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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larvae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larvae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Larvae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larvae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>DNA repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption_by_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption_by_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consumption by humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption_by_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Crustacean: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaaldier" title="Skaaldier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skaaldier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قشريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قشريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngkimil%C9%99r" title="Xərçəngkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xərçəngkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kah-khak-l%C5%ABi" title="Kah-khak-lūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kah-khak-lūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%AB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҡыҫала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҫала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ракападобныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ракападобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ракообразни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ракообразни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovi" title="Rakovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rakovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresteneg" title="Kresteneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kresteneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacis" title="Crustacis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crustacis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Рак евĕрли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рак евĕрли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%BD%C5%A1i" title="Korýši – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korýši" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramennog" title="Cramennog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cramennog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebsdyr" title="Krebsdyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krebsdyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebstiere" title="Krebstiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krebstiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_bik%C3%A1g%C3%AD_dant%C5%82%CA%BCiz%C3%AD" title="Chʼosh bikágí dantłʼizí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh bikágí dantłʼizí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hilaadsed" title="Vähilaadsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vähilaadsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Καρκινοειδή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκινοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustacoj" title="Krustacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krustacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustazeo" title="Krustazeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krustazeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سخت‌پوستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخت‌پوستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustac%C3%A9s" title="Crustacés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crustacés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%BAstach" title="Crústach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crústach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust%C3%A1ceos" title="Crustáceos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crustáceos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%91%EA%B0%81%EB%A5%98" title="갑각류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갑각류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խեցգետնանմաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խեցգետնանմաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रस्टेशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रस्टेशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovi" title="Rakovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rakovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustaceo" title="Krustaceo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krustaceo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krustasea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Мыдзбырхуызтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыдзбырхуызтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbad%C3%BDr" title="Krabbadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krabbadýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סרטנאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטנאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustas%C3%A9a" title="Krustaséa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krustaséa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კიბოსნაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიბოსნაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шаянтәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шаянтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krestennek" title="Krestennek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Krestennek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegereka" title="Gegereka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gegereka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalikdar" title="Qalikdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qalikdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рак сымалдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рак сымалдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%93%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Рӓк ганьывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рӓк ганьывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93%C5%BEveid%C4%ABgie" title="Vēžveidīgie – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēžveidīgie" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriibsen" title="Kriibsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kriibsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97%C5%BEiagyviai" title="Vėžiagyviai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėžiagyviai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabechtige" title="Krabechtige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krabechtige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaseo" title="Crustaseo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Crustaseo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1kok" title="Rákok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rákok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ракови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ракови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്രസ്റ്റേഷ്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രസ്റ്റേഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قشريات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قشريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krustasea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeftachtigen" title="Kreeftachtigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kreeftachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwaarsloper" title="Dwaarsloper – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dwaarsloper" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="甲殻類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="甲殻類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraaben" title="Kraaben – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kraaben" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krepsdyr" title="Krepsdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krepsdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krepsdyr" title="Krepsdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krepsdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustac%C3%A8u" title="Crustacèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crustacèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqoleeyyii_(Crustacean)" title="Soqoleeyyii (Crustacean) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Soqoleeyyii (Crustacean)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisqichbaqasimonlar" title="Qisqichbaqasimonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qisqichbaqasimonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%90_%DA%98%D9%88%DB%90" title="كلک څرمنې ژوې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كلک څرمنې ژوې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreefte" title="Kreefte – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kreefte" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorupiaki" title="Skorupiaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skorupiaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust%C3%A1ceo" title="Crustáceo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crustáceo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacee" title="Crustacee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crustacee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraqruyuwa" title="Qaraqruyuwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qaraqruyuwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Ракообразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ракообразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Crustacean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crustacean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4rovce" title="Kôrovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kôrovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki" title="Raki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ракови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ракови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovi" title="Rakovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rakovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84yri%C3%A4iset" title="Äyriäiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äyriäiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4ftdjur" title="Kräftdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kräftdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" title="Crustacea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Crustacea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="ஓடுடைய கணுக்காலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓடுடைய கணுக்காலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_bu-wwqqcur" title="Id bu-wwqqcur – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Id bu-wwqqcur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruca" title="Tiruca – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiruca" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0" title="ပူ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပူ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9" title="สัตว์พวกกุ้งกั้งปู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์พวกกุ้งกั้งปู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuklular" title="Kabuklular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kabuklular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Ракоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ракоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قشریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قشریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal [[tergum]], ventral [[Sternum (arthropod anatomy)|sternum]] and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.<ref name="HR">{{cite book |author1=P. J. Hayward |author2=J. S. Ryland |year=1995 |title=Handbook of the marine fauna of north-west Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-854055-7 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=sZ8mdRT4jbIC}} |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>{{rp|289}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The body of a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Chitin-glucan complex|</ins>crustacean<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the ''[[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]]'' or head,<ref name="cephalon">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalon |title=Cephalon |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124332/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalon |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the ''pereon'' or [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]],<ref name="thorax">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Thorax |title=Thorax |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124551/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Thorax |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ''pleon'' or [[Abdomen#Arthropoda|abdomen]].<ref name="abdomen">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Abdomen |title=Abdomen |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123419/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Abdomen |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The head and thorax may be fused together to form a [[cephalothorax]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalothorax |title=Cephalothorax |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123552/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalothorax |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which may be covered by a single large [[carapace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Carapace |title=Carapace |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123601/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Carapace |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The crustacean body is protected by the hard [[exoskeleton]], which must be [[ecdysis|moulted]] for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal [[tergum]], ventral [[Sternum (arthropod anatomy)|sternum]] and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.<ref name="HR">{{cite book |author1=P. J. Hayward |author2=J. S. Ryland |year=1995 |title=Handbook of the marine fauna of north-west Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-854055-7 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=sZ8mdRT4jbIC}} |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>{{rp|289}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Each [[somite]], or body segment can bear a pair of [[appendage]]s: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], the [[Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)|mandible]]s and [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]]e;<ref name="cephalon"/> the thoracic segments bear [[arthropod leg|legs]], which may be specialised as [[pereiopod]]s (walking legs) and [[maxilliped]]s (feeding legs).<ref name="thorax"/> Malacostraca and Remipedia (and the hexapods) have abdominal appendages. All other classes of crustaceans have a limbless abdomen, except from a [[telson]] and [[Caudal ramus|caudal rami]] which is present in many groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How body patterning might have worked in the evolution of arthropods—A case study of the mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei (Crustacea, Oligostraca)|first1=Martin|last1=Fritsch|first2=Stefan|last2=Richter|date=September 5, 2022|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume=338|issue=6|pages=342–359|doi=10.1002/jez.b.23140|pmid=35486026 |bibcode=2022JEZB..338..342F |s2cid=248430846 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/file/rosdok_disshab_0000001592/rosdok_derivate_0000034811/Dissertation_Stegner_2016.pdf Morphology of the brain in Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Cephalocarida, Crustacea) – page 290]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Each [[somite]], or body segment can bear a pair of [[appendage]]s: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], the [[Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)|mandible]]s and [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]]e;<ref name="cephalon"/> the thoracic segments bear [[arthropod leg|legs]], which may be specialised as [[pereiopod]]s (walking legs) and [[maxilliped]]s (feeding legs).<ref name="thorax"/> Malacostraca and Remipedia (and the hexapods) have abdominal appendages. All other classes of crustaceans have a limbless abdomen, except from a [[telson]] and [[Caudal ramus|caudal rami]] which is present in many groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How body patterning might have worked in the evolution of arthropods—A case study of the mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei (Crustacea, Oligostraca)|first1=Martin|last1=Fritsch|first2=Stefan|last2=Richter|date=September 5, 2022|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume=338|issue=6|pages=342–359|doi=10.1002/jez.b.23140|pmid=35486026 |bibcode=2022JEZB..338..342F |s2cid=248430846 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/file/rosdok_disshab_0000001592/rosdok_derivate_0000034811/Dissertation_Stegner_2016.pdf Morphology of the brain in Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Cephalocarida, Crustacea) – page 290]</ref></div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 00:17, 11 December 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subphylum of arthropods</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Crustaceans<div><small>Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">511–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:47.046153846154px; width:172.95384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:47.046153846154px; width:172.95384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:48.046153846154px; width:170.95384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><small><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a></small></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Procambarus_clarkii.jpg/195px-Procambarus_clarkii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Procambarus_clarkii.jpg/260px-Procambarus_clarkii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">Crayfish</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG/129px-Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG/194px-Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG/258px-Lysmata_amboinensis_in_Tropicarium-Oceanarium_Budapest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_krill_(Euphausia_superba).