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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text</title> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18 weeks of clozapine treatment was 25 days but after the first 18 weeks on the drug the median became 124 days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2 years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe."/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12888"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="BMC Psychiatry 2017 16:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2016-12-12"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2017 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2017 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18&nbsp;weeks of clozapine treatment was 25&nbsp;days but after the first 18&nbsp;weeks on the drug the median became 124&nbsp;days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2&nbsp;years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1471-244X"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="BMC Psychiatry"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2016-12-12"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="16"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="8"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2017 The Author(s)."/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="BMC Psychiatry"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="BMC Psychiatry"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1471-244X"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="16"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2016/12/12"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="size" content="139712"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18&nbsp;weeks of clozapine treatment was 25&nbsp;days but after the first 18&nbsp;weeks on the drug the median became 124&nbsp;days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2&nbsp;years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ingimarsson, Oddur"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="MacCabe, James H."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Haraldsson, Magnús"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jónsdóttir, Halldóra"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sigurdsson, Engilbert"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Psychiatry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Psychotherapy"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am J Psychiatry; citation_title=Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition; citation_author=AF Lehman, JA Lieberman, LB Dixon, TH McGlashan, AL Miller, DO Perkins; citation_volume=161; citation_issue=2 Suppl; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=1-56; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Psychiatry Res; citation_title=Defining treatment-resistant schizophrenia and response to antipsychotics: a review and recommendation; citation_author=T Suzuki, G Remington, BH Mulsant, H Uchida, TK Rajji, A Graff-Guerrero; citation_volume=197; citation_issue=1–2; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1-6; citation_doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.013; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Stroup TS, Gerhard T, Crystal S, Huang C, Olfson M. 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However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. Methods The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. Results The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18 weeks of clozapine treatment was 25 days but after the first 18 weeks on the drug the median became 124 days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2 years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. Conclusions Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12888-016-1167-0/MediaObjects/12888_2016_1167_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland","description":"Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18 weeks of clozapine treatment was 25 days but after the first 18 weeks on the drug the median became 124 days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2 years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe.","datePublished":"2016-12-12T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2016-12-12T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"8","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0","keywords":["Schizophrenia","Clozapine","Antipsychotics","Neutropenia","Agranulocytosis","Psychiatry","Psychotherapy"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12888-016-1167-0/MediaObjects/12888_2016_1167_Fig1_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"BMC Psychiatry","issn":["1471-244X"],"volumeNumber":"16","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"BioMed Central","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Oddur Ingimarsson","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland","address":{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services","address":{"name":"Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Reykjavik, Iceland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"James H. 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class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland </div> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="//bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span 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xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Research article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2016-12-12">12 December 2016</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Oddur-Ingimarsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Oddur-Ingimarsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Ingimarsson, Oddur">Oddur Ingimarsson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-James_H_-MacCabe-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-James_H_-MacCabe-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="MacCabe, James H.">James H. MacCabe</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Magn_s-Haraldsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Magn_s-Haraldsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Haraldsson, Magnús">Magnús Haraldsson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Halld_ra-J_nsd_ttir-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Halld_ra-J_nsd_ttir-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Jónsdóttir, Halldóra">Halldóra Jónsdóttir</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Engilbert-Sigurdsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Engilbert-Sigurdsson-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Sigurdsson, Engilbert" data-corresp-id="c1">Engilbert Sigurdsson<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">BMC Psychiatry</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 16</b>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">441</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2016</span>) <a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">11k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">27 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Background</h3><p>Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Methods</h3><p>The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Results</h3><p>The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18 weeks of clozapine treatment was 25 days but after the first 18 weeks on the drug the median became 124 days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2 years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500–1900 neutrophils/mm<sup>3</sup>). