CINXE.COM
Recent Results
<!DOCTYPE html> <html prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>Recent Results</title> <meta name="keywords" content="" /><meta name="description" content="" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Recent Results"> <meta property="og:description" content=""> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/news"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/assets/og-logo-281c44f14f2114ed3fe50e666618ff96341055a2f8ce31aa0fd70471a30ca9ed.jpg"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#fff" /> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" sizes="180x180"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/institutes/mpe/favicon-451d969f752794c6781b9de01dd26c0612d5035dad219a6b5aee3b9d8164d459.ico" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-8d2872cf0efbd26ce09519f2ebe27fb09f148125cf65964890cc98562e8d7aa3.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script>var ROOT_PATH = '/';var LANGUAGE = 'en';var PATH_TO_CMS = 'https://mpe.iedit.mpg.de';var INSTANCE_NAME = 'mpe';</script> <style media="screen" id="critical-css"> @font-face{font-family:'Merriweather';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-66beb0431fbb61e4ea920ec62d1167d155c2debbbc0d5b760ae4eb2b43ba4e06.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-66beb0431fbb61e4ea920ec62d1167d155c2debbbc0d5b760ae4eb2b43ba4e06.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-0e44ebbb6e4641907c3b906f09c35fc59e1ff8432dfeb718a450914dfafaac9a.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-3dc2f1d91d2ec19b945030a600c4403d69fed76f8ed8b3892ea416098e7265c1.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-c093c8d68c6d812f4c2a1e6679c1a8d27ea21545ac9a3616e250f1be68869238.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_latin-regular-4bf7dafac6ae725cfc671d36c7176c4e015417ebde856a0e06b4c09e1b45a57d.svg#Merriweather) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Merriweather Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Merriweather Sans"),local("MerriweatherSans-Regular"),url(/assets/MerriweatherSans-Regular-d2efd4d9fe6ff129962f92dda627c4337b65ee6b3fb7da84709b805e15db6d81.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Merriweather Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Merriweather Sans"),local("MerriweatherSans-Regular"),url(/assets/MerriweatherSans-Regular-d2efd4d9fe6ff129962f92dda627c4337b65ee6b3fb7da84709b805e15db6d81.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Merriweather Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Merriweather Sans"),local("MerriweatherSans-Regular"),url(/assets/MerriweatherSans-Regular-d2efd4d9fe6ff129962f92dda627c4337b65ee6b3fb7da84709b805e15db6d81.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Merriweather Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local("Merriweather Sans Light"),local("MerriweatherSans-Light"),url(/assets/MerriweatherSans-Light-55861f721a7f90c7d40be3ed28aa945ad6bacd23ee524ab93d5243b8de669a2d.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Merriweather Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Merriweather Sans Bold"),local("MerriweatherSans-Bold"),url(/assets/MerriweatherSans-Bold-055f396e6f9a1fa9f7d627432ce1d7c5f532fa7853c287c57457d959897139b0.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Josefin Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Josefin Sans Bold"),local("JosefinSans-Bold"),url(/assets/JosefinSans-Bold-4c4040241f19417ddd84e38603d0e08c743e69d43dbdff491ff4ca0daeffa802.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-435d7096bf6da56f8b4bfddec6c1f566dffea19d7f24bd14d4525ba898657679.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-435d7096bf6da56f8b4bfddec6c1f566dffea19d7f24bd14d4525ba898657679.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-78e391b02f442de38b10eec6b951be4eb10fc6723d0d12e09a668fd58cc4ed75.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-5ca91c5114555a52b8b36228d5c3954418a1d3c5539bb95574b844792b0ca220.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-16640b3fa7f58d40b5f616d6a3097e2875d533829c29df260b7cdec4d7be58f4.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300-53e32a84e92e043af3f9dce3d50e57ce1efe62ad101aa89660774b70a53b463a.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-ec376bb16f9e65b7dda0297a2d3ed6649076f0b3709562bc31334e14876f5854.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-ec376bb16f9e65b7dda0297a2d3ed6649076f0b3709562bc31334e14876f5854.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-0c71e7705498d4779fb5076a292f2106aec088d9d7e3c067bb5751e282a7ca88.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-8df128092002db6ad32a11d2158d261b939e5dd8715308700fe1a02a3228105d.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-822519363f3161064f90021e8979a85add692867f16444cd555ef51d4b9dc95c.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-300italic-3cd097f009c3f57de9ba85f9cbe59cf19d0892d4027351806d91c7d27213d615.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-ca97335987b26814c9a1128525e1c36748c4b59bbd0a6ac198cca1b3e1f19a47.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-ca97335987b26814c9a1128525e1c36748c4b59bbd0a6ac198cca1b3e1f19a47.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-e53c6e6f12e654511a31cef074d7890d31ff144d80c7f0c4c276bea9a91839f0.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-b1f39721c99437d4c8949a9330d548bb9d6cdbf80cd88d5fd543549fe3173b8c.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-9bcffbc3ad7737fe8e39c4f45c4e2152b2dc84638d87508a0be916e286ff3928.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-regular-3bea3afe6e3078ec3b0e56cd80ad97b059bb335af794ba57b5845ff44b77bcd3.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-f69fdfd6d1d0a4c842222ce093cc5660ebdce260a8f10ca6bda4f09ba9bfedea.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-f69fdfd6d1d0a4c842222ce093cc5660ebdce260a8f10ca6bda4f09ba9bfedea.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-97c5e50bb04419b691386360609236c0a1aa949105684d7db8fedc3c35cc3c91.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-13660f8926f257e5c63f6a5a723b3ae8aecd340258ee40868152eb9a9939a7d3.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-abde90d734b17b439edc49f2b27c8d6d10a4a0a0f295d5c1535cb3c0a0e2bd8d.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-italic-5965290041d32ef9c7b1166269586ead7e989d55414ed66db27d177004eae3fc.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-6aa4356d93abb4f7c5a59bd0e05f1bbc25ffd273459e65966ddecaa80f8be19f.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-6aa4356d93abb4f7c5a59bd0e05f1bbc25ffd273459e65966ddecaa80f8be19f.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-8d2872cf0efbd26ce09519f2ebe27fb09f148125cf65964890cc98562e8d7aa3.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-95d57dc45afb9c82a1fa417d4620c87c9d293487719630ac1b021f7e653a6891.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-254e8be2b6cb8096f59e2d9e60c984801055371a3bea2999531a0cf9dfc393db.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700-2da189152a7f131b78c66343dbed734e1f1b31b679ee8ed97b9deb048080da06.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-9ee9aef483ed383ce18582ef3b55f7b2d91278b07a77b9a6ea4e72c322cdc616.eot);src:local(""),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-9ee9aef483ed383ce18582ef3b55f7b2d91278b07a77b9a6ea4e72c322cdc616.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-00c1eaa7cafeb781b619ef7abbecf978ce3fb7be6b870b7cf1f29b947a2e45b4.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-9cc3be355c151b807974482ce327ad855f8856e78b15a9dea8aec36295804e78.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-9590be4b5d91eb81a948a84ddfb370005c69b546b49d2a6b70bee30b3090ae81.ttf) format("truetype"),url(/assets/roboto-v20-latin-ext_latin_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic-700italic-63b1f75d9ff9eb92f7273a44a8677db95969553ad6d82141f71b3c25d729bd49.svg#Roboto) format("svg")}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local("Open Sans"),local("OpenSans-Regular"),url(/assets/OpenSans-Regular-f20d5ed577a1ddc48fd428b61d9538ef88d6ddcc1ccd8565a2cf7e9f03bd4cc7.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local("Open Sans Bold"),local("OpenSans-Bold"),url(/assets/OpenSans-Bold-5ccf0a4d12a5fb44a9831d93841cee9c1188d900987a2b83d5884ee240d7ab46.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:local("Open Sans Semi Bold"),local("OpenSans-SemiBold"),url(/assets/OpenSans-SemiBold-b3185de4446e67a69ed55fd1337466f660afc5f7eb161137865d21ae69778df1.ttf)}@font-face{font-family:'mpg_iconsregular';src:url(/assets/mpg_icons-webfont-0b8e4bd6ecdc12aad710d8d9d882d0e05fa5580824d8d5cee65048d70be5a133.eot);src:url(/assets/mpg_icons-webfont-fbcdd2a22910ced3dda265405bb43de9eb1be44ace22869d590c9b0069ac84cf.woff) format("woff");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}.mpg-icon::after,.twitter_icon::after,.phone_icon::after,.email_icon::after,.external::after,.mpg-icon::before,.twitter_icon::before,.phone_icon::before,.email_icon::before,.external::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon-english::after{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/uk-581d9beff5f105fe0fc75e5630500da6edb38324921da716d39b49aab9d16d37.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:block;height:1em;width:2em}.mpg-icon-logo::before{content:"\F000" !important}.mpg-icon-up1::before{content:"\F001" !important}.mpg-icon-right1::before,.external::before{content:"\F002" !important}.mpg-icon-down1::before{content:"\F003" !important}.mpg-icon-left1::before{content:"\F004" !important}.mpg-icon-up2::before{content:"\F005" !important}.mpg-icon-right2::before{content:"\F006" !important}.mpg-icon-down2::after{content:"\F007" !important}.mpg-icon-left2::before{content:"\F008" !important}.mpg-icon-clipboard::before{content:"\F009" !important}.mpg-icon-pdf::before{content:"\F032" !important}.mpg-icon-event::before{content:"\F00a" !important}.mpg-icon-attention::before{content:"\F00b" !important}.mpg-icon-fax::before{content:"\F00c" !important}.mpg-icon-page::before{content:"\F00d" !important}.mpg-icon-filter::before{content:"\F00e" !important}.mpg-icon-lab::before{content:"\F00f" !important}.mpg-icon-interests::before,.mpg-icon-research_interests::before{content:"\F010" !important}.mpg-icon-question::before{content:"\F011" !important}.mpg-icon-home::before{content:"\F012" !important}.mpg-icon-search::after{content:"\F013" !important;font-size:2em;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon-email::before,.email_icon::before{content:"\F014" !important}.mpg-icon-video::before{content:"\F015" !important}.mpg-icon-play2::before{content:"\F016" !important}.mpg-icon-hierarchy::before{content:"\F017" !important}.mpg-icon-news::before{content:"\F018" !important}.mpg-icon-phone::before,.phone_icon::before{content:"\F019" !important}.mpg-icon-pin::before{content:"\F01a" !important}.mpg-icon-listen2::before{content:"\F01b" !important}.mpg-icon-presentation::before{content:"\F01c" !important}.mpg-icon-medal::before,.mpg-icon-research_medals::before{content:"\F01d" !important}.mpg-icon-book::before{content:"\F01e" !important}.mpg-icon-share::before{content:"\F01f" !important}.mpg-icon-sign::before{content:"\F020" !important}.mpg-icon-podcast::before,.mpg-icon-sound::before{content:"\F021" !important}.mpg-icon-tag::before{content:"\F022" !important}.mpg-icon-imprs::before{content:"\F023" !important}.mpg-icon-person::before{content:"\F024" !important}.mpg-icon-persons::before{content:"\F025" !important}.mpg-icon-vcard::before{content:"\F026" !important}.mpg-icon-facebook::after{content:"\F027" !important}.mpg-icon-linkedin::after{content:"\F028" !important}.mpg-icon-feed::after{content:"\F029" !important}.mpg-icon-twitter::before,.twitter_icon::before{content:"\F02a" !important}.mpg-icon-youtube::after{content:"\F02b" !important}.mpg-icon-drag-hor::before{content:"\F02c" !important}.mpg-icon-drag-ver::before{content:"\F02d" !important}.mpg-icon-image::before{content:"\F02e" !important}.mpg-icon-list::before{content:"\F02f" !important}.mpg-icon-at::before{content:"\F02f" !important}.mpg-icon-file-doc::before{content:"\F031" !important}.mpg-icon-file-pdf::before{content:"\F032" !important}.mpg-icon-file-ppt::before{content:"\F033" !important}.mpg-icon-file-zip::before{content:"\F034" !important}.mpg-icon-left3::before{content:"\F035" !important}.mpg-icon-right3::before{content:"\F036" !important}.mpg-icon-play::before{content:"\F037" !important}.mpg-icon-listen::before{content:"\F038" !important}.external:not(.more):not(.twitter_icon)::before{display:inline-block;font-size:.9em;margin-left:.1em;margin-right:.25em;transform:rotate(-45deg) translate(0, -0.15em)}.link_title.external:not(.more):not(.twitter_icon)::before{font-size:2em;margin-right:.1em;transform:rotate(-45deg) translate(0, -0.3em)}.email_icon::before{font-size:1.4em;display:inline-block}.phone_icon::before{font-size:1.4em;display:inline-block}.twitter_icon::before{font-size:1.4em;color:#1DA1F2;margin-right:3px;display:inline-block}.open_access_icon::after{vertical-align:text-top;display:inline-block;width:1.5ch;content:" ";height:1.2em;background:no-repeat right 25%/auto 80% url(/assets/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white-a436fe520f67d515e6e55d715d61592a87803ff4468597bf3ec5e83c1690b4a1.svg)}.mpg-icon::after,.external::after,.email_icon::after,.phone_icon::after,.twitter_icon::after,.mpg-icon::before,.external::before,.email_icon::before,.phone_icon::before,.twitter_icon::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon::after,.email_icon::after,.phone_icon::after,.twitter_icon::after,ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::after,.external::after,.mpg-icon::before,.email_icon::before,.phone_icon::before,.twitter_icon::before,ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::before,.external::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon::after,.external::after,.email_icon::after,.phone_icon::after,.twitter_icon::after,ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::after,.mpg-icon::before,.external::before,.email_icon::before,.phone_icon::before,.twitter_icon::before,ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon-logo::before{content:"" !important}.external::before{content:"" !important}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::before{content:"" !important}.mpg-icon-down2::after{content:"" !important}.mpg-icon-fax::before{content:"" !important}.mpg-icon-search::after{content:"" !important;font-size:2em;vertical-align:middle}.mpg-icon-email::before,.email_icon::before{content:"" !important}.mpg-icon-news::before{content:"" !important}.mpg-icon-phone::before,.phone_icon::before{content:"" !important}.external:not(.more):not(.twitter_icon)::before{display:inline-block;font-size:.9em;margin-left:.1em;margin-right:.25em;transform:rotate(-45deg) translate(0, -0.15em)}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}footer,header,main,nav{display:block}article,aside,figcaption,figure,footer,header,main,nav{display:block}article,aside,footer,header,nav{display:block}article,aside,footer,header,main,nav{display:block}a{background-color:transparent}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0}img{border:0}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}figure{margin:1em 40px}button,input{color:inherit;font:inherit;margin:0}button{overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}button{-webkit-appearance:button}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}input{line-height:normal}input[type="checkbox"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}th{padding:0}*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}*:before,*:after{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:10px}body{font-family:"Roboto","Tahoma",Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#333333;background-color:#fff}input,button{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}a{color:#006c66;text-decoration:none}figure{margin:0}img{vertical-align:middle}.img-responsive{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto}h2{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h1,h2,h4,.h3{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h1,h2,.h3{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h1,h2,h3,.h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h1,h2{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h2{margin-top:27px;margin-bottom:13.5px}h1,h2,.h3{margin-top:27px;margin-bottom:13.5px}h1,h2,h3{margin-top:27px;margin-bottom:13.5px}h1,h2{margin-top:27px;margin-bottom:13.5px}h4{margin-top:13.5px;margin-bottom:13.5px}.h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{margin-top:13.5px;margin-bottom:13.5px}h1{font-size:34px}h2{font-size:22px}.h3{font-size:19px}h3{font-size:19px}h4{font-size:16px}.h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{font-size:16px}p{margin:0 0 13.5px}.text-center{text-align:center}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:13.5px}ul,ol{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:13.5px}ul ul{margin-bottom:0}.container:before,.container:after{display:table;content:" "}.row:before,.row:after{display:table;content:" "}.nav:before,.nav:after{display:table;content:" "}.navbar:before,.navbar:after{display:table;content:" "}.navbar-header:before,.navbar-header:after{display:table;content:" "}.navbar-collapse:before,.navbar-collapse:after{display:table;content:" "}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{display:table;content:" "}.container-fluid:before,.container-fluid:after{display:table;content:" "}.container:after{clear:both}.row:after{clear:both}.nav:after{clear:both}.navbar:after{clear:both}.navbar-header:after{clear:both}.navbar-collapse:after{clear:both}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.container-fluid:after{clear:both}.container{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width: 768px){.container{width:750px}}@media (min-width: 992px){.container{width:970px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.container{width:1170px}}.container-fluid{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.row{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.container{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.container:before,.container:after{display:table;content:" "}.container:after{clear:both}@media (min-width: 768px){.container{width:750px}}@media (min-width: 992px){.container{width:970px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.container{width:1170px}}.container-fluid{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.container-fluid:before,.container-fluid:after{display:table;content:" "}.container-fluid:after{clear:both}.row{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.row:before,.row:after{display:table;content:" "}.row:after{clear:both}.row-no-gutters{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.row-no-gutters [class*="col-"]{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.col-xs-1,.col-sm-1,.col-md-1,.col-lg-1,.col-xs-2,.col-sm-2,.col-md-2,.col-lg-2,.col-xs-3,.col-sm-3,.col-md-3,.col-lg-3,.col-xs-4,.col-sm-4,.col-md-4,.col-lg-4,.col-xs-5,.col-sm-5,.col-md-5,.col-lg-5,.col-xs-6,.col-sm-6,.col-md-6,.col-lg-6,.col-xs-7,.col-sm-7,.col-md-7,.col-lg-7,.col-xs-8,.col-sm-8,.col-md-8,.col-lg-8,.col-xs-9,.col-sm-9,.col-md-9,.col-lg-9,.col-xs-10,.col-sm-10,.col-md-10,.col-lg-10,.col-xs-11,.col-sm-11,.col-md-11,.col-lg-11,.col-xs-12,.col-sm-12,.col-md-12,.col-lg-12{position:relative;min-height:1px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}.col-xs-1,.col-xs-2,.col-xs-3,.col-xs-4,.col-xs-5,.col-xs-6,.col-xs-7,.col-xs-8,.col-xs-9,.col-xs-10,.col-xs-11,.col-xs-12{float:left}.col-xs-1{width:8.3333333333%}.col-xs-2{width:16.6666666667%}.col-xs-3{width:25%}.col-xs-4{width:33.3333333333%}.col-xs-5{width:41.6666666667%}.col-xs-6{width:50%}.col-xs-7{width:58.3333333333%}.col-xs-8{width:66.6666666667%}.col-xs-9{width:75%}.col-xs-10{width:83.3333333333%}.col-xs-11{width:91.6666666667%}.col-xs-12{width:100%}.col-xs-pull-0{right:auto}.col-xs-pull-1{right:8.3333333333%}.col-xs-pull-2{right:16.6666666667%}.col-xs-pull-3{right:25%}.col-xs-pull-4{right:33.3333333333%}.col-xs-pull-5{right:41.6666666667%}.col-xs-pull-6{right:50%}.col-xs-pull-7{right:58.3333333333%}.col-xs-pull-8{right:66.6666666667%}.col-xs-pull-9{right:75%}.col-xs-pull-10{right:83.3333333333%}.col-xs-pull-11{right:91.6666666667%}.col-xs-pull-12{right:100%}.col-xs-push-0{left:auto}.col-xs-push-1{left:8.3333333333%}.col-xs-push-2{left:16.6666666667%}.col-xs-push-3{left:25%}.col-xs-push-4{left:33.3333333333%}.col-xs-push-5{left:41.6666666667%}.col-xs-push-6{left:50%}.col-xs-push-7{left:58.3333333333%}.col-xs-push-8{left:66.6666666667%}.col-xs-push-9{left:75%}.col-xs-push-10{left:83.3333333333%}.col-xs-push-11{left:91.6666666667%}.col-xs-push-12{left:100%}.col-xs-offset-0{margin-left:0%}.col-xs-offset-1{margin-left:8.3333333333%}.col-xs-offset-2{margin-left:16.6666666667%}.col-xs-offset-3{margin-left:25%}.col-xs-offset-4{margin-left:33.3333333333%}.col-xs-offset-5{margin-left:41.6666666667%}.col-xs-offset-6{margin-left:50%}.col-xs-offset-7{margin-left:58.3333333333%}.col-xs-offset-8{margin-left:66.6666666667%}.col-xs-offset-9{margin-left:75%}.col-xs-offset-10{margin-left:83.3333333333%}.col-xs-offset-11{margin-left:91.6666666667%}.col-xs-offset-12{margin-left:100%}@media (min-width: 768px){.col-sm-1,.col-sm-2,.col-sm-3,.col-sm-4,.col-sm-5,.col-sm-6,.col-sm-7,.col-sm-8,.col-sm-9,.col-sm-10,.col-sm-11,.col-sm-12{float:left}.col-sm-1{width:8.3333333333%}.col-sm-2{width:16.6666666667%}.col-sm-3{width:25%}.col-sm-4{width:33.3333333333%}.col-sm-5{width:41.6666666667%}.col-sm-6{width:50%}.col-sm-7{width:58.3333333333%}.col-sm-8{width:66.6666666667%}.col-sm-9{width:75%}.col-sm-10{width:83.3333333333%}.col-sm-11{width:91.6666666667%}.col-sm-12{width:100%}.col-sm-pull-0{right:auto}.col-sm-pull-1{right:8.3333333333%}.col-sm-pull-2{right:16.6666666667%}.col-sm-pull-3{right:25%}.col-sm-pull-4{right:33.3333333333%}.col-sm-pull-5{right:41.6666666667%}.col-sm-pull-6{right:50%}.col-sm-pull-7{right:58.3333333333%}.col-sm-pull-8{right:66.6666666667%}.col-sm-pull-9{right:75%}.col-sm-pull-10{right:83.3333333333%}.col-sm-pull-11{right:91.6666666667%}.col-sm-pull-12{right:100%}.col-sm-push-0{left:auto}.col-sm-push-1{left:8.3333333333%}.col-sm-push-2{left:16.6666666667%}.col-sm-push-3{left:25%}.col-sm-push-4{left:33.3333333333%}.col-sm-push-5{left:41.6666666667%}.col-sm-push-6{left:50%}.col-sm-push-7{left:58.3333333333%}.col-sm-push-8{left:66.6666666667%}.col-sm-push-9{left:75%}.col-sm-push-10{left:83.3333333333%}.col-sm-push-11{left:91.6666666667%}.col-sm-push-12{left:100%}.col-sm-offset-0{margin-left:0%}.col-sm-offset-1{margin-left:8.3333333333%}.col-sm-offset-2{margin-left:16.6666666667%}.col-sm-offset-3{margin-left:25%}.col-sm-offset-4{margin-left:33.3333333333%}.col-sm-offset-5{margin-left:41.6666666667%}.col-sm-offset-6{margin-left:50%}.col-sm-offset-7{margin-left:58.3333333333%}.col-sm-offset-8{margin-left:66.6666666667%}.col-sm-offset-9{margin-left:75%}.col-sm-offset-10{margin-left:83.3333333333%}.col-sm-offset-11{margin-left:91.6666666667%}.col-sm-offset-12{margin-left:100%}}@media (min-width: 992px){.col-md-1,.col-md-2,.col-md-3,.col-md-4,.col-md-5,.col-md-6,.col-md-7,.col-md-8,.col-md-9,.col-md-10,.col-md-11,.col-md-12{float:left}.col-md-1{width:8.3333333333%}.col-md-2{width:16.6666666667%}.col-md-3{width:25%}.col-md-4{width:33.3333333333%}.col-md-5{width:41.6666666667%}.col-md-6{width:50%}.col-md-7{width:58.3333333333%}.col-md-8{width:66.6666666667%}.col-md-9{width:75%}.col-md-10{width:83.3333333333%}.col-md-11{width:91.6666666667%}.col-md-12{width:100%}.col-md-pull-0{right:auto}.col-md-pull-1{right:8.3333333333%}.col-md-pull-2{right:16.6666666667%}.col-md-pull-3{right:25%}.col-md-pull-4{right:33.3333333333%}.col-md-pull-5{right:41.6666666667%}.col-md-pull-6{right:50%}.col-md-pull-7{right:58.3333333333%}.col-md-pull-8{right:66.6666666667%}.col-md-pull-9{right:75%}.col-md-pull-10{right:83.3333333333%}.col-md-pull-11{right:91.6666666667%}.col-md-pull-12{right:100%}.col-md-push-0{left:auto}.col-md-push-1{left:8.3333333333%}.col-md-push-2{left:16.6666666667%}.col-md-push-3{left:25%}.col-md-push-4{left:33.3333333333%}.col-md-push-5{left:41.6666666667%}.col-md-push-6{left:50%}.col-md-push-7{left:58.3333333333%}.col-md-push-8{left:66.6666666667%}.col-md-push-9{left:75%}.col-md-push-10{left:83.3333333333%}.col-md-push-11{left:91.6666666667%}.col-md-push-12{left:100%}.col-md-offset-0{margin-left:0%}.col-md-offset-1{margin-left:8.3333333333%}.col-md-offset-2{margin-left:16.6666666667%}.col-md-offset-3{margin-left:25%}.col-md-offset-4{margin-left:33.3333333333%}.col-md-offset-5{margin-left:41.6666666667%}.col-md-offset-6{margin-left:50%}.col-md-offset-7{margin-left:58.3333333333%}.col-md-offset-8{margin-left:66.6666666667%}.col-md-offset-9{margin-left:75%}.col-md-offset-10{margin-left:83.3333333333%}.col-md-offset-11{margin-left:91.6666666667%}.col-md-offset-12{margin-left:100%}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.col-lg-1,.col-lg-2,.col-lg-3,.col-lg-4,.col-lg-5,.col-lg-6,.col-lg-7,.col-lg-8,.col-lg-9,.col-lg-10,.col-lg-11,.col-lg-12{float:left}.col-lg-1{width:8.3333333333%}.col-lg-2{width:16.6666666667%}.col-lg-3{width:25%}.col-lg-4{width:33.3333333333%}.col-lg-5{width:41.6666666667%}.col-lg-6{width:50%}.col-lg-7{width:58.3333333333%}.col-lg-8{width:66.6666666667%}.col-lg-9{width:75%}.col-lg-10{width:83.3333333333%}.col-lg-11{width:91.6666666667%}.col-lg-12{width:100%}.col-lg-pull-0{right:auto}.col-lg-pull-1{right:8.3333333333%}.col-lg-pull-2{right:16.6666666667%}.col-lg-pull-3{right:25%}.col-lg-pull-4{right:33.3333333333%}.col-lg-pull-5{right:41.6666666667%}.col-lg-pull-6{right:50%}.col-lg-pull-7{right:58.3333333333%}.col-lg-pull-8{right:66.6666666667%}.col-lg-pull-9{right:75%}.col-lg-pull-10{right:83.3333333333%}.col-lg-pull-11{right:91.6666666667%}.col-lg-pull-12{right:100%}.col-lg-push-0{left:auto}.col-lg-push-1{left:8.3333333333%}.col-lg-push-2{left:16.6666666667%}.col-lg-push-3{left:25%}.col-lg-push-4{left:33.3333333333%}.col-lg-push-5{left:41.6666666667%}.col-lg-push-6{left:50%}.col-lg-push-7{left:58.3333333333%}.col-lg-push-8{left:66.6666666667%}.col-lg-push-9{left:75%}.col-lg-push-10{left:83.3333333333%}.col-lg-push-11{left:91.6666666667%}.col-lg-push-12{left:100%}.col-lg-offset-0{margin-left:0%}.col-lg-offset-1{margin-left:8.3333333333%}.col-lg-offset-2{margin-left:16.6666666667%}.col-lg-offset-3{margin-left:25%}.col-lg-offset-4{margin-left:33.3333333333%}.col-lg-offset-5{margin-left:41.6666666667%}.col-lg-offset-6{margin-left:50%}.col-lg-offset-7{margin-left:58.3333333333%}.col-lg-offset-8{margin-left:66.6666666667%}.col-lg-offset-9{margin-left:75%}.col-lg-offset-10{margin-left:83.3333333333%}.col-lg-offset-11{margin-left:91.6666666667%}.col-lg-offset-12{margin-left:100%}}table{background-color:transparent}th{text-align:left}label{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:700}input[type="search"]{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none}input[type="checkbox"]{margin:4px 0 0;margin-top:1px \9;line-height:normal}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;height:41px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#555555;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.075)}.form-control::-ms-expand{background-color:transparent;border:0}.form-group{margin-bottom:15px}@media (min-width: 768px){.navbar-form .form-group{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle}.navbar-form .form-control{display:inline-block;width:auto;vertical-align:middle}}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#999;opacity:1}.form-control:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#999}.form-control::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#999}.btn{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;touch-action:manipulation;background-image:none;border:1px solid transparent;padding:6px 12px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;border-radius:0}.btn-default{color:#333;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc}.btn-primary{color:#fff;background-color:#006c66;border-color:#00534e}.collapse{display:none}.dropdown{position:relative}.dropdown-menu{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;z-index:1000;display:none;float:left;min-width:160px;padding:5px 0;margin:2px 0 0;font-size:16px;text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ccc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.15);border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.175);box-shadow:0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.175)}.nav{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav>li{position:relative;display:block}.nav>li>a{position:relative;display:block;padding:10px 15px}.navbar{position:relative;min-height:50px;margin-bottom:27px;border:1px solid transparent}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar{border-radius:0}}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-header{float:left}}.navbar-collapse{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;overflow-x:visible;border-top:1px solid transparent;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.1);-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-collapse{width:auto;border-top:0;box-shadow:none}.navbar-collapse.collapse{display:block !important;height:auto !important;padding-bottom:0;overflow:visible !important}}.container>.navbar-header{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}@media (min-width: 992px){.container>.navbar-header{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}}.navbar-brand{float:left;height:50px;padding:11.5px 15px;font-size:20px;line-height:27px}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar>.container .navbar-brand{margin-left:-15px}}.navbar-toggle{position:relative;float:right;padding:9px 10px;margin-right:15px;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:0}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-toggle{display:none}}.navbar-nav{margin:5.75px -15px}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-nav{float:left;margin:0}.navbar-nav>li{float:left}.navbar-nav>li>a{padding-top:11.5px;padding-bottom:11.5px}}.navbar-nav>li>a{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;line-height:27px}.navbar-form{padding:10px 15px;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px;border-top:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.1),0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.1),0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.1);margin-top:4.5px;margin-bottom:4.5px}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-form{width:auto;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-right:0;margin-left:0;border:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}}@media (max-width: 991px){.navbar-form .form-group{margin-bottom:5px}.navbar-form .form-group:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}.navbar-nav>li>.dropdown-menu{margin-top:0;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}@media (min-width: 992px){.navbar-left{float:left !important}.navbar-right{float:right !important;margin-right:-15px}}.navbar-default{background-color:#f8f8f8;border-color:#e7e7e7}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a{color:#263238}.navbar-default .navbar-toggle{border-color:#ddd}.navbar-default .navbar-collapse,.navbar-default .navbar-form{border-color:#e7e7e7}.breadcrumb{padding:8px 15px;margin-bottom:27px;list-style:none;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-radius:0}.breadcrumb>li{display:inline-block}.breadcrumb>li+li:before{padding:0 5px;color:#ccc;content:"/ "}.breadcrumb>.active{color:#455a64}.pull-left{float:left !important}@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}.visible-xs{display:none !important}.visible-sm{display:none !important}.visible-md{display:none !important}.visible-lg{display:none !important}.visible-xs-block,.visible-xs-inline,.visible-xs-inline-block,.visible-sm-block,.visible-sm-inline,.visible-sm-inline-block,.visible-md-block,.visible-md-inline,.visible-md-inline-block,.visible-lg-block,.visible-lg-inline,.visible-lg-inline-block{display:none !important}@media (max-width: 767px){.visible-xs{display:block !important}table.visible-xs{display:table !important}tr.visible-xs{display:table-row !important}th.visible-xs,td.visible-xs{display:table-cell !