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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twenty-One_Demands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-One_Demands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Twenty-One Demands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-One_Demands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shandong_Problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shandong_Problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shandong Problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shandong_Problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Protests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protests-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Chinese_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Chinese_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Birth of Chinese communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Chinese_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Feminist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism and resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neotraditionalism_versus_Western_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neotraditionalism_versus_Western_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Neotraditionalism versus Western thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neotraditionalism_versus_Western_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">May Fourth Movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="حركة الرابع من مايو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الرابع من مايو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3%CD%98-s%C3%B9_%C5%AAn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Ngó͘-sù Ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngó͘-sù Ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_del_Quatre_de_Maig" title="Moviment del Quatre de Maig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment del Quatre de Maig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_%C4%8Dtvrt%C3%A9ho_kv%C4%9Btna" title="Hnutí čtvrtého května – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí čtvrtého května" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._maj-bev%C3%A6gelsen" title="4. maj-bevægelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="4. maj-bevægelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewegung_des_vierten_Mai" title="Bewegung des vierten Mai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bewegung des vierten Mai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κίνημα της 4ης Μαΐου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνημα της 4ης Μαΐου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_del_Cuatro_de_Mayo" title="Movimiento del Cuatro de Mayo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento del Cuatro de Mayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movado_de_la_4-a_de_majo" title="Movado de la 4-a de majo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Movado de la 4-a de majo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%87" title="جنبش چهارم مه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش چهارم مه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_du_4_Mai" title="Mouvement du 4 Mai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement du 4 Mai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_do_Catro_de_Maio" title="Movemento do Catro de Maio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento do Catro de Maio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%C2%B74_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="5·4 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="5·4 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="4 मई का आंदोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="4 मई का आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_4_Mei" title="Gerakan 4 Mei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan 4 Mei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_del_4_maggio_1919" title="Movimento del 4 maggio 1919 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento del 4 maggio 1919" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99" title="תנועת ארבעה במאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת ארבעה במאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1jus_negyedike_mozgalom" title="Május negyedike mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Május negyedike mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_4_Mei" title="Gerakan 4 Mei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerakan 4 Mei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Mei-beweging" title="4 Mei-beweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="4 Mei-beweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="五四運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="五四運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._mai-bevegelsen" title="4. mai-bevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="4. mai-bevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%E2%80%98rtinchi_may_harakatlari" title="To‘rtinchi may harakatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="To‘rtinchi may harakatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_4_Maja" title="Ruch 4 Maja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch 4 Maja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_Quatro_de_Maio" title="Movimento Quatro de Maio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento Quatro de Maio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Движение 4 мая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение 4 мая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnutie_%C5%A1tvrt%C3%A9ho_m%C3%A1ja" title="Hnutie štvrtého mája – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnutie štvrtého mája" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_4._%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Покрет 4. мај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покрет 4. мај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toukokuun_nelj%C3%A4nnen_p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n_liike" title="Toukokuun neljännen päivän liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toukokuun neljännen päivän liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rde_maj-r%C3%B6relsen" title="Fjärde maj-rörelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjärde maj-rörelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilusang_Mayo_Apat" title="Kilusang Mayo Apat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kilusang Mayo Apat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3_4_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="ขบวนการ 4 พฤษภาคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขบวนการ 4 พฤษภาคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_May%C4%B1s_Hareketi" title="4 Mayıs Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="4 Mayıs Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk badge-Q70893996 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1919 political movement in China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wusi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WUSI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="WUSI (disambiguation)">WUSI</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/June_4th_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="June 4th movement">June 4th movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">May Fourth Movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_(May_4,_1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/300px-Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/450px-Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/600px-Chinese_protestors_march_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="988" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Approximately 3,000 students from 13 Beijing universities gathered in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May 4, 1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Government of <a href="/wiki/Qian_Nengxun" title="Qian Nengxun">Qian Nengxun</a> weakened</li> <li>Pro-Japanese officials removed</li> <li>Treaty of Versailles goes unsigned by China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> splits</li> <li>Spread of communist thought</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Protesters</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Republic of China</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">May Fourth Movement</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">五四運動</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">五四运动</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">5-4 Movement</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǔsì yùndòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄨˇ ㄙˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wuusyh yunndonq</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Wu<sup>3</sup>-ssu<sup>4</sup> yün<sup>4</sup>-tung<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǔ-sìh yùn-dòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ù.sɨ̂ ŷn.tʊ̂ŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ńgh-sei wahn-duhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ng5 sei3 wan6 dung6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ŋ.sej˧ wɐn˨.tʊŋ˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BCE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BCE)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BCE</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BCE)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BCE)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BCE – 220 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BCE – 9 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 CE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #C5C12B; border-spacing:0.2em 0; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff );color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_China" title="Category:Liberalism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism in China</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/120px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/180px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/240px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Democracy movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Chang (Carsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">Chang (P. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Chow" title="Agnes Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu (Anping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chu" title="Eddie Chu">Chu (Eddie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Fan" title="Gary Fan">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu (Su)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu (Zhun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Weifang" title="He Weifang">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ho" title="Albert Ho">Ho (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho" title="Cyd Ho">Ho (Cyd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Ho" title="Kai Ho">Ho (Kai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Shih-hsien" title="Hsu Shih-hsien">Hsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu (Shih)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu (Yaobang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Menglin" title="Jiang Menglin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lai" title="Jimmy Lai">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Chen" title="Lei Chen">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau" title="Emily Lau">Lau (Emily)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Siu-lai" title="Lau Siu-lai">Lau (Siu-lai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law" title="Nathan Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Rui" title="Li Rui">Li (Rui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li (Shenzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yinhe" title="Li Yinhe">Li (Yinhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Junning" title="Liu Junning">Liu (Junning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu (Xiaobo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Changping" title="Luo Changping">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yushi" title="Mao Yushi">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo" title="Claudia Mo">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mok" title="Charles Mok">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_To" title="James To">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Wong" title="Joshua Wong">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang (Ruoshui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang (Yang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai" title="Wu Chi-wai">Wu (Chi-wai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinglian" title="Wu Jinglian">Wu (Jinglian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Wu" title="K. C. Wu">Wu (K. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Lanxin" title="Xiang Lanxin">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu (Jilin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu (Youyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun" title="Xu Zhangrun">Xu (Zhangrun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Li_(stand-up_comedian)" title="Yang Li (stand-up comedian)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Sum" title="Yeung Sum">Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="James Yen">James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang (Dongsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qianfan" title="Zhang Qianfan">Zhang (Qianfan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiying" title="Zhang Weiying">Zhang (Weiying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xueqin" title="Zhu Xueqin">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zimmerman_(politician)" title="Paul Zimmerman (politician)">Zimmerman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-democracy)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood" title="Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood">ADPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action" title="April Fifth Action">April Fifth Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Act-up" title="Civic Act-up">Civic Act-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance" title="Community Alliance">Community Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats" title="League of Social Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_and_Worker%27s_Service_Centre" title="Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre">Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons" title="Professional Commons">Professional Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (centrist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Democracy" title="Path of Democracy">Path of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Side" title="Third Side">Third Side</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (localist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberation_Tsuen_Wan" title="Deliberation Tsuen Wan">Deliberation Tsuen Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HK_First" title="HK First">HK First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Justice_League" title="Land Justice League">Land Justice League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat_Political_Institute" title="Proletariat Political Institute">Proletariat Political Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_Community_Network" title="Tsuen Wan Community Network">Tsuen Wan Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngspiration" title="Youngspiration">Youngspiration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Macau_Association" title="New Democratic Macau Association">New Democratic Macau Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Macau)" title="New Hope (Macau)">New Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Association" title="New Macau Association">New Macau Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Party" title="Chinese People's Party">Chinese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)" title="Democratic Party (1912)">Democratic Party (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Party_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Party of the Republic of China (page does not exist)">Labor Party of the Republic of China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:中华民国工党">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-democracy)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Citizens Party (Hong Kong)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party" title="Civic Party">Civic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Self-Government_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Self-Government Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong)">The Frontier</a> (1996)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong,_2010)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong, 2010)">The Frontier</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society" title="Hong Kong Affairs Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Reform_Association" title="Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association">Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party">Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point" title="Meeting Point">Meeting Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_for_Democracy" title="Power for Democracy">Power for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of China">Revolutionary Communist Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_League_(Hong_Kong)" title="Revolutionary Marxist League (Hong Kong)">Revolutionary Marxist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong" title="United Democrats of Hong Kong">United Democrats</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (localist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Progressive Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosisto" title="Demosisto">Demosisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Democrats" title="Neo Democrats">Neo Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Chu_Hoi-dick_of_New_Territories_West" title="Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West">Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsz_Wan_Shan_Constructive_Power" title="Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power">Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_Community_Network" title="Tuen Mun Community Network">Tuen Mun Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Social_Association" title="Victoria Social Association">Victoria Social Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democracy_Party_(Taiwan)" title="China Democracy Party (Taiwan)">China Democracy Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Minkuotang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Banned parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_Party_of_China" title="New Democracy Party of China">New Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Union of Chinese Nationalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-democracy camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">Localist camp (Hong Kong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALLinHK" title="ALLinHK">ALLinHK</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy" title="Alliance for True Democracy">Alliance for True Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Human_Rights_Front" title="Civil Human Rights Front">Civil Human Rights Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_190" title="Group of 190">Group of 190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">HKASPDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Democratic_Foundation" title="Hong Kong Democratic Foundation">Hong Kong Democratic Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Digital" title="Next Digital">Next Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Club_of_Hong_Kong" title="Reform Club of Hong Kong">Reform Club of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Current</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i> (early)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanhuang_Chunqiu" title="Yanhuang Chunqiu">Yanhuang Chunqiu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily" title="Apple Daily">Apple Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Weekly" title="Endeavor Weekly">Endeavor Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_China_Journal" title="Free China Journal">Free China Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Next_Magazine_(Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan)" title="Next Magazine (Hong Kong and Taiwan)">Next Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Daily" title="Sharp Daily">Sharp Daily</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)#Criticism_and_views" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Criticism of neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_China" title="Federalism in China">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">Localism in Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Movement" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Movement">Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Confucianism" title="Progressive Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in China</a> (opposing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Criticism" title="Confucianism">Critics of Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Democracy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_China" title="LGBTQ rights in China">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Progressivism in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadu_(Taiwan)" title="Huadu (Taiwan)">ROC independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_China,_Many_Paths" title="One China, Many Paths">One China, Many Paths</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template talk:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>May Fourth Movement</b> was a Chinese cultural and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</a> to protest the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese government</a>'s weak response to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> decision to allow the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> to retain territories in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> that had been surrendered by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a> in 1914. The demonstrations sparked nation-wide protests and spurred an upsurge in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>, a shift towards political mobilization away from cultural activities, and a move towards a populist base, away from traditional intellectual and political elites. </p><p>The May Fourth demonstrations marked a turning point in a broader anti-traditional <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> (1915–1921) that sought to replace traditional Confucian values and was itself a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">late Qing reforms</a>. Even after 1919, these educated "new youths" still defined their role with a traditional model in which the educated elite took responsibility for both cultural and political affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They opposed traditional culture but looked abroad for cosmopolitan inspiration in the name of nationalism and were an overwhelmingly urban movement that espoused populism in an overwhelmingly rural country. Many political and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this time, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford2009569_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford2009569-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></div> <p>In the words of Oxford University historian <a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Rana Mitter</a>, "The atmosphere and political mood that emerged around 1919 are at the center of a set of ideas that has shaped China's momentous twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter200412-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had disintegrated in 1911, marking the end of thousands of years of imperial rule in China, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested nominally with the people. With imperialist China coming to an end, the direction of Chinese political life was full of uncertainties. The previously dominant ideology, Confucianism, had a profound influence on social and political relations. These ideals promoted ethical and moral principles in governance, and emphasized the importance of wise rule for the good of society. Following the demise of the Qing dynasty, these principles started to depart from political practices. After the death of President <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> in 1916, China became a fragmented nation <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">dominated by warlords</a> more concerned with political power and rival regional armies. The government in Beijing focused on suppressing internal dissent and could do little to counter foreign influence and control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter200412-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>'s signing of the secret <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_Joint_Defence_Agreement" title="Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement">Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement</a> in 1918 enraged the Chinese public when it was leaked to the press, and sparked a student protest movement that laid the groundwork for the May Fourth Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a> in Korea in 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, continued defeats by foreign powers and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a> further inflamed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter200412-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Confucian values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the adoption of Western ideals of "Mr. Science" (<span lang="zh-Hant">賽先生</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">赛先生</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sài xiānsheng</span></i>) and "Mr. Democracy" (<span lang="zh">德先生</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dé xiānsheng</span></i>) in place of "Mr. Confucius" in order to strengthen the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic">iconoclastic</a> and anti-traditional views and programs have shaped China's politics and culture through to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-One_Demands">Twenty-One Demands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Twenty-One Demands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></div> <p>The twenty-one demands were a set of proposals presented by the Ōkuma Shigenobu government to the Yuan Shikai administration in hopes of expanding Japanese affairs in China. The demands consisted of a variety of economic, territorial and power-hungry provisions. An important component of these demands were in regards to Chinese territory. These included intentions for expanding Japanese interests in southern Manchuria, eastern Mongolia, in addition to the confirmation of Japan's seizure of German ports in China's Shandong province. </p><p>In early 1915, Japan's submission of the twenty-one demands were revealed to the Chinese public, causing an increase in political tension and frustration towards Japan. In light of these revelations, the Chinese press became very critical towards Japan, and Chinese citizens' views of Japan soured. The twenty-one demands ultimately added fuel to the rising tensions between the two countries, playing an important role in triggering the impending May Fourth Movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shandong_Problem">Shandong Problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shandong Problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a></div> <p>China had entered World War I on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> in 1917. Although that year, 140,000 Chinese laborers were sent to the Western Front as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Labor_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Labor Corps">Chinese Labor Corps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> ratified in April 1919 awarded rights to the German territories in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> to Japan. The representatives of the Chinese government put forth the following requests: </p> <ol><li>Abolition of all privileges of foreign powers in China, such as <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a></li> <li>Cancelling of the Twenty-One Demands</li> <li>Return to China of the territory and rights of Shandong, which Japan had taken from Germany during World War I.</li></ol> <p>The Western allies dominated the meeting at Versailles, and paid little heed to Chinese demands. The European delegations, led by French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, were primarily interested in punishing Germany. Although the American delegation promoted <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, they were unable to advance these ideals in the face of stubborn resistance by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and Clemenceau. American advocacy of self-determination at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was attractive to Chinese intellectuals, but their failure to follow through was seen as a betrayal. This failure of diplomacy at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> created what became known as the "Shandong Problem".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests">Protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_4,_1919"><span id="May_4.2C_1919"></span>May 4, 1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: May 4, 1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burn_Japanese_goods,_Tsinghua_School,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Burn_Japanese_goods%2C_Tsinghua_School%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Tsinghua University students burning Japanese goods</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg/220px-May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg/330px-May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg/440px-May_Fourth_Movement_students.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Peking Normal University students detained by the government during the May Fourth Movement</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions: </p> <ol><li>To oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions.</li> <li>To draw and increase awareness of China's precarious position to the masses in China.</li> <li>To recommend a large-scale gathering in Beijing.</li> <li>To promote the creation of a Beijing student union.</li> <li>To hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.