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500–1400 /mm<sup>3</sup> of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Conclusions</h3><p>Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe.</p></div></div></section> <p class="c-status-message c-status-message--info c-status-message--boxed u-mb-32"> <svg class="c-status-message__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use></svg> <a href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/peer-review" data-track="click" data-track-category="article body" data-track-action="open peer review reports" data-track-label="10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0">Peer Review reports</a> </p> <section data-title="Background"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Background</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Around 20–30% of patients with schizophrenia prove to be treatment resistant, defined as failure to respond to two or more antipsychotics (one of which should be an atypical) when given an adequate dose for at least six to eight weeks [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2 Suppl):1–56." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e541">1</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Suzuki T, Remington G, Mulsant BH, Uchida H, Rajji TK, Graff-Guerrero A, et al. Defining treatment-resistant schizophrenia and response to antipsychotics: a review and recommendation. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197(1–2):1–6." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e544">2</a>]. Clozapine has been demonstrated to be the drug of choice for these patients [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Stroup TS, Gerhard T, Crystal S, Huang C, Olfson M. Comparative Effectiveness of Clozapine and Standard Antipsychotic Treatment in Adults With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;173(2):166–73." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e547">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Lally J, MacCabe JH. Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review. Br Med Bull. 2015;114(1):169–79." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e550">4</a>].</p><p>Some physicians are reluctant to prescribe clozapine, probably because of the relatively high burden of adverse side effects, especially the rare but potentially life-threatening agranulocytosis [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Lally J, MacCabe JH. Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review. Br Med Bull. 2015;114(1):169–79." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e556">4</a>]. Even though clozapine has a high burden of various adverse side effects we have reported that over 70% of patients that commence clozapine treatment in Iceland remain on it long term [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Haraldsson M, Jónsdóttir H, Sigurdsson E. Clozapine treatment and discontinuation in Iceland: a national longitudinal study using electronic patient records. Nord J Psychiatry. 2016;70(6):450–5." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e559">5</a>]. A pharmacogenetic test for agranulocytosis with adequate predictive validity is unlikely and would likely present ethical challenges [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Verbelen M, Lewis CM. How close are we to a pharmacogenomic test for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis? Pharmacogenomics. 2015;16(9):915–7." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e562">6</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Spencer BW, Prainsack B, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Collier DA, Gaughran F, et al. Opening Pandora’s box in the UK: a hypothetical pharmacogenetic test for clozapine. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14(15):1907–14." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e565">7</a>]. The risk of agranulocytosis is managed in most developed countries by mandatory blood monitoring for patients on clozapine [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Nielsen J, Young C, Ifteni P, Kishimoto T, Xiang YT, Schulte PF, et al. Worldwide differences in regulations of clozapine use. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(2):149–61." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e568">8</a>]. In the UK patients taking clozapine must enrol in a clozapine monitoring service where it is obligatory to be monitored weekly for the first 18 weeks of treatment. During the next 34 weeks neutrophil monitoring is done every other week and then monthly after the first year of monitoring has passed [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Dixon M, Dada C. How clozapine patients can be monitored safely and effectively. Clin Pharm. 2014;6(5):131–2." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e572">9</a>]. The risk of agranulocytosis is estimated to be 0.68% but after the first year this risk drops by a factor of 10 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Schulte P. Risk of clozapine-associated agranulocytosis and mandatory white blood cell monitoring. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(4):683–8." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e575">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Munro J, O’Sullivan D, Andrews C, Arana A, Mortimer A, Kerwin R. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland. Beyond pharmacovigilance. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:576–80." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e578">11</a>]. The mortality when agranulocytosis develops has been estimated to be 2.7–3.1% [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3):162–7." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e581">12</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Lahdelma L, Appelberg B. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Finland, 1982–2007: long-term monitoring of patients is still warranted. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):837–42." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e584">13</a>]. Therefore the absolute mortality of patients on clozapine due to agranulocytosis is very low or around 0.02% or two out of ten thousand patients. Regular blood monitoring has been reported to be effective in reducing this risk [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Honigfeld G, Arellano F, Sethi J, Bianchini A, Schein J. Reducing clozapine-related morbidity and mortality: 5 years of experience with the Clozaril National Registry. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 3:3–7." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e587">14</a>] but it also places limitations on the use of clozapine in three ways: firstly, by excluding patients living in areas where clozapine monitoring systems are not in place, secondly by making physicians reluctant to prescribe it, thirdly by placing an additional burden on patients, and lastly by requiring that any patient whose neutrophil count drops below 1500/mm3 discontinues clozapine permanently [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Leponex SPC in Iceland: Icelandic Medicines Agency; 2014. 