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/130px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/195px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/260px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg/129px-Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg/194px-Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg/258px-Hemilepistus_reaumuri_02_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">Woodlouse</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copepodkils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/122px-Copepodkils.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/183px-Copepodkils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/244px-Copepodkils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepod</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg/137px-Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg/206px-Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg/274px-Chthamalus_stellatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">Barnacle</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Crustacea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crustacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligostraca" title="Oligostraca">Oligostraca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostraca" title="Ichthyostraca">Ichthyostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">Multicrustacea</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Cyclida" title="Cyclida">Cyclida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscansermarinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscansermarinidae (page does not exist)">Priscansermarinidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotriocarida" title="Allotriocarida">Allotriocarida</a> (in part) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Crustaceans</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> meaning: "those with shells" or "crusted ones") are <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> animals that constitute one group of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> that are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphylum</a> <b>Crustacea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), a large, diverse group of mainly <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> including <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">seed shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">branchiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">fish lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remipede" class="mw-redirect" title="Remipede">remipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">opossum shrimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphipods" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipods">amphipods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crustacean group can be treated as a subphylum under the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a>. It is now well accepted that the <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entognatha" title="Entognatha">entognathans</a>) emerged deep in the Crustacean group, with the completed pan-group referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rota-Stabelli2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rota-Stabelli2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three classes <a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a> are more closely related to the hexapods than they are to any of the other crustaceans (<a href="/wiki/Oligostraca" title="Oligostraca">oligostracans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">multicrustaceans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 67,000 described species range in size from <i><a href="/wiki/Stygotantulus" title="Stygotantulus">Stygotantulus stocki</a></i> at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_spider_crab" title="Japanese spider crab">Japanese spider crab</a> with a leg span of up to 3.8 m (12.5 ft) and a mass of 20 kg (44 lb). Like other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, crustaceans have an <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, which they <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moult</a> to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">myriapods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">chelicerates</a>, by the possession of <a href="/wiki/Biramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Biramous">biramous</a> (two-parted) limbs, and by their <a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacean larvae">larval forms</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a> stage of <a href="/wiki/Branchiopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiopod">branchiopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>. </p><p>Most crustaceans are free-living <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>, but some are <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhopper">sandhoppers</a>), some are <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhizocephala" title="Rhizocephala">Rhizocephala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">fish lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">tongue worms</a>) and some are <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>). The group has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>, reaching back to the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>. More than 7.9 million tons of crustaceans per year are harvested by fishery or farming for human consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp and prawn">shrimp and prawns</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as <a href="/wiki/Carcinology" title="Carcinology">carcinology</a> (alternatively, <i>malacostracology</i>, <i>crustaceology</i> or <i>crustalogy</i>), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_carcinologists" title="List of carcinologists">carcinologist</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A convex oval-shaped piece of shell, covered with fine orange-pink markings: the front edge is lined with 13 coarse serrations, while the rear edge is smooth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg/220px-Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg/330px-Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg/440px-Crab_from_Long_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>A shed <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lady_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady crab">lady crab</a>, part of the hard <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krillanatomykils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krillanatomykils.jpg/220px-Krillanatomykils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krillanatomykils.jpg/330px-Krillanatomykils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Krillanatomykils.jpg/440px-Krillanatomykils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of a <a href="/wiki/Chitin-glucan_complex" title="Chitin-glucan complex">crustacean</a> is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalon_(arthropod_head)" title="Cephalon (arthropod head)">cephalon</a></i> or head,<sup id="cite_ref-cephalon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cephalon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>pereon</i> or <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)">thorax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-thorax_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorax-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>pleon</i> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Arthropoda" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abdomen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdomen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head and thorax may be fused together to form a <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be covered by a single large <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crustacean body is protected by the hard <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, which must be <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulted</a> for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal <a href="/wiki/Tergum" title="Tergum">tergum</a>, ventral <a href="/wiki/Sternum_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Sternum (arthropod anatomy)">sternum</a> and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.