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kidnapping</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: political kidnapping"> <meta name="keywords" content="political kidnapping"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="political kidnapping"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2559</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: political kidnapping</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2559</span> Uruguayan vs. British Press Coverage of a Political Kidnapping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luisa%20Peirano">Luisa Peirano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> What began as a middle-class insurgent political movement whose slogan was 'Words divide us. Action unites us!' ultimately mutated into an underground terrorist group that staged a series of armed robberies, kidnappings and even executions in the 1960s and early 1970s. One of the most memorable was the kidnapping of the British ambassador, Sir Geoffrey Jackson, in January 1971, who was held captive for eight months. The episode, which triggered a massive government response and resulted in the capture of the Tupamaros leaders, continued to have political repercussions decades later when Tupamaros leaders emerged from prison to re-enter mainstream Uruguayan politics. The kidnapping and its aftermath attracted intense media coverage in Uruguay and Britain, coverage that affected public opinion profoundly. The treatment by the Uruguayan and British medias’ diverged, however. Uruguayan newspapers focused on political issues, mirrored the positions of various political parties, and showed the larger context of social, cultural and political forces that rocked Latin America in the 1960s and early 1970s. By contrast, the British press limited its attention mainly to the human drama. On the 30th anniversary of Sir Geoffrey Jackson's death, this study compares over one hundred major newspaper articles and suggests some reasons for the differences between Uruguayan and British media treatment in terms of the volume, content, and perspective as well in the effect on readers. The differences have persisted and continue to matter in present day coverage of terrorism and its victims. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=British%20Ambassador" title="British Ambassador">British Ambassador</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Churchill%20Archives%20Centre" title=" Churchill Archives Centre"> Churchill Archives Centre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sir%20Geoffrey%20Jackson" title=" Sir Geoffrey Jackson"> Sir Geoffrey Jackson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20kidnapping" title=" political kidnapping"> political kidnapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20America%20in%20the%201960%27s" title=" Latin America in the 1960's"> Latin America in the 1960's</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tupamaro%20guerrillas" title=" Tupamaro guerrillas"> Tupamaro guerrillas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uruguay" title=" Uruguay"> Uruguay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88026/uruguayan-vs-british-press-coverage-of-a-political-kidnapping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2558</span> The Effect of Maritime Security on National Development in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adegboyega%20Adedolapo%20Ola">Adegboyega Adedolapo Ola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globally, a country’s maritime security has a significant impact on its national development because it serves as a major source of a commercial contact and food supply. However, the country has been faced with a number of problems, such as piracy, kidnapping, illegal bunkering and oil theft. As such, the study examined the contribution and the relationship between maritime security and Nigeria’s development, as well as the prospects and challenges of maritime security in Nigeria. The study utilized a questionnaire and focused group discussion/interview as instruments for data collection. The method of analysis employed in the study is descriptive. A total of Three Hundred and Ninety (390) respondents were randomly selected. The result of the study showed that maritime security contributes to national development in Nigeria by guaranteeing food security in Nigeria, creating employment opportunities as well as increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the economy. It was also found that maritime security is yet to provide sufficient support for national development in Nigeria. It is further established that it has prospects for development through the creation of employment opportunities, increase in foreign earnings, and fostering improved living standards for citizens. The study concluded that the high level of corruption, piracy and kidnapping, lack of political will by the government and the porosity of the Nigerian borders are serious obstacles, among others. In attempting to solve the problem of piracy and kidnapping in Nigerian maritime, to contribute to National development, it is primordial to address the cancer of corruption, poverty, and youth unemployment. In view of this, the study recommends: among other things, that the maritime industry should be well secured by removing its constraints/bottlenecks so as to enhance its contributions to national development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20security" title="maritime security">maritime security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20development" title=" national development"> national development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piracy" title=" piracy"> piracy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166065/the-effect-of-maritime-security-on-national-development-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2557</span> A Case Study of Physical and Psychological Forces in the Nigerian Criminal and Military Interrogations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onimisi%20Ekuh%20Abdullahi">Onimisi Ekuh Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lasbat%20Omoshalewa%20Akinsemoyin"> Lasbat Omoshalewa Akinsemoyin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Nigeria, over two decades now, there has been a steady increase in the insecurity of human lives and physical properties. In the South-South Nigeria, there is an acute insecurity of militants destroying oil pipe-lines and kidnapping cases; in the Middle-Belt zone, insecurity centers on kidnapping and in a few states crises between Herdsmen and Farmers range like wildfire; in the South-Western zone, kidnapping is vile, in