 http://serlyfjaskra.is/FileRepos/0a2049a2-618f-e511-80cf-001e4f17a1f7/Leponex-SmPC.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 April 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e591">15</a>]. There is growing evidence that clozapine treatment is associated with reduced mortality compared to treatment with other antipsychotics [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Hayes RD, Downs J, Chang CK, Jackson RG, Shetty H, Broadbent M, et al. The effect of clozapine on premature mortality: an assessment of clinical monitoring and other potential confounders. Schizophr Bull. 2014;41(3):644–55." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e594">16</a>].</p><p>Monitoring systems are in place in the United States and in most European countries but the regulation of clozapine use varies substantially between countries [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Nielsen J, Young C, Ifteni P, Kishimoto T, Xiang YT, Schulte PF, et al. Worldwide differences in regulations of clozapine use. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(2):149–61." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e600">8</a>]. Some countries, including Iceland, have taken a more flexible stance and not enforced such regulations for clozapine prescriptions in view of the fact that there is no other alternative drug available with similar efficacy for treatment resistant schizophrenia, as well as the practical difficulties of regular monitoring in remote areas.</p><p>People of certain ethnic groups, such as Yemenite Jews and 25–50% of black Africans, commonly have an intrinsic low neutrophil count in the range of 1.0 – 1.5 without any observed adverse clinical effects such as more frequent bacterial infections. These individuals are said to have benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Rajagopal S. Clozapine, agranulocytosis, and benign ethnic neutropenia. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(959):545–6." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e606">17</a>]. According to the UK guidelines, clozapine treatment is stopped when neutrophil count falls below 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>. By following this recommendation it can be quite challenging to provide clozapine to these patients. This reality was acknowledged in the USA in the recent change of recommendations in October 2015 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a relaxation of the requirement to stop clozapine treatment when the neutrophil count falls below 1000/mm<sup>3</sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="FDA. What’s New with Clozapine: An Overview: FDA; 2015. 
 https://www.clozapinerems.com/CpmgClozapineUI/home.u#
 
 #. Accessed 10 Dec 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e613">18</a>]. Prescribers can now continue to prescribe clozapine treatment for patients with an neutrophil count less than 1000/mm<sup>3</sup> if the prescriber’s evaluation is that the benefits of clozapine therapy outweigh the risk of severe neutropenia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="FDA. What’s New with Clozapine: An Overview: FDA; 2015. 
 https://www.clozapinerems.com/CpmgClozapineUI/home.u#
 
 #. Accessed 10 Dec 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e619">18</a>].</p><p>The risks and benefits of changing or abolishing clozapine monitoring are difficult to quantify owing to a lack of evidence on the natural course of neutrophil counts in the absence of a monitoring programme.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec2">The aim of this study</h3><p>To analyze the risk of neutropenia and further the progression to agranulocytosis in a sample of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland, where it is not mandatory to provide blood samples at certain intervals in order to get clozapine dispensed.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Study population</h3><p>The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of psychotic disorders in the Landspitali University Hospital (LUH) department of psychiatry focusing on patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Patients have been recruited to the study in several waves from 1986–2014. The majority of inpatients and outpatients at LUH with schizophrenia have been invited to take part in the study. Almost all the patients in study have been admitted to LUH. Most of the patients were recruited in 2000–2004. In this study we looked at patients in the LUH cohort who were alive on the 1.1.2003 and who had a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria, assessed using the “Schedules for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version” (SADS-L) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Endicott J, Spitzer RL. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35(7):837–44." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e646">19</a>]. In total there were 611 patients who met the criteria (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#Fig1">1</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12888-016-1167-0/MediaObjects/12888_2016_1167_Fig1_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12888-016-1167-0/MediaObjects/12888_2016_1167_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Description of study cohort in the study period of 1.1.1998 – 21.11.2014</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>LUH introduced electronic health records (EHR) in 1998 but older health records are available on paper. Subsequently the proportion of medical, psychology and nursing data in the EHR has been steadily growing and currently includes almost all patient data in LUH.</p><p>LUH is the only tertiary hospital for mental health services in Iceland. LUH also provides secondary psychiatric services and psychiatric inpatient beds for over 90% of the population, the proportion being even higher for treatment resistant patients. Therefore the overwhelming majority of all Icelandic patients with schizophrenia who have ever taken clozapine have been in regular contact with mental health services or other services at LUH.