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.visible-xs-block{display:block !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.visible-xs-inline{display:inline !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.visible-xs-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.visible-sm{display:block !important}table.visible-sm{display:table !important}tr.visible-sm{display:table-row !important}th.visible-sm,td.visible-sm{display:table-cell !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.visible-sm-block{display:block !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.visible-sm-inline{display:inline !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.visible-sm-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.visible-md{display:block !important}table.visible-md{display:table !important}tr.visible-md{display:table-row !important}th.visible-md,td.visible-md{display:table-cell !important}}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.visible-md-block{display:block !important}}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.visible-md-inline{display:inline !important}}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.visible-md-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.visible-lg{display:block !important}table.visible-lg{display:table !important}tr.visible-lg{display:table-row !important}th.visible-lg,td.visible-lg{display:table-cell !important}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.visible-lg-block{display:block !important}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.visible-lg-inline{display:inline !important}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.visible-lg-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){.hidden-xs{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.hidden-sm{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.hidden-md{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.hidden-lg{display:none !important}}.visible-print{display:none !important}@media print{.visible-print{display:block !important}table.visible-print{display:table !important}tr.visible-print{display:table-row !important}th.visible-print,td.visible-print{display:table-cell !important}}.visible-print-block{display:none !important}@media print{.visible-print-block{display:block !important}}.visible-print-inline{display:none !important}@media print{.visible-print-inline{display:inline !important}}.visible-print-inline-block{display:none !important}@media print{.visible-print-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}}@media print{.hidden-print{display:none !important}}.visible-print-block{display:none !important}.slick-slider{-ms-touch-action:pan-y;-webkit-touch-callout:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;position:relative;touch-action:pan-y;visibility:hidden}.slick-initialized{visibility:visible}.slick-list{display:block;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.slick-slider .slick-track,.slick-slider .slick-list{-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-o-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0)}.slick-track{display:block;left:0;position:relative;top:0}.slick-track::before,.slick-track::after{content:"";display:table}.slick-track::after{clear:both}.slick-slide{display:none;float:right;height:100%;min-height:1px}.slick-slide img{display:block}.slick-initialized .slick-slide{display:block}.slick-pause-section{position:absolute;width:100%;bottom:-20px;height:20px;visibility:visible;text-align:center}.slick-pause-button{border:none;background:none;color:#006c66}#related-articles-container .slick-pause-section{bottom:0}@media (min-width: 768px){#related-articles-container .slick-pause-section{display:none}}header.navbar{background-color:#eeeeee;border:0;border-radius:0;margin:0}header.navbar .container{padding:0}header.navbar .navbar-header{position:relative}header.navbar .navbar-header svg rect{fill:#006c66;transition:transform 0.5s}header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-square-f232279c21f2b99c6eef21059e9521e3ddcfe8f893608fdfb223dee6007b3e75.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;font-size:72px;height:140px;position:relative;width:140px;z-index:10}header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand::before{color:#fff;font-size:82px;left:.15em;position:relative;width:80px;height:80px}header.navbar button.navbar-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] svg rect.burgerline-1{transform:rotate(45deg) translateY(10px)}header.navbar button.navbar-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] svg rect.burgerline-2{transform:rotate(45deg)}header.navbar button.navbar-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] svg rect.burgerline-3{transform:rotate(-45deg) translateY(-10px)}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper,header.navbar .lang-search{margin-left:0;width:auto}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse,header.navbar .lang-search>.navbar-collapse{margin-top:40px;position:relative}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-form,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-form{margin:0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-form .btn,header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-form .form-control,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-form .btn,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-form .form-control{background-color:transparent;border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;color:rgba(0,108,102,0.5)}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-form .btn,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-form .btn{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-form .btn i::after,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-form .btn i::after{color:#006c66}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper #nav-main,header.navbar .lang-search #nav-main{margin-bottom:5px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta{position:absolute;right:15px;z-index:10;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6, auto)}@media (min-width: 1260px){header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta.pwa-visible,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta.pwa-visible{right:-14px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .external-backlink,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .external-backlink{padding-right:30px}}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .external-backlink,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .external-backlink{order:10;grid-column:1 / -1}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a{color:#263238;font-size:14px;padding:.1em .5em}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a.backlink,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a.backlink{padding:20px 0 0 0;color:black;text-transform:none;font-size:15px;font-family:"Merriweather", serif;text-align:right}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a.backlink::before,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta>li>a.backlink::before{font-weight:bold;transform:translate(0, -1px) rotate(-45deg) translate(0, -0.15em)}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field{padding-left:5px;padding-right:0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field .form-group,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field .form-group{background-color:#fff}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input{color:#546E7A !important;font-size:14px;height:auto;line-height:normal;padding:5px;width:95px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input::placeholder,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input::placeholder{color:#546E7A !important}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field .btn,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field .btn{font-size:14px;min-width:0;padding:0 6px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav>li>a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav>li>a{background-color:transparent;padding:10px 7px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:nth-child(2) .navbar-nav>li>a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:nth-child(2) .navbar-nav>li>a{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text{margin-top:0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text a{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;display:block;height:28px;width:620px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.de a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.de a{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-font-de-8ece67723e59ab56c231bce938bb5fe16e0aa48688d6ff9e845165288d1d8170.svg)}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.en a,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.en a{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-font-en-8ece67723e59ab56c231bce938bb5fe16e0aa48688d6ff9e845165288d1d8170.svg)}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse:first-child::after,header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse:first-child::after{clear:right}header.navbar .navbar-collapse.in{overflow-y:visible}@media (max-width: 1199px){.navbar-text a{height:23px !important;width:600px !important}header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .language-switcher-links{order:3;grid-column:1 / -1}header.navbar .lang-search .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .external-backlink{padding:0}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.navbar-text a{height:18px !important;width:550px !important}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field:hover .form-group{background-color:#fff;position:relative}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field:hover input[type="search"]{background-color:inherit;display:inline-block;left:-95px;position:absolute}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field .form-group{background-color:transparent}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input[type="search"]{display:none}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav.navbar-meta .search-field input[type="search"]+.btn{min-height:28px}}@media (max-width: 992px -1){.navbar-text{margin:3px 10px 9px !important}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper{margin-bottom:.1rem}header.navbar .navbar-header{position:absolute}}@media (max-width: 991px){.container>.navbar-header,.container>.navbar-collapse,.container-fluid>.navbar-header,.container-fluid>.navbar-collapse{margin:0}header.navbar .navbar-header{position:relative}header.navbar .navbar-header>a.navbar-brand{height:80px;padding-left:19px;padding-top:10px;position:absolute;width:115px;z-index:100}header.navbar .navbar-header>a.navbar-brand::before{font-size:60px;left:0;width:60px;height:60px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse{display:block;float:left;margin-left:11rem;margin-top:1.5rem;padding:0;width:45rem}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text a{display:block;height:35px !important;width:auto !important}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.de a{background-position:0 5px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.en a{background-position:0 5px}}@media (max-width: 767px){header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse{width:16rem}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.de a{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-font-mobile-de-6d43154fd4846481763508c43a7a7dc27ded6a04898fe623aa16413c6147de52.svg);background-position:0 0}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper>.navbar-collapse:first-child .navbar-text.en a{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-font-mobile-en-6d43154fd4846481763508c43a7a7dc27ded6a04898fe623aa16413c6147de52.svg);background-position:0 0}}#depsvg .deptext,#depsvg-xs .deptext{fill:#006c66}body.mpg header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-combined-exp-f99cfa8482bb1d0b50c6b40c9b8b21dbf1650fcf0662860a61ec8ab59793f3de.svg);background-size:auto 111px;width:722px}@media (max-width: 1199px){body.mpg header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-combined-exp-md-f456a68f8d7d9e8bbb08e08600c3f5d605666948cefe42a0bf2e3b15cec9f8d9.svg)}}@media (max-width: 991px){body.mpg header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-combined-exp-sm-72b70dea54530ac260ae3ff1fba87316509c4a218618f23a4a4ad604aac3e7c4.svg);background-size:auto 80px;width:660px}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpg header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/logo-combined-exp-xs-68083717c6b62f8ba3e710429e713c9d550e88ef8299762a4076cc6ad30cc997.svg);background-size:auto 80px;width:calc(100vw - 55px)}}.mobile-search-pwa-container{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap}.mobile-search-container{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;margin-right:6px}.mobile-search-pwa-container .pwa-settings-button{width:15%;height:24px;margin:45px 0px 0px -16px;padding:0 0.7rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center}@media (min-width: 992px){.mobile-search-pwa-container .pwa-settings-button{display:none}}.btn{border-width:0;border-radius:0;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.btn.btn-default{box-shadow:0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.btn.btn-primary{box-shadow:0 0 5px rgba(255,255,255,0.15)}.teaser{position:relative}.teaser::before{clear:both;content:"";display:block;float:none}.teaser .img-box img{min-width:100%}.img-box{display:block;position:relative}.teaser-extension{border-bottom:1px solid #eeeeee;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0 0 10px}.teaser-extension:last-child{border:0}.teaser-extension .img-box{display:block;position:relative}@media (max-width: 991px){.teaser .img-box img{margin-bottom:1rem}aside .teaser.teaser-extension .img-box{width:50%}}@media (max-width: 767px){.teaser .img-box img{margin-bottom:1rem}aside .teaser.teaser-extension .img-box{width:50%}}@media (max-width: 767px){article .content{padding:2em 0}}@media (max-width: 767px){.footer-wrap footer.footer.trngl-footer{margin-top:0}.footer-wrap footer.footer.trngl-footer::before{display:none}}ol.breadcrumb{background-color:transparent;list-style:none;margin:-30px 0 0 0;padding:1.5em 0 1em 0}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item:not(:first-child)::before{color:#006c66;font-size:1.4em;padding-left:4px;vertical-align:middle}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item{float:left;font-size:12px}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item>a{color:#333333;font-weight:400}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item>span{color:#006c66;font-weight:400}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){ol.breadcrumb{margin:10px 0 0 0;padding:1em 0}ol.breadcrumb li{display:none}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(1){display:inline}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(2){display:inline}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){ol.breadcrumb{margin:10px 0 0 0;padding:1em 0}ol.breadcrumb li{display:none}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(1){display:inline}}@media (max-width: 767px){ol.breadcrumb{margin:-10px 0 0 0;padding:1em 0}ol.breadcrumb li:first-child{margin:0 0 0 7.5px}ol.breadcrumb li{display:none}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(2){display:inline}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(2)::before{display:none}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(1){display:inline}}@media (max-width: 767px){ol.breadcrumb{margin:-10px 0 0 0;padding:1em 0}ol.breadcrumb li:first-child{margin:0 0 0 7.5px}ol.breadcrumb li{display:none}ol.breadcrumb li:nth-last-of-type(1){display:inline}}nav .breadcrumb{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}ol.breadcrumb>li.breadcrumb-item{float:none}.footer-wrap{background-color:#fff;overflow-x:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}footer.footer ul{line-height:0}footer.footer .btn{margin-bottom:1em;width:100%;font-size:12px;background-color:#005555}footer.footer .container{position:relative}footer.footer.trngl-footer{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:6em;position:relative}footer.footer.trngl-footer svg{position:absolute;width:100%;height:4em;top:-4em}footer.footer.trngl-footer svg .footer-triangle{fill:#006c66}footer.footer.trngl-footer::before{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/triangle-footer-b9cbb3ed53ca8b49800555bf69812fe417053560a75f1bf9a9fa2e7202718c00.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% 100%;content:"";height:4em;left:0;position:absolute;top:-4em;width:100%;display:none}footer.footer .to-top-dummy{display:block;position:absolute;right:1em;top:-9rem;width:8rem;height:31px}footer.footer .to-top{background-image:url(/assets/responsive/arrow-to-top-basis-mask-4174a50ea9c4086fe639891ae5ff138f2a2805812745530636f9b7991fbeb732.svg);background-color:#263238;background-position:2px center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:30px;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:17px;line-height:26px;padding:.5rem 1rem;position:absolute;right:1em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none !important;text-align:right;top:-9rem;width:84px;height:34px;border-radius:0px;overflow:hidden}footer.footer .to-top::before{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;content:" ";opacity:1;background-image:url(/assets/responsive/arrow-to-top-transform-mask-9ea6e312fdefdee8b17c2c3ab5ebc6d74e752d27facdb50f8b45b56f9bbefa52.svg);background-position:2px center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:30px}footer.footer .to-top.as-button{border-radius:15px;width:30px;height:30px;padding:3.9px 0px 0px 3.9px;line-height:22.5px;position:fixed;top:unset;bottom:1em;left:calc(50% + 585px);background-position:0px center;color:transparent !important}@media (max-width: 1259px){footer.footer .to-top.as-button{left:unset;right:10px;bottom:10px;z-index:1000}}footer.footer .to-top.as-button::before{opacity:0;background-position:0px center}footer.footer .columns-quicklinks-container{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}footer.footer ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}@media (max-width: 991px){footer.footer ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 17px 0}}@media (max-width: 767px){footer.footer ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}footer.footer .quicklinks li:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}footer.footer .quicklinks li:last-of-type a{margin-bottom:0}footer.footer ul.quicklinks{display:block}footer.footer ul.quicklinks li{display:block;margin-bottom:1em;width:100%}footer.footer .to-top,footer.footer .to-top-dummy{top:-3rem}}@media (max-width: 767px){.h3{margin-top:5px}.h3 .mpg-icon,.h3 .external,.h3 .email_icon,.h3 .phone_icon,.h3 .twitter_icon{display:inline-block !important}footer.footer .to-top{top:-3rem}}@media (max-width: 767px){footer.footer .to-top{top:-3rem}}@media (min-width: 992px){.copyright p{float:right}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.footer ul.quicklinks{margin-top:20px}div.mpg-icon.mpg-icon-logo,div.mpg-icon-logo.external,div.mpg-icon-logo.email_icon,div.mpg-icon-logo.phone_icon,div.mpg-icon-logo.twitter_icon,.copyright-sign{float:none;display:inline}.copyright-text{float:none;display:inline}}.institute-subfooter{color:white}.institute-subfooter a{color:white}.institute-subfooter .space-between{display:flex;flex-flow:row;justify-content:space-between}@media (max-width: 991px){.institute-subfooter .space-between{flex-flow:column;justify-content:flex-start}}.institute-subfooter .space-between::after,.institute-subfooter .space-between::before{display:none}.institute-subfooter .logo,.institute-subfooter .copyright,.institute-subfooter .links ul{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center}@media (max-width: 991px){.institute-subfooter .logo,.institute-subfooter .copyright,.institute-subfooter .links ul{justify-content:center;flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center;margin:10px 0}}.institute-subfooter .logo,.institute-subfooter .copyright{flex:0 0 auto}.institute-subfooter .copyright p{margin:0}.institute-subfooter .links{flex:0 1 auto;margin:0 50px;display:flex;align-items:center}@media (max-width: 991px){.institute-subfooter .links{margin:10px 0}}.institute-subfooter .links ul{list-style:none;padding:0;justify-content:space-evenly;margin:0}.institute-subfooter .logo .mpg-icon-logo::before{font-size:3em;margin-right:0.5em}.institute-subfooter .copyright .copyright-sign{margin-right:1ch}figure.image-extension{clear:both;display:block;margin-bottom:1.5em;position:relative;z-index:9}figure.image-extension.pull-left{width:40%}figure.image-extension.pull-left{margin:0 1em 1em 0}figure.image-extension img{min-width:100%}figure.image-extension figcaption.figure-caption{background-color:#eeeeee;font-size:14px;padding:1em}figure.image-extension p{margin-bottom:0}@media (max-width: 767px){article figure.top-image{margin:0 -15px}figure.image-extension{float:none !important;margin:1em 0}}@media (max-width: 767px){figure.image-extension{float:none !important;margin:1em 0}figure.image-extension.pull-left{margin:1em 0;width:100%}}@media (max-width: 991px){aside figure.image-extension{width:50%}}#main_nav{margin:-10px 15px 15px -15px;width:100%}#main_nav>li>a.main-navi-item{display:inline-block;z-index:10000}.mega-dropdown{position:static !important}.mega-dropdown .main-navi-item{padding-left:15px !important;padding-right:15px !important;border-right:3px solid #006c66;line-height:15px}.mega-dropdown:last-child .main-navi-item{border:none}.mega-dropdown>a{font-size:18px;font-weight:400}.dropdown-toggle span:not(.arrow-dock){display:inline-block;transform:rotate(0deg)}.dropdown-toggle span:not(.arrow-dock)::after{font-size:1.5em;vertical-align:middle}.navbar{margin-bottom:0}.navbar-default{background-color:transparent;border:0}.navbar-nav>li>.dropdown-menu{border-radius:0;margin-top:7px;left:15px}.mega-dropdown-menu{background-clip:border-box;border:1px solid #eeeeee;padding:20px 10px;width:100%;z-index:2000}.dropdown-title ul li{line-height:1.5em;max-height:100px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.mega-dropdown-menu>li ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mega-dropdown-menu>li ul>li{list-style:none}.mega-dropdown-menu>li ul>li>ul{list-style:none;padding:0}.mega-dropdown-menu>li ul>li>a{clear:both;color:#006c66;display:block;padding:.35em .7em;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:normal;font-weight:400}li.dropdown-title ul li{word-wrap:break-word}li.dropdown-title ul li a{color:#263238;font-weight:400;padding:.15em .7em;text-transform:none}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper .navbar-collapse .navbar-nav>li>a.main-navi-item+.dropdown-toggle{text-align:center}@media (min-width: 992px){.dropdown.mega-dropdown>.main-navi-item span.arrow-dock::before{border-bottom:20px solid #fff;border-left:30px solid transparent;border-right:30px solid transparent;content:"";left:50%;margin-left:-30px;position:absolute;top:24px;z-index:10000}.dropdown.mega-dropdown>.main-navi-item span.arrow-dock::after{border-bottom:20px solid #eeeeee;border-left:30px solid transparent;border-right:30px solid transparent;content:"";left:50%;margin-left:-30px;position:absolute;top:23px;z-index:9000}#main_nav>li.dropdown.mega-dropdown>.dropdown-toggle:not(.main-navi-item){display:inline-block;float:right;height:24px;padding-left:0;vertical-align:middle}form.navbar-form.mobile.search-field{margin-left:7.6em;padding:5px 30px 15px;width:74.5%}.navbar{min-height:3em}.navbar-form .form-group{width:100%}.dropdown .arrow-dock,.dropdown .dropdown-menu{display:block;opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@media (min-width: 992px){form.navbar-form.mobile.search-field{margin-left:7.6em;padding:5px 30px 15px;width:74.5%}.navbar{min-height:3em}.navbar-form .form-group{width:100%}}@media (max-width: 991px){.nav.navbar-nav a{font-size:16px}.nav.navbar-nav{background-color:#eeeeee;float:none;z-index:11}header.navbar.hero{background-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:0;z-index:11;min-height:62.5px}ul#main_nav.nav.navbar-nav{margin:0;padding:0}ul#main_nav.nav.navbar-nav>li.dropdown.mega-dropdown{border-bottom:0.1rem #e2e2e2 solid;overflow:hidden}ul#main_nav.nav.navbar-nav>li.dropdown.mega-dropdown .mega-dropdown-menu{border:0}ul#main_nav.nav.navbar-nav>li.dropdown.mega-dropdown:first-child{border-top:0.1rem #e2e2e2 solid}.mega-dropdown-menu::before{display:none}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper{margin-left:0}#main_nav>li>ul{padding:0}#main_nav>li>ul>li{padding:0}#main_nav>li>ul>li ul>li>a{padding:.7em 1em 0}#main_nav>li>ul>li ul>li>ul>li>a{padding:.35em 1em}.navbar-nav>li>.dropdown-menu{box-shadow:none;margin:0;position:static}#main_nav>li>a.main-navi-item{display:block;float:left;padding:.5em 1em;width:85%}#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle{display:inline-block;float:left;padding:.7rem;width:15%}#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle .mpg-icon,#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle .external,#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle .email_icon,#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle .phone_icon,#main_nav>li>.dropdown-toggle .twitter_icon{background:#fff;border-radius:50%;line-height:0.5em !important}.remove-padding>.navbar-header{float:left}.navbar .navbar-default .navbar-header{height:100%;right:0;width:100%}.navbar-default .navbar-toggle{background:transparent;border:0;display:inline-block;height:4rem;margin-right:0.4em;margin-top:0;position:relative;top:15px;width:4rem;z-index:30}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field{background-color:#eeeeee;border:0;margin:0;padding:2em 1em 1em}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group{display:block}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group input{background-color:#fff;border:0;display:block;float:left;font-size:1.3em;padding-bottom:25px;padding-top:25px;width:100%}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group button{border:0;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:3em;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:15px;text-decoration:none}.mega-dropdown{position:relative !important}.mega-dropdown .main-navi-item{border:none;line-height:inherit}}@media (max-width: 991px){.nav.navbar-nav a{font-size:16px}.nav.navbar-nav{background-color:#eeeeee;float:none;z-index:11}header.navbar.hero{background-color:#eeeeee;border-radius:0;z-index:11;min-height:62.5px}header.navbar .navbar-title-wrapper{margin-left:0}.remove-padding>.navbar-header{float:left}.navbar .navbar-default .navbar-header{height:100%;right:0;width:100%}.navbar-default .navbar-toggle{background:transparent;border:0;display:inline-block;height:4rem;margin-right:0.4em;margin-top:0;position:relative;top:15px;width:4rem;z-index:30}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field{background-color:#eeeeee;border:0;margin:0;padding:2em 1em 1em}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group{display:block}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group input{background-color:#fff;border:0;display:block;float:left;font-size:1.3em;padding-bottom:25px;padding-top:25px;width:100%}.navbar-form.mobile.search-field>.form-group button{border:0;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:3em;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:15px;text-decoration:none}}@media (min-width: 992px){li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix[data-positioning="1"]{position:relative !important}li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix[data-positioning="1"]>ul.col-xs-12.dropdown-menu.mega-dropdown-menu.row{left:50%;right:unset;transform:translateX(-50%);width:450px}li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix[data-positioning="1"]>ul.col-xs-12.dropdown-menu.mega-dropdown-menu.row li.menu-column{width:100%}li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix[data-positioning="1"][data-attach="left"]{position:static !important}li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix[data-positioning="1"][data-attach="left"]>ul.col-xs-12.dropdown-menu.mega-dropdown-menu.row{left:15px;right:unset;transform:none;width:450px}}.extension-image-zoom{position:absolute;width:0;height:0}.extension-image-zoom .slick-outer{position:fixed;background-color:rgba(73,73,73,0.95);bottom:-500px;top:-500px;left:0;right:0;z-index:20000}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick{position:fixed;bottom:0;top:0;left:0;right:0;color:white}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick .slick-slide{height:100vh;width:100vw;overflow-y:auto;float:left}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick .scrollable-center{display:-moz-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;min-height:100vh}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick .image-hold{text-align:center}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick .text-hold{caption-side:bottom;padding:0 10px;margin-bottom:20px}.extension-image-zoom .fullscreen-slick .center-hold{display:block;width:min-content}.extension-image-zoom .pseudo-hide{visibility:hidden}.extension-image-zoom .pseudo-hide *{visibility:hidden}.extension-image-zoom .slick-grid-close-icon{position:absolute;top:calc(1em + 500px);right:1em;z-index:20001;width:32px;height:32px;text-align:center}.extension-image-zoom .slick-grid-close-icon::before{color:white;font-family:"Roboto",sans-serif;font-size:2em;display:inline-block;z-index:20001;content:"x";width:32px;height:32px;text-align:center}.extension-image-zoom .slick-grid-close-icon span.label{color:white}.mpg-image-frame-relative{position:relative}.mpg-image-frame-relative .expand_icon{position:absolute;bottom:0px;right:5px;color:white}@media (max-width: 991px){.mpg-image-frame-relative .expand_icon{bottom:5px}.mpg-image-frame-relative .expand_icon::after{opacity:1.0}}.mpg-image-frame-relative .expand_icon::after{content:"+";font-family:Arial;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:12.5px;border:1px solid white;font-size:25px;line-height:23px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);display:inline-block;text-align:center;opacity:0}.social-media-buttons{margin:5px 0}.social-media-buttons .social-button{width:30px;height:30px;float:left;margin-right:30px}.social-media-buttons::after{display:block;clear:both;content:" "}.social-media-buttons .email{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/mail_icon-cd5ef78dea3c633b3a140542dcba98de0f98f35af3ea9c4f50d03ee83554b619.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/mail_icon-cd5ef78dea3c633b3a140542dcba98de0f98f35af3ea9c4f50d03ee83554b619.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .print{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/print_icon-e20be91a28afdb11c689b0e905e7953a761fefc5ce73c3c9143625ebd8c969a6.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/print_icon-e20be91a28afdb11c689b0e905e7953a761fefc5ce73c3c9143625ebd8c969a6.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .facebook{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/facebook_icon-8e6af28b312420700ace1a35744243bb83f3b20672334df115dfe07418735dc7.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/facebook_icon-8e6af28b312420700ace1a35744243bb83f3b20672334df115dfe07418735dc7.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .twitter{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/twitter_icon-8df5d2ccf0ce72d0b6f15a995cc61934d75e6a5ab02017a72ce6b043084ac936.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/twitter_icon-8df5d2ccf0ce72d0b6f15a995cc61934d75e6a5ab02017a72ce6b043084ac936.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .whatsapp{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/whatsapp_icon-20794722579dcd4b2d7e31444d838b50d5520f4a257fd97318dc94c5d76e6a1e.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/whatsapp_icon-20794722579dcd4b2d7e31444d838b50d5520f4a257fd97318dc94c5d76e6a1e.