</li></ol> <p>On the afternoon of May 4, over 4,000 students of <a href="/wiki/Yenching_University" title="Yenching University">Yenching University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> and other schools marched from many points to gather in front of <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</a>. They shouted such slogans as "struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home", "Give Qingdao back to us!",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "do away with the Twenty-One Demands", and "don't sign the Versailles Treaty". </p><p>Protestors voiced their anger at the Allied betrayal of China, denounced the government's spineless inability to protect Chinese interests, and called for a <a href="/wiki/Boycott_of_Japanese_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycott of Japanese products">boycott of Japanese products</a>. Demonstrators insisted on the resignation of three Chinese officials they accused of being collaborators with the Japanese. After burning the residences of these officials and beating some of their servants, student protesters were arrested, jailed, and severely beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participants">Participants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement,_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg/220px-Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg/330px-Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg/440px-Female_students_participate_in_demonstration_as_part_of_the_May_Fourth_Movement%2C_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Female students participate in May Fourth demonstrations</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 4, 1919, a group of Chinese students began protesting the contents of the Paris Peace Conference. Under the pressure, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The original participants of the May Fourth Movement were students in Paris and Beijing. They joined forces to strike or took to the streets to strike crudely to express their dissatisfaction with the government. Later, some advanced students in Shanghai and Guangzhou joined the protest movement, gradually forming a wave of mass student strikes across China. Until June, the Beijing government carried out the "June 3" arrests, arresting nearly 1,000 students one after another, but this did not suppress the patriotic student movement but angered the Chinese public and increasing revolutionary sentiment. Shanghai workers went on strike, and businessmen went on strike to support students' patriotic movement across the country. The Chinese working class entered the political arena through the May Fourth Movement. </p><p>With the emergence of working-class support, the May Fourth Movement developed to a new stage. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai, and the working class replaced students as the main force of the movement. The Shanghai working class staged a strike of an unprecedented scale. The growing scale of the national strike and the increasing number of its participants led to a paralysis of the country's economic life and posed a serious threat to the government in Beijing. The working class took the place of the students to stand up and resist. The support for this movement throughout the country reflected the enthusiasm for nationalism and national rejuvenation, which was also the foundation for the development and expansion of the May Fourth Movement. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_I._Schwartz" title="Benjamin I. Schwartz">Benjamin I. Schwartz</a> added, "Nationalism which was, of course, a dominant passion of the May Fourth experience was not so much a separate ideology as a common disposition."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 5, students in Beijing as a whole went on strike and in the larger cities across China, students, patriotic merchants, and workers joined protests. The demonstrators skillfully appealed to the newspapers and sent representatives to carry the word across the country. On the morning of May 6, students from Shanghai gathered at <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a> in response to the events in Beijing. By the evening, meetings and special committees were held at various campuses in Shanghai, and telegrams were sent to the Beijing government in the name of the 33 representatives of different campuses in Shanghai to express their protest. Over the next few days, the movement grew in size. Students in Shanghai began striking at the end of May. During this time, disagreements arose within the protesters about the intensity of the protests, but the protests as a whole were seen to be intensifying. </p><p>On June 3, police in Beijing arrested a large number of students. To express their disapproval to it, businessmen and workers in Shanghai joined the strike. The center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai. Chancellors from thirteen universities arranged for the release of student prisoners, and Cai Yuanpei, the principal of Peking University resigned in protest. Although at this point the event was defined as a multi-class protest action, overall it was still a student-led movement. </p><p>Newspapers, magazines, citizen societies, and chambers of commerce offered support for the students. Merchants threatened to withhold tax payments if China's government remained obstinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHao1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shanghai, a general strike of merchants and workers nearly devastated the entire Chinese economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 12, the general strike ended because under intense public pressure, the Beijing government dismissed <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rulin" title="Cao Rulin">Cao Rulin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zongxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zongxiang (page does not exist)">Zhang Zongxiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zongyu" title="Lu Zongyu">Lu Zongyu</a> that had been accused of being collaborators with the Japanese. Nevertheless, students continued to express their protest against the content of the Versailles Peace Treaty by organizing rallies and other events at that time, and organized the National Student Union. Finally, Chinese representatives in Paris refused to sign the Versailles Treaty: the May Fourth Movement won an initial victory which was primarily symbolic, since Japan for the moment retained control of the Shandong Peninsula and the islands in the Pacific. Even the partial success of the movement exhibited the ability of China's social classes across the country to successfully collaborate given proper motivation and leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserstrom2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_the_May_4th_Movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A monument to the May Fourth Movement in <a href="/wiki/Dongcheng_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongcheng District, Beijing">Dongcheng District, Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;"><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;font-size:0.7em;line-height:0.7em;"> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"><strong>Aftermath of <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></strong> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Coronation of Yuan Shikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></li></ul> <p><strong><a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">Eastward spread of Western learning</a></strong> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May Fourth Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Criticism" title="Confucianism">Anti-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New humanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Practice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-west_cultural_debate" title="East-west cultural debate">East-west cultural debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Westernization" title="Total Westernization">Total Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplification of Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Writing with vernacular Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">National Language Movement</a></li> <li>Translation of foreign literature</li> <li>Sorting out national heritages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China#Modern_era" title="History of education in China">Education reforms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Society" title="Creation Society">Creation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li>Research Clique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Moon_Society" title="Crescent Moon Society">Crescent Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers" title="League of Left-Wing Writers">League of Left-Wing Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Major publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Jeunesse" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jeunesse">La Jeunesse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Review_(newspaper)" title="The Critical Review (newspaper)">The Critical Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">A Madman's Diary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_(political_magazine)" title="The Tiger (political magazine)"><i>The Tiger</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Congwen" title="Shen Congwen">Shen Congwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dafu" title="Yu Dafu">Yu Dafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ziqing" title="Zhu Ziqing">Zhu Ziqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template talk:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, as <a href="/wiki/David_Der-wei_Wang" title="David Der-wei Wang">David Der-wei Wang</a> said, "it was the turning point in China's search for literary modernity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20172_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20172-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911. The challenge to traditional Chinese values, however, was also met with strong opposition, especially from parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. From their perspective, the movement destroyed the positive elements of Chinese tradition and placed a heavy emphasis on direct political actions and radical attitudes, characteristics associated with the emerging Chinese Communist Party (CCP). On the other hand, two of the CCP's founding members, <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, were leaders of the movement. The CCP viewed it more favorably, although remaining suspicious of the early phase which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals, not revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019177–179_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019177–179-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>} Li and Chen were the most influential promoters of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in China during the May Fourth period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHao1997_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the May Fourth Movement, the group of intellectuals with communist ideas grew steadily, such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tanqiu" title="Chen Tanqiu">Chen Tanqiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, Chen Duxiu, and others, who gradually appreciated Marxism's power. This promoted the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> of Marxism and provided a basis for the birth of the CCP and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legacy of the May Fourth Movement is embraced both by the CCP and its critics, who express different understandings of the movement and its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuomintang members such as <a href="/wiki/Luo_Jialun" title="Luo Jialun">Luo Jialun</a>, Shao Lizi and Duan Xipeng played an active role in the Movement, and some Kuomintang leaders claimed that their party and its founder Sun Yat-sen were active in leading the movement. However, Kuomintang influence on the Movement was minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, May Fourth-influenced riots in Penang and Singapore involving Kuomintang teachers and sympathetic students led the British to pass the Registration of Schools Ordinance, an attempt to remove Kuomintang influence from local education. From 1922, the British also instituted a ban on the Kuomintang itself.