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Case identification</h3><p>To identify patients that have used clozapine we used a keyword search in the EHR for the words “clozapin”, “closapin” and “Leponex”. The “e” at the end of clozapin was skipped because of possible spelling errors in the EMR but a keyword search of “clozapin” will find both “clozapin” and “Clozapine”. Leponex was the only brand name of clozapine in Iceland during the study period. All medical notes with the clozapine keywords were reviewed to confirm clozapine use. Wherever insufficient documentation of prior psychotic disorder and medication use was present in the EHR, the paper medical records were reviewed. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia. The remaining 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never used clozapine but had been treated with other antipsychotics comprised the comparison group. Information on the first period of clozapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia was available for 195 patients out of 201.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6">Frequency of blood tests</h3><p>The frequency of blood measurements was analyzed for patients treated with clozapine from 1.1.1998 until 21.11 2014. The frequency of measurements was calculated by dividing the total time on clozapine treatment by the number of neutrophil measurements. The frequency of measurements during the first 18 weeks was analyzed separately from the subsequent time-period. The frequency analysis for neutrophil measurements only included patients who were using clozapine for the first time. Eighteen patients for whom the clozapine start date was not known to an exact date and four patients who did not live in the Reykjavik metropolitan area, where LUH is situated, were excluded from the blood monitoring analyzes for the first 18 weeks.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7">Identification of neutropenia or agranulocytosis</h3><p>We searched electronically all available results of blood measurements at LUH for neutrophil counts. The LUH database is linked to regional laboratory databases in Iceland using the Icelandic social security number (kennitala) which is a unique personal identifier for each Icelander. Among these is the database in the regional hospital in Akureyri where Iceland’s only other department of psychiatry is located in Iceland’s second largest hospital. This department provides mental health services for the remaining 10% of Iceland’s population. We also used a keyword search in the EHR to identify additional cases with the following keywords to find medical notes where neutropenia or agranulocytosis were mentioned; “Neutropaenia”, “neutropaenia”, “neutropenia”, “leucopaenia”, “leucopenia”, “kyrningafæ”, “hvítkornafæ”. The complete medical notes, electronic as well as on paper, were reviewed in order to confirm the diagnosis.</p><p>Neutrophil count in the range of 1500/mm<sup>3</sup> – 1900/mm<sup>3</sup> was defined as mild neutropenia. Icelandic guidelines recommend that if neutrophils counts are 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>-1900/mm<sup>3</sup> then neutrophil monitoring should be increased to twice every week until the neutrophil count rises to 2000/mm<sup>3</sup> or above, whereas if neutrophils fall below 1500/mm<sup>3</sup> treatment should be stopped [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Leponex SPC in Iceland: Icelandic Medicines Agency; 2014. 
 http://serlyfjaskra.is/FileRepos/0a2049a2-618f-e511-80cf-001e4f17a1f7/Leponex-SmPC.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 April 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e715">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Clozapine monitoring guidelines: Teva; 2014. 
 http://www.tevaclozapine.com/documents/Clozapine_Monitoring_Guidelines.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 Apr 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e718">20</a>]. Neutrophil count in the range 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>-1400/mm<sup>3</sup> was defined as moderate neutropenia and neutrophil count in the range of 500/mm<sup>3</sup>-900/mm<sup>3</sup> as severe neutropenia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Clozapine monitoring guidelines: Teva; 2014. 
 http://www.tevaclozapine.com/documents/Clozapine_Monitoring_Guidelines.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 Apr 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e730">20</a>]. Agranulocytosis literally means the absence of circulating granulocytes but the term is used in clinical practice in psychiatry when the neutrophil count falls below 500/mm<sup>3</sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Clozapine monitoring guidelines: Teva; 2014. 
 http://www.tevaclozapine.com/documents/Clozapine_Monitoring_Guidelines.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 Apr 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e735">20</a>]. Neutrophil counts in Iceland are rounded to the nearest 100/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p><p>The STROBE guidelines for reporting the results of observational studies were followed. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA, version 13. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess factors associated with neutropenia. One patient was excluded from the Cox proportional hazards model because he used clozapine only for one day.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec8-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec8">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec8-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Neutrophil monitoring</h3><p>In Iceland the guidelines for neutrophil monitoring recommend weekly neutrophil counts for the first 18 weeks and monthly subsequently, but these guidelines are not enforced in a mandatory way [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Leponex SPC in Iceland: Icelandic Medicines Agency; 2014. 
