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see <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics (computer science)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer graphics workstation">Computer graphics workstation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/3D_computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/3D computer graphics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%223D+computer+graphics%22">"3D computer graphics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%223D+computer+graphics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%223D+computer+graphics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%223D+computer+graphics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%223D+computer+graphics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%223D+computer+graphics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p><b>3D computer graphics</b>, sometimes called <b>CGI</b>, <b>3-D-CGI</b> or <b>three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer graphics</a></b>, are graphics that use a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> representation of geometric data (often <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system#Cartesian_coordinates_in_three_dimensions" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian</a>) that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/2D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="2D image">2D images</a> but sometimes <a href="/wiki/3D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="3D image">3D images</a>. The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a>) or displayed in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time</a>. </p><p>3-D computer graphics, contrary to what the name suggests, are most often displayed on two-dimensional displays. Unlike <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> and similar techniques, the result is two-dimensional, without visual <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a>. More often, 3-D graphics are being displayed on <a href="/wiki/3-D_display" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D display">3-D displays</a>, like in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems. </p><p>3-D graphics stand in contrast to <a href="/wiki/2-D_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="2-D computer graphics">2-D computer graphics</a> which typically use completely different methods and formats for creation and rendering. </p><p>3-D computer graphics rely on many of the same <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> as 2-D computer <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wire-frame model</a> and 2-D computer <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, 2-D applications may use 3-D techniques to achieve effects such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">lighting</a>, and similarly, 3-D may use some 2-D rendering techniques. </p><p>The objects in 3-D computer graphics are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3-D models</a>. Unlike the rendered image, a model's data is contained within a graphical data file. A 3-D model is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> <a href="/wiki/Representation_(mathematics)" title="Representation (mathematics)">representation</a> of <i>any</i> <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> object; a model is not technically a <i>graphic</i> until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called <a href="/wiki/3-D_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D rendering">3-D rendering</a>, or it can be used in non-graphical <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a> and calculations. With <a href="/wiki/3-D_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D printing">3-D printing</a>, models are rendered into an actual 3-D physical representation of themselves, with some limitations as to how accurately the physical model can match the virtual model.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modeling"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Modeling</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Layout_and_animation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Layout and animation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Materials_and_textures"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Materials and textures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Rendering"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rendering</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Software"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Software</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#File_formats"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">File formats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Modeling_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modeling</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Computer-aided_design_(CAD)"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Computer-aided design (CAD)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Complementary_tools"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Complementary tools</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_types_of_3D_appearance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other types of 3D appearance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Photorealistic_2D_graphics"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Photorealistic 2D graphics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#2.5D"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2.5D</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Fetter" title="William Fetter">William Fetter</a> was credited with coining the term <i>computer graphics</i> in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe his work at <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. An early example of interactive 3-D computer graphics was explored in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a> program at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first displays of computer animation was <i><a href="/wiki/Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a></i> (1976), which included an <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> of a human face and a hand that had originally appeared in the 1971 experimental short <i><a href="/wiki/A_Computer_Animated_Hand" title="A Computer Animated Hand">A Computer Animated Hand</a></i>, created by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> students <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Parke">Fred Parke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sltrib_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sltrib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/3-D_computer_graphics_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D computer graphics software">3-D computer graphics software</a> began appearing for <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> in the late 1970s. The earliest known example is <i>3D Art Graphics</i>, a set of 3-D computer graphics effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>3-D computer graphics production workflow falls into three basic phases: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/3-D_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D modeling">3-D modeling</a> – the process of forming a computer model of an object's shape</li> <li>Layout and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">CGI animation</a> – the placement and movement of objects (models, lights etc.) within a scene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-D_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D rendering">3-D rendering</a> – the computer calculations that, based on light placement, <a href="/wiki/Computer_representation_of_surfaces" title="Computer representation of surfaces">surface</a> types, and other qualities, generate (rasterize the scene into) an image</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modeling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div> <p>The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates on the computer with some kind of <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modeling tool">3D modeling tool</a>, and models <a href="/wiki/3-D_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D scanning">scanned</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> from