<sup id="cite_ref-HR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">: 289 </span></sup> </p><p>Each <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somite</a>, or body segment can bear a pair of <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)">mandibles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)">maxillae</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-cephalon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cephalon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the thoracic segments bear <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">legs</a>, which may be specialised as <a href="/wiki/Pereiopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereiopod">pereiopods</a> (walking legs) and <a href="/wiki/Maxilliped" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxilliped">maxillipeds</a> (feeding legs).<sup id="cite_ref-thorax_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorax-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malacostraca and Remipedia (and the hexapods) have abdominal appendages. All other classes of crustaceans have a limbless abdomen, except from a <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_ramus" title="Caudal ramus">caudal rami</a> which is present in many groups.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abdomen in malacostracans bears <a href="/wiki/Pleopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleopod">pleopods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-abdomen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdomen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ends in a telson, which bears the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, and is often flanked by uropods to form a <a href="/wiki/Decapod_anatomy" title="Decapod anatomy">tail fan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number and variety of <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crustacean <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> are typically <a href="/wiki/Biramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Biramous">biramous</a>, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually <a href="/wiki/Uniramous" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniramous">uniramous</a>, the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous.<sup id="cite_ref-antennule_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antennule-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkely_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkely-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a>, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">Hemolymph</a></div> <p>The main body cavity is an <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a>, where blood is pumped into the <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">haemocoel</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> located near the dorsum.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malacostraca have <a href="/wiki/Haemocyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocyanin">haemocyanin</a> as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a>, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab" title="Christmas Island red crab">Christmas Island red crab</a>) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg/220px-Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg/330px-Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg/440px-Abludomelita_obtusata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Abludomelita_obtusata" title="Abludomelita obtusata">Abludomelita obtusata</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipod</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> environments, but a few groups have <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> to life on land, such as <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_crab" title="Terrestrial crab">terrestrial crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coenobita" title="Coenobita">terrestrial hermit crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most crustaceans are also <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a>, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitic</a> and live attached to their hosts (including <a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">sea lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">fish lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_louse" title="Whale louse">whale lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">tongue worms</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">Cymothoa exigua</a></i>, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-NorAm_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorAm-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 672">: 672 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a> are the bottom layer and most important part of the food chain in <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> animal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Some crustaceans are significant <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, such as the Chinese mitten crab, <i><a href="/wiki/Eriocheir_sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriocheir sinensis">Eriocheir sinensis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Asian shore crab, <i><a href="/wiki/Hemigrapsus_sanguineus" title="Hemigrapsus sanguineus">Hemigrapsus sanguineus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, close to 100 species of crustaceans from the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific realm have established themselves in the eastern Mediterranean sub-basin, with often significant impact on local ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Briand_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briand-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seven round translucent spheres: inside some of them, a pair of compound eyes can be seen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg/220px-Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg/330px-Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg/440px-Potamon_fluviatile9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Eggs of <i><a href="/wiki/Potamon_fluviatile" title="Potamon fluviatile">Potamon fluviatile</a></i>, a freshwater crab</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grey-green translucent animal is seen from the side. The eye is large and shining and is in a recess of the large carapace and its long rostrum. An abdomen, similar in length to the carapace, projects from the rear, and below the carapace, there is a mass of legs, some with small claws." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg/220px-Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg/330px-Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg/440px-Homarus_gammarus_zoea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoea">Zoea</a> larva of the <a href="/wiki/European_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="European lobster">European lobster</a>, <i>Homarus gammarus</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating_system">Mating system</h3></div> <p>Most crustaceans have <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">separate sexes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">reproduce sexually</a>. In fact, a recent study explains how the male <i><a href="/wiki/Tigriopus_californicus" title="Tigriopus californicus">T. californicus</a></i> decide which females to mate with by dietary differences, preferring when the females are algae-fed instead of yeast-fed.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remipede" class="mw-redirect" title="Remipede">remipedes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may even change sex during the course of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a> is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs in many <a href="/wiki/Branchiopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiopod">branchiopods</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopods</a>, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Marmorkrebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmorkrebs">Marmorkrebs</a></i> crayfish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs">Eggs</h3></div> <p>In many crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are released into the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a> carry the eggs attached to the <a href="/wiki/Pleopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleopod">pleopods</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Peracarida" title="Peracarida">peracarids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notostraca" title="Notostraca">notostracans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">anostracans</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopods</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Brood_pouch_(Peracarida)" title="Brood pouch (Peracarida)">brood pouch</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> and thoracic limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.