 http://serlyfjaskra.is/FileRepos/0a2049a2-618f-e511-80cf-001e4f17a1f7/Leponex-SmPC.pdf
 
 . Accessed 12 April 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e756">15</a>]. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#Tab1">1</a> describes the frequency of neutrophil measurements after clozapine treatment was started. During the first 18 weeks of treatment a total of 16 out of 83 patients discontinued clozapine. Neutrophils were measured weekly or more often for only 12 out of 83 patients (14.4%). Neutrophil measurements were performed every 5 weeks or less for 22 patients (26.5%) and 7 patients had no neutrophil measurements done. The mean number of days between neutrophil measurements was 25 days (SD = 28) and the median number of days between blood tests was 18 days.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Frequency of neutrophil measurements during clozapine treatment</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Only 6 out of 160 patients (3.8%) had at least monthly measurements of neutrophils carried out in line with guidelines. The median number of days between neutrophil measurements was 124 days. If the 7 patients who had no neutrophil measurements done are excluded the mean number of days between measurements is 229 (SD = 329).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">Progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#Tab2">2</a> shows how frequently neutropenia progressed to agranulocytosis in our sample. For mild to moderate neutropenia (1000-1900/mm3) no progression to agranulocytosis was observed for 32 cases. If we only include patients that stayed on clozapine for at least one year following mild to moderate neutropenia then none of 28 patients developed agranulocytosis. For patients with moderate to severe neutropenia (<1500/mm3) one patient out of 10 developed agranulocytosis. It is worth noting that only 2 out of 8 (25%) patients with moderate neutropenia discontinued clozapine compared with 28.8% discontinuation for all patients ever prescribed clozapine for treatment resistant schizophrenia in our sample.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Progression of lowest neutrophil count to agranulocytosis</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11">Neutropenia in patients with schizophrenia</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#Tab3">3</a> describes the results of neutrophil measurements with regard to low neutrophil count in the period 1.1.1998 – 21.11.2014. We found only one 56 year old patient on clozapine whose neutrophils dropped below 500/mm<sup>3</sup>, a count clinically defined as agranulocytosis. Clozapine was identified as the most likely contributing factor. Since this patient had been on clozapine for 28 years when the agranulocytosis developed it cannot be excluded that unknown age-related causes were at play [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Munro J, O’Sullivan D, Andrews C, Arana A, Mortimer A, Kerwin R. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland. Beyond pharmacovigilance. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:576–80." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e1359">11</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3):162–7." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e1362">12</a>]. Neutrophil measurements in the moderate to severe range of 500-1400/mm<sup>3</sup> were found in 9 patients in the clozapine group or 4.8% of the cohort, on all occasions these were 900/mm<sup>3</sup> and above. Moderate to severe neutropenia in the never-on-clozapine group was found in 23 patients or 5.8% of the cohort, and all the neutrophil counts were 800/mm<sup>3</sup> and above.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Lowest neutrophil count in the clozapine group and never-on-clozapine group</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Patients in the never-on-clozapine group proved to have a similar risk of developing agranulocytosis in the long term since four patients out of 400 (1%) developed agranulocytosis during the same period of observation. However, two out of four did develop agranulocytosis while on cytotoxic treatment due to cancer. The third case was clinically thought to have been caused by interferon treatment for hepatitis C. A likely cause could not be identified in the fourth case but possible contributing factors were alcohol abuse, malnutrition and hepatitis C.</p><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#Tab4">4</a> shows Cox proportional hazards models exploring the factors associated with detecting various degrees of neutropenia. When the outcome under scrutiny was neutrophils in the range of 0-1900/mm<sup>3</sup> then neutropenia was associated with more frequent testing, younger age and female sex. Being on clozapine was not significantly associated with risk for developing neutropenia.