the North-East zone the issue of Boko Haram has become World-wide concern, and in North-west zone, cattle rustlers and religious crisis are of great concern. At the initial stage, the Nigerian Police Force was called upon to quell the crisis. It soon became obvious that the dimension of the crisis was beyond police force. The Nigerian Armed Forces were called to maintain peace and order because the magnitude of the crisis was threatening the national unity and cohesion. The main objective of this paper, was to examine the investigative techniques of criminal by the military in Nigeria. Specifically to examine the physical and psychological force; the abusive techniques and tactics; and suggest modern psychological techniques of interrogating criminals accepted to Human Right Activists and the rule of law. The process is to create room behaviour and practices that carefully monitored the trust and reliability of admissions produced by Psychological manipulative process in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military" title="military">military</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20criminal" title=" Nigerian criminal"> Nigerian criminal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical" title=" physical"> physical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20force" title=" psychological force"> psychological force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91051/a-case-study-of-physical-and-psychological-forces-in-the-nigerian-criminal-and-military-interrogations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91051.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2556</span> The Violations of Human Rights After the February Revolution in Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdsalam%20Alahwal">Abdsalam Alahwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suren%20Pillay"> Suren Pillay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Libya saw the occurrence of violations of human rights on a large scale as well as the deterioration of the rule of law in large parts of the country after the February 17 revolution that removed the Colonel Muammar Gaddafi from power in what is known upheaval of the Arab Spring. Although Libya, a country with a modern democracy, but he has declared unconstitutional temporarily allowed to exercise all the rights of political, civil and judicial, but the presence of weapons in the hands of militias list on the basis of regional, tribal and ideology was the main reason for the deterioration of the humanitarian situation as well as the foreign intervention in Libya. Where reports stressed that violations are serious committed by the conflicting parties from power after the fall of Gaddafi of assassinations and kidnapping of identity and practices related to human trafficking Some of these reports indicate that some ethnic ingredients such as Tawergha and Epiphyseal where was deliberately targeted by some militias were displacement around the city because of their allegiance to the former regime after the war ended in 2012. It is noteworthy that many of these violations and abuses committed by these militias that participated overthrow Gaddafi may rise to war crimes and crimes against humanity. That the intervention in Libya, although it had a human purpose and under the pretext of reducing the political system of human rights violations, but that the main objective, which was behind the international intervention was to overthrow the existing political system and the elimination of Muammar Gaddafi. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arab%20Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=revolution" title=" revolution "> revolution </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title=" Libya"> Libya</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60570/the-violations-of-human-rights-after-the-february-revolution-in-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2555</span> Correlation Between Political Awareness and Political Participation for University Students: An Applied Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Mohamed%20Abd%20El%20Aal">Rana Mohamed Abd El Aal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This is an exploratory study that aims to answer the question of whether and to what extent the prevailing political culture with a special focus to the factor of political awareness for Egyptian university students is influential in shaping their participatory behavior; more precisely in four main Universities ;(Cairo University- BaniSwif University- BUE University- Suez Canal University). To ensure the validity of my results, I deployed a number of different data collection methods: the collection, analysis, integration of both quantitative and qualitative methods; for investigating two main hypothesis H1: There is a positive relation between the political awareness level and political participation for university students, H2: There is a positive relation between political values in the society and the level of political participation of university students. The study reveals that though the sample represented the portion of political science students in different Universities, the level of political awareness and political participation was low with a statistically significant relationship; also, the patterns of values in Egyptian culture affects significantly the level of participation in the different universities. Therefore; the study using SWOT analysis recommends some policies for increasing the level of awareness and integrating youth in the political process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20awareness" title="political awareness">political awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civic%20culture" title=" civic culture"> civic culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title=" citizenship"> citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egyptian%20universities" title="egyptian universities">egyptian universities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20knowledge" title=" political knowledge"> political knowledge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140273/correlation-between-political-awareness-and-political-participation-for-university-students-an-applied-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2554</span> Thai’s Film after Political Crisis in October 14, 1973 and Political Crisis between 2005-2014</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pison%20Suwanpakdee">Pison Suwanpakdee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of presenting this article is to analyze between Thai’s film and Thai society in political crisis, to