<sup id="cite_ref-NorAmFWI_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorAmFWI-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 788">: 788 </span></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">leptostracans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larvae">Larvae</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacean larvae">Crustacean larvae</a></div> <p>Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a>. This has three pairs of <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the <a href="/wiki/Zoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoea">zoea</a> (pl. zoeæ or zoeas<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It follows the <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a> stage and precedes the <a href="/wiki/Post-larva" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-larva">post-larva</a>. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a>, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a>, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved. </p><p>Providing camouflage against predators, the otherwise black eyes in several forms of swimming larvae are covered by a thin layer of crystalline <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoxanthopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoxanthopterin (page does not exist)">isoxanthopterin</a> that gives their eyes the same color as the surrounding water, while tiny holes in the layer allow light to reach the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the larvae mature into adults, the layer migrates to a new position behind the retina where it works as a backscattering mirror that increases the intensity of light passing through the eyes, as seen in many nocturnal animals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_repair">DNA repair</h3></div> <p>In an effort to understand whether <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> processes can protect crustaceans against <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by <i><a href="/wiki/Penaeus_monodon" title="Penaeus monodon">Penaeus monodon</a></i> (black tiger shrimp).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair. Another, less accurate process, <a href="/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining" title="Microhomology-mediated end joining">microhomology-mediated end joining</a>, is also used to repair such breaks. The expression pattern of DNA repair related and DNA damage response genes in the intertidal copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> was analyzed after ultraviolet irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study revealed increased expression of proteins associated with the DNA repair processes of <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">base excision repair</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair" title="DNA mismatch repair">DNA mismatch repair</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_phylogeny">Classification and phylogeny</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Copepoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3363" /></a><figcaption>Copepods, from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s 1904 work <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Decapoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Decapods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work <i>Kunstformen der Natur</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Pierre Belon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rondelet" title="Guillaume Rondelet">Guillaume Rondelet</a>, but the name was not used by some later authors, including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, who included crustaceans among the "<a href="/wiki/Aptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aptera</a>" in his <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MLW_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLW-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclatural</a> valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was <a href="/wiki/Morten_Thrane_Br%C3%BCnnich" title="Morten Thrane Brünnich">Morten Thrane Brünnich</a>'s <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Zoologiæ Fundamenta</i></span></i> in 1772,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he also included <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">chelicerates</a> in the group.<sup id="cite_ref-MLW_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLW-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is thought to be just <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> of the total number as most species remain as yet <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undiscovered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_spider_crab" title="Japanese spider crab">Japanese spider crab</a> with a leg span of 3.7 metres (12 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and the smallest, the 100-<a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a>-long (0.004 in) <i><a href="/wiki/Stygotantulus" title="Stygotantulus">Stygotantulus stocki</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> form known as the <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</a>. </p><p>The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled as of April 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crustacean&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. Studies based on morphology led to the <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Crustacea and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and allies) are <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister groups</a>. More recent studies using <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a> suggest that Crustacea is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Regier_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regier-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vonJennWillDell11_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonJennWillDell11-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional classification of Crustacea based on morphology recognised four to six classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin&Davis-2001_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin&Davis-2001-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowman and Abele (1982) recognised 652 extant families and 38 orders, organised into six classes: <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a>, Maxillopoda, <a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">Ostracoda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin&Davis-2001_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin&Davis-2001-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin and Davis (2001) updated this classification, retaining the six classes but including 849 extant families in 42 orders. Despite outlining the evidence that Maxillopoda was non-monophyletic, they retained it as one of the six classes, although did suggest that Maxillipoda could be replaced by elevating its subclasses to classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Huys-2003_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huys-2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then phylogenetic studies have confirmed the polyphyly of Maxillipoda and the paraphyletic nature of Crustacea with respect to Hexapoda.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwentner-2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwentner-2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lozano-Fernandez_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lozano-Fernandez-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernot-2023_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernot-2023-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent classifications recognise ten to twelve classes in Crustacea or Pancrustacea, with several former maxillopod subclasses now recognised as classes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">Copepoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giribet-2020_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giribet-2020-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Members</th> <th>Orders</th> <th>Photo </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ostracoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracoda">Ostracoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seed_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed shrimp">Seed shrimp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myodocopida" title="Myodocopida">Myodocopida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Halocyprida" title="Halocyprida">Halocyprida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Platycopida" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycopida">Platycopida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Podocopida" title="Podocopida">Podocopida</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostracod.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ostracod.JPG/200px-Ostracod.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ostracod.JPG/300px-Ostracod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ostracod.JPG/400px-Ostracod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cylindroleberididae" title="Cylindroleberididae">Cylindroleberididae</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Myodocopida" title="Myodocopida">Myodocopida</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystococarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystococarida">Mystococaridans</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mystococarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystococarida">Mystococarida</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line drawing of a dorsal view of a small animal with many segments and appendages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg/200px-Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg/300px-Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg/400px-Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenocheilocaris_galvarini" title="Ctenocheilocaris galvarini">Ctenocheilocaris galvarini</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostraca" title="Ichthyostraca">Ichthyostraca</a></b> <br /><br />(alternatively the subclasses <br /><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a> <br />may be recognised as classes)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongue_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue worms">Tongue worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish lice">fish lice</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cephalobaenida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalobaenida">Cephalobaenida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Porocephalida" title="Porocephalida">Porocephalida</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raillietiellida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raillietiellida (page does not exist)">Raillietiellida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reighardiida" class="mw-redirect" title="Reighardiida">Reighardiida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">Arguloida</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armillifer_armillatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Armillifer_armillatus.jpg/200px-Armillifer_armillatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Armillifer_armillatus.jpg/300px-Armillifer_armillatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Armillifer_armillatus.jpg/400px-Armillifer_armillatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Armillifer_armillatus" title="Armillifer armillatus">Armillifer armillatus</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Porocephalida" title="Porocephalida">Porocephalida</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facetotecta" title="Facetotecta">Facetotecta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ascothoracida" title="Ascothoracida">Ascothoracida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacles">Barnacles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facetotecta" title="Facetotecta">Facetotecta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dendrogastrida" title="Dendrogastrida">Dendrogastrida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Laurida" title="Laurida">Laurida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cryptophialida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophialida">Cryptophialida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lithoglyptida" title="Lithoglyptida">Lithoglyptida</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG/200px-Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG/300px-Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG/400px-Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="774" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Perforatus" title="Perforatus">Perforatus perforatus</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Cirripedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirripedia">Cirripedia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">Copepoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepods</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polyarthra_(crustacean)" title="Polyarthra (crustacean)">Polyarthra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gelyelloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelyelloida">Gelyelloida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Misophrioida" title="Misophrioida">Misophrioida</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copepodkils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/200px-Copepodkils.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/300px-Copepodkils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copepodkils.jpg/400px-Copepodkils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cylindroleberididae" title="Cylindroleberididae">Cylindroleberididae</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantulocaridian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantulocaridian (page does not exist)">Tantulocaridians</a></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tantulocaridan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tantulus larva (Microdajus sp.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tantulocaridan.jpg/200px-Tantulocaridan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tantulocaridan.jpg/300px-Tantulocaridan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tantulocaridan.jpg/400px-Tantulocaridan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microdajus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microdajus (page does not exist)">Microdajus</a></i> sp. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapods</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopods</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hooded_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooded shrimp">Hooded shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipods</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Stomatopoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Euphausiacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphausiacea">Euphausiacea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small, curled-up animal has feathery appendages which it is holding at diverse angles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/200px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/300px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg/400px-Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5659" data-file-height="3777" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ocypode_ceratophthalma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocypode ceratophthalma">Ocypode ceratophthalma</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe shrimp">Horseshoe shrimp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brachypoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachypoda">Brachypoda</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_(YPM_IZ_003617.CR)_001.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg/200px-Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg/300px-Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg/400px-Hutchinsoniella_macracantha_%28YPM_IZ_003617.CR%29_001.