real-world objects (Polygonal Modeling, Patch Modeling and NURBS Modeling are some popular tools used in 3D modeling). Models can also be produced <a href="/wiki/Procedural_modeling" title="Procedural modeling">procedurally</a> or via <a href="/wiki/Physical_simulation" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a>. </p><p>Basically, a 3D model is formed from points called vertices that define the shape and form <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(computer_graphics)" title="Polygon (computer graphics)">polygons</a>. A polygon is an area formed from at least three vertices (a triangle). A polygon of n points is an n-gon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall integrity of the model and its suitability to use in animation depend on the structure of the polygons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_and_animation">Layout and animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Layout and animation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></div> <p>Before rendering into an image, objects must be laid out in a <a href="/wiki/3D_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scene">3D scene</a>. This defines spatial relationships between objects, including <a href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">location</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">size</a>. Animation refers to the temporal description of an object (i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include <a href="/wiki/Keyframing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframing">keyframing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverse_kinematics" title="Inverse kinematics">inverse kinematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motion-capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion-capture">motion-capture</a>). These techniques are often used in combination. As with animation, <a href="/wiki/Physical_simulation" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a> also specifies motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_textures">Materials and textures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Materials and textures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Materials and textures are properties that the render engine uses to render the model. One can give the model materials to tell the render engine how to treat light when it hits the surface. Textures are used to give the material color using a color or albedo map, or give the surface features using a <a href="/wiki/Bump_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Bump map">bump map</a> or <a href="/wiki/Normal_mapping" title="Normal mapping">normal map</a>. It can be also used to deform the model itself using a <a href="/wiki/Displacement_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement map">displacement map</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rendering">Rendering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rendering" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> converts a model into an image either by simulating <a href="/wiki/Light_transport_theory" title="Light transport theory">light transport</a> to get photo-realistic images, or by applying an art style as in <a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">non-photorealistic rendering</a>. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step is usually performed using 3-D computer graphics software or a <a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_graphics_APIs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 3D graphics APIs">3-D graphics API</a>. </p><p>Altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves <a href="/wiki/3-D_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D projection">3-D projection</a>, which displays a three-dimensional image in two dimensions. Although 3-D modeling and CAD <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> may perform 3-D rendering as well (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_3ds_Max" title="Autodesk 3ds Max">Autodesk 3ds Max</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>), exclusive 3-D rendering software also exists (e.g., OTOY's <a href="/wiki/Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Rendering Engine</a>, Maxon's Redshift) </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of 3-D rendering</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Engine_movingparts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D rendering with ray tracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and YafaRay"><noscript><img alt="A 3-D rendering with ray tracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and YafaRay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/300px-Engine_movingparts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/300px-Engine_movingparts.jpg" data-alt="A 3-D rendering with ray tracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and YafaRay" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/451px-Engine_movingparts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/600px-Engine_movingparts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering with <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_occlusion" title="Ambient occlusion">ambient occlusion</a> using <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a> and YafaRay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_3d.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D model of a Dunkerque-class battleship rendered with flat shading"><noscript><img alt="A 3-D model of a Dunkerque-class battleship rendered with flat shading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/300px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/300px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg" data-alt="A 3-D model of a Dunkerque-class battleship rendered with flat shading" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/451px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/600px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D model of a <a href="/wiki/Dunkerque-class_battleship" title="Dunkerque-class battleship"><i>Dunkerque</i>-class battleship</a> rendered with <a href="/wiki/Flat_shading" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat shading">flat shading</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with Cobalt.'><noscript><img alt='During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with Cobalt.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/237px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1296"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 158px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/237px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg" data-alt='During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with Cobalt.' data-width="158" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/356px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/474px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_(CAD_program)" title="Cobalt (CAD program)">Cobalt</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penthouse_Rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D rendering of a penthouse"><noscript><img alt="A 3-D rendering of a penthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/378px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1145"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 252px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/378px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg" data-alt="A 3-D rendering of a penthouse" data-width="252" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/567px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/755px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering of a penthouse</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>3-D computer graphics software produces <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) through <a href="/wiki/3-D_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D modeling">3-D modeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/3-D_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D rendering">3-D rendering</a> or produces 3-D models for analytical, scientific and industrial purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: File formats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_file_formats#3-D_graphics" title="List of file formats">List of file formats § 3-D graphics</a></div> <p>There are many varieties of files supporting 3-D graphics, for example, Wavefront .obj files and .x DirectX files. Each file type generally tends to have its own unique data structure. </p><p>Each file format can be accessed through their respective applications, such as DirectX files, and <a href="/wiki/Id_Tech_3" title="Id Tech 3">Quake</a>. Alternatively, files can be accessed through third-party standalone programs, or via manual decompilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_2">Modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modeling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div> <p>3-D modeling software is a class of 3-D computer graphics software used to produce 3-D models. Individual <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> of this class are called modeling applications or modelers. </p><p>3-D modeling starts by describing 3 display models : Drawing Points, Drawing Lines and Drawing triangles and other Polygonal patches.