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Chinese_communism">Birth of Chinese communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birth of Chinese communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:21em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Category:Chinese Communist Revolution">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #DD0000;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Chinese Communist<br />Revolution</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/150px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/225px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/300px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and leading revolutionaries proclaim the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> on October 1, 1949.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution#Origins" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Context</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_Humiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Century of Humiliation">Century of Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#Development_of_national_consciousness" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_philosophy#Development_of_the_concept" title="Chinese Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May Fourth Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Founding of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Bureau_of_the_Communist_International" title="Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International">Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Left Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Movement_Training_Institute" title="Peasant Movement Training Institute">Peasant Movement Training Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Labor organizing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_seamen%27s_strike" title="1922 seamen's strike">1922 seamen's strike</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">Wuhan Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Hunan Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankou_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou incident">Hankou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanjing Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Break with the KMT</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Civil War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Aftermath of purge</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang Uprising">Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Internal Purges</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_League_incident" title="Anti-Bolshevik League incident">AB League Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futian_incident" title="Futian incident">Futian incident</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Anti-Japanese resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Column" title="East River Column">East River Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="New Fourth Army Incident">New Fourth Army Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Communist base areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaan-Gan-Ning_Border_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region">Yan'an Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin-Cha-Ji_Border_Region" title="Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region">Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan'an Rectification Campaign">Yan'an Rectification Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Forum" title="Yan'an Forum">Yan'an Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation#History" title="All-China Women's Federation">Women's movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Resumed Civil War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Military conflict</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Millet_plus_rifles" title="Millet plus rifles">Millet plus rifles</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Urban support for Communists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League#History" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Shen Chong case</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang#History" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the KMT</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Forming the People's Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Government</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931954)" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)">Central People's Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference#History" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Writing the Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Reforms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">Land Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">New Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China#First_Plan_(1953–1957)" title="Five-year plans of China">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Suppression of counterrevolutionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Foreign relations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Intervention in Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">Intervention in Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Legacy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the People's Republic of China">National Day</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th Anniversary of the CCP</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For many years, the orthodox view in the People's Republic of China was that after the demonstrations of 1919 and their subsequent suppression, the discussion of possible policy changes became more and more politically realistic. Influential leaders such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao shifted to the left and became founders of the CCP in 1921, while other intellectuals became more sympathetic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally <a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">voluntarist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nihilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilist">nihilist</a> figures like <a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Qianzhi" title="Zhu Qianzhi">Zhu Qianzhi</a> made similar turns to the left as the 1920s saw China become increasingly turbulent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiang2020114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiang2020114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> claimed that the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading toward the fulfillment of the Chinese Communist Revolution: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The May Fourth Movement twenty years ago marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. The cultural reform movement which grew out of the May Fourth Movement was only one of the manifestations of this revolution. With the growth and development of new social forces in that period, a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie. Around the time of the May Fourth Movement, hundreds of thousands of students courageously took their place in the van. In these respects the May Fourth Movement went a step beyond the Revolution of 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Paul French argues that the only victor of the Treaty of Versailles in China was communism, as rising public anger led directly to the formation of the CCP. The Treaty also led to Japan pursuing its conquests with greater boldness, which <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> had predicted in 1919 would lead to the outbreak of war between China and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg/220px-Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg/330px-Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg/440px-Ussr_Day_of_the_October_Revolution_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4427" data-file-height="3277" /></a><figcaption>A rally on the 21st anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Western-style liberal democracy had previously had a degree of traction among Chinese intellectuals. Still, after Versailles, which was viewed as a betrayal of China's interests, it lost much of its attractiveness. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, despite being rooted in <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a>, were seen as Western-centric and hypocritical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiu-Duke202058_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiu-Duke202058-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chinese intellectuals believed that the United States had done little to convince the other nations to adhere to the Fourteen Points and observed that the United States had declined to join the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. As a result, they turned away from the Western liberal democratic model. With the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia in 1917, Marxism began to take hold in Chinese intellectual thought, particularly among those already on the Left. Chinese intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao began serious study of Marxist doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The May Fourth Movement focused on opposing Confucian culture and promoting a new culture. As a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture movement</a>, the May Fourth Movement greatly influenced the cultural field. The slogans of "democracy" and "science" advocated in the New Culture Movement were designed to attack the old culture and promote the new culture. This purpose can be summed up in a sentence from David Wang: "It was the turning point in China's search for literary modernity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20172_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20172-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian Wang Gungwu notes, the May Fourth Movement became subsequently identified as the predecessor and inspiration for the later <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants at the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, referred to this era as the "Chinese Renaissance", because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>, the May Fourth Movement is regarded as the watershed after which the modern Chinese literature began and the use of <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> gained currency over <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, eventually replacing it in formal works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201715–16_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201715–16-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intellectuals were driven toward expressing themselves using the spoken tongue under the slogan "my hand writes what my mouth speaks" (<span lang="zh">我手寫我口</span>), although the change was gradual: Hu had already argued for the use of the modern vernacular language in literature in his 1917 essay "Preliminary discussion on literary reform".