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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrophora_hamelii" title="Porphyrophora hamelii – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Porphyrophora hamelii" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrophora_hamelii" title="Porphyrophora hamelii – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Porphyrophora hamelii" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Armenian cochineal" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Որդան կարմիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որդան կարմիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrophora_hamelii" title="Porphyrophora hamelii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porphyrophora hamelii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" 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href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrophora_hamelii" title="Porphyrophora hamelii – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Porphyrophora hamelii" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10637838#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Armenian cochineal </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Porphyrophora_hamelii,_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg/220px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg/330px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg/440px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> (female) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Porphyrophora_hamelii,_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg/220px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg/330px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg/440px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> (male) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Porphyrophora" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sternorrhyncha" title="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margarodidae" title="Margarodidae">Margarodidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porphyrophora" title="Porphyrophora"><i>Porphyrophora</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. hamelii</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a>, 1833</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> <sup id="cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Porphyrophora hameli</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a>, 1834 (revived by Jakubski, 1965)</small></li> <li><i>Porphyrophora armeniaca</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burmeister" title="Hermann Burmeister">Burmeister</a>, 1835</small></li> <li><i>Coccus radicis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer">Meyer</a>, 1856</small></li> <li><i>Margarodes hameli</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dru_Alison_Cockerell" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell">Cockerell</a>, 1902 and <a href="/wiki/Maria_E._Fernald" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria E. Fernald">Fernald</a>, 1903</small></li> <li><i>Coccionella armeniaca</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hermann_Leonhard_Lindinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hermann Leonhard Lindinger (page does not exist)">Lindinger</a>, 1954</small></li> <li><i>Coccionella hamelii</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hermann_Leonhard_Lindinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hermann Leonhard Lindinger (page does not exist)">Lindinger</a>, 1954</small></li> <li><i>Coccionella hameli</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hermann_Leonhard_Lindinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hermann Leonhard Lindinger (page does not exist)">Lindinger</a>, 1954</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Armenian cochineal</b> (<i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i>), also known as the <b>Ararat cochineal</b> or <b>Ararat scale</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insect</a> indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat plain">Ararat plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras (Araks) River valley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, including East of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It was formerly used to produce an <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuff</a> known in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> as <i><b>vordan karmir</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:որդան կարմիր">որդան կարմիր</a></span>, literally "worm's red") and historically in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> as <i>kirmiz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Dov_2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Dov_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_1964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vedeler_2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedeler_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> within Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian cochineal scale insect, <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i>, is in a different <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">taxonomic family</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Both insects produce red dyestuffs that are also commonly called cochineal.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastaugh_etal_2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastaugh_etal_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_art">History and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_cochineal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> is one of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural sources</a> of red <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> in the Middle East and Europe, along with the insect dyes <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">Kermes vermilio</a></i> and related species), <a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">lac</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Kerria_lacca" title="Kerria lacca">Kerria lacca</a></i> and related species), and <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> from other <i><a href="/wiki/Porphyrophora" title="Porphyrophora">Porphyrophora</a></i> species such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a> (<i>Porphyrophora polonica</i>), and the plant dye madder (from <i><a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">Rubia tinctorum</a></i> and related species).<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_1964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1969_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1969-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koren_2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koren_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (March 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> It is possible that Armenian cochineal dye was in use as early as 714 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> was recorded as seizing red textiles as spoils of war from the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> (the geographic predecessor of Armenia) and Kilhu.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_1964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thureau-Dangin_1912_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thureau-Dangin_1912-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipps_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (March 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman-era</a> physician and pharmacologist <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, writing in the 1st century AD, noted that the best <i>kokkos baphike</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">kermes shrub</a> and its "grain" (<a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">kermes insect</a>) that some ancient writers likely confused with <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i>, came from <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> and Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_1964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dioscorides_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dioscorides-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> the Armenian historians <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar Parpetsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a> wrote specifically of a worm-produced dyestuff from the Ararat region.