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Cox proportional hazards model with possible factors associated with detecting moderate to severe neutropenia and agranulocytosis</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec12-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec12">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec12-content"><p>Neutrophil monitoring in Iceland was far less frequent than guidelines recommend. Neutropenia was equally commonly observed in the clozapine group as in the group that had never used clozapine, although mild neutropenia was more common in patients on clozapine. Of the eight patients on clozapine who developed a moderate neutropenia (neutrophils 1000 – 1400/mm<sup>3</sup>), which would have resulted in mandatory cessation of clozapine in the UK, only two discontinued clozapine. The other six remained on clozapine a year later and none of these six suffered a further episode of neutropenia. Of two patients whose neutrophil count fell below 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>, one went on to develop agranulocytosis, having been of clozapine for 28 years.</p><p>The occurrence of mild (12.8%), moderate (4.3%) and severe neutropenia (0.5%) was fairly commonly identified in patients on clozapine despite the low frequency of measurements. Since more frequent measurements were significantly associated with neutropenia, it is likely that the occurrence of mild to moderate neutropenia would have been higher if the frequency of measurements had been in line with guidelines.</p><p>Moderate (5%) and severe neutropenia (0.8%) was more common in patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine despite having neutrophil counts done around half as frequently as those on clozapine. Only mild neutropenia was found more frequently in clozapine-treated patients than in those never on clozapine.</p><p>It came as a surprise that being on clozapine was not associated with neutropenia in the range of 0-1400/mm<sup>3</sup>. For mild neutropenia in the range 1500-1900/mm<sup>3</sup> being on clozapine was, on the other hand, significantly associated with almost doubling of the risk for neutropenia (hazard ratio of 1.86). Therefore, treatment with clozapine seemed to predict mild neutropenia, a phenomenon which is usually clinically insignificant but that can probably increase the likelihood of clozapine treatment being discontinued. Females had a higher risk of developing neutropenia with a hazard ratio ranging from 1.70-2.00, depending on the neutropenia range under observation. It has been reported that agranulocytosis during clozapine treatment is more common among females [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3):162–7." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2372">12</a>]. Neutropenia was also significantly more common with lower age which is in line with what has been shown in larger studies [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Munro J, O’Sullivan D, Andrews C, Arana A, Mortimer A, Kerwin R. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland. Beyond pharmacovigilance. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:576–80." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2375">11</a>].</p><p>It can be concluded that most of the neutropenic episodes in our sample were transient and of no observable clinical significance. However, of those developing mild neutropenia (neutrophils 1500 – 1900/mm<sup>3</sup>), none subsequently developed agranulocytosis. One study has reported that the rate of neutropenia during clozapine treatment was 11.8% as compared to 17.6% for those on second generation antipsychotics [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Rettenbacher MA, Hofer A, Kemmler G, Fleischhacker WW. Neutropenia induced by second generation antipsychotics: a prospective investigation. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2010;43(2):41–4." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2384">21</a>]. These results concur with ours and indicate that mild to moderate neutropenia is not a good predictor for clozapine induced agranulocytosis.</p><p>In our never-on-clozapine group four cases of agranulocytosis were identified and in three cases a plausible explanation was identified but the main cause was speculative in the fourth case. If that patient had been on clozapine then the agranulocytosis would almost certainly have been attributed to clozapine treatment because no other probable causes were found. The risk of neutropenia in the clozapine group was similar to that in the never-on-clozapine group, indicating that in many if not most instances of neutropenia during clozapine treatment observed neutropenia may in fact not be caused by the clozapine treatment.</p><p>The progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis was low in our sample. When we look at patients that had ever developed neutropenia in the range of 500–1900/mm<sup>3</sup> and had used clozapine for at least a year after developing neutropenia or agranulocytosis, then only one patient out of 29 (3.4%) progressed to agranulocytosis. These results should though be interpreted with caution because the sample is small and we note that a 95% confidence interval for one event in 32 cases is 0 to 9.5%. The progression rate of neutropenia to agranulocytosis for patients with neutropenia in the more restrictive range of 500-1400/mm<sup>3</sup> who continued to take clozapine for at least a year after developing neutropenia, was 1 out 7 (14.2%). Most guidelines recommend stopping clozapine treatment when neutrophils fall below 1500/mm<sup>3</sup> so such data on patients who continue on clozapine following a “red result” is not often available. In a study by Hummer et al. 8 out of 68 patients were diagnosed with transient neutropenia that resolved without any change in treatment but the average neutrophil count was in the mild neutropenia range, 1780/mm<sup>3</sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Hummer M, Kurz M, Barnas C, Fleischhacker WW. Transient neutropenia induced by clozapine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(3):287–90." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2401">22</a>].</p><p>The frequency of neutrophil measurements in Iceland during the first 18 weeks of treatment proved to be far lower than guidelines recommend, the median time between measurements being 18 days instead of weekly. The frequency of neutrophil measurements after the first 18 weeks were also far from what guidelines suggest, the median time between measurements being 124 days instead of monthly. The infrequent neutrophil measurements did, however, not lead to more frequent agranulocytosis than expected, and the only patient who developed agranulocytosis did so after being on clozapine for over 28 years and recovered fully. It is possible that the inclination to accept flexible neutrophil monitoring, accepting that many treatment resistant patients find it difficult, unpleasant or costly to turn up weekly for blood tests as outpatients, may have contributed to a higher proportion of patients staying on clozapine long term in Iceland than reported in some other studies [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="Essock SM, Hargreaves WA, Covell NH, Goethe J. Clozapine’s effectiveness for patients in state hospitals: results from a randomized trial. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(4):683–97." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2407">23</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Davis MC, Fuller MA, Strauss ME, Konicki PE, Jaskiw GE. Discontinuation of clozapine: a 15-year naturalistic retrospective study of 320 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(1):30–9." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2410">24</a>].</p><p>There are some limitations in our dataset. When analyzing the neutrophil monitoring data we had access to the blood test databases in LUH and the regional hospital in Akureyri. There are two private blood test facilities that we did not have access to and it is possible that some blood measurements were done there. However most patients with schizophrenia and nearly all those on clozapine are followed up from the LUH. Some neutrophil measurements in the database may not have been requested for the purpose of clozapine blood monitoring but for other medical reasons. Therefore the true neutrophil monitoring associated with clozapine may be a little bit more or less than we state in the results. The true prevalence of neutropenia might also be underestimated if it had been diagnosed in the private blood test facilities.</p><p>It is likely that many patients stop clozapine treatment because of low neutrophil measurements despite the risk of agranulocytosis being small in mild to moderate neutropenia. Our data suggest that the majority of patients who stop clozapine treatment after falling into the “red zone” (neutrophils < 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>) would probably not develop agranulocytosis were they to remain on treatment, particularly if their neutropenia is in the 1000-1500/mm<sup>3</sup> range. Clozapine rechallenge should be assessed as an option in those patients if no other treatment has had the same observed clinical treatment effect as clozapine. The reduced mortality associated with clozapine treatment is substantial [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Hayes RD, Downs J, Chang CK, Jackson RG, Shetty H, Broadbent M, et al. The effect of clozapine on premature mortality: an assessment of clinical monitoring and other potential confounders. Schizophr Bull. 2014;41(3):644–55." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2423">16</a>] and this is likely to outweigh the small risk of agranulocytosis in patients who continue clozapine treatment despite mild to moderate neutropenia. The risk of dying from agranulocytosis on clozapine has been estimated to be 0.02% [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Schulte P. Risk of clozapine-associated agranulocytosis and mandatory white blood cell monitoring. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(4):683–8." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2426">10</a>–<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Lahdelma L, Appelberg B. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Finland, 1982–2007: long-term monitoring of patients is still warranted. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):837–42." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2429">13</a>]. We can contrast that risk to the risk of dying in a road traffic accident in Europe over a 40 year period which has been reported to be 0.37% (1- (1–9.3/100.000)<sup>40</sup>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Global status report on road safety: WHO; 2015. 