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockx2017265–270_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockx2017265–270-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Hengzhe" title="Chen Hengzhe">Chen Hengzhe</a> published the short story <i>One Day</i> (<span lang="zh">一日</span>) in an overseas student quarterly (<span lang="zh">留美学生季报</span>)—a year before the publication of <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">Diary of a Madman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q" title="The True Story of Ah Q">The True Story of Ah Q</a></i> (not published until 1921), which has often been incorrectly credited as the first vernacular Chinese fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHockx2017265–270_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockx2017265–270-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2017254–259_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2017254–259-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More ordinary people also began to try to get in touch with new cultures and learn from foreign cultures. Joseph Chen said: "This intellectual ferment had already had an effect in altering the outlook of China's new youth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the May Fourth Movement, the <a href="/wiki/Women_writers_in_Chinese_literature" title="Women writers in Chinese literature">Chinese modern female literature</a> developed a literature with modern humanistic spirit, taking women as the subject of experience, thinking, aesthetics, and speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201716_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201716-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of the formerly euphemistic language for sex, May Fourth reformers used the broader, more explicit term <i>xing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In honor of the May Fourth Movement, May 4 is now celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Youth_Day_(China)" title="Youth Day (China)">Youth Day</a> in China and as <a href="/wiki/Literary_Day" title="Literary Day">Literary Day</a> in Taiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist">Feminist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feminist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The domination of Confucian ideologies shaped gender inequalities in Chinese culture, labeling and treating women as second-class citizens. The May Fourth Movement played a crucial role in women's emancipation in China, representing a social and cultural shift toward societal transformation. </p><p>Women in the May Fourth Movement were often restricted to indoor speeches and debates, lacking the same freedom of movement as their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most activists and protesters were male, male intellectuals believed women's liberation was essential for a stronger and unified China. They argued that Confucian family structures hindered China's development. Stating that "Women's liberation had to be achieved to save China from disarray and humiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many supported the movement as they believed that women's emancipation was essential for a modern China. They saw it as intertwined with nationalism and new democratic values driven by the anti-imperialist movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the movement, anger against Japan erupted because the Paris peace Treaty gave it the right to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>. Many elements of society and joined students to publicize the boycott of Japanese products. The wave of a boycotts led to hopes that when Japanese products were suppressed, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)#Development_of_domesticated_industries" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">China's national industry</a> would develop and promote the rapid development of China's national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20231–18_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier20231–18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were not successful in doing so, as the strike in Shanghai that occurred later in June caused the Chinese economy to experience a lot of damage, and the Chinese economy at that point was hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main reasons for the weaken Chinese economy, was shop owners were not willing to open their shops during the strike, despite the use of police force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20231–18_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier20231–18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_resistance">Criticism and resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism and resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the movement was highly influential, many of the intellectuals at the time opposed the anti-traditional message and many political figures ignored it. "this limited May Fourth individualist enlightenment did not lead the individual against the collective of the nation-state, as full-scale, modern Western individualism would potentially do.".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, as a Confucian and a nationalist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. As an anti-imperialist, he was skeptical of Western culture. He criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting the morals of youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen197113_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen197113-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Nationalist party came to power under Chiang's rule, it carried out the opposite agenda. The <a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a> promoted Confucianism, and the Kuomintang purged China's education system of western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Textbooks, exams, degrees, and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some conservative philosophers and intellectuals opposed any change, but many more accepted or welcomed the challenge from the West but wanted to base new systems on Chinese values, not imported ones. These figures included <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shipei" title="Liu Shipei">Liu Shipei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tao_Xisheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tao Xisheng (page does not exist)">Tao Xisheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Binglin" title="Zhang Binglin">Zhang Binglin</a> and Lu Xun's brother, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, others developed critiques, including figures as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a>. Li Changzhi believed that the May Fourth Movement copied foreign culture and lost the essence of its own culture. (<a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a>, 1942). This is consistent with what <a href="/wiki/Vera_Schwarcz" title="Vera Schwarcz">Vera Schwarcz</a> has said: "Critically-minded intellectuals were accused of eroding national self-confidence, or more simply, of not being Chinese enough."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Muslims ignored the May Fourth movement by continuing to teach Classical Chinese and literature with the Qur'an and Arabic along with officially mandated contemporary subjects at the "Normal Islamic School of Wanxian".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ha Decheng did a Classical Chinese translation of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA253_253]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA253_253]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic, vernacular Chinese, Classical Chinese and the Qur'an were taught in Ningxia Islamic schools funded by Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA256_256]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA256_256]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neotraditionalism_versus_Western_thought">Neotraditionalism versus Western thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neotraditionalism versus Western thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the May Fourth Movement did find partial success in removing traditional Chinese culture,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChow2013173_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChow2013173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were still proponents who steadfastly argued that China's traditions and values should be the fundamental foundations of the nation. From these opponents of Western civilization derived three <a href="/wiki/Neotraditionalism_(politics)" title="Neotraditionalism (politics)">neotraditional</a> schools of thought: national essence, national character, and modern relevance of Confucianism. Each school of thought denounced the western values of individualism, materialism and utilitarianism as inadequate avenues for the development of China. Each school held to specific objectives. The "national essence" school sought to discover aspects of traditional culture that could potentially serve the national development of China. Such traditional aspects consisted of various philosophical and religious practices that emerged parallel with Confucianism. Most particularly, China imported Buddhism during antiquity from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">India</a>. Under the "national character" school, advocates promoted the traditional family system, the primary target of the May Fourth Movement. In this school, reformers viewed Westerners as shells without morals. Finally, the modern relevance of Confucianism was centered on the notion that Confucian values were better than Western ones. In response to western culture's primary concentration on rational analysis, China's neo-traditionalists argued that this was misguided, especially in the practical, changing milieu of the world. Most importantly, these three neo-traditionalist thoughts did not consider the individual, which was the main theme of the May Fourth Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019177–179_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019177–179-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_incident" title="1976 Tiananmen incident">1976 Tiananmen incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Jin" title="Qiu Jin">Qiu Jin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarcz1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66DSgtgPu-ICqmayfourthmovementpgPR11_9–11]_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarcz1986">Schwarcz (1986)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66DSgtgPu-IC&q=may+fourth+movement&pg=PR11">9–11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford2009569-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford2009569_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayford2009">Hayford (2009)</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter200412-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter200412_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitter2004">Mitter (2004)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSugano1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sugano, Tadashi (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repo.nara-u.