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages the Armenian cochineal dyestuff <i>vordan karmir</i>, also known in Persia as <i>kirmiz</i>, was widely celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vedeler_2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedeler_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kirmiz</i> is not to be confused with dyer's <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a>, which was derived from another insect.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian cities <a href="/wiki/Artashat_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artashat (ancient city)">Artashat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a> were early centers of the production of <i>kirmiz</i>: during the 8th through 10th centuries <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> historians even referred to Artashat as "the town of <i>kirmiz</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabs and Persians regarded <i>kirmiz</i> as one of the most valuable commodities exported from Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenians themselves used <i>vordan karmir</i> to produce dyes for <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">oriental rugs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> for <a href="/wiki/Armenian_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Armenian illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> and church <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babenko_1988_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babenko_1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mushak_1988_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mushak_1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical analyses have identified the dye of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> in <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> textiles of the 3rd through 10th centuries, a <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a> cloth used in a <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Persia</a> in the 6th or 7th century, silk <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_gloves" title="Episcopal gloves">liturgical gloves</a> from 15th-century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">lampas</a> of the 15th through 17th centuries, and a 16th-century velvet <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">cap of maintenance</a> that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petroviciu_etal_2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petroviciu_etal_2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waterford_Treasures_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterford_Treasures-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in Europe, <i>Porphyrophora</i> insects were so valuable that in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> during the 1430s, one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> insects was worth more than 5 grams (0.18 ounces) of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007_note2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a> <i>Porphyrophora</i>-based dyes were especially prized in Europe for dyeing <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> dye <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> was more plentiful, cheaper, and more effective for dyeing <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">woolen</a> textiles, which are heavier than silk and require more dye.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that on the order of a half million dried <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> insects were required to dye one kilogram (2.2 lb) of silk crimson during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007_note3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the comparison between Armenian and Polish cochineal, the author of a 15th-century treatise on silks in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> wrote that "two pounds of the large [Armenian cochineal insects] will dye as much [silk] as one pound of small [Polish cochineal insects]; it is true that it gives a more noble and brighter colour than the small, but it gives less dye."<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gargiolli_1868_ed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gargiolli_1868_ed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the end of the 16th century the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> <i>Porphyrophora</i> dyes were supplanted by dyes of the <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal"><i>Dactylopius coccus</i> cochineal</a> species from the Americas, which could be harvested several times per year and yielded a much more concentrated dye.<sup id="cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipps_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> dyestuff of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> owes its red color almost entirely to <a href="/wiki/Carminic_acid" title="Carminic acid">carminic acid</a>, making it difficult to distinguish chemically from the dyestuff of <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> from the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1969_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1969-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phipps_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wouters_and_Verhecken_1989_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters_and_Verhecken_1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (March 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The dyestuff of <i>Porphyrophora polonica</i> can be distinguished by its small admixture of <a href="/wiki/Kermesic_acid" title="Kermesic acid">kermesic acid</a>, which is the major constituent of <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> from <i>Kermes vermilio</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1833 the German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Johann Friedrich von Brandt</a> suggested the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">scientific name</a> <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> after the Russian physician, traveler, and historian of German descent Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Гамель, Иосиф Христианович">ru</a>), who visited the Ararat plain in the early 1830s and wrote a report about the "cochineal" insects living there.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandt_Ratzeburg_1833_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt_Ratzeburg_1833-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamel_1833_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamel_1833-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vordan_Karmir_(Cochineal_Red)_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel,_Noravank_monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vordan karmir ceiling art at Noravank Monastery"><img alt="Vordan karmir ceiling art at Noravank Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg/269px-Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg/404px-Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg/538px-Vordan_Karmir_%28Cochineal_Red%29_ornament_on_the_ceiling_of_S._Grigor_Chapel%2C_Noravank_monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Vordan karmir</i> ceiling art at <a href="/wiki/Noravank" title="Noravank">Noravank Monastery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khachkars (cross-stones) at Geghard Monastery painted with vordan karmir[29]"><img alt="Khachkars (cross-stones) at Geghard Monastery painted with vordan karmir[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG/271px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG/406px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG/541px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A427.