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .linkedin{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/linkedin_icon-dbf3c489fb5e96451b912c7e9fdec70c54dfecfcd944227e6d6ee98a1c4ae26e.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/linkedin_icon-dbf3c489fb5e96451b912c7e9fdec70c54dfecfcd944227e6d6ee98a1c4ae26e.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .reddit{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/reddit_icon-d24cff8279d75867df2d5efb77afa4820d26fd3a57782e7b07ab5750c5c698d4.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/reddit_icon-d24cff8279d75867df2d5efb77afa4820d26fd3a57782e7b07ab5750c5c698d4.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}.social-media-buttons .xing{background-color:#455a64;mask:url(/assets/responsive/xing_icon-627fdd6d344fd019e7a49fb4fe165cffc6bc3d0aba2b3ef16d0e24f813fa751d.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px;-webkit-mask:url(/assets/responsive/xing_icon-627fdd6d344fd019e7a49fb4fe165cffc6bc3d0aba2b3ef16d0e24f813fa751d.svg) no-repeat center center/28px 28px}@media (min-width: 1260px){.social-media-buttons{width:41px;position:fixed;right:0;left:calc(50% + 585px);top:224px}.social-media-buttons .social-button{margin-bottom:15px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.social-media-buttons{margin-bottom:0}.social-media-buttons .social-button{margin-bottom:5px;margin-right:11px}}.multi-slider{margin-bottom:15px}.multi-slider .slick-slide{float:left;margin:0 15px}.multi-slider.container{padding:0 0 15px 0}.multi-slider .big-slider{width:100%;overflow:visible;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.multi-slider .slide{width:100%;background-color:#eeeeee;display:block;float:left;position:relative;color:#49494b}.multi-slider .slide .image{font-size:12px;text-align:center;width:66%;background-color:white;overflow:hidden}.multi-slider .slide .image.solo{width:100%}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect{padding-top:56%;position:relative;display:block}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect{padding-top:86.5%}}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect.image-only{padding-top:42.8571428571%}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .img{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc{position:relative;top:-50px;float:none;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc .text-box{padding:25px}@media (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc .text-box h2{font-size:17px}}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc-container{clear:both;position:relative;width:100%}.multi-slider .slide.gray{background-color:#eeeeee}.multi-slider .slide.gray .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#eeeeee}.multi-slider .slide.gray path{fill:#eeeeee}.slide.bottom .image{float:none;width:100%}.slide.bottom{background-color:transparent !important}@media (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .shown-slides-1 .slide .text-box h2{font-size:22px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc{top:0}}@media (max-width: 991px){.multi-slider .slide .image{width:100%;float:none;position:static}}.pwa-settings-panel{position:fixed;display:none;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);z-index:70000}.pwa-settings-panel h2{-webkit-hyphens:manual;hyphens:manual}.settings-main{background:white;width:calc(100% - 30px);max-width:450px;margin:60px auto;padding:15px}.pwa-settings-button{width:28px;height:28px;margin:0 0 0 18px;border:none;display:block;border-radius:14px;background-color:#455a64;background-image:url(/assets/responsive/new-icon_pwa-notification-mask-e8329859e5388404caa4d59538f7557f6741da2747e575cc78ba66efdb671e70.svg)}.mobile-search-pwa-container .pwa-settings-button{background-image:none;background-color:transparent}.mobile-search-pwa-container .pwa-settings-button::before{content:" ";display:inline-block;height:28px;width:28px;border-radius:14px;background-color:#455a64;background-image:url(/assets/responsive/new-icon_pwa-notification-mask-e8329859e5388404caa4d59538f7557f6741da2747e575cc78ba66efdb671e70.svg)}.settings-main h2{margin-top:0}.pwa-settings-close{width:100%}.pwa-button-tray{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;gap:15px}.pwa-button-tray>button{flex:1 1 50%}.pwa-language-setting{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start}.pwa-language-setting input[type="checkbox"]{margin:4px 4px 0 0}.publication_link a{vertical-align:middle}.publication_link a i{margin-right:.25em}div.single_publication_sidebar{clear:both;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, max-content) auto;margin-bottom:15px}div.single_publication_sidebar .index{font-weight:400;color:#49494b;grid-column:1;min-width:20px}div.single_publication_sidebar .options{font-weight:500;grid-column:span 2}div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link{display:inline-block;margin-right:5px}div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link a .mpg-icon,div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link a .external,div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link a .email_icon,div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link a .phone_icon,div.single_publication_sidebar .options .publication_link a .twitter_icon{font-size:.9em;margin-left:.1em}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication{margin-bottom:5px;grid-column:2}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication .authors{font-weight:500;font-style:italic}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication .title{font-weight:700}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication .title,div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication .authors{color:#49494b}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication.mpgjahrbuch .authors{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}div.single_publication_sidebar .one_publication.mpgjahrbuch .title{font-weight:300}.science_gallery_overview .science-gallery-image-filters #image-fulltext-filter{grid-area:text}.science_gallery_overview.black-theme .science-gallery-image-filters #image-fulltext-filter{grid-area:text}.science_gallery_overview .science-gallery-image-filters .image-topic-filter,.science_gallery_overview .science-gallery-image-filters .select2-container:nth-child(3){grid-area:topic}.science_gallery_overview.black-theme .science-gallery-image-filters .image-topic-filter,.science_gallery_overview.black-theme .science-gallery-image-filters .select2-container:nth-child(3){grid-area:topic}.science_gallery_overview .science-gallery-image-filters .image-year-filter,.science_gallery_overview .science-gallery-image-filters .select2-container:nth-child(5){grid-area:year}.science_gallery_overview.black-theme .science-gallery-image-filters .image-year-filter,.science_gallery_overview.black-theme .science-gallery-image-filters .select2-container:nth-child(5){grid-area:year}.teaser_prof{background-color:#eeeeee;margin:0 -15px}.teaser_prof>.row>div:last-of-type{margin-bottom:5px}.teaser_prof h2{margin-top:22px}.teaser_prof .image-box{padding:0;position:relative}.teaser_prof .image-box .img-responsive{width:100%}.text_prof{margin:0 -15px}.contact-extension{border-bottom:1px solid #eeeeee;margin-bottom:10px;padding:0 0 10px;font-weight:400}.contact-extension:last-child{border:0}.contact-extension .name{color:#263238;margin:0}.contact-extension .name span{color:#263238}.contact-extension .name-overflow-wrap{overflow-wrap:break-word}.contact-extension .title{font-size:.9em;margin:0}.contact-extension span:not(.employee_name):not(.position):not(.organization):not(.special_function){color:#006c66;display:block;margin:0;position:relative}.contact-extension span:not(.employee_name):not(.position):not(.organization):not(.special_function)::before{left:0;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle}.contact-extension span.email:not(.employee_name):not(.position):not(.organization):not(.special_function){overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.contact-extension span:not(.employee_name){font-size:inherit;font-weight:500}.contact-extension h4.name{margin-bottom:.5em}.contact-extension .text-box span.phone,.contact-extension .text-box span.email{margin:4px 0}aside.sidebar .contact-extension .title{margin:0}.responsive_column.white div.calendar_container{background-color:#eeeeee;margin-bottom:1.7rem}.calendar_container .clear{clear:both}.event_calendar .prev,.event_calendar .next,.event_calendar .month_year{float:left}.event_calendar .prev,.event_calendar .next{background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#006c66;padding:10px 9px}.event_calendar .prev .triangle,.event_calendar .next .triangle{width:0;height:0;border-style:solid}.event_calendar .prev{margin:20px 0 0 0;width:10%}.event_calendar .prev .triangle{border-width:5px 5px 5px 0;border-color:transparent #FFFFFF transparent transparent}.event_calendar .next{margin:20px 0 0 0;width:10%}.event_calendar .next .triangle{float:right;border-width:5px 0 5px 5px;border-color:transparent transparent transparent #FFFFFF}.event_calendar .month_year{width:80%;text-align:center;padding-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#006c66}.event_calendar .month_year:after{content:"";clear:both;display:inline-block}.event_calendar .month_year .month{width:100%;display:block;font-size:14px}.event_calendar .month_year .year{width:100%;display:block;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold}.event_calendar .calendar_table{float:left;width:100%;padding:0 4% 4%;border-spacing:2px;border-collapse:separate}.event_calendar .calendar_table th{text-align:center;color:#006c66;font-weight:normal}@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px){.event_calendar{clear:both}}@media (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 991px){.event_calendar .calendar_table{font-size:14px}}.mb-1{margin-bottom:0.5rem !important}.py-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}body{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;background-color:#fff;color:#000;font-weight:300;line-height:1.7}h2{color:#006c66;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin:15px 0 8px}h1,h2,.h3,h4{color:#006c66;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin:15px 0 8px}h1,h2,.h3{color:#006c66;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin:15px 0 8px}h1,h2,h3,.h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{color:#006c66;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin:15px 0 8px}h1,h2{color:#006c66;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin:15px 0 8px}h1{line-height:1.17647}.serif{font-family:"Merriweather", serif !important}h1+.subtitle{color:#006c66}.h3.subtitle{font-size:17px;line-height:1.421}@media (min-width: 992px){.h3.subtitle{font-size:21px;line-height:1.285714}}h1,.h3{color:#006c66;line-height:1.2em}h1,h3{color:#006c66;line-height:1.2em}h1{color:#006c66;line-height:1.2em}.green{color:#006c66}p{margin-bottom:1rem;letter-spacing:.01rem}.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter),.container{padding-bottom:calc(2em + 17px);padding-top:2em}.container-full-width.responsive_column:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter) .row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.container-full-width.responsive_column:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter) .row::before{width:0}footer.container-full-width.green.footer.trngl-footer{padding-bottom:17px}.container-full-width.white{background-color:#fff}.container-full-width.green{background-color:#006c66;color:#49494b}.container-full-width.green a{color:#006c66}.container-full-width.green .invert{color:#fff}.container-full-width.green .invert a{color:#fff}.container-full-width.darkgreen{background-color:#005555}.container-full-width .container{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}.deferred-picture{min-height:1px;display:inline-block}form .form-control{border-radius:0}article{background-color:#fff}article h1{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:8px}article h3{clear:both}article h2{clear:both}article figure.top-image{margin:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:1px}article figure.top-image img{width:100%}article .summary{font-family:"Roboto","Tahoma",Arial,sans-serif;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;color:#555555;letter-spacing:0.02rem;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.4rem}article .date{margin-bottom:1rem}article .content{padding-bottom:3em}aside.sidebar{font-size:14px;margin-top:3rem;padding-right:0}aside.sidebar .h3{color:#263238;margin-bottom:20px}aside.sidebar h4{margin:0}.linklist{background-color:#fff;font-family:"Merriweather",serif;font-size:15px}.linklist ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.linklist ul li a{color:#455a64;display:block;padding:.5em 1em}.linklist>ul>li>a{border-bottom:1px solid #eeeeee}.linklist>ul>li:last-child>a{border:0}.linklist{padding-top:25px}.linklist ul li a{background-color:#455a64;color:#fff;padding:10px}.linklist ul li a::before{font-size:1.5em;vertical-align:middle}.graybox_container{padding:0 0 1.5em 0;clear:both}.graybox_container .graybox{padding:0}.graybox_container .graybox li a{padding-left:30px}.graybox_container .graybox li a.external{position:relative}.graybox_container .graybox li a.external::before{position:absolute;top:21px;left:13px;transform:rotate(-45deg) translate(0%, -50%)}.meta-information{color:#263238;display:block;font-size:.8em;position:relative;margin-bottom:0.3em}.meta-information .data{font-weight:700;padding:0}.meta-information .data span{color:#49494b;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:.02em}.tags span{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:manual;-moz-hyphens:manual;-ms-hyphens:manual;-o-hyphens:manual;hyphens:manual;background-color:#455a64;border-radius:.2em;color:#fff;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:2em;padding:.2em .7em;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:500}#go_to_live{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px #000;box-shadow:0 0 3px #000;display:none;background:#2d2d2d;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;overflow:hidden;padding:0 5px;position:fixed;right:10px;top:0;z-index:10001}#go_to_live.department-offset{top:30px}#go_to_live a{background:url(/assets/preview/hide_infobox-1b872184ae213d9da15e916eb3b8af68517e7a9f694af1a6cf4bfc9a43dd6bfe.png) no-repeat scroll right 2px top 3px #2d2d2d;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:11px;padding:3px 25px 3px 5px;text-decoration:none}label{color:#555;font-size:14px;font-weight:600}@media (max-width: 991px){h2{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;-o-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}h2{font-size:20px}}@media (max-width: 991px){h1,h2,.h3,h4{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;-o-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}h1{font-size:30px;line-height:1.35}h2{font-size:20px}.h3{font-size:17px}}@media (max-width: 991px){h1,h2,.h3{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;-o-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}h1{font-size:30px;line-height:1.35}h2{font-size:20px}.h3{font-size:17px}}@media (max-width: 991px){h1,h2,h3,.h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;-o-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}h1{font-size:30px;line-height:1.35}h2{font-size:20px}h3{font-size:17px}}@media (max-width: 991px){h1,h2{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;-o-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}h1{font-size:30px;line-height:1.35}h2{font-size:20px}}@media (max-width: 767px){h2{margin-top:0.85em}}@media (max-width: 991px){.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter):not(.footer){padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:20px}header.navbar{background-color:transparent}.language-switcher{font-size:1em;padding:2.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em}}@media (max-width: 991px){.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter):not(.footer){padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:20px}header.navbar{background-color:transparent}.sidebar-slider{-ms-transform:translate(0, 120%);-webkit-transform:translate(0, 120%);background-color:#eee;bottom:0;height:80%;left:0;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;right:0;top:20%;transform:translate(0, 120%);width:100%;z-index:1001}.sidebar-slider .side-nav-scroller{height:calc(100% - 46px);overflow-y:auto;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;position:absolute;width:100%}article .content{padding:1em 0}.language-switcher{font-size:1em;padding:2.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em}.sidebar .linklist{margin-bottom:2rem}}@media (max-width: 991px){.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter):not(.footer){padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:20px}header.navbar{background-color:transparent}article figure.top-image{margin:0 -15px}.sidebar-slider{-ms-transform:translate(0, 120%);-webkit-transform:translate(0, 120%);background-color:#eee;bottom:0;height:80%;left:0;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;right:0;top:20%;transform:translate(0, 120%);width:100%;z-index:1001}.sidebar-slider .side-nav-scroller{height:calc(100% - 46px);overflow-y:auto;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;position:absolute;width:100%}article .content{padding:1em 0}.language-switcher{font-size:1em;padding:2.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em}.sidebar .linklist{margin-bottom:2rem}}@media (max-width: 991px){.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter):not(.footer){padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:20px}.container-full-width.footer{padding-top:calc(2em + 2px)}header.navbar{background-color:transparent}.sidebar-slider{-ms-transform:translate(0, 120%);-webkit-transform:translate(0, 120%);background-color:#eee;bottom:0;height:80%;left:0;margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;right:0;top:20%;transform:translate(0, 120%);width:100%;z-index:1001}.sidebar-slider .side-nav-scroller{height:calc(100% - 46px);overflow-y:auto;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;position:absolute;width:100%}article .content{padding:1em 0}.language-switcher{font-size:1em;padding:2.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em}}@media (max-width: 767px){.xs-padding>div{padding:7.5px 30px}}@media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px){.content{margin:0 -15px}.container-full-width:not(.teaser-hero):not(.subfooter),.container{padding-bottom:calc(2em + 17px);padding-top:1em}}.print-footer{position:fixed;left:0;top:0;width:210mm;background-color:#006c66;color:white;padding:5px;z-index:70000}.print-footer .print-footer-button{text-decoration:underline;border-right:2px solid white;display:inline-block;padding:0 2ch;float:left}.print-footer .print-footer-button:last-of-type{border-right:none}.print-footer .print-footer-button a{color:white !important;padding:0}.print-footer .print-estimate-label{padding-top:0.25em;font-size:0.75em;float:right}.print-footer .print-estimate-label::after{width:0;height:0;border-top:0.375em solid transparent;border-left:10px solid white;border-bottom:0.375em solid transparent;content:" ";float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0 5px}:root{--primary-color: #006c66;--secondary-color: #006c66}.group-extension{margin-top:0}.group-extension+.group-extension{margin-top:25px !important}.group-extension .h3 .mpg-icon,.group-extension .h3 .external,.group-extension .h3 .email_icon,.group-extension .h3 .phone_icon,.group-extension .h3 .twitter_icon{display:none}footer.footer .quicklinks{margin:0 -5px}footer.footer .quicklinks li{float:left;padding:0 5px;width:50%}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.group-extension{margin-top:10px !important}.group-extension .h3 .mpg-icon,.group-extension .h3 .external,.group-extension .h3 .email_icon,.group-extension .h3 .phone_icon,.group-extension .h3 .twitter_icon{display:inline-block !important}.wrapper-mobile{max-height:0;overflow:hidden}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){footer.footer .quicklinks li{padding:0;width:100%}}@media (max-width: 767px){aside.sidebar{margin-top:0px}}.research_report .research_head_fields{margin-bottom:2em}.research_report .research_head_fields .gray{font-weight:bold}.research_report .research_head_fields .h4,.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{font-size:16px;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.35em}.research_report .research_head_fields .header-text{border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;padding-bottom:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em}.research_report .research_head_fields h1{margin-bottom:0.75em}div#page_content a[href]:not(.slide):not(.btn){text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-line:underline;text-underline-position:under;text-underline-offset:-0.1em}div#page_content a.slide[href] h2{text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-line:underline;text-underline-position:under;text-underline-offset:-0.1em}.footer a[href]:not(.btn){text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-line:underline;text-underline-position:under;text-underline-offset:-0.1em}.institute-subfooter a[href],.footer a[href]:not(.btn){text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-line:underline;text-underline-position:under;text-underline-offset:-0.1em}body div#page_content .graybox_container .linklist.graybox ul li a[href],body div#page_content div.meta-information>div.tags>a[href],body div#page_content div.social-media-buttons a.social-button[href],body div#page_content a.more-link[href][href="#"],body div#page_content a.less-link[href][href="#"]{text-decoration-line:none}body div#page_content div.social-media-buttons a.social-button[href]{text-decoration-line:none}.mpg-icon::before,.external::before,.email_icon::before,.phone_icon::before,.twitter_icon::before{display:inline-block}.slick-slider{-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-touch-action:pan-y;-ms-user-select:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;position:relative;touch-action:pan-y;user-select:none;visibility:hidden}.slick-initialized{visibility:visible}.slick-list{display:block;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.slick-loading .slick-list{background:#fff url(/assets/responsive/loading-faca10340e79c7b5f03a73fa2aa64052bfe6c63dfde6a5f022097492d6b620ad.gif) center center no-repeat}.slick-list:focus{outline:none}.slick-list.dragging{cursor:pointer}.slick-slider .slick-track,.slick-slider .slick-list{-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-o-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0)}.slick-track{display:block;left:0;position:relative;top:0}.slick-track::before,.slick-track::after{content:"";display:table}.slick-track::after{clear:both}.slick-loading .slick-track{visibility:hidden}.slick-slide{display:none;float:right;height:100%;min-height:1px}.box-color-slider .slick-slide,.pub-slider .slick-slide,.homepage-slider .slick-slide,#related-articles-container .slick-slide{float:left}.slick-slide img{display:block}.slick-slide.slick-loading img{display:none}.slick-slide.dragging img{pointer-events:none}.slick-initialized .slick-slide{display:block}.slick-loading .slick-slide{visibility:hidden}.slick-vertical .slick-slide{border:1px solid transparent;display:block;height:auto}.slick-arrow.slick-hidden{display:none}button.slick-prev,button.slick-next{min-width:31px}.slick-prev,.slick-next{background:transparent;border:0;color:transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:0;line-height:0;outline:none;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:30px;height:100%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden}.slick-prev:hover,.slick-prev:focus,.slick-next:hover,.slick-next:focus{background:transparent;color:transparent;outline:none}.slick-prev:hover::before,.slick-prev:focus::before,.slick-next:hover::before,.slick-next:focus::before{opacity:1}.slick-prev.slick-disabled::before,.slick-next.slick-disabled::before{opacity:0.25}.slick-prev::before,.slick-next::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:#006c66;font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-size:70px;line-height:0;opacity:0.75;display:block;width:0;position:absolute;left:-65%;top:50%}.homepage_slider.primary .slick-next::before,.homepage_slider.primary .slick-prev::before{color:white}.slick-prev{left:-25px}[dir="rtl"] .slick-prev{left:auto;right:-25px}.slick-prev::before{content:""}[dir="rtl"] .slick-prev::before{content:""}.slick-next{right:-25px}[dir="rtl"] .slick-next{left:-25px;right:auto}.slick-next::before{content:""}[dir="rtl"] .slick-next::before{content:""}.slick-pause-section{position:absolute;width:100%;bottom:-20px;height:20px;visibility:visible;text-align:center}.slick-pause-button{border:none;background:none;color:#006c66}.slick-pause-button span.slick-pause-span{display:none}.yearbook .slick-prev{left:10px}.yearbook .slick-next{right:10px}.yearbook .slick-prev,.yearbook .slick-next{transition-duration:0.25s;transition-property:background-color;transition-timing-function:ease-in;z-index:10}.yearbook:hover .slick-prev,.yearbook:hover .slick-next{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.8)}.slick-dotted.slick-slider{margin-bottom:30px}.box-color-slider,.slick-slider-content,.pub-slider{margin-bottom:30px}.pub-slider img{width:100%}.slick-dots{bottom:-50px;display:block;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%}.slick-dots li{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:20px;margin:0 5px;padding:0;position:relative;width:20px}.slick-dots li button{background:transparent;border:0;color:transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:0;height:20px;line-height:0;outline:none;padding:5px;width:20px}.slick-dots li.slick-active button::before{color:#000;opacity:0.75}.slick-dots li button:hover,.slick-dots li button:focus{outline:none}.slick-dots li button:hover::before,.slick-dots li button:focus::before{opacity:1}.slick-dots li button::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:#000;content:"•";font-family:"mpg_iconsregular";font-size:40px;height:20px;left:0;line-height:10px;opacity:0.25;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:0;width:20px}#related-articles-container{position:relative}#related-articles-container .slick-pause-section{bottom:0}@media (min-width: 768px){#related-articles-container .slick-pause-section{display:none}}.slick-slider.row{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px}@media (max-width: 1021px){.slick-slider-content,.box-color-slider,.pub-slider{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.slick-dots li button::before{font-size:30px}}.multi-slider{margin-bottom:15px}.multi-slider .slick-slide{float:left;margin:0 15px}.multi-slider.container{padding:0 0 15px 0}.multi-slider .big-slider{width:100%;overflow:visible;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-prev{left:15px;z-index:1;height:calc(100% - 86px);top:45px}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-prev::before{color:white;font-size:40px;left:-35%;top:calc(50% - 22.5px)}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-next{right:15px;z-index:1;height:calc(100% - 86px);top:45px}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-next::before{color:white;font-size:40px;left:0;top:calc(50% - 22.5px)}.multi-slider .big-slider.big-slider-standard .slick-prev{left:15px}.multi-slider .big-slider.big-slider-standard .slick-next{right:15px}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-dots{display:block;list-style:none;padding:0;text-align:center;width:100%;position:static;margin:1em 0 0;overflow:hidden}.multi-slider .big-slider .slick-dots li button::before{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide{width:100%;background-color:#eeeeee;display:block;float:left;position:relative;color:#49494b}.multi-slider .slide .image{font-size:12px;text-align:center;width:66%;background-color:white;overflow:hidden}.multi-slider .slide .image.solo{width:100%}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect{padding-top:56%;position:relative;display:block}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect{padding-top:86.5%}}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect.image-only{padding-top:42.8571428571%}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect picture.deferred-picture{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .img{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0}@media (min-width: 1200px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .large-fill-height img{height:100%;width:auto}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .large-fill-width img{height:auto;width:100%}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .desktop-fill-height img{height:100%;width:auto}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .desktop-fill-width img{height:auto;width:100%}}@media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .tablet-fill-height img{height:100%;width:auto}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .tablet-fill-width img{height:auto;width:100%}}@media (max-width: 991px){.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .mobile-fill-height img{height:100%;width:auto}.multi-slider .slide .image .aspect .mobile-fill-width img{height:auto;width:100%}}.multi-slider .slide .image .external::before{position:absolute;top:1rem;left:1rem;padding:0;font-size:2rem;color:#006c66;font-weight:bold;z-index:1;border-radius:32px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);padding:0;box-shadow:0 0 4px 2px rgba(255,255,255,0.7);text-shadow:0 0 2px white}.multi-slider .slide .desc{width:calc(34% - 3em);margin:1.5em;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;overflow:visible}.multi-slider .slide .desc h2{margin:0 0 5px}@media (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .desc h2{font-size:17px}}.multi-slider .slide .desc p{font-size:15px}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc{position:relative;top:-50px;float:none;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc .text-box{padding:25px}@media (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc .text-box h2{font-size:17px}}.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc-container{clear:both;position:relative;width:100%}.multi-slider .slide.black{background-color:black}.multi-slider .slide.black .desc{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc strong{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.black .desc strong a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:black;color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.black .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.black path{fill:black}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue,.multi-slider .slide.primary{background-color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc strong,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc strong{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .desc strong a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .desc strong a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#006c66;color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.primary .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.aliceblue path,.multi-slider .slide.primary path{fill:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.seashell,.multi-slider .slide.gray{background-color:#eeeeee}.multi-slider .slide.seashell .desc h2 .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.gray .desc h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.seashell .lower-desc .text-box,.multi-slider .slide.gray .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#eeeeee}.multi-slider .slide.seashell .lower-desc .text-box h2 .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.gray .lower-desc .text-box h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.seashell path,.multi-slider .slide.gray path{fill:#eeeeee}.multi-slider .slide.honeydew,.multi-slider .slide.primary-light{background-color:#bfdad9}.multi-slider .slide.honeydew .desc h2 .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.primary-light .desc h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.honeydew .lower-desc .text-box,.multi-slider .slide.primary-light .