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="319" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hutchinsoniella_macracantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinsoniella macracantha">Hutchinsoniella macracantha</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairy_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy shrimp">Fairy shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Water_flea" class="mw-redirect" title="Water flea">Water Fleas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tadpole_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadpole shrimp">Tadpole shrimp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clam_shrimp" title="Clam shrimp">Clam shrimp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairy_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy shrimp">Anostraca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Notostraca" title="Notostraca">Notostraca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Laevicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Laevicaudata">Laevicaudata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spinicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinicaudata">Spinicaudata</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skjoldkreps_(Lepidurus_arcticus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A microscopic, transparent, oval animal against a black background. The head has a large eye, antennae, and comes to a pointed beak. The rest of the animal is smooth round and fat, culminating in a pointed tail. The internal anatomy is apparent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg/200px-Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg/300px-Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg/400px-Skjoldkreps_%28Lepidurus_arcticus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="517" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidurus_arcticus" title="Lepidurus arcticus">Lepidurus arcticus</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Notostraca" title="Notostraca">Notostraca</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nectiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectiopoda">Nectiopoda</a><br />†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enantiopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enantiopoda (page does not exist)">Enantiopoda</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png/200px-Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png/300px-Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png/400px-Speleonectes_tanumekes_unlabeled-rotated.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="995" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speleonectes_tanumekes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speleonectes tanumekes (page does not exist)">Speleonectes tanumekes</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Springtails</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Proturans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplurans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a><br /></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a><br /><i>etc.</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantispa_styriaca_(9566952168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg/200px-Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg/300px-Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg/400px-Mantispa_styriaca_%289566952168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4061" data-file-height="2690" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Mantispa_styriaca" title="Mantispa styriaca">Mantispa styriaca</a></i> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following cladogram shows the updated relationships between the different extant groups of the paraphyletic <b>Crustacea</b> in relation to the class <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwentner-2017_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwentner-2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Oligostraca" title="Oligostraca">Oligostraca</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyostraca" title="Ichthyostraca">Ichthyostraca</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altocrustacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altocrustacea (page does not exist)">Altocrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">Multicrustacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotriocarida" title="Allotriocarida">Allotriocarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athalassocarida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athalassocarida (page does not exist)">Athalassocarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labiocarida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labiocarida (page does not exist)">Labiocarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><b>Crustacea</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>According to this diagram, the Hexapoda are deep in the Crustacea tree, and any of the Hexapoda is distinctly closer to e.g. a Multicrustacean than an Oligostracan is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eryma_mandelslohi_(Krebs)_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In a smooth grey block of stone, there is a brown fossil similar to a crayfish. Two long legs, each with a large claw extend forwards from the animal; one of the claws is held open." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg/220px-Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg/330px-Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg/440px-Eryma_mandelslohi_%28Krebs%29_-_Oberer_Brauner_Jura_-_Bissingen_unter_Teck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Eryma_mandelslohi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eryma mandelslohi">Eryma mandelslohi</a></i>, a fossil <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapod</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bissingen_an_der_Teck" title="Bissingen an der Teck">Bissingen an der Teck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Crustaceans have a rich and extensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>, which begins with animals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Canadaspis" title="Canadaspis">Canadaspis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perspicaris" title="Perspicaris">Perspicaris</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cambrian">Middle Cambrian</a> age <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bris_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bris-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briggs1978_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs1978-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxillopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillopoda">Maxillopoda</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">tongue worms</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a>, which would otherwise start in the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only classes to appear later are the <a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have no fossil record, and the <a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a>, which were first described from the fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Tesnusocaris" title="Tesnusocaris">Tesnusocaris goldichi</a></i>, but do not appear until the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous period">Carboniferous period</a> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-bris_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bris-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A heap of small pink lobsters on their sides, with their claws extended forwards towards the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg/220px-Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg/330px-Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg/440px-Shrimps_at_market_in_Valencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norway_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway lobster">Norway lobsters</a> on sale at a Spanish market</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while both <a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllopoda">Phyllopoda</a> contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a> are extant, while <a href="/wiki/Aeschronectida" title="Aeschronectida">Aeschronectida</a> are extinct;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phyllopoda: <a href="/wiki/Canadaspidida" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadaspidida">Canadaspidida</a> are extinct, while <a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">Leptostraca</a> are extant<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs1978_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs1978-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> are both known from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are the first true mantis shrimp.