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkars</a></i> (cross-stones) at <a href="/wiki/Geghard" title="Geghard">Geghard Monastery</a> painted with <i>vordan karmir</i><sup id="cite_ref-Geghard_Armenian_Monuments_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geghard_Armenian_Monuments-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silk liturgical gloves (left) of Cardinal Pierre de Foix (15th century), dyed crimson with P. hamelii carmine[6]"><img alt="Silk liturgical gloves (left) of Cardinal Pierre de Foix (15th century), dyed crimson with P. hamelii carmine[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg/270px-Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg/405px-Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg/540px-Saint_Bertrand_de_Comminges-Gants_et_Chaussons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silk <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_gloves" title="Episcopal gloves">liturgical gloves</a> (left) of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Foix,_le_vieux" title="Pierre de Foix, le vieux">Cardinal Pierre de Foix</a> (15th century), dyed crimson with <i>P. hamelii</i> carmine<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Stamp_Karmin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2006 Armenian postage stamp depicting P. hamelii"><img alt="A 2006 Armenian postage stamp depicting P. hamelii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Armenian_Stamp_Karmin.jpg/181px-Armenian_Stamp_Karmin.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Armenian_Stamp_Karmin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2006 Armenian postage stamp depicting <i>P. hamelii</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_cochineal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porphyrophora_hamelii,_cysts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg/220px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg/330px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg/440px-Porphyrophora_hamelii%2C_cysts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> cysts around the root of <i>Aeluropus littoralis</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foldi_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jakubski_1965_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakubski_1965-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult female, from which <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> is extracted, is oval-shaped, soft-bodied, crimson in color, and has large forelegs for <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">digging</a>. The females can be quite large for a <i>Porphyrophora</i> species: up to 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 7 mm (0.28 in) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jakubski_1965_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakubski_1965-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that one <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy pound</a> (360 grams) of cochineal insects requires 18,000–23,000 specimens of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i>, but 100,000–130,000 specimens of the sister species <a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal"><i>Porphyrophora polonica</i></a> (or 20,000–25,000 specimens of <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal"><i>Dactylopius coccus</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Virey_1840_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virey_1840-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fennel_1842_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fennel_1842-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult male <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> is a winged insect. </p><p>The life cycle of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Hypogeal" title="Hypogeal">subterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foldi_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newly hatched <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> emerge from the ground in the springtime and crawl until they find the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grassy plants</a> that <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">grow in saline soil</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aeluropus" title="Aeluropus"><i>Aeluropus littoralis</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">որդանխոտ</span> (genus <i>Aeluropus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Babenko_1988_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babenko_1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally "worm's grass") and the common reed <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites"><i>Phragmites australis</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the spring and summer, forming protective <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>-like cysts in the process. From mid-September to mid-October adults emerge from the ground between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007_note4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult insects, lacking mouthparts, do not feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foldi_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult males live for only a few days, but adult females can live longer, burrowing into the ground to lay their eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foldi_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_conservation">Habitat and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_cochineal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg/220px-Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg/330px-Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg/440px-Vordan_Karmir_Habitat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The historic habitat of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vordan_Karmir_State_Reservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vordan Karmir State Reservation (page does not exist)">Vordan Karmir State Reservation</a> is in red and the historic dye-producing cities <a href="/wiki/Artashat_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artashat (ancient city)">Artashat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a> are in purple.</figcaption></figure> <p>The red dye-producing insects of the Ararat plain were once plentiful: a 19th-century French traveler wrote that shepherds' flocks, when led to drink from the <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Araxes (Araks) River</a>, would appear bloody from the insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-20th century the extent of occurrence in Armenia was 100 km<sup>2</sup> (39 sq mi) with a recorded distribution that included the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a> provinces in Armenia as well as the Turkish, Iranian, and Russian <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, but by the 1990s the extent of occurrence in Armenia had shrunk to about 20 km<sup>2</sup> (7.7 sq mi), mostly in Armavir Province.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REC-Caucasus_Armavir_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REC-Caucasus_Armavir-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> of the Armenian salt marshes to create "economic and agricultural regions", and the creation of lakes for <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a>, "severely restricted the [habitable] area for the insects and [endangered their] existence."