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#bfdad9}.multi-slider .slide.honeydew .lower-desc .text-box h2 .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.primary-light .lower-desc .text-box h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.honeydew path,.multi-slider .slide.primary-light path{fill:#bfdad9}.multi-slider .slide.blue{background-color:#00445f}.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc strong{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .desc strong a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#00445f;color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.blue .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.blue path{fill:#00445f}.multi-slider .slide.green{background-color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.green .desc{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc strong{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.green .desc strong a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#006c66;color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.green .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.green path{fill:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.white{background-color:#FFF}.multi-slider .slide.white .desc h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.white .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#FFF}.multi-slider .slide.white .lower-desc .text-box h2 .action_marker{color:#006c66}.multi-slider .slide.white path{fill:#FFF}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray{background-color:#666}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc h2,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc .h2,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc .action_marker,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc b,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc strong{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc .action_marker a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc b a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .desc strong a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box{background-color:#666;color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box h2,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box .h2,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box .h2 a,.multi-slider .slide.darkgray .lower-desc .text-box .action_marker a{color:white}.multi-slider .slide.darkgray path{fill:#666}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.extension_research_report_group .slide:hover,.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.extension_group .slide:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 6px silver inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 6px silver inset;box-shadow:0 0 6px silver inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.released .slide:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 6px #00c800 inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 6px #00c800 inset;box-shadow:0 0 6px #00c800 inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.not_released .slide{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px red inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 3px red inset;box-shadow:0 0 3px red inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.not_released .slide:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 6px red inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 6px red inset;box-shadow:0 0 6px red inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.edited .slide{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px #c8c800 inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 3px #c8c800 inset;box-shadow:0 0 3px #c8c800 inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.edited .slide:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 6px #c8c800 inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 6px #c8c800 inset;box-shadow:0 0 6px #c8c800 inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.preview_only .slide{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px orange inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 3px orange inset;box-shadow:0 0 3px orange inset}.multi-slider .extension_container_preview_only.preview_only .slide:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 6px orange inset;-moz-box-shadow:0 0 6px orange inset;box-shadow:0 0 6px orange inset}.slide.left .image{float:right}.slide.left .desc{left:0}.slide.right .image{float:left}.slide.right .desc{right:0}.slide.center .image,.slide.bottom .image{float:none;width:100%}.slide.center .image .aspect.vertical,.slide.bottom .image .aspect.vertical{padding-top:176%}.slide.center .image .aspect.horizontal,.slide.bottom .image .aspect.horizontal{padding-top:74%}.slide.center .desc,.slide.bottom .desc{width:calc(100% - 3em);position:static}.slide.bottom{background-color:transparent !important}@media (min-width: 992px){.multi-slider .shown-slides-1 .slide .desc h2,.multi-slider .shown-slides-1 .slide .text-box h2,.multi-slider .shown-slides-2 .slide .desc h2,.multi-slider .shown-slides-2 .slide .text-box h2{font-size:22px}.multi-slider .shown-slides-3 .slide .desc h2,.multi-slider .shown-slides-3 .slide .text-box h2{font-size:19px}main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-1 .slide .desc h2,main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-1 .slide .text-box h2,main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-2 .slide .desc h2,main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-2 .slide .text-box h2,main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-3 .slide .desc h2,main article div.content .multi-slider .shown-slides-3 .slide .text-box h2{font-size:19px}}@media (max-width: 767px){.multi-slider .slide .lower-desc{top:0}}.multi-slider .big-slider.fouc{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:100%;overflow-x:auto;grid-gap:15px;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth;margin:0 15px;width:calc(100% - 30px)}@media (max-width: 767px){.multi-slider .big-slider.fouc{margin:0;width:100%}}.fouc.big-slider .slide{scroll-snap-align:start;scroll-snap-stop:always}@media (max-width: 991px){.multi-slider .slide .image,.multi-slider .slide .desc{width:100%;float:none;position:static}.multi-slider .slide .desc{padding:2em;margin:0}}.contains-department-navi .header-main-container{margin-top:30px}.contains-department-navi .department-navi{display:block;height:30px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;background-color:#eeeeee;z-index:10001}.contains-department-navi nav.top{background-color:#eeeeee;height:30px;font-weight:normal;font-family:Roboto, sans-serif}.contains-department-navi nav.top .left-arrow,.contains-department-navi nav.top .right-arrow{display:none}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul{display:flex;width:100%;padding:0;margin:auto;background-color:#006c66;max-width:1920px;position:relative}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul::after{display:none}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li{display:block;cursor:pointer;flex:1 1 0px;text-align:center;border:solid white;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;height:30px;line-height:30px;overflow:hidden;transition:background-color 0.3s;position:relative}@media (min-width: 992px){.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li::before{position:absolute;display:block;content:" ";height:1em;top:calc(50% - 0.5em);width:1px;background:white;left:0}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li::after{position:absolute;display:block;content:" ";height:1em;top:calc(50% - 0.5em);width:1px;background:white;right:0}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li:first-child::before{display:none}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li:nth-last-child(2)::after{display:none}}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li:hover{background-color:#006c66}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li:nth-last-child(2){border-width:0px}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li a{display:block;padding:0 1ch;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;width:100%;color:white;font-family:Roboto}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .chosen{background-color:#006c66;font-weight:bold}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .mobile-hint{display:none;order:-100;font-family:Roboto;font-variant:normal}@media (min-width: 992px){.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li.chosen{background-color:#006c66}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows{position:relative;background:#006c66}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .left-arrow,.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .right-arrow{display:block;width:30px;background:#c8c8c8;height:30px;position:absolute}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .left-arrow{left:0;z-index:1}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .left-arrow::after{position:absolute;content:" ";height:100%;width:5px;right:-5px;background:linear-gradient(to right, #c8c8c8, transparent)}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .left-arrow::before{width:0;height:0;position:absolute;top:10px;left:10px;border-top:5px solid transparent;border-right:10px solid #006c66;border-bottom:5px solid transparent;content:" "}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .left-arrow.inactive::before{opacity:0.25}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .right-arrow{right:0;z-index:1}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .right-arrow::before{position:absolute;content:" ";height:100%;width:5px;left:-5px;background:linear-gradient(to left, #c8c8c8, transparent)}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .right-arrow::after{width:0;height:0;position:absolute;top:10px;left:10px;border-top:5px solid transparent;border-left:10px solid #006c66;border-bottom:5px solid transparent;content:" "}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows .right-arrow.inactive::after{opacity:0.2}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows ul{position:absolute;width:auto;max-width:none;margin-left:30px}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows ul li{flex:0 0 auto}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows ul li:first-child{padding-left:10px}.contains-department-navi nav.top.arrows ul li:nth-last-child(2){padding-right:10px}}@media (max-width: 991px){.contains-department-navi nav.top ul{display:block;border:0px solid #757776;left:0 !important}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul::after{display:block;height:34px;line-height:34px;font-size:25px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:0.5s;color:white}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li{flex:1 1 100%;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border:none;height:auto}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul li a,.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .mobile-hint{margin:0;height:0;line-height:0px;overflow:hidden;transition:height 0.5s, line-height 0.5s, margin 0.5s, color 0.5s, padding 0.5s;color:transparent}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .mobile-hint{display:block}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .mobile-hint.close-button{font-size:0.75em}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul .chosen a{height:30px;line-height:30px;margin:2px;color:white}.contains-department-navi nav.top ul.open::after{transform:rotate(180deg)}.contains-department-navi nav.top .open li a,.contains-department-navi nav.top .open .mobile-hint{height:30px;line-height:30px;margin:2px;color:white}.contains-department-navi nav.top .open li a.close-button,.contains-department-navi nav.top .open .mobile-hint.close-button{height:45px;padding-top:15px}}.department-navi{display:none}body.ie11{-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar}@media (min-width: 1260px){.social-media-buttons{width:41px;position:fixed;right:0;left:calc(50% + 585px);top:224px}.social-media-buttons .social-button{margin-bottom:15px}.social-media-buttons.opposite{right:calc(50% + 585px);left:initial}}@media (max-width: 767px){.social-media-buttons{margin-bottom:0}.social-media-buttons .social-button{margin-bottom:5px;margin-right:11px}}#depsvg .deptext,#depsvg-xs .deptext{fill:#006c66} </style> <style> @media (min-width: 992px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) #main_nav{margin:0px -15px 5px -15px;width:calc(100% + 30px);padding-right:0}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) #main_nav li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix{max-height:15px;padding-bottom:25px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) #main_nav li.dropdown.mega-dropdown.clearfix .dropdown-menu{margin-top:14px}}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header{content:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg);display:block;width:100%;font-size:0}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header::before{display:none}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header.language-de{content:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header.language-dedep{content:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-dedep-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header.language-en{content:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-en-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .custom-print-header.language-endep{content:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-endep-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg);width:750px;height:90px;margin-bottom:25px;margin-top:15px;left:30px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-de{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-dedep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-dedep-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg)}@media (min-width: 768px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-dedep{margin-bottom:45px}}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-en{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-en-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-endep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-endep-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg)}@media (min-width: 768px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-endep{margin-bottom:45px}}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand::before{display:none}@media (max-width: 991px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{margin-bottom:10px;background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg);height:78.0px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;width:650px;left:15px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-de{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-de-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg);height:78.0px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-dedep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-dedep-bab780a914194566c2d5b7a0aea65ad6104ce1123fb020c7cd25f597e9138f9f.svg);height:78.0px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-en{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-en-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg);height:78.0px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-endep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-desktop-endep-19d418021743e3c5dfdad6b1f42e2206d7716d95d1333c3db96cd6f11b68911b.svg);height:78.0px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{background:transparent;border:0;display:inline-block;height:40px;margin-right:1em;margin-top:0;position:absolute;top:39.0px;width:40px;z-index:110;right:0;padding:0}body.mpe.language-de:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:39.0px}body.mpe.language-dedep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:39.0px}body.mpe.language-en:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:39.0px}body.mpe.language-endep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:39.0px}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-mobile-de-663f7780d174ea8cf06575435f7cf9e351d1693876a1293413358144b63dc75c.svg);height:calc((100vw - 105px)/2.98039118259017);line-height:63px;width:calc(100vw - 105px);max-width:600px;max-height:120px;margin-bottom:20px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-de{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-mobile-de-663f7780d174ea8cf06575435f7cf9e351d1693876a1293413358144b63dc75c.svg);height:calc((100vw - 105px)/2.98039118259017)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-dedep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-mobile-dedep-e0998e2ad638afbb9bf0b60b08a4c5a33b2e102f3a459c19b7de0bd063fb9b04.svg);height:calc((100vw - 105px)/2.3334032824370254)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-en{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-mobile-en-79589f5f125d8fb5e8905c694c2929a71a6d32c38add68de4f8cd0b6ce150a58.svg);height:calc((100vw - 105px)/2.9351046238741887)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand.language-endep{background-image:url(/assets/institutes/headers/mpe-mobile-endep-05129a968fc0927400949f6ef653038194bad971e0a7eee544b7b771e941b837.svg);height:calc((100vw - 105px)/2.283603247446013)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 462.6469419108px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:calc((100vw - 105px)/5.96078236518034)}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) header.navbar .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{font-size:calc(63 * (100vw - 105px) / (462.64694191082043 - 105));line-height:calc(63 * (100vw - 105px) / (462.64694191082043 - 105))}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe.language-de:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 462.6469419108px){body.mpe.language-de:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:calc((100vw - 105px)/5.96078236518034)}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe.language-dedep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 385.0083938924px){body.mpe.language-dedep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:calc((100vw - 105px)/4.666806564874051)}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe.language-en:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 457.2125548649px){body.mpe.language-en:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:calc((100vw - 105px)/5.870209247748377)}}@media (max-width: 767px){body.mpe.language-endep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:60px}}@media (max-width: 379.0323896935px){body.mpe.language-endep:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navbar-default .navbar-toggle{top:calc((100vw - 105px)/4.567206494892026)}}@media (min-width: 992px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navigation-on-top .navbar.navbar-default{position:absolute;top:15px;width:970px}body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navigation-on-top .navbar-header a.navbar-brand{margin-top:30px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){body.mpe:not(.mpg):not(.schools) .navigation-on-top .navbar.navbar-default{position:absolute;top:15px;width:1170px}} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> window.mainStylesheet = "/assets/responsive_live_green-acdff78ac26fd6156db4fa07ce3ec647d71fbaa44131dadb621334e1864c15c7.css"; </script> <script> window.addEventListener("load", function() { var linkElement = document.createElement("link"); linkElement.rel="stylesheet"; linkElement.href="/assets/katex/katex-4c5cd0d7a0c68fd03f44bf90378c50838ac39ebc09d5f02a7a9169be65ab4d65.css"; linkElement.media="all"; document.head.appendChild(linkElement); }); </script> <script> if(!window.DCLGuard) { window.DCLGuard=true; } </script> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Base',function(){ (function (global) { if (global.MpgApp && global.MpgApp.object) { global.MpgApp.object.id = +'255802'; } }(window)); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/news" /> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="WDDWRLTsJ0TyO3qKTx0hYq2MB57CGQm2CZGP6ORsI0IE75kd-7Wconu282bA81lL2iLYGiEkynt0MWj3cqDpBA" /> <meta name="generator" content="JustRelate CX Cloud (www.justrelate.com)" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/260028/Recent_Results" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/news" /> <script type="module" > window.allHash = { 'manifest':'/assets/manifest-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597','responsive/modules/display_pubman_reference_counter':'/assets/responsive/modules/display_pubman_reference_counter-8150b81b51110bc3ec7a4dc03078feda26b48c0226aee02029ee6cf7d5a3b87e','responsive/modules/video_module':'/assets/responsive/modules/video_module-231e7a8449475283e1c1a0c7348d56fd29107c9b0d141c824f3bd51bb4f71c10','responsive/live/annual_report_overview':'/assets/responsive/live/annual_report_overview-f7e7c3f45d3666234c0259e10c56456d695ae3c2df7a7d60809b7c64ce52b732','responsive/live/annual_review_overview':'/assets/responsive/live/annual_review_overview-49341d85de5d249f2de9b520154d516e9b4390cbf17a523d5731934d3b9089ec','responsive/live/deferred-picture-loader':'/assets/responsive/live/deferred-picture-loader-088fb2b6bedef1b9972192d465bc79afd9cbe81cefd785b8f8698056aa04cf93','responsive/live/employee':'/assets/responsive/live/employee-ac8cd3e48754c26d9eaf9f9965ab06aca171804411f359cbccd54a69e89bc31c','responsive/live/employee_landing_page':'/assets/responsive/live/employee_landing_page-ac8cd3e48754c26d9eaf9f9965ab06aca171804411f359cbccd54a69e89bc31c','responsive/live/employee_search':'/assets/responsive/live/employee_search-47a41df3fc7a7dea603765ad3806515b07efaddd7cf02a8d9038bdce6fa548a1','responsive/live/event_overview':'/assets/responsive/live/event_overview-817c26c3dfe343bed2eddac7dd37b6638da92babec077a826fde45294ed63f3c','responsive/live/gallery_overview':'/assets/responsive/live/gallery_overview-459edb4dec983cc03e8658fafc1f9df7e9d1c78786c31d9864e109a04fde3be7','responsive/live/institute_page':'/assets/responsive/live/institute_page-03ec6d8aaec2eff8a6c1522f54abf44608299523f838fc7d14db1e68d8ec0c7a','responsive/live/institutes_map':'/assets/responsive/live/institutes_map-588c0307e4a797238ba50134c823708bd3d8d640157dc87cf24b592ecdbd874e','responsive/live/job_board':'/assets/responsive/live/job_board-0db2f3e92fdcd350960e469870b9bef95adc9b08e90418d17a0977ae0a9ec8fd','responsive/live/newsroom':'/assets/responsive/live/newsroom-c8be313dabf63d1ee1e51af14f32628f2c0b54a5ef41ce999b8bd024dc64cad2','responsive/live/organigramm':'/assets/responsive/live/organigramm-18444677e2dce6a3c2138ce8d4a01aca7e84b3ea9ffc175b801208634555d8ff','responsive/live/research_page':'/assets/responsive/live/research_page-c8be313dabf63d1ee1e51af14f32628f2c0b54a5ef41ce999b8bd024dc64cad2','responsive/live/science_gallery_overview':'/assets/responsive/live/science_gallery_overview-5c87ac26683fe2f4315159efefa651462b87429147b8f9504423742e6b7f7785','responsive/live/tabcard':'/assets/responsive/live/tabcard-0ad61fbfbacbdd663f3865acda540979b88c72c5e2e214b9d1b72d30280b2c29','live/advent_calendar':'/assets/live/advent_calendar-4ef7ec5654db2e7d38c778dc295aec19318d2c1afcbbf6ac4bfc2dde87c57f12','live/employee':'/assets/live/employee-fb8f504a3309f25dbdd8d3cf3d3f55c597964116d5af01a0ba720e7faa186337','live/employee_landing_page':'/assets/live/employee_landing_page-fb8f504a3309f25dbdd8d3cf3d3f55c597964116d5af01a0ba720e7faa186337','live/gallery_overview':'/assets/live/gallery_overview-18a0e0553dd83304038b0c94477d177e23b8b98bff7cb6dd36c7c99bf8082d12','live/podcast_page':'/assets/live/podcast_page-fe7023d277ed2b0b7a3228167181231631915515dcf603a33f35de7f4fd9566f','live/video_page':'/assets/live/video_page-62efab78e58bdfd4531ccfc9fe3601ea90abeb617a6de220c1d09250ba003d37','responsive/mpg_common/live/dropdown_list':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/dropdown_list-71372d52518b3cb50132756313972768fdec1d4fa3ffa38e6655696fe2de5c0b','responsive/mpg_common/live/event_calendar':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/event_calendar-719dd7e7333c7d65af04ddf8e2d244a2646b5f16d0d7f24f75b0bb8c334da6a5','responsive/mpg_common/live/event_registration':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/event_registration-e6771dca098e37c2858ff2b690497f83a2808b6c642e3f4540e8587e1896c84e','responsive/mpg_common/live/expandable':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/expandable-e2143bde3d53151b5ff7279eaab589f3fefb4fd31278ca9064fd6b83b38d5912','responsive/mpg_common/live/gallery_youtube_video':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/gallery_youtube_video-b859711b59a5655b5fa2deb87bd0d137460341c3494a5df957f750c716970382','responsive/mpg_common/live/interactive_table':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/interactive_table-bff65d6297e45592f8608cd64814fc8d23f62cb328a98b482419e4c25a31fdde','responsive/mpg_common/live/intersection-observer':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/intersection-observer-9e55d6cf2aac1d0866ac8588334111b664e643e4e91b10c5cbb42315eb25d974','responsive/mpg_common/live/main_menu':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/main_menu-43966868573e0e775be41cf218e0f15a6399cf3695eb4297bae55004451acada','responsive/mpg_common/live/news_publication_overview':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/news_publication_overview-d1aae55c18bfd7cf46bad48f7392e51fc1b3a3b887bc6312a39e36eaa58936fa','responsive/mpg_common/live/reverse':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/reverse-9d6a32ce7c0f41fbc5249f8919f9c7b76cacd71f216c9e6223c27560acf41c8b','responsive/mpg_common/live/shuffle':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/shuffle-14b053c3d32d46209f0572a91d3240487cd520326247fc2f1c36ea4d3a6035eb','responsive/mpg_common/live/slick_lazyloader':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/slick_lazyloader-ea2704816b84026f362aa3824fcd44450d54dffccb7fca3c853d2f830a5ce412','responsive/mpg_common/live/video':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/video-55b7101b2ac2622a81eba0bdefd94b5c5ddf1476b01f4442c3b1ae855b274dcf','responsive/mpg_common/live/youtube_extension':'/assets/responsive/mpg_common/live/youtube_extension-2b42986b3cae60b7e4153221d501bc0953010efeadda844a2acdc05da907e90f','preview/_pdf_sorting':'/assets/preview/_pdf_sorting-8fa7fd1ef29207b6c9a940e5eca927c26157f93f2a9e78e21de2578e6e06edf0','preview/advent_calendar':'/assets/preview/advent_calendar-4ef7ec5654db2e7d38c778dc295aec19318d2c1afcbbf6ac4bfc2dde87c57f12','preview/annual_review_search':'/assets/preview/annual_review_search-8fa7fd1ef29207b6c9a940e5eca927c26157f93f2a9e78e21de2578e6e06edf0','preview/edit_overlays':'/assets/preview/edit_overlays-cef31afd41d708f542672cc748b72a6b62ed10df9ee0030c11a0892ae937db70','preview/employee':'/assets/preview/employee-fb8f504a3309f25dbdd8d3cf3d3f55c597964116d5af01a0ba720e7faa186337','preview/employee_landing_page':'/assets/preview/employee_landing_page-fb8f504a3309f25dbdd8d3cf3d3f55c597964116d5af01a0ba720e7faa186337','preview/gallery_overview':'/assets/preview/gallery_overview-ca27fbd8e436a0f15e28d60a0a4a5861f7f9817b9cb44cb36ae654ebe03eec2a','preview/lodash':'/assets/preview/lodash-01fbab736a95109fbe4e1857ce7958edc28a78059301871a97ed0459a73f92d2','preview/overlay':'/assets/preview/overlay-4b3006f01cc2a80c44064f57acfdb24229925bbf211ca5a5e202b0be8cd2e66e','preview/overlay_ajax_methods':'/assets/preview/overlay_ajax_methods-0cceedf969995341b0aeb5629069bf5117896d2b053822e99f527e733430de65','preview/pdf_overview':'/assets/preview/pdf_overview-8fa7fd1ef29207b6c9a940e5eca927c26157f93f2a9e78e21de2578e6e06edf0','preview/podcast_page':'/assets/preview/podcast_page-8b696f28fe17c5875ac647a54463d6cf4beda5fa758ba590dd50d4f7d11e02a0','preview/preview':'/assets/preview/preview-7d20d27ffa274bf0336cbf591613fbbffd4fa684d745614240e81e11118b65c2','preview/science_gallery_overview':'/assets/preview/science_gallery_overview-00600feadb223d3b4cb5432a27cc6bee695f2b95225cb9ecf2e9407660ebcc35','preview/video_page':'/assets/preview/video_page-5359db6cf01dcd5736c28abe7e77dabdb4c7caa77184713f32f731d158ced5a8','preview_manifest':'/assets/preview_manifest-04024382391bb910584145d8113cf35ef376b55d125bb4516cebeb14ce788597','editmarker':'/assets/editmarker-b8d0504e39fbfef0acc731ba771c770852ec660f0e5b8990b6d367aefa0d9b9c','live':'/assets/live-f5c90788810169b39cb467b4148ef2a732672c0813e89614b656ea08fd978bd1','print':'/assets/print-08c7a83da7f03ca9674c285c1cc50a85f44241f0bcef84178df198c8e9805c3c','mpg_base':'/assets/mpg_base-bac6ae6de5f2a5c8f22fd891b4e29ff70694354ba0fa5c0b7e5e922bb5f50d2d','mpg_fouc':'/assets/mpg_fouc-b5319d5620266ef990b92a260acda844ca5fdbd55f95fadb3c1ceee7fa527d2f','mpg_amd':'/assets/mpg_amd-7c9ab00ac1b3a8c78cac15f76b6d33ed50bb1347cea217b0848031018ef80c94','mpg_amd_bundle':'/assets/mpg_amd_bundle-932e0d098e1959a6b4654b199e4c02974ab670115222c010a0bcc14756fce071','responsive/friendlycaptcha/widget.module.min':'/assets/responsive/friendlycaptcha/widget.module.min-19cabfb2100ce6916acaa628a50895f333f8ffb6a12387af23054565ee2122f2','responsive/honeybadger.min':'/assets/responsive/honeybadger.min-213763a8258237e8c4d12f0dbd98d8a966023b02f7433c1a05c1bace6ef120ec','responsive_live':'/assets/responsive_live-1c5880042e2ba67b378a92f6782f659234311a3e7a93cc2d9ebc85926044613c','responsive_preview':'/assets/responsive_preview-0780906a23bbafd3886f3553be5c39a617a5fae75105ae30b23fa22fd0801ff8','katex/katex':'/assets/katex/katex-ca9d4097b1925d5d729e5c4c7ffcdb44112ba08c53e7183feb26afa6927cc4fd','responsive/tsmodules/cashew':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/cashew-f2b3a6f988f933937212c2239a5008703225511ab19b4a6d6cbead2e9904ae21','responsive/tsmodules/datahandler':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/datahandler-18b09253aa824ba684b48d41aea5edb6321851210404bdc3c47922c961181980','responsive/tsmodules/edit-menu':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/edit-menu-ed8038730fbc4b64d700f28f3ccdcc8c33cc558e1182af3f37b6b4374a3ad3b6','responsive/tsmodules/edit':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/edit-80ca9b5137f2eeb575e45f3ff1fd611effb73bd27d9f920d5f758c27a4212067','responsive/tsmodules/image-information':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/image-information-2766379bd0ae7c612169084e5437d5662006eec54acbecba9f83ac8773ac20fa','responsive/tsmodules/languages':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/languages-33d886fa0f8a758ac8817dfaf505c136d22e86a95988298f3b14cf46c870a586','responsive/tsmodules/menu':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/menu-dc7cee42b20a68a887e06bb1979d6ecc601ff8dd361b80cc6a8190e33ab7f005','responsive/tsmodules/notify':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/notify-44b67b61195156d3827af8dfd00797cd327f013dc404720659f2d3da19cf6f77','responsive/tsmodules/virtual-form':'/assets/responsive/tsmodules/virtual-form-31974440dbd9f79534149b9376a63b1f2e0b542abb5ba898e4fbaeef377d66ca','tinymce':'/assets/tinymce-6b89ca55d2a99c87db6897d8e896ce9b5e19a805ecb4915e34621d0a720c69c8','tinymce/jquery.tinymce':'/assets/tinymce/jquery.tinymce','tinymce/langs/en':'/assets/tinymce/langs/en','tinymce/plugins/advhr/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advhr/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/advhr/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advhr/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/advhr/js/rule':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advhr/js/rule','tinymce/plugins/advhr/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advhr/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/advimage/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advimage/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/advimage/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advimage/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/advimage/js/image':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advimage/js/image','tinymce/plugins/advimage/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advimage/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/advlink/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlink/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/advlink/