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dendrobranchiata" title="Dendrobranchiata">prawns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychelida" title="Polychelida">polychelids</a> appear in the Triassic,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caridea" title="Caridea">shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> appear in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wägele_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wägele-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil burrow <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiomorpha" title="Ophiomorpha">Ophiomorpha</a></i> is attributed to ghost shrimps, whereas the fossil burrow <i>Camborygma</i> is attributed to crayfishes. The Permian–Triassic deposits of Nurra preserve the oldest (Permian: Roadian) fluvial burrows ascribed to ghost shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea, Gebiidea) and crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea, Parastacidea), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> of their main predators, <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wägele_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wägele-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first true <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> also appear in the Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption_by_humans">Consumption by humans</h2></div> <p>Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> were harvested in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapod crustaceans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawfish">crawfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dendrobranchiata" title="Dendrobranchiata">prawns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> being caught,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite krill having one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomasses</a> on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charybdis_japonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/32px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/48px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/64px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Crustaceans" title="Portal:Crustaceans">Crustaceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIGIS%3A+Global+Production+Statistics+1950%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffigis%2Fservlet%2FTabLandArea%3Ftb_ds%3DProduction%26tb_mode%3DTABLE%26tb_act%3DSELECT%26tb_grp%3DCOUNTRY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrustacean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolEndo1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Steven; Endo, Yoshinari (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W5911E/W5911E00.HTM"><i>Krill Fisheries of the World</i></a>. Fisheries Technical Paper. Vol. 367. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104012-6"><bdi>978-92-5-104012-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krill+Fisheries+of+the+World&rft.series=Fisheries+Technical+Paper&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-92-5-104012-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Endo%2C+Yoshinari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2FDOCREP%2F003%2FW5911E%2FW5911E00.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrustacean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schram" title="Frederick Schram">Schram, Frederick</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tm8WAQAAIAAJ"><i>Crustaceans</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503742-5"><bdi>978-0-19-503742-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crustaceans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503742-5&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtm8WAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrustacean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Powers, M., Hill, G., Weaver, R., & Goymann, W. (2020). An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus. Ethology., 126(3), 344–352. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12976">An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crustacea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crustacea">Crustacea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crustacea">Crustacea</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Encyclopedia Americana - Wikipedia". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. Vol. 8. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Americana+-+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrustacean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkIngersoll1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyman_Clark" title="Hubert Lyman Clark">Clark, Hubert Lyman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ingersoll, Ernest</a> (1905). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Crustacea" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Crustacea">Crustacea</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crustacea&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Lyman&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrustacean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crustacea.net">Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crustacea.nhm.org/">Crustacea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009123630/http://crustacea.nhm.org/">Archived</a> October 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County">Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolweb.org/Crustacea/2529">Crustacea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.vims.edu/tcs/?svr=www">The Crustacean Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110156/http://web.vims.edu/tcs/?svr=www">Archived</a> 2011-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.25.312.330.363">Natural History Collections: Crustacea</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/crustacea/crustacea.htm">Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">Pycnogonida (sea spiders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Euchelicerata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchelicerata">Euchelicerata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandibulata" title="Mandibulata">Mandibulata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">Chilopoda (centipedes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphyla" title="Symphyla">Symphyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauropoda" title="Pauropoda">Pauropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">Diplopoda (millipedes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crustacea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda (seed shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida (tongue worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura (fish lice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura (coneheads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola (springtails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta (insects)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Crustacea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25364" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25364">Q25364</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crustacea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crustacea">Crustacea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Crustacea/">Crustacea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Crustacea">Crustacea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14972">14972</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/350294">350294</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/55714582">55714582</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CRUSQ">1CRUSQ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:13251">13251</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/52e00e2b-6400-4b33-bc7f-815a468420bd">52e00e2b-6400-4b33-bc7f-815a468420bd</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3554857">3554857</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85493">85493</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11905093">11905093</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=83677">83677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6657">6657</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/2226aa46-23a5-436e-9d2e-94fc0f3998d1">2226aa46-23a5-436e-9d2e-94fc0f3998d1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=632176">632176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=82629">82629</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1066">1066</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073783-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034396">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crustacés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977326h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crustacés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977326h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566248">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="korýši"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121885&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crustáceos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526749">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535962405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crustacean&oldid=1262359948">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crustacean&oldid=1262359948</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crustaceans" title="Category:Crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambrian_Series_2_first_appearances" title="Category:Cambrian Series 2 first appearances">Cambrian Series 2 first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Cambrian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances">Extant Cambrian first 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