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/download.php/AN10086451-19861200-1002.pdf?file_id=1553"><bdi lang="ja">日中軍事協定の廃棄について</bdi></a> [On the scrapping of the Sino-Japanese military agreements] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nara Journal of History</i> (in Japanese). <b>4</b> (12): 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nara+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E6%A3%84%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sugano&rft.aufirst=Tadashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepo.nara-u.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxoonips%2Fdownload.php%2FAN10086451-19861200-1002.pdf%3Ffile_id%3D1553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen197118–20_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen1971">Chen (1971)</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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New York: Viking. pp. 117–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-29247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-29247-9"><bdi>978-0-670-29247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gate+of+Heavenly+Peace%3A+The+Chinese+and+Their+Revolution%2C+1895-1980&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117-123&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-670-29247-9&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankTwitchett1999" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Twitchett, Denis Crispin, eds. 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href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X22000609">10.1017/S0026749X22000609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+making+of+%27public+opinion%27%3A+Media+and+open+diplomacy+in+China%27s+strategy+at+Versailles+and+the+May+Fourth+Movement&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1355-1386&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X22000609&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Rong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0026749X22000609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span 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"Culture and Politics in Modern Chinese Conservatism". In Furth, Charlotte; Alitto, Guy (eds.). <i>The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53423-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-53423-0"><bdi>978-0-674-53423-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Politics+in+Modern+Chinese+Conservatism&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Change%3A+Essays+on+Conservative+Alternatives+in+Republican+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-53423-0&rft.aulast=Furth&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006" class="citation book cs1">Dudoignon, Stephane A.; Hisao, Komatsu; Yasushi, Kosugi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfq-Su60OpYC"><i>Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication</i></a>. Routledge. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20597-4"><bdi>978-1-134-20597-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+in+the+Modern+Islamic+World%3A+Transmission%2C+Transformation+and+Communication&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20597-4&rft.aulast=Dudoignon&rft.aufirst=Stephane+A.&rft.au=Hisao%2C+Komatsu&rft.au=Yasushi%2C+Kosugi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfq-Su60OpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA253_253]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA253_253]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006">Dudoignon, Hisao & Yasushi (2006)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfq-Su60OpYC&pg=PA253">253</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA256_256]-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfq-Su60OpYCpgPA256_256]_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudoignonHisaoYasushi2006">Dudoignon, Hisao & Yasushi (2006)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfq-Su60OpYC&pg=PA256">256</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChow2013173-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChow2013173_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChow2013">Chow (2013)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1971" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Joseph T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPpa2yUSY4C&q=may+fourth+movement&pg=PP17"><i>The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in Modern China</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-02567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-02567-7"><bdi>978-9-004-02567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+May+Fourth+Movement+in+Shanghai%3A+The+Making+of+a+Social+Movement+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-9-004-02567-7&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFPpa2yUSY4C%26q%3Dmay%2Bfourth%2Bmovement%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2013" class="citation book cs1">Chow, Tse-tsung (2013) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayfourthmovemen0000zhou"><i>The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28340-4"><bdi>978-0-674-28340-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+May+Fourth+Movement%3A+Intellectual+Revolution+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-28340-4&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Tse-tsung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayfourthmovemen0000zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2023" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, Mark W. (2023). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Single Sparks" and Legacies: An Eventful Account of the May Fourth Movement". <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>253</b>: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741022001242">10.1017/S0305741022001242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Single+Sparks%22+and+Legacies%3A+An+Eventful+Account+of+the+May+Fourth+Movement&rft.volume=253&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741022001242&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHao1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hao, Zhidong (1997). "May 4th and June 4th compared: A sociological study of Chinese social movements". <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i>. <b>6</b> (14): 79–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670569708724266">10.1080/10670569708724266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564">1067-0564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=May+4th+and+June+4th+compared%3A+A+sociological+study+of+Chinese+social+movements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=79-99&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670569708724266&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Zhidong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockx2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hockx, Michel (2017). "The Big Misnomer: 'May Fourth Literature'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In <a href="/wiki/David_Der-wei_Wang" title="David Der-wei Wang">Wang, David Der-wei</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1WsDwAAQBAJ"><i>A New Literary History of Modern China</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4"><bdi>978-0-674-97887-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Big+Misnomer%3A+%27May+Fourth+Literature%27&rft.btitle=A+New+Literary+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97887-4&rft.aulast=Hockx&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1WsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayford2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hayford, Charles (2009). "May Fourth Movement". In Pong, David (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Modern China</i>. Vol. II. Detroit, MI: Scribner's. pp. 565–569.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=May+Fourth+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=565-569&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinMair2020" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Carlos Yu-Kai; Mair, Victor H., eds. (2020). <i>Remembering May Fourth: The Movement and its Centennial Legacy</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-42488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-42488-3"><bdi>978-9-004-42488-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+May+Fourth%3A+The+Movement+and+its+Centennial+Legacy&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9-004-42488-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFChiang2020" class="citation">Chiang, Yung-chen. "Hu Shi and the May Fourth Legacy". In <a href="#CITEREFLinMair2020">Lin & Mair (2020)</a>, pp. 113–136.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFChiu-Duke2020" class="citation">Chiu-Duke, Josephine. "The May Fourth Liberal Legacy in Chan Koonchung’s <i>Jianfeng ernian</i>". In <a href="#CITEREFLinMair2020">Lin & Mair (2020)</a>, pp. 53–135.