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3-D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3-D <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">mesh</a>. Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change the mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out. </p><p>3-D modelers can export their models to <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, which can then be imported into other applications as long as the <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> are compatible. Many modelers allow <a href="/wiki/Importer_(computing)" title="Importer (computing)">importers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exporter_(computing)" title="Exporter (computing)">exporters</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugged-in</a>, so they can read and write data in the native formats of other applications. </p><p>Most 3-D modelers contain a number of related features, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracers</a> and other rendering alternatives and <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a> facilities. Some also contain features that support or allow animation of models. Some may be able to generate <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video</a> of a series of rendered scenes (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_design_(CAD)"><span id="Computer-aided_design_.28CAD.29"></span>Computer-aided design (CAD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer-aided design (CAD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></div> <p>Computer aided design software may employ the same fundamental 3-D modeling techniques that 3-D modeling software use but their goal differs. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering" title="Computer-aided engineering">computer-aided engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">Finite element analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">product lifecycle management</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_architectural_design" title="Computer-aided architectural design">computer-aided architectural design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_tools">Complementary tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Complementary tools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After producing a video, studios then <a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">edit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> the video using programs such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Pro" title="Adobe Premiere Pro">Adobe Premiere Pro</a> or <a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> at the mid-level, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autodesk_Combustion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autodesk Combustion (page does not exist)">Autodesk Combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Fusion">Digital Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shake_(software)" title="Shake (software)">Shake</a> at the high-end. <a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a> software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves. </p><p>Use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production is called <a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">machinima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Other_types_of_3D_appearance">Other types of 3D appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other types of 3D appearance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/3D_computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/3D computer graphics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photorealistic_2D_graphics">Photorealistic 2D graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Photorealistic 2D graphics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Still_life#21st_century" title="Still life">Still life § 21st century</a></div> <p>Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a <a href="/wiki/Wireframe_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireframe model">wireframe model</a>. 2D computer graphics with 3D <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some <a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">graphic art software</a> includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">Visual artists</a> may also copy or visualize 3D effects and <a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">manually render</a> photo-realistic effects without the use of filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2.5D">2.5D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2.5D" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> use <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a> graphics, involving restricted projections of three-dimensional environments, such as <a href="/wiki/Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">isometric graphics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_camera_system#Fixed" title="Virtual camera system">virtual cameras with fixed angles</a>, either as a way to improve performance of the <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> or for stylistic and gameplay concerns. By contrast, games using 3D computer graphics without such restrictions are said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to use true 3D. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">List of 3D computer graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_data_acquisition_and_object_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="3D data acquisition and object reconstruction">3D data acquisition and object reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection on 2D planes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_graphics_in_video_games_and_pixel_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art">Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stereoscopic_video_games" title="List of stereoscopic video games">List of stereoscopic video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_animation" title="Medical animation">Medical animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_farm" title="Render farm">Render farm</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathwords.com/n/n_gon.htm/">the original</a> on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWords&rft.atitle=n-gon&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathwords.com%2Fn%2Fn_gon.