<sup id="cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg/220px-Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg/330px-Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg/440px-Vordan_Karmir_reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vordan_Karmir_State_Reservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vordan Karmir State Reservation (page does not exist)">Vordan Karmir State Reservation</a>, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>The population in Armenia resides almost entirely in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vordan_Karmir_State_Reservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vordan Karmir State Reservation (page does not exist)">Vordan Karmir State Reservation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt meadow</a> habitat of 198.33 ha (490.1 acres) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Arazap" title="Arazap">Arazap village</a> and 21.52 ha (53.2 acres) in the north of <a href="/wiki/Jrarat,_Armavir" title="Jrarat, Armavir">Jrarat village</a> established in 1987 near the Araks River border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, plus a site southeast of <a href="/wiki/Ararat_(village),_Armenia" title="Ararat (village), Armenia">Ararat village</a> and a few patches of several <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vordan_Karmir_Reservation_Statute_2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vordan_Karmir_Reservation_Statute_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayastani_Azgayin_Atlas_A_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayastani_Azgayin_Atlas_A-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been no recent scientific reports on populations of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> outside the surroundings of Mount Ararat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> is considered <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> within Armenia by meeting the following conditions: an <a href="/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship#Measures_of_species_geographic_range" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">area of occupancy</a> of less than 10 km<sup>2</sup> (3.9 sq mi), plus severely fragmented occupancy or known to exist at only a single location, plus continued decline (observed, inferred, or projected) in the area of occurrence, area of occupancy, and area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; and an <a href="/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship#Measures_of_species_geographic_range" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">extent of occurrence</a> of less than 100 km<sup>2</sup> (39 sq mi) with the aforementioned conditions of continued decline.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_Categories_Criteria_v3_1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_Categories_Criteria_v3_1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Threats to the <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> population in Armenia include the <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">development of saline lands</a>, agricultural improvements, uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> grazing, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural foes of the species include <a href="/wiki/Tyrophagus_putrescentiae" title="Tyrophagus putrescentiae">mold mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">lady beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvester_ant" title="Harvester ant">harvester ants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erratic_ant" title="Erratic ant">erratic ants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Dov_2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Dov_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_cochineal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li>genus <a href="/wiki/Porphyrophora" title="Porphyrophora">Porphyrophora</a> of Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal species</li> <li>Mexican <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_cochineal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScaleNet_Porphyrophora_hamelii_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBen-DovMillerGibson2014" class="citation web cs1">Ben-Dov, Y.; Miller, D.R.; Gibson, G.A.P. (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201637/http://scalenet.info/validname/Porphyrophora/hamelii/">"ScaleNet, Porphyrophora hamelii"</a>. <i>ScaleNet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalenet.info/validname/Porphyrophora/hamelii/">the original</a> on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScaleNet&rft.atitle=ScaleNet%2C+Porphyrophora+hamelii&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Ben-Dov&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Miller%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+G.A.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscalenet.info%2Fvalidname%2FPorphyrophora%2Fhamelii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Dov_2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Dov_2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Dov_2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Dov2005" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Dov, Yair (2005). <i>A Systematic Catalogue of the Scale Insect Family Magarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World</i>. United Kingdom: Intercept (Lavoisier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84585-000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84585-000-5"><bdi>978-1-84585-000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Systematic+Catalogue+of+the+Scale+Insect+Family+Magarodidae+%28Hemiptera%3A+Coccoidea%29+of+the+World&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Intercept+%28Lavoisier%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84585-000-5&rft.aulast=Ben-Dov&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes_1964-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_1964_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1964" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R.J. (1964) [1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ua83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Studies in Ancient Technology</i></a>. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08307-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08307-3"><bdi>90-04-08307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Technology&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=102-103&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=90-04-08307-3&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dua83AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin_1977-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_1977_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonkin1977" class="citation journal cs1">Donkin, R.A. (1977). "The Insect Dyes of Western and West-Central Asia". <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>72</b> (5/6). Anthropos Institute: 847–880. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459185">40459185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Insect+Dyes+of+Western+and+West-Central+Asia&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=847-880&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40459185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Donkin&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedeler_2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vedeler_2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vedeler_2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedeler2014" class="citation book cs1">Vedeler, Marianne (2014). <i>Silk for the Vikings</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW BOOKS. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-215-0"><bdi>978-1-78297-215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+for+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=OXBOW+BOOKS&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-215-0&rft.aulast=Vedeler&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span> Vedeler, citing Cardon (2007), notes that "the Persian name <i>Kirmiz</i> originally referred to the Armenian carmine, a parasitic insect living on Gramineae grass, but the same name was also used by Arab geographers for insects living on oak trees in Maghreb and Al-Andalus, probably referring to <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">Kermes vermilio</a></i>", although "[i]t is ... not clear whether the 'Kirmiz' dyestuff mentioned in early Arab texts always refers to the use of the insect <i>Kermes Vermilio</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardon2007" class="citation book cs1">Cardon, Dominique (2007). <i>Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science</i>. London, United Kingdom: Archetype Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904982-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904982-00-5"><bdi>978-1-904982-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Dyes%3A+Sources%2C+Tradition%2C+Technology+and+Science&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Archetype+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904982-00-5&rft.aulast=Cardon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span> English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book <i>Le monde des teintures naturelles</i> (Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNP_RA_P_ham-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNP_RA_P_ham_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhachatryan" class="citation web cs1">Khachatryan, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnp.am/red_book_fauna/eng/a65.html">"Porphyrophora ham melii Brandt, 1833"</a>. <i>Red Book of Armenia</i>. Republic of Armenia Ministry of Environment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Book+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=Porphyrophora+ham+melii+Brandt%2C+1833&rft.aulast=Khachatryan&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnp.am%2Fred_book_fauna%2Feng%2Fa65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastaugh_etal_2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eastaugh_etal_2007_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2004" class="citation book cs1">Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2OH28vpzzMsC&pg=PA118"><i>Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments</i></a>. Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterwoth-Heinemann. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5749-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5749-9"><bdi>0-7506-5749-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Historical+Pigments&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+and+Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Elsevier+Butterwoth-Heinemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7506-5749-9&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Valentine&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Siddall%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OH28vpzzMsC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_1969-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1969_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1969_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1969" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Stuart (1969). <i>A History of Dyed Textiles</i>. London, United Kingdom: Studio Vista. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-289-79644-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-289-79644-3"><bdi>978-0-289-79644-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Dyed+Textiles&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Studio+Vista&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-289-79644-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohmer_and_Thompson_1991_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhmerThompson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Böhmer, Harald; Thompson, Jon (1991). "The Pazyryk Carpet: A Technical Discussion". <i>Source: Notes in the History of Art</i>. <b>10</b> (4). Ars Brevis Foundation: 30–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsou.10.4.23203293">10.1086/sou.10.4.23203293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23203293">23203293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191394307">191394307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+Notes+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Pazyryk+Carpet%3A+A+Technical+Discussion&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=30-36&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191394307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23203293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsou.10.4.23203293&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hmer&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koren_2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koren_2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoren2005" class="citation cs2">Koren, Zvi C. (2005), "Chromatographic analyses of selected historic dyeings from ancient Israel", in Janaway, R.; Wyeth, P. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tekhelet.com/pdf/KOREN_2005_194-201.pdf"><i>Scientific Analysis of Ancient and Historic Textiles: Informing, Preservation, Display and Interpretation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, London, United Kingdom: Archetype Publications, pp. 194–201<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chromatographic+analyses+of+selected+historic+dyeings+from+ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=Scientific+Analysis+of+Ancient+and+Historic+Textiles%3A+Informing%2C+Preservation%2C+Display+and+Interpretation&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=194-201&rft.pub=Archetype+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Koren&rft.aufirst=Zvi+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekhelet.com%2Fpdf%2FKOREN_2005_194-201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardon2010" class="citation cs2">Cardon, Dominique (2010), "Natural Dyes, Our Global Heritage of Colours", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/12/"><i>Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America ("Textiles and Settlement: From Plains Space to Cyber Space") (October 6–9, 2010)</i></a>, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: <a href="/wiki/Textile_Society_of_America" title="Textile Society of America">Textile Society of America</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+Dyes%2C+Our+Global+Heritage+of+Colours&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+12th+Biennial+Symposium+of+the+Textile+Society+of+America+%28%22Textiles+and+Settlement%3A+From+Plains+Space+to+Cyber+Space%22%29+%28October+6%E2%80%939%2C+2010%29&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska%2C+USA&rft.pub=Textile+Society+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cardon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Ftsaconf%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2011" class="citation cs2">Kirby, Jo (2011), "Dyes, Dyeing and Lake Pigments – Historical Background", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doernerinstitut.de/downloads/Back_to_the_Roots/Back_to_the_roots_Kirby_I.pdf"><i><span></span></i>Back to the Roots<i> – Workshop on the Preparation of Historical Lake Pigments (March 23–25, 2011)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Munich, Germany: Doerner Institut<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyes%2C+Dyeing+and+Lake+Pigments+%E2%80%93+Historical+Background&rft.btitle=Back+to+the+Roots+%E2%80%93+Workshop+on+the+Preparation+of+Historical+Lake+Pigments+%28March+23%E2%80%9325%2C+2011%29&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Doerner+Institut&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doernerinstitut.de%2Fdownloads%2FBack_to_the_Roots%2FBack_to_the_roots_Kirby_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thureau-Dangin_1912-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thureau-Dangin_1912_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThureau-Dangin1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thureau-Dangin, François (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unerelationdelah00thuruoft"><i>Une Relation de la Hutième Campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.) texte Assyrien inédit, publié et traduit</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: Librairie Paul Geuthner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unerelationdelah00thuruoft/page/57">57</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+Relation+de+la+Huti%C3%A8me+Campagne+de+Sargon+%28714+av.+J.-C.%29+texte+Assyrien+in%C3%A9dit%2C+publi%C3%A9+et+traduit&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Librairie+Paul+Geuthner&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Thureau-Dangin&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funerelationdelah00thuruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phipps_2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phipps_2010_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2010" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, Elena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Cochineal_Red_the_art_history_of_a_color#"><i>Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color [adapted from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3 (Winter 2010)]</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cochineal+Red%3A+The+Art+History+of+a+Color+%5Badapted+from+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin%2C+v.+67%2C+no.