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlink/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/advlink/js/advlink':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlink/js/advlink','tinymce/plugins/advlink/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlink/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/advlist/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlist/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/advlist/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/advlist/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/autolink/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autolink/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/autolink/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autolink/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/autoresize/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autoresize/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/autoresize/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autoresize/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/autosave/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autosave/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/autosave/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/autosave/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/bbcode/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/bbcode/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/bbcode/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/bbcode/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/contextmenu/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/contextmenu/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/contextmenu/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/contextmenu/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/directionality/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/directionality/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/directionality/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/directionality/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/emotions/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/emotions/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/emotions/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/emotions/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/emotions/js/emotions':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/emotions/js/emotions','tinymce/plugins/emotions/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/emotions/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/example/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/example/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/example/js/dialog':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example/js/dialog','tinymce/plugins/example/langs/en':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example/langs/en','tinymce/plugins/example/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/example_dependency/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example_dependency/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/example_dependency/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/example_dependency/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/fullpage/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullpage/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/fullpage/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullpage/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/fullpage/js/fullpage':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullpage/js/fullpage','tinymce/plugins/fullpage/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullpage/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/fullscreen/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullscreen/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/fullscreen/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/fullscreen/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/iespell/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/iespell/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/iespell/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/iespell/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/inlinepopups/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/inlinepopups/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/inlinepopups/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/inlinepopups/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/insertdatetime/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/insertdatetime/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/insertdatetime/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/insertdatetime/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/layer/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/layer/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/layer/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/layer/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/legacyoutput/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/legacyoutput/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/legacyoutput/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/legacyoutput/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/lists/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/lists/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/lists/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/lists/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/media/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/media/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/media/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/media/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/media/js/embed':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/media/js/embed','tinymce/plugins/media/js/media':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/media/js/media','tinymce/plugins/media/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/media/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/nonbreaking/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/nonbreaking/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/nonbreaking/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/nonbreaking/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/noneditable/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/noneditable/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/noneditable/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/noneditable/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/pagebreak/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/pagebreak/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/pagebreak/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/pagebreak/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/paste/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/paste/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/paste/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/paste/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/paste/js/pastetext':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/paste/js/pastetext','tinymce/plugins/paste/js/pasteword':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/paste/js/pasteword','tinymce/plugins/paste/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/paste/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/preview/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/preview/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/preview/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/preview/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/preview/jscripts/embed':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/preview/jscripts/embed','tinymce/plugins/print/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/print/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/print/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/print/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/save/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/save/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/save/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/save/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/js/searchreplace':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/js/searchreplace','tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/searchreplace/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/spellchecker/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/style/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/style/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/style/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/style/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/style/js/props':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/style/js/props','tinymce/plugins/style/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/style/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/tabfocus/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/tabfocus/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/tabfocus/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/tabfocus/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/table/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/table/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/table/js/cell':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/js/cell','tinymce/plugins/table/js/merge_cells':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/js/merge_cells','tinymce/plugins/table/js/row':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/js/row','tinymce/plugins/table/js/table':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/js/table','tinymce/plugins/table/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/table/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/template/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/template/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/template/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/template/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/template/js/template':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/template/js/template','tinymce/plugins/template/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/template/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/plugins/visualblocks/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/visualblocks/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/visualblocks/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/visualblocks/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/visualchars/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/visualchars/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/visualchars/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/visualchars/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/wordcount/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/wordcount/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/wordcount/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/wordcount/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/editor_plugin':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/editor_plugin','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/editor_plugin_src':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/editor_plugin_src','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/abbr':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/abbr','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/acronym':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/acronym','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/attributes':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/attributes','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/cite':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/cite','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/del':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/del','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/element_common':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/element_common','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/ins':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/js/ins','tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/plugins/xhtmlxtras/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/themes/advanced/editor_template':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/editor_template','tinymce/themes/advanced/editor_template_src':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/editor_template_src','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/about':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/about','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/anchor':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/anchor','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/charmap':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/charmap','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/color_picker':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/color_picker','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/image':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/image','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/link':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/link','tinymce/themes/advanced/js/source_editor':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/js/source_editor','tinymce/themes/advanced/langs/en':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/langs/en','tinymce/themes/advanced/langs/en_dlg':'/assets/tinymce/themes/advanced/langs/en_dlg','tinymce/themes/simple/editor_template':'/assets/tinymce/themes/simple/editor_template','tinymce/themes/simple/editor_template_src':'/assets/tinymce/themes/simple/editor_template_src','tinymce/themes/simple/langs/en':'/assets/tinymce/themes/simple/langs/en','tinymce/tiny_mce':'/assets/tinymce/tiny_mce','tinymce/tiny_mce_jquery':'/assets/tinymce/tiny_mce_jquery','tinymce/tiny_mce_jquery_src':'/assets/tinymce/tiny_mce_jquery_src','tinymce/tiny_mce_popup':'/assets/tinymce/tiny_mce_popup','tinymce/tiny_mce_src':'/assets/tinymce/tiny_mce_src','tinymce/utils/editable_selects':'/assets/tinymce/utils/editable_selects','tinymce/utils/form_utils':'/assets/tinymce/utils/form_utils','tinymce/utils/mctabs':'/assets/tinymce/utils/mctabs','tinymce/utils/validate':'/assets/tinymce/utils/validate' } </script> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('AMD',function(){ requirejs.config({ waitSeconds:0, paths: allHash }) }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script></head> <body class="mpe standard_page language-en" id="top"> <header class="navbar hero navigation-on-bottom"> <div class="container remove-padding header-main-container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand mpg-icon mpg-icon-logo language-en language-engreen" aria-label="Logo Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, go to homepage" href="/main"></a> </div> <div class="lang-search"> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse bs-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="hidden-xs hidden-sm nav navbar-nav navbar-right navbar-meta"> <li class="language-switcher-links"> </li> <li> <form class="navbar-form navbar-left search-field hidden-xs" role="search" action="/26841/search-result" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <div class="form-group noindex"> <input class="form-control searchfield" name="searchfield" placeholder="Search" value="" type="search" aria-label="You did not enter a query." /> <button class="btn btn-default searchbutton" aria-label="Search"> <i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-search" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </div> </form> </li> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-title-wrapper"> <nav class="navbar navbar-default" aria-label="Main navigation"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="visible-xs visible-sm"> <button class="nav-btn navbar-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-navigation-container" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Main navigation switch"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="-25 -25 50 50"> <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="25" fill="none"/> <rect class="burgerline-1" x="-15" y="-12" width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> <rect class="burgerline-2" x="-15" y="-2" width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> <rect class="burgerline-3" x="-15" y="8" width="30" height="4" fill="black"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse noindex" id="main-navigation-container"> <div class="mobile-search-pwa-container"> <div class="mobile-search-container"> <form class="navbar-form navbar-left search-field visible-sm visible-xs mobile clearfix" role="search" action="/26841/search-result" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <div class="form-group noindex"> <input class="form-control searchfield" name="searchfield" placeholder="Search" value="" type="search" aria-label="You did not enter a query." /> <button class="btn btn-default searchbutton" aria-label="Search"> <i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-search" role="img" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ul class="nav navbar-nav col-xs-12" id="main_nav" data-timestamp="2023-10-25T08:23:09.285Z"><li class="dropdown mega-dropdown clearfix" tabindex="0" data-positioning="0"><a class="main-navi-item dropdown-toggle undefined" id="Root-en.0" href="/nobel">2020 Nobel Prize<span class=""></span></a></li><li class="dropdown mega-dropdown clearfix" tabindex="0" data-positioning="3"><a class="main-navi-item dropdown-toggle undefined" id="Root-en.1">Institute<span class="arrow-dock"></span></a><a class="dropdown-toggle visible-xs visible-sm" data-no-bs-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flyout-Root-en.1"><span class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-down2"></span></a><ul id="flyout-Root-en.1" class="col-xs-12 dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu row"><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/206615/profile" id="Root-en.1.0.0">Profile</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/209096/organisation" id="Root-en.1.0.0.0">Organisation</a></li><li><a class="" href="/576324/Gremien" id="Root-en.1.0.0.1">Committees</a></li><li><a class="" href="/101868/reports" id="Root-en.1.0.0.2">(Annual) Reports</a></li><li><a class="" href="/209107/facts" id="Root-en.1.0.0.3">Facts and Figures</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/208046/history" id="Root-en.1.0.1">History</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/576082/overview" id="Root-en.1.0.1.0">Overview</a></li><li><a class="" href="/302449/summary" id="Root-en.1.0.1.1">Timeline</a></li><li><a class="" href="/302508/literature" id="Root-en.1.0.1.2">Literature and Videos</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/2826/facilities" id="Root-en.1.1.0">General Services</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/IT-en" id="Root-en.1.1.0.0">IT</a></li><li><a class="" href="/148939/Elektronikabteilung" id="Root-en.1.1.0.1">Electronic Engineering</a></li><li><a class="" href="/en/mechanics" id="Root-en.1.1.0.2">Mechanical Engineering</a></li><li><a class="" href="/6712239/testlab_integration" id="Root-en.1.1.0.3">Test Facility - Integration Facility</a></li><li><a class="" href="/575927/Panter" id="Root-en.1.1.0.4">Panter Test Facility</a></li><li><a class="" href="/2474616/apprentice_placement" id="Root-en.1.1.0.5">Apprenticeship/Internship</a></li><li><a class="" href="/575939/Bibliothek" id="Root-en.1.1.0.6">Library (internal)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/personnel" id="Root-en.1.2.0">Personnel</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/6707255/equal" id="Root-en.1.2.1">Equal Opportunities</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/7828565/gender-equality-plan" id="Root-en.1.2.2">Gender Equality Plan</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/6563476/conduct" id="Root-en.1.2.3">Workplace Conduct</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/7419267/links" id="Root-en.1.2.4">Neighbouring Institutes</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" id="New-48" href="/3849/contact">Contact</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown mega-dropdown clearfix" tabindex="0" data-positioning="3"><a class="main-navi-item dropdown-toggle undefined" id="Root-en.2">Science<span class="arrow-dock"></span></a><a class="dropdown-toggle visible-xs visible-sm" data-no-bs-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flyout-Root-en.2"><span class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-down2"></span></a><ul id="flyout-Root-en.2" class="col-xs-12 dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu row"><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/CAS" id="Root-en.2.0.0">Center for Astrochemical Studies (CAS)</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/5638276/News" id="Root-en.2.0.0.0">News and Highlights</a></li><li><a class="" href="/5638288/Motivation" id="Root-en.2.0.0.1">Motivation</a></li><li><a class="" href="/6092147/research" id="Root-en.2.0.0.2">Research</a></li><li><a class="" href="/5638300/Projects" id="Root-en.2.0.0.3">Projects</a></li><li><a class="" href="/7022210/publications" id="Root-en.2.0.0.4">Publications</a></li><li><a class="" href="/5947722/Personnel" id="Root-en.2.0.0.5">Personnel</a></li><li><a class="" href="/6288689/Events" id="Root-en.2.0.0.6">Events</a></li><li><a class="" href="/CAS/internal" id="Root-en.2.0.0.7">Internal Group Pages</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/heg-en" id="Root-en.2.0.1">High-Energy Astrophysics</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/1302618/heg-members" id="Root-en.2.0.1.0">Personnel</a></li><li><a class="" href="/260508/news" id="Root-en.2.0.1.1">News and Recent Results</a></li><li><a class="" href="/260520/research" id="Root-en.2.0.1.2">Research</a></li><li><a class="" href="/238564/projects" id="Root-en.2.0.1.3">Projects</a></li><li><a class="" href="/heg/Facilities" id="Root-en.2.0.1.4">Facilities</a></li><li><a class="" href="/science/heg/publications" id="Root-en.2.0.1.5">Publications</a></li><li><a class="" href="/623302/ForPhD" id="Root-en.2.0.1.6">For Students</a></li><li><a class="" href="/611216/Interna" id="Root-en.2.0.1.7">Internal/Local Pages</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/ir" id="Root-en.2.1.0">Infrared Astronomy</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/ir/ir_personnel" id="Root-en.2.1.0.0">Personnel</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/news" id="Root-en.2.1.0.1">Recent Results</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/Research" id="Root-en.2.1.0.2">Research</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/Projects" id="Root-en.2.1.0.3">Projects</a></li><li><a class="" href="/255601/publications-of-the-infrared-submillimeter-group-2021" id="Root-en.2.1.0.4">Publications</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/Meetings" id="Root-en.2.1.0.5">Meetings</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/internal" id="Root-en.2.1.0.6">Internal Pages</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/opinas-en" id="Root-en.2.1.1">Optical and Interpretative Astronomy (OPINAS)</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/7017307/opinas-news" id="Root-en.2.1.1.0">News</a></li><li><a class="" href="/260168/personnel" id="Root-en.2.1.1.1">Personnel</a></li><li><a class="" href="/260192/research" id="Root-en.2.1.1.2">Research</a></li><li><a class="" href="/260204/projects" id="Root-en.2.1.1.3">Projects and Cooperations</a></li><li><a class="" href="/7846709/2022" id="Root-en.2.1.1.4">Publications</a></li><li><a class="" href="/1761881/Vorlesungen_und_Seminare" id="Root-en.2.1.1.5">Lectures and Seminars</a></li><li><a class="" href="/1761897/Master-_und_Doktorarbeiten" id="Root-en.2.1.1.6">Master- and PhD-Theses</a></li><li><a class="external" href="https://iwiki.mpe.mpg.de/IT/Opinas" target="_blank" id="Root-en.2.1.1.7">OPINAS Internal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/215882/research_groups" id="Root-en.2.2.0">Other Groups</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/opinas/research/dynamicsgroup" id="Root-en.2.2.0.0">Dynamics</a></li><li><a class="" href="/7760206/pgn" id="Root-en.2.2.0.1">PhiGN</a></li><li><a class="" href="/ir/Research#starformation" id="Root-en.2.2.0.2">Star and Planet Formation</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/31511/cooperations" id="Root-en.2.2.1">Cooperations and Special Facilities</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/2527/publications" id="Root-en.2.2.2">Scientific Publications</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/2607/projects" id="Root-en.2.2.3">Project Overview</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown mega-dropdown clearfix" tabindex="0" data-positioning="3"><a class="main-navi-item dropdown-toggle undefined" id="Root-en.3">News<span class="arrow-dock"></span></a><a class="dropdown-toggle visible-xs visible-sm" data-no-bs-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flyout-Root-en.3"><span class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-down2"></span></a><ul id="flyout-Root-en.3" class="col-xs-12 dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu row"><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/260760/all_news" id="Root-en.3.0.0">All news</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/260780/press_releases" id="Root-en.3.0.1">press releases</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/260792/media-echo" id="Root-en.3.0.2">mpe in the media</a></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/2557/public_outreach" id="Root-en.3.1.0">Public Outreach</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/305476/material" id="Root-en.3.1.0.0">Information material</a></li><li><a class="" href="/449243/multimedia" id="Root-en.3.1.0.1">Multimedia</a></li><li><a class="" href="/88326/guided_tours" id="Root-en.3.1.0.2">Guided tours</a></li><li><a class="" href="/7939356/social-media" id="Root-en.3.1.0.3">Social Media</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 menu-column"><ul class="main"><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/6445620/events" id="Root-en.3.2.0">Seminars</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/448073/events" id="Root-en.3.2.1">Public Events</a></li><li class="dropdown-title"><a class="" href="/247046/jobs" id="Root-en.3.2.2">job board</a><ul><li><a class="" href="/2474616/apprentice_placement" id="Root-en.3.2.2.0">Apprenticeships/Internships</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="text-center language-switcher visible-xs visible-sm"> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <header class="container-full-width visible-print-block"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="content"> <span class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-logo custom-print-header language-en"> Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Base',function(){ var mainMenu; if(typeof MpgCommon != "undefined") { mainMenu = new MpgCommon.MainMenu(); } }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script> <div id="page_content"> <div class="container content-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <main> <article class="col-md-9 col-md-push-3"> <div class="content py-0"> <div class="noindex"> <nav class="hidden-print" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol class="breadcrumb clearfix" vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="BreadcrumbList"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"> <a property="item" typeof="WebPage" href="/main" class="" title=""> <span property="name">Home</span> </a> <meta property="position" content="1"> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"> <a property="item" typeof="WebPage" href="/2577/science" class="" title=""> <span property="name">Science</span> </a> <meta property="position" content="2"> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"> <a property="item" typeof="WebPage" href="/ir" class="" title=""> <span property="name">Infrared Astronomy</span> </a> <meta property="position" content="3"> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem" aria-current="page"> <span property="name">Recent Results</span> <meta property="position" content="4"> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <h1 class="serif">Recent Results of the MPE Infrared/Submillimeter Group</h1> <div class="social-media-buttons hidden-print "> <a class="social-button facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?t=Max+Planck+Institute+for+extraterrestrial+Physics+-+Recent+Results&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button reddit" target="_blank" title="Reddit" href="https://reddit.com/submit?title=Max+Planck+Institute+for+extraterrestrial+Physics+-+Recent+Results&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Max+Planck+Institute+for+extraterrestrial+Physics+-+Recent+Results&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button whatsapp visible-xs" title="WhatsApp" href="whatsapp://send?text=Max+Planck+Institute+for+extraterrestrial+Physics+-+Recent+Results+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button xing" target="_blank" title="Xing" href="https://www.xing.com/spi/shares/new?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews"></a> <a class="social-button email" title="E-Mail" href="mailto:?body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fir%2Fnews&subject=Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20extraterrestrial%20Physics%20-%20Recent%20Results"></a> <a class="social-button print" title="Print" href=""></a> </div> <script> function updateMastodonHref(event, link) { event.preventDefault(); let site = prompt("Enter the Mastodon server you're using (e.g., mastodon.social):"); if (site) { try { let inputUrl; if (site.startsWith('http')) { inputUrl = new URL(site); inputUrl.protocol = "https:" } else { inputUrl = new URL('https://' + site); } let hostname = inputUrl.hostname; let url = new URL(link.href); url.hostname = hostname; window.open(url.toString(), "_blank"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating Mastodon URL:", e); alert("Please enter a valid domain name"); } } return false; } </script> <div class="meta-information"> <div class="data"> </div> </div> <!