremus</i> X (1963):133–179.</li> <li>Sirén, O. "Tch'angngan au temps des Souei et des T'ang". <i>Revue des Arts Asiatiques</i> 4 (1927):46–104.</li> <li>Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). <i>Chinese Imperial City Planning</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</li> <li>Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). <i>Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/xian/xian.html">Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chang%27an" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Chang'an">Chang'an</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ch%27ang-an" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ch'ang-an">Ch'ang-an</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Capital of China</a> </b><br />206 BCE – 25 CE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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