+3+%28Winter+2010%29%5D&rft.place=New+York+City+and+New+Haven%2C+USA+and+London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+and+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19560-6&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fmetpublications%2FCochineal_Red_the_art_history_of_a_color%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span> (Also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CochinealRedthearthistoryofacolor">archive.org</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurdian_1941-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurdian_1941_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurdian1941" class="citation journal cs1">Kurdian, H. (1941). "Kirmiz". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>61</b> (2). American Oriental Society: 105–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F594255">10.2307/594255</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594255">594255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Kirmiz&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-107&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F594255&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F594255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kurdian&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dioscorides-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dioscorides_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObaldeston2000" class="citation book cs1">Obaldeston, T.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica"><i>Dioscorides, </i>De Materia Medica<i>. Five books in one volume: new modern English translation</i></a>. Vol. 4. Johannesburg, South Africa: IBIDIS Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica/page/n618">588</a>–591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-23435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-23435-1"><bdi>978-0-620-23435-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dioscorides%2C+De+Materia+Medica.+Five+books+in+one+volume%3A+new+modern+English+translation&rft.place=Johannesburg%2C+South+Africa&rft.pages=588-591&rft.pub=IBIDIS+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-620-23435-1&rft.aulast=Obaldeston&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fde-materia-medica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span> English translation by T.A. Obaldeston with introductory notes by R.P. Wood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babenko_1988-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babenko_1988_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babenko_1988_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabenko1988" class="citation journal cs1">Babenko, Vitali (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701123218/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm">"Vordan Karmir or Armenian Cochineal"</a>. <i>Oriental Rug Review</i>. <b>VIII</b> (5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 40–41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Rug+Review&rft.atitle=Vordan+Karmir+or+Armenian+Cochineal&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Babenko&rft.aufirst=Vitali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugreview.com%2Forr%2F8-5-40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mushak_1988-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mushak_1988_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushak1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mushak, Paul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701123218/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-40.htm">"The use of insect dyes in Oriental rugs and textiles: Some unresolved issues"</a>. <i>Oriental Rug Review</i>. <b>VIII</b> (5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 33–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-33.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Rug+Review&rft.atitle=The+use+of+insect+dyes+in+Oriental+rugs+and+textiles%3A+Some+unresolved+issues&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33-39&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mushak&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugreview.com%2Forr%2F8-5-33.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petroviciu_etal_2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petroviciu_etal_2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetroviciuCrețuVanden_BergheWouters2012" class="citation journal cs1">Petroviciu, Irina; Crețu, Ileana; Vanden Berghe, Ina; Wouters, Jan; Medvedovici, Andrei; Albu, Florin; Creanga, Doina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morana-rtd.com/e-preservationscience/2012/Petroviciu-29-02-2012.pdf">"A discussion on the red anthraquinone dyes detected in historic textiles from Romanian collections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>E-Preservation Science</i>. <b>9</b>. Morana RTD: 90–96<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Preservation+Science&rft.atitle=A+discussion+on+the+red+anthraquinone+dyes+detected+in+historic+textiles+from+Romanian+collections&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=90-96&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Petroviciu&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Cre%C8%9Bu%2C+Ileana&rft.au=Vanden+Berghe%2C+Ina&rft.au=Wouters%2C+Jan&rft.au=Medvedovici%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Albu%2C+Florin&rft.au=Creanga%2C+Doina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morana-rtd.com%2Fe-preservationscience%2F2012%2FPetroviciu-29-02-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterford_Treasures-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterford_Treasures_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterfordtreasures.com/medieval-museum/whats-inside/king-henry-viiis-cap-of-maintenance">"Henry VIII's Cap of Maintenance"</a>. Treasures of Medieval Waterford, Ireland: Medieval Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Cap+of+Maintenance&rft.pub=Treasures+of+Medieval+Waterford%2C+Ireland%3A+Medieval+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterfordtreasures.com%2Fmedieval-museum%2Fwhats-inside%2Fking-henry-viiis-cap-of-maintenance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardon2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardon, Dominique (2000), "Du verme cremexe au veluto chremesino: une filierè vénitienne du cramoisi au XVe siécle", in Molà, L.; Mueller, R.C.; Zanier, C. (eds.), <i><span></span></i>La Seta in Italia dal Medioevo al Seicento<i><span></span></i> (in French), Venice, Italy: Fondazione Giorgio Cini, pp. 63–73</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+verme+cremexe+au+veluto+chremesino%3A+une+filier%C3%A8+v%C3%A9nitienne+du+cramoisi+au+XVe+si%C3%A9cle&rft.btitle=La+Seta+in+Italia+dal+Medioevo+al+Seicento&rft.place=Venice%2C+Italy&rft.pages=63-73&rft.pub=Fondazione+Giorgio+Cini&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cardon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2007_note2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some articles improperly cite Cardon to suggest, incorrectly, that Armenian cochineal insects were more valuable, by weight, than gold (i.e., one gram of insects was worth several grams of gold) during this era. Cardon (2007) does, however, note that according to the records of a <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> merchant trading in Constantinople during the 1430s, even the cheapest Armenian cochineal insects were still worth more, pound-for-pound, than some live <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> women and adolescents) that he had bought.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2007_note3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">400,000 to 560,000 dried <i>P. hamelii</i> insects were required to dye 1 kg of silk according to the figures of Cardon (2007): 1,000 g to 1,400 g of dried insects per 100 g of silk, with 40 adult females per gram of dried insects. Note that Virey (1840) reports 18,000–23,000 insects per 360-gram troy pound (50–64 insects per gram; not stated whether they were dried).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gargiolli_1868_ed-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gargiolli_1868_ed_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargiolli1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gargiolli, Girolamo, ed. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lartedellasetai00garggoog"><i>L'arte della seta in Firenze. Trattato del Secolo XV, pubblicato per la prima volta, e dialoghi raccolti da Girolamo Gargiolli</i></a> (in Italian). Florence, Italy: G. Barbèra. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lartedellasetai00garggoog/page/n51">32</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arte+della+seta+in+Firenze.+Trattato+del+Secolo+XV%2C+pubblicato+per+la+prima+volta%2C+e+dialoghi+raccolti+da+Girolamo+Gargiolli.&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=G.+Barb%C3%A8ra&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flartedellasetai00garggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wouters_and_Verhecken_1989-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wouters_and_Verhecken_1989_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoutersVerhecken1989" class="citation journal cs1">Wouters, Jan; Verhecken, André (1989). "The Coccid Insect Dyes: HPLC and Computerized Diode-Array Analysis of Dyed Yarns". <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>34</b> (4). Maney Publishing: 189–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.1989.34.4.189">10.1179/sic.1989.34.4.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1506286">1506286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Coccid+Insect+Dyes%3A+HPLC+and+Computerized+Diode-Array+Analysis+of+Dyed+Yarns&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=189-200&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fsic.1989.34.4.189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1506286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wouters&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Verhecken%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandt_Ratzeburg_1833-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandt_Ratzeburg_1833_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandtRatzeburg1833" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brandt, Johann Friedrich; Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor Christian (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQPnKys-3mkC&pg=PA356"><i>Medizinische Zoologie oder getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere, in der Arzneimitellehre in Betracht kommen, in systematischer Folge herausgegeben</i></a> (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Trowitzsch and Sohn. p. 356<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medizinische+Zoologie+oder+getreue+Darstellung+und+Beschreibung+der+Thiere%2C+in+der+Arzneimitellehre+in+Betracht+kommen%2C+in+systematischer+Folge+herausgegeben.&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Trowitzsch+and+Sohn&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Johann+Friedrich&rft.au=Ratzeburg%2C+Julius+Theodor+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQPnKys-3mkC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamel_1833-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamel_1833_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel1833" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamel, J. (1833), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/files/21947/E000014948.pdf">"Über Cochenille am Ararat und über Wurzelcochenille im Allgemeinen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg / Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles</i> (in German), vol. Tome III (1835) [publishing the second part of Tome I (1833)], Frankfurt, Germany: Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, pp. 9–64<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Cochenille+am+Ararat+und+%C3%BCber+Wurzelcochenille+im+Allgemeinen&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp%C3%A9riale+des+Sciences+de+St.+P%C3%A9tersbourg+%2F+Sciences+math%C3%A9matiques%2C+physiques+et+naturelles&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=9-64&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek+Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ffiles%2F21947%2FE000014948.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span>. Publication of Hamel's 4 May 1833 report on the Ararat cochineal. Hamel's report mentions <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_von_Brandt" title="Johann Friedrich von Brandt">Brandt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geghard_Armenian_Monuments-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geghard_Armenian_Monuments_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141013033151/http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Geghard/78">"Geghard 7: Monk cells, Khachkar Wall. Geghard's Khachkars"</a>. Armenian Monuments Awareness Project. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>The red color found on some of the cross stones is a result of their being painted with Vortan Karmir, a red dye made from beetles native to Armenia. The red dye was among the more famous exports of the kingdom, and was valued more than gold in Europe and the Near East. Its resilience has long since proved itself; the color you see now is more than 800 years old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geghard+7%3A+Monk+cells%2C+Khachkar+Wall.+Geghard%27s+Khachkars.&rft.pub=Armenian+Monuments+Awareness+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianheritage.org%2Fen%2Fmonument%2FGeghard%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahediHodgson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vahedi, Hassan-Ali; Hodgson, C.J. (2007). "Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa". <i>Systematics and Biodiversity</i>. <b>5</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: 23–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1477200006002039">10.1017/s1477200006002039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85698171">85698171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=Some+species+of+the+hypogeal+scale+insect+Porphyrophora+Brandt+%28Hemiptera%3A+Sternorrhyncha%3A+Coccoidea%3A+Margarodidae%29+from+Europe%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-122&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1477200006002039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85698171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vahedi&rft.aufirst=Hassan-Ali&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foldi_2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foldi_2005_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoldi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Foldi, Imre (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/asef/pdf/2005_41_01/compact/Foldi_ASEF_2005_41_1_81_125_compact.pdf">"Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae <i>sensu stricto</i> (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annales de la Société Entomologique de France</i>. New Series. <b>41</b> (1). Taylor & Francis: 81–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00379271.2005.10697442">10.1080/00379271.2005.10697442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86389986">86389986</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Entomologique+de+France&rft.atitle=Ground+pearls%3A+a+generic+revision+of+the+Margarodidae+sensu+stricto+%28Hemiptera%3A+Sternorrhyncha%3A+Coccoidea%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-125&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00379271.2005.10697442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86389986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foldi&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoologie.umh.ac.be%2Fasef%2Fpdf%2F2005_41_01%2Fcompact%2FFoldi_ASEF_2005_41_1_81_125_compact.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakubski_1965-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jakubski_1965_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jakubski_1965_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakubski1965" class="citation book cs1">Jakubski, Antoni Władysław (1965). <i>A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea)</i>. London, United Kingdom: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Revision+of+the+Families+Margarodidae+and+Termitococcidae+%28Hemiptera%2C+Coccoidea%29&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Jakubski&rft.aufirst=Antoni+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virey_1840-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Virey_1840_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirey1840" class="citation cs2">Virey, M.J.J. (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209">"Remarks on the former uses of purple or scarlet colouring insects. New cochineal of Persia and Armenia."