-- ===================================================================== --><h2>A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago</h2><p>January 2024</p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='<span><span><span>H&alpha; line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. </span></span></span>' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--5d2241d7b09a8334ddd111008580c518b9199cb2" data-alt="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--e94e416b8229e69790cf5af36c8844382ff106fb 414w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--f8b9ab33e3179b1bf3502d0290a06f9274937fe8 375w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--d7fbfc73062624ad478f80fe29d7a888cc507c0c 320w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--fb088cc0c210929871a6b695f4edbee0beb1dbc2 411w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--d8af88a25eea39186cfc7faa21c7e127dfc3f6a1 480w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--4dd9fdd2262e081535929cb177b5718193e586b9 360w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--399cae385c466c079f3896885de21fbaa0ddd709 828w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--0a6664aad9ed17f64e71b8def20cca24f9aaa06d 750w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--9ab2ddf632e80c3cfcebae42fea324be88523592 640w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--efaf02a8fdecb523b284de82611f51c057eed957 822w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--a3f8e247d361a92deb519595e7f281f271e2a690 960w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--4e9168c4306c824cb15951ab8d53bae5b808e43b 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--86df5676c0bf8c027ac42553567b75713a2e068f 414w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--cf782f73f6a8da0ea516d0f1d61cae9e4a62e234 375w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--b0ee111c46a9d7447a3904a06fb5d2222c94a0ec 320w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--0d7355aaacf7edf0b59584e559a303ec5efb5e20 411w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--17af3b2360c0a650fbfa5899ea32d6693637c8a9 480w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--21af0ee9dd6ed023fea51c097bbbb6128d14a1a6 360w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--ad200c7753a8548b1f5e691bb1e71e8ea8148996 828w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--46179f175f66d2faab4f117bb8ddb970ab8f67b7 750w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--a06c8f77fbe06929fc649ec68d630357b1bec7f5 640w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--4eb3ff71719450748c2733903f4e7e3757ea8931 822w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--cceae35c3f3346b4ab88cd46c732487798b76ac1 960w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--07bc6076ba8d5b9b485e2e0338bf031e139cf9b2 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--13dbd3498d948a8b2284d7fa357b92a5f1ad4cfc 900w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--c4a734b9b3b578b51cc920229a7161c3dcde3bc5 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--5043ff0e33edfc65dbc1c1974b02e74de9640e17 900w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--91db3052d6bdc5a026e530ac98d4628bac05e8a7 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--d4f10167cf169c6d2766825e0ccb7a7892e5e289 1200w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--0a5144dd4baa3c61a09af881aa833144407f523c 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--e9692336797446100f9da445e4b77a20efea2756 1200w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--f5a8a924652a943bf9b3fee16381ba8863a39704 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--609cc17527ddd11bd0891cd74581008b7c354953 1400w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--82185fa5ba75a7534523b26f9c5640508157ec37 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--5d2241d7b09a8334ddd111008580c518b9199cb2 1400w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--4865636a910a4df82814c2492a15e6c0d7c2ed33 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " class="" title="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " src="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--5d2241d7b09a8334ddd111008580c518b9199cb2" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--4ca313f4049c4848576378a46d046801cdc57761 " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 685 / 581;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--744b2ddfd817f98423e31d064be071a2d03ab56f" data-alt="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--e94e416b8229e69790cf5af36c8844382ff106fb 414w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--f8b9ab33e3179b1bf3502d0290a06f9274937fe8 375w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--d7fbfc73062624ad478f80fe29d7a888cc507c0c 320w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--fb088cc0c210929871a6b695f4edbee0beb1dbc2 411w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--d8af88a25eea39186cfc7faa21c7e127dfc3f6a1 480w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--4dd9fdd2262e081535929cb177b5718193e586b9 360w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--399cae385c466c079f3896885de21fbaa0ddd709 828w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--0a6664aad9ed17f64e71b8def20cca24f9aaa06d 750w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--9ab2ddf632e80c3cfcebae42fea324be88523592 640w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--efaf02a8fdecb523b284de82611f51c057eed957 822w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--a3f8e247d361a92deb519595e7f281f271e2a690 960w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--4e9168c4306c824cb15951ab8d53bae5b808e43b 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--86df5676c0bf8c027ac42553567b75713a2e068f 414w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--cf782f73f6a8da0ea516d0f1d61cae9e4a62e234 375w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--b0ee111c46a9d7447a3904a06fb5d2222c94a0ec 320w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--0d7355aaacf7edf0b59584e559a303ec5efb5e20 411w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--17af3b2360c0a650fbfa5899ea32d6693637c8a9 480w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--21af0ee9dd6ed023fea51c097bbbb6128d14a1a6 360w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--ad200c7753a8548b1f5e691bb1e71e8ea8148996 828w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--46179f175f66d2faab4f117bb8ddb970ab8f67b7 750w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--a06c8f77fbe06929fc649ec68d630357b1bec7f5 640w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--4eb3ff71719450748c2733903f4e7e3757ea8931 822w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--cceae35c3f3346b4ab88cd46c732487798b76ac1 960w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--07bc6076ba8d5b9b485e2e0338bf031e139cf9b2 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--410f9c33685257ddbedec8a911be0732c2d792b6 751w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--12db532cabf3144119c537935d7c7e70fe00b175 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--376fab3afc9f2fb55645aa299ee4ec1632ee4fd9 751w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--d79e7a125daadf19ab209e8fa24d67d1506b0215 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--0e3731592969df188ed93a2c85b81a026b62c3a3 698w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--003ff18c7478a78f8de28c6536694eaa4c2cc295 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--7489aefd4598a54b5a1851dfaf447a64992c4aa0 698w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--b81cc6b59814fd0f75c85042c304fa190df8b268 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--2baac982180aea001414af18e9eb1c358502a229 848w, /8020636/original-1718007988.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo4MDIwNjM2fQ%3D%3D--0e5405bec92c2a5b444a07ab497e516c18c4a670 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--744b2ddfd817f98423e31d064be071a2d03ab56f 848w, /8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--294dba5396b25f8ddb183c6ed1cbef198789ec1f 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " data-src="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6ODAyMDYzNn0%3D--744b2ddfd817f98423e31d064be071a2d03ab56f" class="img-responsive" title="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. " data-src="/8020636/original-1718007988.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjgwMjA2MzZ9--6a770471d0f2dbc86172361275008a59fdb53e0f" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_8020552"> <p><span><span><span>Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. </span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="description visible-print"> <span><span><span>Hα line flux and differential phase for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0. Bottom: Photocentres of emission which is blueshifted/redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity, and visualization of the thick disk model for the Broad Line Region. </span></span></span> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_8020552"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 12000, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_8020552"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p>Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH). These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3).</p><p>Already the first ‘GRAVITY Wide’ stage of the GRAVITY+ project has opened the possibility of direct near-infrared interferometric measurements of black hole masses at such redshifts, for cases where a bright star close to the quasar can be used for adaptive optics correction and fringe tracking.</p><p><a name="_Hlk167377380">H</a>α results for SDSS J092034.17+065718.0 at z~2 show the clear signature of a thick disk Broad Line Region rotating around a black hole with a mass of 3.2 x 10<sup>8</sup> solar masses. In combination with NOEMA molecular gas data for the host galaxy, we find the black hole in this quasar to be under-massive compared to the local relation of black hole and stellar mass.</p><p>More information:</p><ul><li><a class="external" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07053-4">Abuter et al. Nature 627, 281 (2024)</a></li><li>Press release: <a class="external" href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/7990698/news20240129">https://www.mpe.mpg.de/7990698/news20240129</a></li></ul><p> </p><p> </p><h2><span lang="EN-US">GRAVITY resolves the broad-line region in two more AGN</span></h2><p><span lang="EN-US">October 2021</span></p><p> </p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results.' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--6805024c418895e36a09f504f65c6d5ef2df5e07" data-alt="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--aacdef69661dbecfdd77a49c49743c837a3cbadf 414w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--d4975d562186853ba4f78482556b683e4adfdbe7 375w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--7487d4bb015e2f0df1b038acaaaef40d3609b576 320w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--0d4e0d05c251a9b57088d1280819ebee8e2168fe 411w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--f1b22b8183a2b1788a7e6a36fa4ac0282c7118bb 480w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--aaf1bf7a2fd060c124a27bd3ee3421006844d2a3 360w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--60c7c474bad0060417e37205a53d8e60aa007fbd 828w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--b0cc269678284f792f9c39c9bac0aecbf10de4c4 750w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--522bc064e71903ab9a0ba89f41a3c2f60b9d3cf6 640w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--f68396cfb1bde8d1224f7dbb3e48fe45302febcc 822w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--b79dc5adf080f50f95288558cf1e5096e61f751c 960w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--9c2c77f8f0bebb88ea5f5eea265849895a3d3fe9 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--cb59472f5c8a3c8a593ccb83d8d13ee8539687ed 414w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--27684c6114fc7b8197d3de3046de45d6c0341564 375w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--e869ed8e8308acaabf299a6c3282d9e028496c1b 320w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--aa9ee62da604843da1d077e90c14441d11cf3003 411w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--10be12554bc03a6a96fa7cffb7c07a2a0aad26c3 480w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--9af1c55a97000fb7c019487c5d2108f6ff2f6343 360w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--e1682d18d5cb1719ae659a1872ba77b7ae60ff40 828w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--2a1c5e60213ab29fb08dc8dbac4e32cf7acf7d85 750w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--d49327082b108a28ce4a1b66f187b98cce564fb4 640w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--10a8b6fa9de0d24ba8483117f9b36d8f6af22623 822w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--38d575acd5c02d66cfadcd943fd16a275e573f12 960w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--1ac4b945959037376389758a2095dd6915b8c445 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--b3a7e614a6c8cf782fd77a6e33c359d44b5dc729 900w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--3837ac7cea16eb211918e377efdb83797bb6c007 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--66b00085d45316f672e5f7aa77bf6d3395d948f5 900w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--cc57abe10466f3a703c8c430dfa7b05f85cfc067 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--b5095a93d7961670cae05a06492ca95d9514e579 1200w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--fa96b1b9139505a5bf702025224375d412c87c35 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--adb8d4fa42b09bc476e2565d31b3294ee551be73 1200w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--6b0d8cd650326bbe37a0608447efd7ea517465aa 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--86f6f7dc1e22068070389cd0ed319c002d790ded 1400w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--47c7be687c9009d89554fef00b32f282bb9f4e3f 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--6805024c418895e36a09f504f65c6d5ef2df5e07 1400w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--7ab71f7f6ec7767a9f0fa670495bdbf5c24ea62c 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." class="" title="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." src="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--6805024c418895e36a09f504f65c6d5ef2df5e07" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--bcd1b165ec0333863eacefd80a3f61b66f95adbe " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 1785 / 793;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--104bebe0517d8d7de71aa2d0eb5b1ccfafd07e13" data-alt="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--aacdef69661dbecfdd77a49c49743c837a3cbadf 414w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--d4975d562186853ba4f78482556b683e4adfdbe7 375w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--7487d4bb015e2f0df1b038acaaaef40d3609b576 320w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--0d4e0d05c251a9b57088d1280819ebee8e2168fe 411w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--f1b22b8183a2b1788a7e6a36fa4ac0282c7118bb 480w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--aaf1bf7a2fd060c124a27bd3ee3421006844d2a3 360w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--60c7c474bad0060417e37205a53d8e60aa007fbd 828w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--b0cc269678284f792f9c39c9bac0aecbf10de4c4 750w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--522bc064e71903ab9a0ba89f41a3c2f60b9d3cf6 640w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--f68396cfb1bde8d1224f7dbb3e48fe45302febcc 822w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--b79dc5adf080f50f95288558cf1e5096e61f751c 960w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--9c2c77f8f0bebb88ea5f5eea265849895a3d3fe9 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--cb59472f5c8a3c8a593ccb83d8d13ee8539687ed 414w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--27684c6114fc7b8197d3de3046de45d6c0341564 375w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--e869ed8e8308acaabf299a6c3282d9e028496c1b 320w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--aa9ee62da604843da1d077e90c14441d11cf3003 411w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--10be12554bc03a6a96fa7cffb7c07a2a0aad26c3 480w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--9af1c55a97000fb7c019487c5d2108f6ff2f6343 360w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--e1682d18d5cb1719ae659a1872ba77b7ae60ff40 828w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--2a1c5e60213ab29fb08dc8dbac4e32cf7acf7d85 750w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--d49327082b108a28ce4a1b66f187b98cce564fb4 640w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--10a8b6fa9de0d24ba8483117f9b36d8f6af22623 822w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--38d575acd5c02d66cfadcd943fd16a275e573f12 960w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--1ac4b945959037376389758a2095dd6915b8c445 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--dc7693e4c8bf282d1229e90a43418198402d5156 751w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--444bbc022e58e154280b1aa47d6e5aac30c28f51 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--4cbad42fa8a1a51a461547bbb66a293549b702ed 751w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--d3180970201738b1dcbebdb2795b49ccf2f6b4bb 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--d4611460f6b15fe592677f54652a46a6df79fe88 698w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--d1d297d3dccf3546ede629d722f2d94272b45478 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--35be524e80221a59aea7869a2aa62f705d3cebae 698w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--5fdbf3bf1262c84062bafb3e2a0f1ca6bd777ea4 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--8ef928ea4890ca18862d5a6ab6a855493f612b6d 848w, /7885242/original-1654161823.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3ODg1MjQyfQ%3D%3D--4a034c3e4d975391ef7056cb752ce097601f8fab 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--104bebe0517d8d7de71aa2d0eb5b1ccfafd07e13 848w, /7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--9c18bb515c2460af1e9048e99d81710c597ce8c7 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." data-src="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzg4NTI0Mn0%3D--104bebe0517d8d7de71aa2d0eb5b1ccfafd07e13" class="img-responsive" title="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results." data-src="/7885242/original-1654161823.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjc4ODUyNDJ9--75cc7cbaec19ed62195b1532a656c08bdba66b6a" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_7885163"> <p>The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results.</p> </div> <div class="description visible-print"> The figure on the left shows the broad-line region in two AGN, IRAS 09149-6206 (top panels) and NGC 3783 (bottom panels). The first figure shows the distribution of BLR clouds and colored by their line-of-sight velocity. The second figure shows the GRAVITY differential phase curves and emission line fluxes that are used to model the BLR. On the right, you can see a radius-luminosity plot comparing our GRAVITY measurements (red stars) with previous reverberation-mapping results. </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7885163"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 2000, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7885163"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p> </p><p><span lang="EN-US">Building on our pioneering work studying the broad</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span lang="EN-US">line region (BLR) of 3C 273 with GRAVITY, we have recently published the results of two more studies of the BLR in IRAS 09149-6206 and NGC 3783. Using the same technique and </span><span lang="EN-US">modeling</span><span lang="EN-US"> as for 3C 273, we have resolved the velocity gradient of the BLR for both of these nearby AGN and through </span><span lang="EN-US">modeling</span><span lang="EN-US"> have measured BLR sizes of 89 and 16 light-days and black hole masses of 1.1x10<sup>8 </sup>and 4.8x10<sup>7 </sup>solar masses respectively. With an increasing sample, we can begin to test the radius-luminosity relation</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US"> which is a strong correlation between the BLR size and AGN luminosity that was established through reverberation mapping, an indirect technique for measuring the BLR size. This relation is extremely important, especially at high redshift, as it allows for a simple measurement of the BLR size and then the black hole mass. Our current GRAVITY measurements, which directly resolve the BLR, largely agree with the local radius-luminosity relation (see figure) although the offsets are real and hint at important structural differences. Through our GRAVITY Large </span><span lang="EN-US">Program</span><span lang="EN-US">, we will continue to observe more AGN and further investigate these deviations </span><span lang="EN-US">that</span><span lang="EN-US"> suggest a diversity of BLR geometries and properties and determine how they depend on other AGN parameters.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Finally, an exciting new direction has also emerged</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span lang="EN-US"> by combining interferometry and reverberation mapping data</span><span lang="EN-US">, we can</span><span lang="EN-US"> directly measure the geometric distance (<em>D)</em> to AGN. While GRAVITY </span><span lang="EN-US">determines</span><span lang="EN-US"> the angular size (<em>r<sub>a</sub></em>) of the BLR on-sky, reverberation mapping provides the physical size (<em>r<sub>p</sub></em>) through time lags. As <em>D = r<sub>p </sub></em>/<em> r<sub>a</sub></em>, the two measurements give the distance. In another recent publication, we have applied this method to NGC 3783 where we find a distance of 40 megaparsecs, in excellent agreement with other independent methods. Applying this to multiple AGN over a range of distances could also lead to another measurement of the Hubble constant, whose value remains in dispute between supernovae and cosmic microwave background estimates. </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">More information:</span></p><ul><li><a class="external" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A%26A...643A.154G/abstract"><span lang="EN-US">GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2020, Astronomy &</span> <span lang="EN-US">Astrophysics, Volume 643, A154</span></a></li><li><a class="external" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A%26A...648A.117G/abstract"><span lang="EN-US">GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2021, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 648, A117</span></a></li><li><a class="external" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A%26A...654A..85G/abstract"><span lang="EN-US">GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2021, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 654, A85</span></a></li></ul><br> <h2>Evidence for Cored Dark Matter Distributions in Galaxies at <em>z</em> ~ 1–2</h2><p>October 2020</p><p>Using a set of very deep, spatially resolved kinematic observations from the KMOS<sup>3D</sup>, SINS/zC-SINF, and NOEMA<sup>3D</sup> surveys and additional data from LBT/LUCI, we have performed a kinematic decomposition analysis to constrain the separate bulge, disk, and dark matter halo mass profiles for 41 star-forming galaxies at <em>z</em> ~ 1–2 (“cosmic noon”).</p><p>In agreement with previous work, we find the galaxies are generally baryon-dominated within R<sub>e</sub>. However, the larger sample reveals an anticorrelation between dark matter fraction and baryonic mass (or baryonic surface density), with lower dark matter fractions in the most massive and most dense objects. The very low f<sub>DM</sub>(R<sub>e</sub>) of these objects provides evidence that their dark matter halos have cored profiles, with lower central densities than predicted for the NFW halo distribution. Such cored halo profiles could be caused by interaction effects between the baryons and dark matter, such as dynamical friction from the rapidly inflowing material building up central bulges and black holes at this epoch, or AGN-driven feedback processes.</p><p> </p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--44faf9f5e1ba368876a152d321a7e89cb8eae428" data-alt="original" data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--41420bce9bbecf884368377bbab3065c5039f39b 414w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--87d6736960a681c4a0493d011eb8606e8f4f576a 375w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--a8e0ee1f8cf14881dfcc294ba399efae35828435 320w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--bdcd098ead580f1a699b00cdfc8ee44bceb513f3 411w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--15926bed69ee7f83f53b9609e0d244e93c4cbe20 480w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--fb6a2871e5671689bea0c7bd957a2921eb188661 360w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--bbabf10efabd4b288b6fb1c84b10714a2e971791 828w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--75be4e9fcf1bbd65fade753452d4d0f929e81757 750w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--7cfc92d6654f7de1fc47333c561f112454817a85 640w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--ac4bf3d0c59e21df7e25697ccc863502922827ba 822w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--801c1f21c87ff2b1dfe332918553e4487ddd16a0 960w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--2916945f0372262948989029ea0f9fc57f401f36 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--f8ff73d076d3306dc2453a1746a17e8cc8ce5618 414w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--3ab1daa17314a71cae7610f17cd33ae626d9c00a 375w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--b949b8e63ee8e6f6d14dedf906bdf33b11626f97 320w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--ef6b84553f1975e2fc115b35e2d394534152f83e 411w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--dac21051968fb7beef428e36db1889cebcc1408a 480w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--b2395c855e88388abb20002a9302cfbe8a177ca7 360w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--e2cf00b4e573a385eca31cd52e3df9594c78d0ea 828w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--8052fc324a2f48cfba18a67810eecb2ad1a40a75 750w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--f17f4829da0da5c260b3e929449804a81f11bd94 640w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--2f485e7dc79f6bb3201b3f31150730d7d9962222 822w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--1a67f90a4184be6f2e51b57e412037548ca56579 960w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--16384bd12f79bc7bef1c9d14a1ae2fbbb2489a0a 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--1154456f71ea4db5b3f74c1ecf3cafa60a78df28 900w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--69c3b05266a207e10990647299f4dc5e683dd958 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--8a23e16e851ad1541169786700451a1869fa1343 900w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--d9274f0fdff1b5603b086f17d6fa499162170ebf 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--2b19f46c4d549407ec55a3175e60415a43420b11 1200w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--93c598d04f5f8f3a8a189718980ecb157081a364 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--d6931e5a14fc2eaf8319f12a6745e4ffe373e89d 1200w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--3d4363738348ed77057b26db17db3b4afe729979 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--0335b781a932d46f9432c42328394188ff4d37af 1400w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--3bc8040ea4fbeb213782296c83c6a701ff9896fa 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--44faf9f5e1ba368876a152d321a7e89cb8eae428 1400w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--221c1f3566cc42499ab41068cdbf8c52a1b2d664 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="original" class="" title="" src="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--44faf9f5e1ba368876a152d321a7e89cb8eae428" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--4f147496ec924b88a81b141c0e5d4836592d9134 " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 1430 / 616;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--c381877981cfa5edd9ad272ccb7f4e9484a29d08" data-alt="original" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--41420bce9bbecf884368377bbab3065c5039f39b 414w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--87d6736960a681c4a0493d011eb8606e8f4f576a 375w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--a8e0ee1f8cf14881dfcc294ba399efae35828435 320w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--bdcd098ead580f1a699b00cdfc8ee44bceb513f3 411w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--15926bed69ee7f83f53b9609e0d244e93c4cbe20 480w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--fb6a2871e5671689bea0c7bd957a2921eb188661 360w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--bbabf10efabd4b288b6fb1c84b10714a2e971791 828w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--75be4e9fcf1bbd65fade753452d4d0f929e81757 750w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--7cfc92d6654f7de1fc47333c561f112454817a85 640w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--ac4bf3d0c59e21df7e25697ccc863502922827ba 822w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--801c1f21c87ff2b1dfe332918553e4487ddd16a0 960w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--2916945f0372262948989029ea0f9fc57f401f36 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--f8ff73d076d3306dc2453a1746a17e8cc8ce5618 414w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--3ab1daa17314a71cae7610f17cd33ae626d9c00a 375w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--b949b8e63ee8e6f6d14dedf906bdf33b11626f97 320w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--ef6b84553f1975e2fc115b35e2d394534152f83e 411w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--dac21051968fb7beef428e36db1889cebcc1408a 480w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--b2395c855e88388abb20002a9302cfbe8a177ca7 360w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--e2cf00b4e573a385eca31cd52e3df9594c78d0ea 828w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--8052fc324a2f48cfba18a67810eecb2ad1a40a75 750w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--f17f4829da0da5c260b3e929449804a81f11bd94 640w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--2f485e7dc79f6bb3201b3f31150730d7d9962222 822w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--1a67f90a4184be6f2e51b57e412037548ca56579 960w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--16384bd12f79bc7bef1c9d14a1ae2fbbb2489a0a 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--befceab7db8f1757517c6aa786f0980035702f3a 751w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--d2afaba2a8455d8c0f34a1577e906dea2864aeb7 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--f3b69cfec9310230754ab7359ed8f8072f077628 751w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--f400f5dfb5396962966d5450068de9a73e26482b 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--beacde8185ae7bdeb195ee2bd5ecda476e4e9282 698w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--aaaf8c02531f0db6fca19228501501659f38c967 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--ef1f5bfeb77119250473b4b4ad5e5c308b33c5da 698w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--e51377330e4c955513077063d7f851fb9f057f8e 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--a450d4afa5672f06dd4263f8353a450dc14477c7 848w, /7773100/original-1634195400.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzczMTAwfQ%3D%3D--6e1cb6806ff5bf815329cc422ef38078157b390a 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--c381877981cfa5edd9ad272ccb7f4e9484a29d08 848w, /7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--9795a961ec6f10bcbeac20b3376f897eacb31ab5 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="original" data-src="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc3MzEwMH0%3D--c381877981cfa5edd9ad272ccb7f4e9484a29d08" class="img-responsive" title="" loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="original" data-src="/7773100/original-1634195400.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3NzMxMDB9--30e87a601770fc028b616e7421c46a99dbe338dd" loading="lazy"> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7772958"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7772958"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p> </p><p>References:</p><ul><li>Genzel et al. 2020, ApJ, 902, 98 (<a class="external" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...902...98G">http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...902...98G</a>)</li><li>Price et al. 2021, ApJ, in press (<a class="external" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210902659P">http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210902659P</a>)</li></ul><h2> </h2><h2>GRAVITY images the dust sublimation region in the nucleus of NGC1068</h2><p>February 2020</p><p>A new GRAVITY data set of an active galaxy permits for the first time to image the nuclear hot dust in the sublimation region, i.e. the inner edge of the putative torus.</p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1&nbsp;x&nbsp;2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows<em> a</em> sketch of the observed central structures.' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--75b2b7cb6a879aaebf8039dc44c4de279fa8d9f2" data-alt="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--b3f19427a8c0d0074f59e9baf66f4c1dde03436f 414w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--ed7e8cc0740121745c26b6e4221fe304616035a2 375w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--d54d3334e0728036f6c81002f3269fb8c272f8fb 320w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--125c46b259b896fe0559dd71f2233fdf3c485224 411w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--447cc3d93f6e12d428b8f6b0c65ec0f29e7ad33c 480w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--41fd3bbc10dbd85aa4fd0185e33a581855837213 360w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--b74dc613c76fdfe8ec855c364f834d827b37c633 828w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--3234c5b1f6ce450f5ca6c8716f77b35f3b2d33ea 750w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--54deb715ecf8ee93a8aa512a1d69b1fc13ec8c58 640w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--9225546adc684e9d418c26fc39f893421f7a5ace 822w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--6412c97d06085faa7fc63c2acc6d040b9392c4cf 960w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--d5136419f0e60cf6662544e2ba67f66327ed59aa 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--24d800eb3efbc62a0d22b022a077d62ab5eef487 414w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--1e25b7746e4f6f8941e974a82fc0da06a08dcf2e 375w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--b7313dff7a08b962d092be7eacf2dd34520e6b79 320w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--383efae7299b433a9db93f9a79aa50c32fbdc74f 411w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--5d459650612fd46806fcef557bc146533ab7c534 480w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--5e702ab5252ed906eef2f33fd438ede3c9e1893a 360w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--ac7ebf711dfd50e04d3541ba604a7cbb75286ced 828w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--53f0158c7719b4c95a1164c447e46690f6f57c77 750w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--000bb231924c3d1f10b30106f63a24b033d6f9a0 640w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--7b531a69291b8649fb1ec451e5ad74590995b7d3 822w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--e267457ca049d30f93aef5a0819a91f5eaf91743 960w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--e02ec328236b56e1a16fb9825c3f7dde34c6f53d 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--88c07259d46e2328fee520ab576108cf53b25a7c 900w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--6a00d0e6f4348c4a3223b15d96bccd7e90f6dbc9 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--ae8c496b814eee45e57c4f4ac7f73f28ea868847 900w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--3328ef462e2a89930f39fafe9e76b97c0816484f 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--a018e2d77505f3ee8d076ce15949630e13468824 1200w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--a47213683e00fa6b2cb521c1270570ec037ce059 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--0ea616320db4e1f5ce763c20512ff4c0d59e1a75 1200w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--1af377f333ab566a2aad1db765f373fcd4debac3 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--8026548427a32c267784255f66f7f558867268f6 1400w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--2ebfd8b562202e862d6adfe95b15a5a3ac1bd440 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--75b2b7cb6a879aaebf8039dc44c4de279fa8d9f2 1400w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--3301149d13936994d3113c0e414581d5a39dc0e9 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." class="" title="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." src="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--75b2b7cb6a879aaebf8039dc44c4de279fa8d9f2" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--890c28cadafa3651da79a72f3faae0d0e17c5cc9 " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 945 / 325;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--bd8d089ca7f7b10f845b5c3539580248f13ebc17" data-alt="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--b3f19427a8c0d0074f59e9baf66f4c1dde03436f 414w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--ed7e8cc0740121745c26b6e4221fe304616035a2 375w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--d54d3334e0728036f6c81002f3269fb8c272f8fb 320w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--125c46b259b896fe0559dd71f2233fdf3c485224 411w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--447cc3d93f6e12d428b8f6b0c65ec0f29e7ad33c 480w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--41fd3bbc10dbd85aa4fd0185e33a581855837213 360w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--b74dc613c76fdfe8ec855c364f834d827b37c633 828w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--3234c5b1f6ce450f5ca6c8716f77b35f3b2d33ea 750w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--54deb715ecf8ee93a8aa512a1d69b1fc13ec8c58 640w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--9225546adc684e9d418c26fc39f893421f7a5ace 822w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--6412c97d06085faa7fc63c2acc6d040b9392c4cf 960w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--d5136419f0e60cf6662544e2ba67f66327ed59aa 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--24d800eb3efbc62a0d22b022a077d62ab5eef487 414w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--1e25b7746e4f6f8941e974a82fc0da06a08dcf2e 375w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--b7313dff7a08b962d092be7eacf2dd34520e6b79 320w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--383efae7299b433a9db93f9a79aa50c32fbdc74f 411w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--5d459650612fd46806fcef557bc146533ab7c534 480w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--5e702ab5252ed906eef2f33fd438ede3c9e1893a 360w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--ac7ebf711dfd50e04d3541ba604a7cbb75286ced 828w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--53f0158c7719b4c95a1164c447e46690f6f57c77 750w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--000bb231924c3d1f10b30106f63a24b033d6f9a0 640w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--7b531a69291b8649fb1ec451e5ad74590995b7d3 822w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--e267457ca049d30f93aef5a0819a91f5eaf91743 960w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--e02ec328236b56e1a16fb9825c3f7dde34c6f53d 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--2a12875a91f709ec4b36b16f5bb56b2a7e9472f7 751w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--9ce58e25f92eb1b6234803bc6ac95a8e6e6ae6e1 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--fbafe535ce61cb27c18f8f3eac67f05479cf52a1 751w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--2ad3d85ff8b1d38fd490516855d3e244afb173b8 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--9cf3fa771499af98f1cad7f6448b86f81dd13f60 698w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--2b74df2d37a0a456d9b7d3ace1845f6613362ab9 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--d88dbcd8eccfa92cfd8f102efa43385736e68dbd 698w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--6e48226c75a490a5d96509d95b393920bdbab0a3 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--09b2b28e54a430f2984bcb100d0970b3917ded89 848w, /7780820/original-1635403674.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3NzgwODIwfQ%3D%3D--af33f94a17691ecb0b7fdc2c0d88da446c46f27c 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--bd8d089ca7f7b10f845b5c3539580248f13ebc17 848w, /7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--208a8aa471d68138504c4af2acfda108ef066a59 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." data-src="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6Nzc4MDgyMH0%3D--bd8d089ca7f7b10f845b5c3539580248f13ebc17" class="img-responsive" title="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows a sketch of the observed central structures." data-src="/7780820/original-1635403674.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjc3ODA4MjB9--9db83c2e92f9cb48e39bcf529459d68e6c8e7b98" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_7780742"> <p>This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows<em> a</em> sketch of the observed central structures.</p> </div> <div class="description visible-print"> This figure illustrates the hot dust in the nucleus of NGC 1068. On the left you can see the global optical/x-ray/radio image of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in the middle the reconstructed near-infrared image of the inner 2.1 x 2.1 parsecs (blue: GRAVITY data, gray contours: radio continuum, colored circles: maser emission); the right panel shows<em> a</em> sketch of the observed central structures. </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7780742"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 1000, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7780742"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p>The observed properties of accreting supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN) are determined by obscuring gas and dust. The size and structure of this obscuring, dust-emitting region in AGN is a long-standing issue: is it a torus or a disk, clumpy or in some other shape? What is the role of dust in winds and outflows? Direct observations of the nuclear dust structures are needed to reveal its nature and to study its role in unifying models of the varied AGN phenomena. However, circumnuclear dust in AGN is unresolved in single-dish images, causing a large uncertainty about the dust properties.</p><p>NGC 1068 at a distance of 14.4 megaparsecs is the prototypical Seyfert 2 galaxy. In particular, observations of NGC 1068 sparked the idea of a dusty torus surrounding a supermassive black hole. It has been the subject of numerous studies at high spatial resolution across the electromagnetic spectrum.</p><p>The near infrared is an ideal wavelength regime to study the dusty structures around AGNs as it is thought to trace hot dust just beyond the sublimation limit at its inner edge around the black hole. Our recent observations with the GRAVITY instrument on the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer represent a giant leap in the study of the near-infrared emission. For the first time, we were able to reconstruct an interferometric image of the dust sublimation region (see figure) with an unrivalled resolution of 0.2 parscecs in the K-band. We find a thin ring-like structure of emission with a radius r = 0.24 ± 0.03 parsecs and an inclination i = 70 ± 5°, which we associate with the dust sublimation region. The observed morphology is inconsistent with the expected signatures of a geometrically and optically thick torus. Instead, the infrared emission shows a striking resemblance to the 22 GHz maser disc, which suggests they share a common region of origin. The dust structure and photometry are consistent with a simple model of hot dust at T ∼ 1,500 K that is behind A<sub>K</sub> ∼ 5.5 (A<sub>V</sub> ≈ 90) mag of foreground extinction. This amount of screen extinction could be provided by the dense and turbulent molecular gas distribution observed (e.g., by ALMA) on scales of 1 to 10 parsecs. Our new data represent another breakthrough result for GRAVITY on a classic AGN.</p><p>More information: Research paper: <a class="external" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...634A...1G/abstract">GRAVITY Collaboration: Pfuhl, O., Davies, R. et al. 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 634, A1</a></p><br> <h2 style="text-align: left;">ALMA Reveals the Rapid Evolutionary Lifecycle of Star-Forming Regions in Galaxies</h2><p style="text-align: left;">May 2019<br><br>Determining the physical processes controlling star formation in molecular clouds remains one of the main unsolved problems in astrophysics. <strong>New high-resolution observations of molecular clouds from ALMA</strong> and of the emission of young stars from the MPG/ESO 2.2 meter telescope for the nearby spiral galaxy NGC300 <strong>highlight the weak correlation of young stars and their parent clouds.</strong> This implies that the close correlation between molecular gas and star formation rate observed for whole galaxies and down to kpc scales – known as the Kennicutt-Schmidt or star formation relation – results from averaging over many star-forming relations. With a novel statistical model, we have shown that the observed decorrelation of young stars and molecular clouds holds <strong>valuable information on the time evolution of star-forming regions.</strong> For NGC300, we find that molecular clouds are short-lived (10 Myr or 1 dynamical timescale) and that a short period of active star formation (1.5 Myr) during which 2 to 3% of the cloud's mass is turned into stars releases sufficient stellar radiation and winds to disperse the parent molecular cloud. <strong>Star formation in molecular clouds proceeds very rapidly, yet highly inefficiently.</strong> This also explains the slow consumption of the galactic molecular gas reservoir by star formation of 1 Gyr in nearby galaxies because molecular gas has to evolve through many such cycles before it is fully turned into stars. We are now applying this analysis to a large number of galaxies in the nearby universe studied by the <a class="external" href="http://phangs.org">PHANGS collaboration</a> and to first high-resolution observations of galaxies at high redshift during the peak of cosmic star formation.<br> </p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time.' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--343fb81f4bcc0c45ec27aaf40b94a17cb86df028" data-alt="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--94a1d1a1bf17b280ef960432fbe76cf8f627d795 414w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--5b69750fec5c7157cd903a64e665621576d4e975 375w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--3319427b264fce9d2e1e7a3dc6a2c123988b2fe2 320w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--9396cd663e3acc6e784c8375b0f1f5560a545915 411w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--d37d102b2dfb9719329ef807cc093b4c3e7fc5a6 480w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--99e812b29a2dc7346b41c17ed6dd7af0be70a75d 360w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--42117e469a8926bad94d01f10d9f6d6e7d2153af 828w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--6cd7fb0fecb402ddb2cf46676d4996c0ff069898 750w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--07081fc553d252367ed754531d70e82b91af118b 640w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--2450611b7491d22c030843a503798be88e60ba38 822w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--c956d4e3391d10eb5b0f6aef9c3706e529356ec5 960w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--6f81093f0547cdc9bdade36d26180b21a0985aa5 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--58cb9ff8a2df57970fa42ab738b0477c2456ec80 414w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--0786e39090a7115d15bea71e3b96e5caf7faeb91 375w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--98039d75a2673e35a9807f9bbd9f625459a82f70 320w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--3d99c63e1d3c010e92b74e3aa9baf519a98c098a 411w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--7f9ac9c6a507fa9d93f21755631ef424a8c18fd6 480w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--f891de73745812e4310656e7ce363243732eb8b5 360w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--515b42b66d686481bb0727dd37b95df9cd548cef 828w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--4e08fe4c48c9ef5d0fbb1de7c3b86e80a245e871 750w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--b5338ccd6cd5b84fcd860f4641dc7d8905e59180 640w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--9737ebbc77dc3ff2e6a3b873d22135a09494e96f 822w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--62800443e1135111755ac8d1aa1f2e30633f5f2e 960w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--4110fd423eb000ad8275c90144684dc288ce48b9 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--e2f476f5b610c8ac19a5eb48b7a478795f34afd9 900w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--72c7ac2b13dd3f538963c0cfe847e60030ad13ba 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--fab9c683e7512f752db4d48138e9e6e3e4dfc83f 900w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--3c154d98f1066ddec7ed0622ae6ab8188e35620b 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--598a63c31d51434dad4381b5ac484e364c61d27b 1200w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--8ac47d0f5a1bb787e4ce2cb13d01e9b6b6fb28ce 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--062703c2b8ee464b163938b0c65146b5f83e1f16 1200w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--25c088b92d569eedab05409c545f466a3b83c3c6 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--6c7e3a9ed58569311d437dc044d95285c9b7669f 1400w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--2a4f54e083a845b721348316c80388f23b0ec3ea 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--343fb81f4bcc0c45ec27aaf40b94a17cb86df028 1400w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--9156f3edfa64403b1fbe64a4a0e216c6da415820 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." class="" title="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." src="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--343fb81f4bcc0c45ec27aaf40b94a17cb86df028" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--3de6fe2870442e5094981442b5793a520ff9a979 " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 1710 / 963;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--881311bd7e85e064ed1be1419ae1925a4f97b26e" data-alt="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--94a1d1a1bf17b280ef960432fbe76cf8f627d795 414w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--5b69750fec5c7157cd903a64e665621576d4e975 375w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--3319427b264fce9d2e1e7a3dc6a2c123988b2fe2 320w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--9396cd663e3acc6e784c8375b0f1f5560a545915 411w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--d37d102b2dfb9719329ef807cc093b4c3e7fc5a6 480w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--99e812b29a2dc7346b41c17ed6dd7af0be70a75d 360w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--42117e469a8926bad94d01f10d9f6d6e7d2153af 828w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--6cd7fb0fecb402ddb2cf46676d4996c0ff069898 750w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--07081fc553d252367ed754531d70e82b91af118b 640w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--2450611b7491d22c030843a503798be88e60ba38 822w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--c956d4e3391d10eb5b0f6aef9c3706e529356ec5 960w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--6f81093f0547cdc9bdade36d26180b21a0985aa5 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--58cb9ff8a2df57970fa42ab738b0477c2456ec80 414w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--0786e39090a7115d15bea71e3b96e5caf7faeb91 375w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--98039d75a2673e35a9807f9bbd9f625459a82f70 320w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--3d99c63e1d3c010e92b74e3aa9baf519a98c098a 411w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--7f9ac9c6a507fa9d93f21755631ef424a8c18fd6 480w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--f891de73745812e4310656e7ce363243732eb8b5 360w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--515b42b66d686481bb0727dd37b95df9cd548cef 828w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--4e08fe4c48c9ef5d0fbb1de7c3b86e80a245e871 750w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--b5338ccd6cd5b84fcd860f4641dc7d8905e59180 640w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--9737ebbc77dc3ff2e6a3b873d22135a09494e96f 822w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--62800443e1135111755ac8d1aa1f2e30633f5f2e 960w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--4110fd423eb000ad8275c90144684dc288ce48b9 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--645bc79ae80b617a3fb8413c2dc17bccd567a55a 751w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--a71485a3fd16399c946fed900eb2f7f6f8974c95 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--a27136c819a6fee00bb6387efbcefae13a3b3c9a 751w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--51c83696110922196dde524cdba97695a7bbd2ad 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--4baa55f92e04244d00561a2f583339cdd3eeac51 698w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--2b6f3abde2525030b6a3a49e496bd5e1ef7191b3 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--c11f3216514313e3aecada980286035146de2af9 698w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--40fda0f3856163110736846198e52f7fd696de19 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--4ddbcf29ffff13dc20b1de5ad983c477ae9d49c0 848w, /7268358/original-1622445780.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY4MzU4fQ%3D%3D--4699c877cc6eae842a5a8f3ab5c299f07e7e9931 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--881311bd7e85e064ed1be1419ae1925a4f97b26e 848w, /7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--d7aa11974416ebb075eb33b20a8ee2232e0a00e8 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." data-src="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2ODM1OH0%3D--881311bd7e85e064ed1be1419ae1925a4f97b26e" class="img-responsive" title="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time." data-src="/7268358/original-1622445780.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjgzNTh9--eda1a4297ceece5ce088a1f7b2ec59ce7fdf7ea8" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_7268298"> <p>The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time.</p> </div> <p class="copyright hidden-print" id="copyright_7268298"> D. Kruijssen & Nature </p> <div class="description visible-print"> The image on the left demonstrates that the positions of molecular clouds (blue) and emission from young stars (pink) do not coincide on small spatial scales. The two branches on the right quantify this displacement by showing that molecular clouds and young stars are only correlated when averaging over many such objects within a large part of the galaxy (1 kiloparsec), while for individual star-forming regions (100 parsecs) the balance between molecular gas and young stars varies strongly with time. </div> <div class="copyright visible-print"> D. Kruijssen & Nature </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7268298"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 999, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7268298"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p style="text-align: left;">More information:</p><ul style="text-align: left;" class="list"><li><a href="/7267481/news20190523">MPE press release</a></li><li>Research paper: <a class="external" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1194-3">Kruijssen, Schruba et al., Nature Vol. 569, Issue 7757, p. 519–522</a></li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator"></div> <h2 style="text-align: left;">A Spatially Resolved Quasar Broad-Line Region</h2><p style="text-align: left;">November 2018</p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--b5767f83597ad1baae78a7d8cdafa4a9aa80b98e" data-alt="original" data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--ae42c59fb3a31c2d2fbaea35a26b37e45c74cbc4 414w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--d317598717ae8b6257bbbcc2fac1e6154333fc9e 375w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--a8d1c60de7491bf153066334b571b85334de2445 320w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--5abb05c8da5f7d5d842d8968efb51a39fe1f155f 411w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--059dfec824c49458748425ed3e1b6999a17963db 480w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--9a73550dfda64df020070c9cd69ff7244c3cb442 360w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--c6f2852dc5ad4362bb18f7f3d92c8513462a2ac5 828w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--e1415a1620a7f935a3b0106777cbd731a6aadce4 750w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--3b36142db2df4c0227105300e555981f3dce9792 640w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--4e903f996a16a532d0b1f47d5b1f740796cab9fe 822w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--19ed2a2ea5e6e384482d27e3227c12944d29153a 960w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--cb22a71e6eb0b5a475e8e42ca7e8f1877951230c 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--24b9bdb35a193e35475b077a8aa3db136c453125 414w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--0fe0440461983db832bf6996f308b4bd89a06d30 375w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a815657753a4353729174245c111e0008d83ea28 320w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--f0bd3473bfa238c050ea0f58f6ffb83a745aa787 411w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a70c67e3955bc8ab35e65eb130345a25e5ca56a2 480w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--d2e373e128b3204bae9b6e61ce74d8c88484ef93 360w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--6486489238dbb5b85837595b90e020a707d9c062 828w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--282574426b7994772c859985ab139a3c176aaab5 750w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--4876a98f3409ef409ec6fd4334fd58031225baf4 640w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--cc5c6684afb09d25e119d1ab57380ea7a6fbcc4a 822w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--e678b11658d9b1b84031831f65f3067bb4bd1b86 960w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a7e5defd7d52df1125ccf6ac3a2bd0482cf2aed1 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--4cdf3677f261805fe840261666b2f0949fc36ff0 900w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--07fa19d7c2bcc05b95864f50b1e5905b7c6ef619 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--3c22fabc52b5951e34f5b3ea2867e4b32839eab7 900w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--a3b92caaf6cb6a6e0322fbad21ebdfadd84b3b87 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--b9b6b115c6c5b11a310c52a7db9ee2a4dba09322 1200w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--8134d87368bf18a41b819a46a0d1a0aa4b13a1a5 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--e12c62dfa493a86851d7fa66af8a95d06ad1341f 1200w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--595cfa1be596d64553cae89669724b8b063619ca 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--36de0dd491f7c85a217e061d6cfce4064fbd2c30 1400w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--2dfac77640109f4c8fe8f390a1024045a70a57ae 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--b5767f83597ad1baae78a7d8cdafa4a9aa80b98e 1400w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--51df26e8a2df0f355b540f2e625c5d60670e22ed 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="original" class="" title="" src="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--b5767f83597ad1baae78a7d8cdafa4a9aa80b98e" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--18cd9a58efdf030db5aea66b4632cec77ca608dd " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 1538 / 359;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--c771a72dc9c46efaf9f0664d53a7d0c369002557" data-alt="original" data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--ae42c59fb3a31c2d2fbaea35a26b37e45c74cbc4 414w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--d317598717ae8b6257bbbcc2fac1e6154333fc9e 375w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--a8d1c60de7491bf153066334b571b85334de2445 320w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--5abb05c8da5f7d5d842d8968efb51a39fe1f155f 411w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--059dfec824c49458748425ed3e1b6999a17963db 480w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--9a73550dfda64df020070c9cd69ff7244c3cb442 360w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--c6f2852dc5ad4362bb18f7f3d92c8513462a2ac5 828w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--e1415a1620a7f935a3b0106777cbd731a6aadce4 750w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--3b36142db2df4c0227105300e555981f3dce9792 640w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--4e903f996a16a532d0b1f47d5b1f740796cab9fe 822w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--19ed2a2ea5e6e384482d27e3227c12944d29153a 960w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--cb22a71e6eb0b5a475e8e42ca7e8f1877951230c 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--24b9bdb35a193e35475b077a8aa3db136c453125 414w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--0fe0440461983db832bf6996f308b4bd89a06d30 375w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a815657753a4353729174245c111e0008d83ea28 320w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--f0bd3473bfa238c050ea0f58f6ffb83a745aa787 411w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a70c67e3955bc8ab35e65eb130345a25e5ca56a2 480w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--d2e373e128b3204bae9b6e61ce74d8c88484ef93 360w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--6486489238dbb5b85837595b90e020a707d9c062 828w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--282574426b7994772c859985ab139a3c176aaab5 750w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--4876a98f3409ef409ec6fd4334fd58031225baf4 640w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--cc5c6684afb09d25e119d1ab57380ea7a6fbcc4a 822w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--e678b11658d9b1b84031831f65f3067bb4bd1b86 960w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--a7e5defd7d52df1125ccf6ac3a2bd0482cf2aed1 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--e3e1c34fe508715c0d88d75557b3152a05f81360 751w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--2c23d3ba55cf1eadddfdedb5658f265dcde20b7c 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--7babe3de02269ffae6fcf973bca67e855b8df073 751w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--23c098a06c599aa539857bd76175148695998eae 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--75f8e06542ff1543fd53d9871522745579e973b6 698w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--c93ef5bf990db3fff09d49f2964fca38b8136b7d 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--53abe61a6a8fab2f0eb95cc4d47c9481bc6a42a2 698w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--958e8a0fd8f5663079a9e2dde6fe6e474d886e39 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--8c8559a90699f1fd2e25ebe2a248f0ed364a89f3 848w, /7205382/original-1556623557.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1MzgyfQ%3D%3D--0e90087adb6fd940d9716395d0517fb43599915e 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--c771a72dc9c46efaf9f0664d53a7d0c369002557 848w, /7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--2ea9fb908a9a0a746490711812bade41f69415be 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="original" data-src="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTM4Mn0%3D--c771a72dc9c46efaf9f0664d53a7d0c369002557" class="img-responsive" title="" loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="original" data-src="/7205382/original-1556623557.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDUzODJ9--15c4018728f6d3aa6a1044072c58224f3f14df20" loading="lazy"> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7205338"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7205338"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p style="text-align: left;">Knowing the structure, size, and dynamics of the broad-line regions (BLRs) near accreting supermassive black holes would allow scientists to constrain the inward and outward transport mechanisms and to infer the mass of the black hole. So far, however, directly measuring BLR properties was impossible because of the small physical size of the BLR, on the order of hundreds of light-days (corresponding to an angular size < 1 milliarcseconds). With <strong>GRAVITY,</strong> we have now, <strong>for the first time, spatially resolved </strong>(10 microarcseconds or ~ 0.03 parsec for a distance of 550 megaparsecs) a velocity gradient across <strong>the BLR of the quasar 3C 273</strong><strong>.