 http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/
 
 . Accessed 3 Apr 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2435">25</a>]. Therefore, in Europe a patient on clozapine for 40 years has an 18.5 times (0.37%/0.02%) higher risk of dying in a road traffic accident than of dying from agranulocytosis.</p><p>There is a large population of schizophrenia patients who are currently suboptimally treated; having previously made a response to clozapine that was subsequently discontinued due to neutropenia. Particularly where the neutropenia was in the 1000–1500 range, consideration should be given for clozapine rechallenge in these cases, bearing in mind that 80% of patients can be successfully challenged with careful patient selection and monitoring [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Meyer N, Gee S, Whiskey E, Taylor D, Mijovic A, Gaughran F, et al. Optimizing outcomes in clozapine rechallenge following neutropenia: a cohort analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(11):e1410–6." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2442">26</a>]. There is a strong case for actively seeking out such patients for clozapine rechallenge, and this approach has been shown to be successful [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Beck K, McCutcheon R, Bloomfield MA, Gaughran F, Reis Marques T, MacCabe J, et al. The practical management of refractory schizophrenia--the maudsley treatment REview and assessment team service approach. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130(6):427–38." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2445">27</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec13-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec13">Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec13-content"><p>Our data would support revisions to current European guidelines, as those called for by Cohen [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Cohen D, Bogers JP, van Dijk D, Bakker B, Schulte PF. Beyond white blood cell monitoring: screening in the initial phase of clozapine therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(10):1307–12." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2456">28</a>]. Specifically, our results suggest that consideration could be given to reducing the lower limit of the amber range, whereby clozapine can be continued with additional monitoring, from 1500 to 1000. This change would result in a much lower rate of clozapine discontinuation, and our findings suggest that the progression to agranulocytosis would remain a rare event. Such a limit has been introduced in the UK for patients with benign ethnic neutropenia [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Nair B, MacCabe JH. Making clozapine safer: current perspectives on improving its tolerability. Future Neurol. 2014;9(3):313–22." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2459">29</a>] and is in line with the new FDA guidelines regarding clozapine monitoring [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="FDA. What’s New with Clozapine: An Overview: FDA; 2015. 
 https://www.clozapinerems.com/CpmgClozapineUI/home.u#
 
 #. Accessed 10 Dec 2016." href="/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d61637357e2462">18</a>].</p></div></div></section> <section data-title="Abbreviations"><div class="c-article-section" id="abbreviations-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="abbreviations-content"><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CI:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Confidence interval</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>EHR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Electronic health records</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>FDA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Food and drug administration</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>LUH:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Landspitali University Hospital</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NIHR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>National Institute for Health Research</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al. 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Sigurðardóttir, Hrönn Scheving Guðmundsdóttir and Vilborg Kristín Gísladóttir for assistance in retrieving additional patient data, Þuríður Þórðardóttir and Ingibjörg Richter for assistance with databases, Elín Björg Héðinsdóttir for assisting with references, Ubaldo Benitez Hernandez for assistance with statistical analysis and members of the CRESTAR consortium for constructive comments.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Funding</h3> <p>This project received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 279227 (Crestar).</p> <p>Dr MacCabe receives salary support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London.</p> <p>Our funders had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the European Union, the NHS, the NIHR or the UK Department of Health.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Availability of data and materials</h3> <p>Data sets are not available to readers due to ethical considerations.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Authors’ contributions</h3> <p>Authors OI and ES designed the study and wrote the protocol. Authors OI, ES, HJ and MH were involved in the data collection. Author OI wrote the first draft of the manuscript and undertook the statistical analysis. Authors OI, JHM and ES managed the literature searches and analyses. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar5">Consent for publication</h3> <p>Not applicable.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar6">Ethics approval and consent to participate</h3> <p>The study has been approved by the National Bioethics Committee (FS-02-041(03–030)) and the Data Protection Authority (2009090737ÞS). All participants gave written informed consent.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Oddur Ingimarsson, Magnús Haraldsson, Halldóra Jónsdóttir & Engilbert Sigurdsson</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Oddur Ingimarsson, Magnús Haraldsson, Halldóra Jónsdóttir & Engilbert Sigurdsson</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">James H. MacCabe</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">National Psychosis Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">James H. MacCabe</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Oddur-Ingimarsson-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Oddur Ingimarsson</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/search?query=author%23Oddur%20Ingimarsson" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Oddur%20Ingimarsson" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Oddur%20Ingimarsson%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-James_H_-MacCabe-Aff3-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">James H. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Ingimarsson, O., MacCabe, J.H., Haraldsson, M. <i>et al.</i> Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland. <i>BMC Psychiatry</i> <b>16</b>, 441 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-07-28">28 July 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-12-09">09 December 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-12-12">12 December 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div 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