</a>, in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.), <i>The Chemist: Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer</i>, vol. I, London, United Kingdom: R. Hastings, pp. 209–210</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+former+uses+of+purple+or+scarlet+colouring+insects.+New+cochineal+of+Persia+and+Armenia.&rft.btitle=The+Chemist%3A+Or%2C+Reporter+of+Chemical+Discoveries+and+Improvements%2C+and+Protector+of+the+Rights+of+the+Chemist+and+Chemical+Manufacturer&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=R.+Hastings&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Virey&rft.aufirst=M.J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKQwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fennel_1842-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fennel_1842_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennel1842" class="citation cs2">Fennel, James H. (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA295">"On useful insects and their products"</a>, in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.), <i>The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction</i>, vol. I, London, United Kingdom: J. Limbird, pp. 295–296</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+useful+insects+and+their+products&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Literature%2C+Amusement%2C+and+Instruction&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=J.+Limbird&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Fennel&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTo5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164358/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm">"Vordan Karmir: The Red Worm (From the <i>Soviet Armenia Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. 8, 1982, pp. 642–43)"</a>. <i>Oriental Rug Review</i>. <b>VIII</b> (5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 42–43. 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Rug+Review&rft.atitle=Vordan+Karmir%3A+The+Red+Worm+%28From+the+Soviet+Armenia+Encyclopedia%2C+Vol.+8%2C+1982%2C+pp.+642%E2%80%9343%29&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugreview.com%2Forr%2F8-5-42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardon_2007_note4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardon_2007_note4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of <i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> biology, which states that the mating time is from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. The <i>Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia</i> (1982) and the online <i>Red Book of Armenia</i> (which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REC-Caucasus_Armavir-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-REC-Caucasus_Armavir_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017235325/http://www.rec-caucasus.org/Flash/PDF/AR/AR7.pdf">"Political Administrative Region (marz): Armavir"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Regional Environmental Center for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rec-caucasus.org/Flash/PDF/AR/AR7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regional+Environmental+Center+for+the+Caucasus+%28REC+Caucasus%29&rft.atitle=Political+Administrative+Region+%28marz%29%3A+Armavir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rec-caucasus.org%2FFlash%2FPDF%2FAR%2FAR7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vordan_Karmir_Reservation_Statute_2003-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vordan_Karmir_Reservation_Statute_2003_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=48076"><bdi lang="hy">«Որդան Կարմիր» Պետական Արգելավայրի Կանոնադրությունը Հաստատելու Մասին</bdi></a> ["Vordan Karmir" State Reservation Statute of Approval]. <i>Armenian Legal Information System (ARLIS.am)</i> (in Armenian). Government of the Republic of Armenia. July 12, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>1. «Որդան կարմիր» պետական արգելավայրը (այսուհետ` արգելավայր) ստեղծվել է Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետության Մինիստրների խորհրդի 1987 թվականի փետրվարի 2-ի N 61 որոշմամբ` Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Արմավիրի մարզի աղուտ հողերի վրա: Արգելավայրն զբաղեցնում է 219.85 հեկտար տարածք, բաղկացած է երկու առանձին տեղամասերից` Արազափի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսարևմտյան մասում (198.33 հեկտար) և Ջրառատի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսային մասում (21.52 հեկտար)` Արարատյան հարթավայրում, ծովի մակերևույթից 835–850 մետր բարձրության վրա:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Legal+Information+System+%28ARLIS.am%29&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D5%88%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%C2%BB+%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82+%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6&rft.date=2003-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlis.am%2FDocumentView.aspx%3FDocID%3D48076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayastani_Azgayin_Atlas_A-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayastani_Azgayin_Atlas_A_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Էնդեմիկ Տեսակներ: Կենդանիներ [<i>Endemic Species: Animals</i>]", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadastre.am/resources/atlasA/images/83.jpg"><bdi lang="hy">Հայաստանի Ազգային Ատլաս</bdi></a> [<i>Armenian National Atlas</i>] (in Armenian), vol. I, Yerevan, Armenia: "Geodeziayi ev Kʻartezagrutʻyan Kentron" POAK, 2007, p. 83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99941-0-176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-99941-0-176-4"><bdi>978-99941-0-176-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF+%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%3A+%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80+%5BEndemic+Species%3A+Animals%5D&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD&rft.place=Yerevan%2C+Armenia&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=%22Geodeziayi+ev+K%CA%BBartezagrut%CA%BByan+Kentron%22+POAK&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99941-0-176-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadastre.am%2Fresources%2FatlasA%2Fimages%2F83.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_Categories_Criteria_v3_1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_Red_List_Categories_Criteria_v3_1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128190606/http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf">IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Second Edition</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. 9 February 2000. pp. 16–17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=IUCN+Red+List+Categories+and+Criteria%2C+Version+3.1%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+%28IUCN%29+Species+Survival+Commission&rft.date=2000-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjr.iucnredlist.org%2Fdocuments%2Fredlist_cats_crit_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+cochineal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyeing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/100px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/150px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/200px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10637838" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10637838">Q10637838</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Porphyrophora_hamelii" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Porphyrophora hamelii">Porphyrophora hamelii</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4LZ9M">4LZ9M</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/837265">837265</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PORPHA">PORPHA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2080703">2080703</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10093038">10093038</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4191366">4191366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ScaleNet: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=6516&url_prefix=http://scalenet.info/catalogue/&url_suffix=/&id=Porphyrophora%20hamelii">Porphyrophora hamelii</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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