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2003" class="citation book cs1">Buss, Samuel R. (2003-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CspAwAAQBAJ&q=3d+computer+graphics+information+books"><i>3D Computer Graphics: A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44038-7"><bdi>978-1-139-44038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3D+Computer+Graphics%3A+A+Mathematical+Introduction+with+OpenGL&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44038-7&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CspAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D3d%2Bcomputer%2Bgraphics%2Binformation%2Bbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinima">"Machinima"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePro3DStudio&rft.atitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+the+Concept+of+3D+in+Computer+Graphics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofessional3dservices.com%2Fblog%2F3d-computer-graphics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&oldid=1259813511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&oldid=1259813511</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="رسومات حاسوبية ثلاثية الأبعاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسومات حاسوبية ثلاثية الأبعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BC_komp%C3%BCter_qrafikas%C4%B1" title="Üçölçülü kompüter qrafikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üçölçülü kompüter qrafikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ti%C4%81n-n%C3%A1u_t%C3%B4%CD%98-h%C3%AAng" title="3D tiān-náu tô͘-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="3D tiān-náu tô͘-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="3D компютърна графика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="3D компютърна графика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunarska_grafika" title="3D računarska grafika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="3D računarska grafika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0fics_3D_per_ordinador" title="Gràfics 3D per ordinador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gràfics 3D per ordinador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_3D_grafika" title="Počítačová 3D grafika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová 3D grafika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-computergrafik" title="3D-computergrafik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="3D-computergrafik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmem%C3%B5%C3%B5tmeline_arvutigraafika" title="Kolmemõõtmeline arvutigraafika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmemõõtmeline arvutigraafika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Τρισδιάστατα γραφικά υπολογιστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρισδιάστατα γραφικά υπολογιστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1ficos_3D_por_computadora" title="Gráficos 3D por computadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gráficos 3D por computadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridimensia_komputila_grafiko" title="Tridimensia komputila grafiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tridimensia komputila grafiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiru_dimentsioko_infografia" title="Hiru dimentsioko infografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiru dimentsioko infografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گرافیک کامپیوتری سه‌بعدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرافیک کامپیوتری سه‌بعدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographie_tridimensionnelle" title="Infographie tridimensionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infographie tridimensionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1ficos_3D_por_ordenador" title="Gráficos 3D por ordenador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gráficos 3D por ordenador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4" title="3차원 컴퓨터 그래픽스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3차원 컴퓨터 그래픽스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunalna_grafika" title="3D računalna grafika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="3D računalna grafika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiko_tridimensiona" title="Grafiko tridimensiona – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grafiko tridimensiona" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_komputer_3D" title="Grafika komputer 3D – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafika komputer 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_grafica_3D" title="Computer grafica 3D – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer grafica 3D" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%93" title="גרפיקת תלת-ממד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפיקת תלת-ממד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="3D კომპიუტერული გრაფიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="3D კომპიუტერული გრაფიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Үш өлшемді графика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үш өлшемді графика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_datorgrafika" title="3D datorgrafika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="3D datorgrafika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimat%C4%97_kompiuterin%C4%97_grafika" title="Trimatė kompiuterinė grafika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trimatė kompiuterinė grafika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тримерна графика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тримерна графика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_komputer_3D" title="Grafik komputer 3D – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grafik komputer 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-computergraphics" title="3D-computergraphics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="3D-computergraphics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="3次元コンピュータグラフィックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="3次元コンピュータグラフィックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafikk" title="3D-grafikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="3D-grafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_3D" title="Grafika 3D – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafika 3D" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_gr%C3%A1fica)" title="3D (computação gráfica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="3D (computação gráfica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D" title="3D – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="3D" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трёхмерная графика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трёхмерная графика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_kompjuterike_3D" title="Grafika kompjuterike 3D – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grafika kompjuterike 3D" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_grafika" title="3D počítačová grafika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="3D počítačová grafika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E_%DA%95%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="وێنەی سێ ڕەھەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەی سێ ڕەھەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunarska_grafika" title="3D računarska grafika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="3D računarska grafika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunalna_grafika" title="3D računalna grafika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="3D računalna grafika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafiikka" title="3D-grafiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="3D-grafiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafik" title="3D-grafik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="3D-grafik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_(3%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="త్రిమితీయ కంప్యూటర్ రేఖా చిత్రాలు (3డి కంప్యూటర్ గ్రాఫిక్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="త్రిమితీయ కంప్యూటర్ రేఖా చిత్రాలు (3డి కంప్యూటర్ గ్రాఫిక్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์สามมิติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์สามมิติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_boyutlu_bilgisayar_grafikleri" title="3 boyutlu bilgisayar grafikleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="3 boyutlu bilgisayar grafikleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_3D-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Комп'ютерна 3D-графіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерна 3D-графіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Da_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_3D" title="Đồ họa máy tính 3D – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồ họa máy tính 3D" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="3D 電腦圖像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="3D 電腦圖像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="三维计算机图形 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三维计算机图形" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 05:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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