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Mitter, Rana</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VGQlHQKm10C"><i>A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-192-80341-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-192-80341-7"><bdi>0-192-80341-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bitter+Revolution%3A+China%27s+Struggle+with+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-192-80341-7&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VGQlHQKm10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppa2019" class="citation book cs1">Schoppa, R. Keith (2019). <i>Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 177–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315182025">10.4324/9781315182025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18202-5"><bdi>978-1-315-18202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Its+Past%3A+Identities+and+Change+in+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=177-179&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315182025&rft.isbn=978-1-315-18202-5&rft.aulast=Schoppa&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1986" class="citation book cs1">Schwarcz, Vera (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66DSgtgPu-IC"><i>The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06837-7"><bdi>978-0-520-06837-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Enlightenment%3A+Intellectuals+and+the+Legacy+of+the+May+Fourth+Movement+of+1919&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06837-7&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66DSgtgPu-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Der-wei_Wang" title="David Der-wei Wang">Wang, David Der-wei</a>, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1WsDwAAQBAJ"><i>A New Literary History of Modern China</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97887-4"><bdi>978-0-674-97887-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Literary+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97887-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1WsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstrom2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101235/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-2/wasserstrom.html">"Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present"</a>. <i>World Policy Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 59–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07402775-2005-3006">10.1215/07402775-2005-3006</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-2/wasserstrom.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Chinese+Students+and+Anti-Japanese+Protests%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F07402775-2005-3006&rft.aulast=Wasserstrom&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpolicy.org%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fwpj05-2%2Fwasserstrom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Fourth_Movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1970" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Joseph T. (1970). "The May Fourth Movement Redefined". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 63–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00010982">10.1017/S0026749X00010982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311753">311753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+May+Fourth+Movement+Redefined&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-81&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00010982&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lee, Haiyan, "Tears that Crumbled the Great Wall: The Archaeology of Feeling in the May Fourth Folklore Movement." <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 64.1 (2005): 35–65.</li> <li>Ping, Liu, "The Left Wing Drama Movement in China and Its Relationship to Japan." <i>Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique</i> 14.2 (2006): 449–466.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1991" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China"><i>The Search for Modern China</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1"><bdi>978-0-393-30780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30780-1&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+Fourth+Movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wang, Q. Edward. "The May Fourth Movement: A centennial anniversary—Editor's introduction" <i>Chinese Studies in History</i> (2019), Vol. 52 Issue 3/4, pp. 183–187.</li> <li>Wang, Q. Edward. "The Chinese Historiography of the May Fourth Movement, 1990s to the Present," <i>Twentieth Century China</i>, 44#2 (May 2019), 138–149.</li> <li>Wang, Q. Edward. “May Fourth Movement,” <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0077.xml">online</a></li> <li>Widmer, Ellen, and David Wang ed. <i>From May fourth to June fourth: fiction and film in twentieth-century China</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommayfourthtoj0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Zarrow, Peter, "Intellectuals, the Republic, and a new culture", in Zarrow, <i>China in war and revolution, 1895–1949</i> (Routledge, 2005) pp. 133–143.</li> <li>Zarrow, Peter, "Politics and culture in the May Fourth Movement", in Peter Zarrow, <i>China in war and revolution, 1895–1949</i> (Routledge, 2005) pp. 149–169.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22px_Warlord_Era_and_warlordism_during_the_Nanjing_decade_20px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warlord_era" title="Template:Warlord era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warlord_era" title="Template talk:Warlord era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px_Warlord_Era_and_warlordism_during_the_Nanjing_decade_20px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyang_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/22px-Beiyang_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/33px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/44px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and warlordism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1915–1924</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1925–1934</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">Factions</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1911–1914</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1913</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915–1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Death of Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1918–1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a><br /><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May Fourth Movement</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Outer Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Guangdong–Guangxi War">Guangdong–Guangxi War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920%E2%80%931926)" title="Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)">Spirit Soldier rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China">1st National CPC Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923–1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage" title="Lincheng Outrage">Lincheng Outrage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1924</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising" title="Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising">Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Coup" title="Beijing Coup">Beijing Coup</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Yunnan–Guangxi War">Yunnan–Guangxi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War" title="Anti-Fengtian War">Anti-Fengtian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Zhongshan Warship Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926–1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan government">Nanjing–Wuhan Split</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Nationalist-Communist Civil War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">July 15 Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927–1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_incident" title="Huanggutun incident">Huanggutun incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">Northeast Flag Replacement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Spears%27_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)">Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War" title="Chiang-Gui War">Chiang-Gui War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong" title="Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong">Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Revolt" title="Beijing Revolt">Beijing Revolt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930–1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1931–1935</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War" title="Han–Liu War">Han–Liu War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Two-Liu_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Liu war">Two-Liu war</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1934</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)" title="War in Ningxia (1934)">War in Ningxia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Pacification_Army" title="National Pacification Army">National Pacification Army</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)" title="Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)">Zhili Army</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_clique" title="Shanxi clique">Shanxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_clique" title="Sichuan clique">Sichuan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique" title="Old Guangxi clique">Old Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique" title="New Guangxi clique">New Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Guangdong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_clique" title="Guizhou clique">Guizhou</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang <span style="font-size:85%;">(KMT)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCP)</span></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_uprising" title="Ruhr uprising">Ruhr uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Polish_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee">Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Action" title="March Action">March Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Uprising" title="September Uprising">September Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Uprising" title="Hamburg Uprising">Hamburg Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army Mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Netherlands)" title="Red Week (Netherlands)">Red Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Southampton_mutiny" title="1919 Southampton mutiny">1919 Southampton mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Krak%C3%B3w_riot" title="1923 Kraków riot">1923 Kraków riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Soviet Republic of Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Soviet Republic">Odesa Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic">Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republic_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republic of Saxony">Soviet Republic of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Commune of the Working People of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a 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