</strong> The gradient reveals <strong>rotation</strong> perpendicular to the jet, and is consistent with line emission from a thick disc of gravitationally bound material around <strong>a black hole of 3x10<sup>8</sup> <em>M</em><sub>☉</sub></strong><strong><sub></sub>.</strong> We infer a disc radius of 150 light-days, compared to 100 to 400 light-days found previously with reverberation mapping (RM). Thus, GRAVITY provides both a confirmation of RM (at least for this one object) as the main previous method to determine black hole masses in quasars and <strong>a new and highly accurate, independent method </strong>to measure such masses. In an approved VLTI Large Program, we will extend this study to a (small) sample of local AGN, and we are exploring options to expand it to larger samples and higher redshifts with potential upgrades of GRAVITY.</p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='<p>These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass.</p>' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--879f71686a2fa270b6c373005f3cec008555b065" data-alt="These images show our ﬁrst BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b).  This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--d283e95a98c68604a09fccfab7e0732e416265bc 414w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--3b0e2e6fe7c963196c66484cf558187c0e0086bf 375w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--7e827c3d7bc52c147b19984ea3cef57976f03858 320w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--09eba30de6771289335a0ac7e9f5df02dc0b1862 411w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--dda94af3cc5f70bf47d59b8d28e7dc671c4619b8 480w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--ed137d8cf8f888b011c75c8e4598c13f238c4f61 360w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--d0e2056800acbf0e7014efa70fb00712f9d24ea5 828w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--06b1edf8d5640b996389691143e20fe67b64d18b 750w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--7a77a160b2d26df734853ade39c5d04c58b76262 640w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--2f8a9e7ef67f66a4fc7edd20db334891fab0aaeb 822w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--38bf760d2a061079d1b77248146b046c2b73ac35 960w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--3c84f0d452c8686a3114b4d5323a2f9a7b4cb78b 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--81666a59e7dc63ff97f94d92b01b2f0b32192fa0 414w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--fbe2359452aee305ec17c127d48a08ebeda12ff5 375w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--fd504251d1cce57458c32a01a14be8611c077a17 320w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--43144bd6cab9bbefa73d0243cfbb56faa908ee31 411w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--8b00cbc0b976136a4a7ca257ac04c3e5dc836763 480w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--0c269843e5c66d0c69c420176568835ee5ecb36a 360w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--bd61edfa3e7c123ceaf5e932c62d42637cfd8655 828w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--a7e9da3dfcc5a09df6420fd6ad083fa43b543ba4 750w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--7608198b07c1e8ccce7883b7277e236c44d4d4d0 640w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--39e910dbbce941ca60a836852f052d201bc19b7e 822w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--764dacd9583ed614bfb1237e8f033cf484c101c3 960w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--1d5e53de4d8782e382c6622f9e994ba31f893637 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--ac841cb41ecae8d77a1e9cc7ea7c2123e773e005 900w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--2b49ebffc45da701e17ee43e6e7fee3a3174824c 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--3352beed0c36a90c9bc7a1edca41983fd5ecab23 900w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--b77c1ed11cbe67d69fa1440dc133eff01509cdd5 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--275e0012ce74f40501e7627fc4f0f7e3576703a2 1200w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--85e2ac34f22f93167d751cf0ec41e21c795915a6 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--6eb278ed04c3c9acdd3b34d29f6a03fe28e89eba 1200w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--9b6a5e0ec08fd2c6124c9a1c2ca916793d85172c 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--269fce28146ec7411e1e3e012ad4e63ba55740df 1400w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--aaa8730aed517c991dfea90e0275351ff018e143 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--879f71686a2fa270b6c373005f3cec008555b065 1400w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--12a9525b664274426132ccf972c97aa0c45f6ef2 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="These images show our ﬁrst BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b).  This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." class="" title="These images show our ﬁrst BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b).  This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." src="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--879f71686a2fa270b6c373005f3cec008555b065" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--ee7c7bf0eea940b21b34782cf1c768f571fae8af " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 898 / 771;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--cce183775cf8052a356977460d9f3b5bdcc06e99" data-alt="These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--d283e95a98c68604a09fccfab7e0732e416265bc 414w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--3b0e2e6fe7c963196c66484cf558187c0e0086bf 375w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--7e827c3d7bc52c147b19984ea3cef57976f03858 320w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--09eba30de6771289335a0ac7e9f5df02dc0b1862 411w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--dda94af3cc5f70bf47d59b8d28e7dc671c4619b8 480w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--ed137d8cf8f888b011c75c8e4598c13f238c4f61 360w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--d0e2056800acbf0e7014efa70fb00712f9d24ea5 828w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--06b1edf8d5640b996389691143e20fe67b64d18b 750w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--7a77a160b2d26df734853ade39c5d04c58b76262 640w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--2f8a9e7ef67f66a4fc7edd20db334891fab0aaeb 822w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--38bf760d2a061079d1b77248146b046c2b73ac35 960w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--3c84f0d452c8686a3114b4d5323a2f9a7b4cb78b 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--81666a59e7dc63ff97f94d92b01b2f0b32192fa0 414w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--fbe2359452aee305ec17c127d48a08ebeda12ff5 375w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--fd504251d1cce57458c32a01a14be8611c077a17 320w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--43144bd6cab9bbefa73d0243cfbb56faa908ee31 411w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--8b00cbc0b976136a4a7ca257ac04c3e5dc836763 480w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--0c269843e5c66d0c69c420176568835ee5ecb36a 360w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--bd61edfa3e7c123ceaf5e932c62d42637cfd8655 828w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--a7e9da3dfcc5a09df6420fd6ad083fa43b543ba4 750w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--7608198b07c1e8ccce7883b7277e236c44d4d4d0 640w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--39e910dbbce941ca60a836852f052d201bc19b7e 822w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--764dacd9583ed614bfb1237e8f033cf484c101c3 960w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--1d5e53de4d8782e382c6622f9e994ba31f893637 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--c9f43f0e170e00b617336557c41ba8bbcccbc350 751w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--9fd9a30659399ba18688fd7034403441cf75f903 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--d94751a1e8ee325aa3b9ef44d54e702c78b8bbbf 751w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--4275afea7244f232e9b1093f58f0e8fcac04c660 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--91cadcdd759c791c256811094c4563190a640e50 698w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--5b0fed0cc7612a9da91a6989fd761a8d19c17d86 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--f5295c66f9ba0aa1efdeffeb24a15576f76497ec 698w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--8458253fd871af5d2c3b67bacab46ba9893c8dc0 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--a587b0f09075e3c3ea1bead1dd6948095f696aa6 848w, /7205502/original-1623223812.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjA1NTAyfQ%3D%3D--81f5fd9e9cace7eb9f450a3c3ba738557c327d34 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--cce183775cf8052a356977460d9f3b5bdcc06e99 848w, /7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--78d488088252830fc897eb5357147efb0779ccc5 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." data-src="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzIwNTUwMn0%3D--cce183775cf8052a356977460d9f3b5bdcc06e99" class="img-responsive" title="These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass." data-src="/7205502/original-1623223812.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyMDU1MDJ9--b46b31b7d2efe3edd692af7d509906b04523cbd7" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_7205457"> <p>These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass.</p> </div> <div class="description visible-print"> <p>These images show our first BLR detection in 3C 273. GRAVITY observations of the broad Paα line emission exhibit the characteristic differential phase S-shaped signature (Panel a). The on-sky position of the Paα photo center as a function of wavelength reveals a velocity gradient perpendicular to the jet direction (Panel b), which is a clear signature of rotation. The data are well-described by kinematic models of Keplerian rotation in a thick disk configuration viewed at low inclination (Panel c). In particular, the best-fitting model image on sky matches the observed spectroastrometric pattern (Panel d, compared to panel b). This analysis allowed for robust measurements of the BLR radius and black hole mass.</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7205457"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 999, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7205457"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p style="text-align: left;">More information: <a href="/6966658/news20181129">MPE press release</a></p><p> </p><div class="separator"></div> <h2 style="text-align: left;">Measurement of Gravitational Redshift in the Galactic Center</h2><p style="text-align: left;">July 2018</p><br> <p style="text-align: left;">Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the massive black hole in the center of our galaxy, is the closest of its kind and the largest in the sky. It is surrounded by a cluster of high-velocity stars, called the S-stars, whose trajectories are governed by the gravitational field of the black hole. We used the Very Large Telescope (VLT) instruments GRAVITY and SINFONI to follow the short (16-year) orbit star S2/S-02 during its recent pericenter passage in May 2018, and collected astrometric and spectroscopic data, respectively. For the first time, these joint data allowed for a robust detection of the combined gravitational redshift and transverse Doppler effect on S2/S-02.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Gravitational redshift is one of the three classic tests of general relativity. Einstein's theory foresees that due to gravitational time dilation, a light beam is stretched to longer wavelengths by a gravitational field. The change in the wavelength of light from S2/S-02 is inconsistent with Newtonian predictions and in excellent agreement with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. On a technological level, the success of this measurement with GRAVITY/VLT opens the door to an entirely new type of laboratory to probe and test the theory: the Galactic Center.</p> <figure class='image-extension pull-center' data-description='These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles).' data-picture='base64;<picture class="" data-iesrc="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--667dc7568dc2859de2a9c51cf18416bf6db51b88" data-alt="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." data-class=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--f44741122076cb5b29434e3064ef060c66ac1c28 414w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--35af5a4898a6bcf8a725743628cad48043eb5ad7 375w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--fcc74cc8e89e42229479f33a50b8eb20a313e2be 320w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--1e6b8f3a5d5714dabc3fce12e65a154de66d844d 411w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--afa2999385a18025507364935a60c5d47901bca0 480w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--fcd4090e8f92ffb0c5a5096db646eb5d85d56169 360w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a08a0f75df50f357f1e95972b73453068cd8c5a2 828w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a0e765a6c298f9397b64580b8678d298caabde08 750w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--7e8b1eb30f2d957aee1808663ee9421c84424989 640w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--7d667f9d5a980af0a1683d6ef8480a69d79b175b 822w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a1b69667add7c09beb60a588a8db132b751326b4 960w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--90b1798644652ca9ac4aa8925db1343fc29f71b8 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--85d0eeff2a6857e2676fb0c389ad8c1f726f5d17 414w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--dfe864680b25ea0aa14f2588bd03e70aef25154e 375w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--19acd2ad265def4f6865b5b4119f9c91ec8184dc 320w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--a4380520475638c31bb23bd628b456d054522092 411w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--9d29cd8a6743e922134e36b6980e4aaa1fc2c8fd 480w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--590777cde7b33564782044504996150077f5bf70 360w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--e7cc814190abc34f305e5b47da60936499c3fe99 828w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--3c1cd555d4ed29ec4877e4b94152a2c330bccc5f 750w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--a7493cddcfaa0f04953011990219773b3d504eb3 640w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--1ea34acd335595275da98503a1769b5bb715c895 822w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--f625a304ea3346f7f0d122c0ca72793c5e096d78 960w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--026a3a673c7530957628fdce38d25f26230defe0 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--73081a8ae528ad2f71842c8ab2762f355c03b655 900w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--80864a01e56c08d9f014a75657ebc206a6427764 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTAwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--c2cef7b4b56d1179f5df1c061f0830f1e517cfff 900w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a5382f9299b42e76d87d6e77daa2661c6d903120 1800w" sizes="900px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--f3709a006d36411bdd8a6572cc5f1399847db99c 1200w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--fe50e798a04cda752a6e2e000df80edb5b312080 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTIwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--8a544b17347231ce8ab59c7708e2631e0b75a6d0 1200w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--d06c2e6be5385f61458274eb410c1ab0b6896486 2400w" sizes="1200px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwicXVhbGl0eSI6ODYsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--86ce1c86082969f58bd00e5102dcead6049b3982 1400w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--08bdd494ac67aaa700ca3d375726cbe372957c01 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--667dc7568dc2859de2a9c51cf18416bf6db51b88 1400w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjgwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--10eb0e89f77672b359c67b191e2ceac07bf4e17b 2800w" sizes="1400px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." class="" title="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." src="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTQwMCwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--667dc7568dc2859de2a9c51cf18416bf6db51b88" /></picture>'> <div data-href="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODAwLCJoZWlnaHQiOjYwMCwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--f0a33bb9629901e2d3b79045d87ad59428a3a9de " class="figure-link mpg-icon hidden-print" title="opens zoom view"> <div class="mpg-image-frame-relative" style="aspect-ratio: 1400 / 359;"> <picture class="" data-iesrc="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--757cc8b5c3f1175bb627f1f9cd3d86080bf6ef5d" data-alt="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." data-class="img-responsive"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--f44741122076cb5b29434e3064ef060c66ac1c28 414w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--35af5a4898a6bcf8a725743628cad48043eb5ad7 375w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--fcc74cc8e89e42229479f33a50b8eb20a313e2be 320w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--1e6b8f3a5d5714dabc3fce12e65a154de66d844d 411w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--afa2999385a18025507364935a60c5d47901bca0 480w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--fcd4090e8f92ffb0c5a5096db646eb5d85d56169 360w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a08a0f75df50f357f1e95972b73453068cd8c5a2 828w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a0e765a6c298f9397b64580b8678d298caabde08 750w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--7e8b1eb30f2d957aee1808663ee9421c84424989 640w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--7d667f9d5a980af0a1683d6ef8480a69d79b175b 822w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--a1b69667add7c09beb60a588a8db132b751326b4 960w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--90b1798644652ca9ac4aa8925db1343fc29f71b8 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/webp" /><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDE0LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--85d0eeff2a6857e2676fb0c389ad8c1f726f5d17 414w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Mzc1LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--dfe864680b25ea0aa14f2588bd03e70aef25154e 375w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--19acd2ad265def4f6865b5b4119f9c91ec8184dc 320w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDExLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--a4380520475638c31bb23bd628b456d054522092 411w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NDgwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--9d29cd8a6743e922134e36b6980e4aaa1fc2c8fd 480w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MzYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--590777cde7b33564782044504996150077f5bf70 360w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODI4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--e7cc814190abc34f305e5b47da60936499c3fe99 828w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--3c1cd555d4ed29ec4877e4b94152a2c330bccc5f 750w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NjQwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--a7493cddcfaa0f04953011990219773b3d504eb3 640w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODIyLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--1ea34acd335595275da98503a1769b5bb715c895 822w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTYwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--f625a304ea3346f7f0d122c0ca72793c5e096d78 960w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzIwLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--026a3a673c7530957628fdce38d25f26230defe0 720w" sizes="100vw" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--bacfe3dbcc3825780002933f2809931c712cdc52 751w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--eda3d7ae38522223e6e7d9cd75081a6cd58a4a73 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6NzUxLCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--b0e083eb0344c43dccb46808f511ebb090ebce3c 751w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTUwMiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--cb7c02a7b39f0c1b4cbe1974508ed6e24b177861 1502w" sizes="751px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--f87f131c137256de9a42116071348cb7501ee944 698w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--55deb8519e6ada705137e6e83f48b1e0681839f7 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6Njk4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--dbd98f3ae65d71e3414a396e1b9cd48d4efa3e5d 698w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTM5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--6eab2493d57c52ae62ae5e777634838e1b1f07e9 1396w" sizes="698px" type="image/jpeg" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--8df19e0c5cbe3a3414ec69b5176ed42f4680d3fd 848w, /7266601/original-1623840063.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjo3MjY2NjAxfQ%3D%3D--1789d2177d1eac97cb903d7abd61b648dd0f8316 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--757cc8b5c3f1175bb627f1f9cd3d86080bf6ef5d 848w, /7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--13038aa8a4f28874ac707cfec0a1e785fc48189e 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." data-src="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6NzI2NjYwMX0%3D--757cc8b5c3f1175bb627f1f9cd3d86080bf6ef5d" class="img-responsive" title="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" /></picture> <div class="expand_icon" tabindex="0" role="button" title="opens zoom view" aria-label="opens zoom view"> </div> </div> </div> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%221%22%20height%3D%221%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="visible-print-block mb-1 banner" alt="These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles)." data-src="/7266601/original-1623840063.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjcyNjY2MDF9--c6fb57a85e26a987b7a951248be95c538106ac6b" loading="lazy"> <figcaption class="figure-caption banner"> <div class="description hidden-print" id="description_7266543"> <p>These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles).</p> </div> <div class="description visible-print"> These images show astrometric and spectroscopic measurements. at the left, you can see the position of the star (blue dots) on its trajectory around the black hole (empty circle). The depicted motion is counterclockwise from early 2017 to late 2018. The picture on the right illustrates the velocity difference between the Newtonian and relativistic models (red curve) and residuals (circles). </div> </figcaption> </figure> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('Fouc',function(){ var selector = "#description_7266543"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 999, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); var selector = "#copyright_7266543"; $(selector).expander({ slicePoint: 120, expandText: '[more]', // default is 'read more' userCollapseText: '[less]', // default is 'read less' beforeExpand: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); }, // hack for display-inline onCollapse: function() {$(this).find(".details").toggleClass("expanded"); } // hack for display-inline }); }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script><p style="text-align: left;">More information: GRAVITY Collaboration, <a class="external" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2018A%26A...615L..15G/abstract">2018A&A...615L..15G </a></p> <div class="row pagebreak-page"><div class="col-md-12 text-center"><nav aria-label="page navigation" class="pagination"><span>Page</span><span class="current">1</span><span>|</span><a href="/ir/news?page=2">2</a><span>|</span><a href="/ir/news?page=3">3</a><span>|</span><a href="/ir/news?page=4">4</a><span>|</span><a href="/ir/news?page=4">»</a></nav></div></div> </div> </article> </main> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="col-md-3 col-md-pull-9"> <div class="sidebar-slider"> <div class="side-nav-scroller"> </div> </div> <div class="graybox_container noindex hidden-print"> <div class="linklist graybox clearfix"> <ul> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/ir/ir_personnel">Personnel</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" data-samepage="true" href="/ir/news">Recent Results</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/ir/Research">Research</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/ir/Projects">Projects</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/255601/publications-of-the-infrared-submillimeter-group-2021">Publications</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/ir/Meetings">Meetings</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/ir/internal">Internal Pages</a></li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> /*-=deferred=-*/ document .querySelectorAll(".linklist.graybox a[data-samepage]") .forEach(function(link) { if (link.hash == location.hash) link.classList.add("active") }) document .querySelectorAll(".linklist.graybox a[data-childrenpage]") .forEach(function(link) { if (link.hash == location.hash) link.classList.add("active") }) </script> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap noindex"> <footer class="container-full-width green footer trngl-footer hidden-print"> <svg viewbox="0 0 1 1" style="width:100%; height:4em; overflow:visible" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <path class="footer-triangle" d="M 0 1 L 1 0 L 1 1.1 L 0 1.1" fill="none"/> </svg> <div class="container invert"> <div class="row"> <div class="to-top-dummy"></div> <a id="to-top-button" class="to-top" href="#top">Top</a> <div class="col-md-12 columns-quicklinks-container"> <div class="footer-focus"> <h4 class="h3 footer-link-header" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Information for... <i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-down2"></i></h4> <ul class="footer-links"> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/261174/for_scientists">Scientists</a> </li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/261588/for_students">Students</a> </li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/621604/ForJournalists">Journalists</a> </li> <li><a target="_self" class="" href="/3539/visitors">Visitors</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <ul class="quicklinks"> <li><a target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary" href="https://intranet.mpe.mpg.de/2375/en">Intranet</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary" href="http://www.mpg.de/en">MPG</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="btn btn-primary" href="/3849/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="btn btn-primary" href="/3679/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a target="_self" class="btn btn-primary" href="/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <footer class="container-full-width darkgreen institute-subfooter hidden-print"> <div class="container space-between invert"> <div class="logo"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mpg.de/en"> <div class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-logo"></div> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mpg.de/en"> <div class="copyright-text copyright-text-upper"> <span class="">Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="links"> <ul> <li><a target="_self" href="/archive">Archive</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="/impressum">Imprint</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="/data-protection">Data Protection</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="copyright"> <div class="copyright-sign"> © </div> <p class="copyright-text copyright-text-right">2025, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</p> </div> </div> </footer> <footer class="container-full-width visible-print-block"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="content"> <p>© 2003-2025, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class="visible-print print-footer"> <div class="print-footer-button print-webview-toggle"> Web-View </div> <div class="print-footer-button print-page"> Print Page </div> <div class="print-footer-button"> <a target="mpg_print_window" class="print-footer-button print-open-window" rel="nofollow" href="/ir/news?print=yes">Open in new window</a> </div> <span class="print-estimate-label"> Estimated DIN-A4 page-width </span> </div> <div id="go_to_live" class="hidden-print noindex"><a class="infobox_link" target="_blank" title="https://mpe.iedit.mpg.de/255802/Recent_Results" rel="nofollow" href="https://mpe.iedit.mpg.de/255802/Recent_Results">Go to Editor View</a></div> <script type="module"> //<![CDATA[ document.body.addEventListener('AMD',function(){ amdRequest() }); /*-=deferred=-*/ //]]> </script> <script type="module"> var criticalCSSTest = window.localStorage && (window.localStorage.getItem("critical-css-test") == "1") window.addEventListener(criticalCSSTest ? 'ManualDOMContentLoaded' : 'DOMContentLoaded', function(event) { if(window.mainStylesheet) { var linkElement = document.createElement("link"); linkElement.rel="stylesheet"; linkElement.href=window.mainStylesheet; linkElement.media="all"; linkElement.onload = function() { document.getElementById("critical-css").remove(); } document.head.appendChild(linkElement); } if (false) { linkElement = document.createElement("link"); linkElement.rel = "stylesheet"; linkElement.href ="/assets/fonts-special-char-7274d8a728aace1da7f15ed582e09518d08e137c9df0990d5bf76c594f23be2d.css"; linkElement.media = "all"; document.head.appendChild(linkElement); } }); </script> <script type="module"> window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => { var loadingChain = [ { name:"Base", script:"/assets/mpg_base-bac6ae6de5f2a5c8f22fd891b4e29ff70694354ba0fa5c0b7e5e922bb5f50d2d.js" }, { name:"Fouc", script:"/assets/mpg_fouc-b5319d5620266ef990b92a260acda844ca5fdbd55f95fadb3c1ceee7fa527d2f.js" } ]; loadingChain = loadingChain.concat(window.additionalDependencies || []); loadingChain.push( { name:"AMD", script:"/assets/mpg_amd-7c9ab00ac1b3a8c78cac15f76b6d33ed50bb1347cea217b0848031018ef80c94.js" }, ); var loadNext = function () { if (loadingChain.length == 0 ) { window.loadingChainProcessed = true; return; }; var nextScript = loadingChain.shift(); var scriptElement = document.createElement("script"); scriptElement.src=nextScript.script; scriptElement.setAttribute("defer",""); scriptElement.onload=function(){ document.body.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(nextScript.name)); loadNext(); } document.head.appendChild(scriptElement); }; loadNext(); }); </script> <!-- START Matomo tracking code --> <!-- For privacy details see https://www.mpg.de/datenschutzhinweis or https://www.mpg.de/privacy-policy --> <script type='module'> (function(){ var s, d = document, e = d.createElement('script'); e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.src = '//statistik.mpg.de/api.js'; e.async = true; e.onload = function () { try { var p = Piwik.getTracker('//statistik.mpg.de/api', 26); p.setCustomDimension(1, "en"); p.setCustomDimension(3, "en"); p.trackPageView(); p.enableLinkTracking(); } catch (e) {} }; s = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(e, s); })(); </script><noscript><p><img src='//statistik.mpg.de/api?idsite=26&rec=1' style='border:0' alt=''/></p></noscript> <!-- END Matomo tracking code --> </body> </html>