study the development and trend of the film which reflects society in Thailand from political crisis of 14 October 1973 and the present day political crisis using a comparative study of the two era, both the similarities and differences in the film reflects the society in an era of change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film" title="film">film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political" title=" political"> political</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neorealism" title=" neorealism"> neorealism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand "> Thailand </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10747/thais-film-after-political-crisis-in-october-14-1973-and-political-crisis-between-2005-2014" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2553</span> The Correlation between Political Awareness and Political Participation for University Students’ “Applied Study”</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Mohamed">Rana Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite youth in Egypt were away from political life for a long time; they are able to make a tangible difference in political status. Purpose: This exploratory study aims to determine whether and how much the prevailing political culture influence participatory behavior with a special focus on political awareness factors among university students in Egypt. Methodology: The study employed several data collection methods to ensure the validity of the results, quantitative and qualitative, verifying the positive relationships between the levels of political awareness and political participation and between political values in society and the level of political participation among university students. For achieving the objectives of the paper in the light of the pool of available literature and data, the study adopts system analysis method to apply input-output and conversions associated with the phenomena of political participation to analyze the different factors that have an effect upon the prevailing political culture and the patterns of values in Egyptian society. Findings: The result reveals that the level of political awareness and political participation for students were low, with a statistically significant relationship. In addition, the patterns of values in Egyptian culture significantly influence the levels of student participation. Therefore, the study recommends formulating policies that aim to increase awareness levels and integrate youth into the political process. Originality/Value: The importance of the academic study stems from addressing one of the central issues in political science; this study measures the change in the Egyptian patterns of culture and values among university students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20awareness" title="political awareness">political awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civic%20culture" title=" civic culture"> civic culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title=" citizenship"> citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egyptian%20universities" title=" Egyptian universities"> Egyptian universities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20knowledge" title=" political knowledge"> political knowledge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140294/the-correlation-between-political-awareness-and-political-participation-for-university-students-applied-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2552</span> Neo-Realism in Thai’s Film after Political Crisis in October 14, 1973 and Political Crisis between 2005-2014 </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Pison">S. Pison</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of presenting this article is to analyze between Thai’s film and Thai society in political crisis, to study the development and trend of the film which reflects society in Thailand from political crisis of 14 October 1973 and the present day political crisis using a comparative study of the two era, both the similarities and differences in the film reflects the society in an era of change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film" title="film">film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political" title=" political"> political</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neo-realism" title=" neo-realism"> neo-realism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social" title=" social"> social</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8596/neo-realism-in-thais-film-after-political-crisis-in-october-14-1973-and-political-crisis-between-2005-2014" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2551</span> Political Alienation and Corruption in Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabroka%20B.%20Al-Werfalli">Mabroka B. Al-Werfalli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper looks at some aspects of Libya’s political culture relating to corruption and tries to map the links that bond political alienation to corruption. The subject was approached by surveying opinion. The study, of which culture of corruption was part, concerned the phenomena of political alienation in Libya. It was based on a survey conducted in winter 2001 and targeted a sample of 877 participants from the city of Benghazi. The questions were designed to determine the extent to which corruption is seen, by the Libyans, as a national problem. It also describes perceptions about levels, types and causes of corruption; trust in governmental institutions and senior officials of the State and assessments of anti-corruption regulations and actions taken by the regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-corruption" title="anti-corruption">anti-corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture%20of%20corruption" title=" culture of corruption"> culture of corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participating%20in%20corruption" title=" participating in corruption"> participating in corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20alienation" title=" political alienation"> political alienation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20culture" title=" political culture"> political culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6579/political-alienation-and-corruption-in-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2550</span> Terrorism: Definition, History and Different Approaches in the Analysis of Terrorism Phenomenon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shabnam%20Dadparvar">Shabnam Dadparvar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laijin%20Shen"> Laijin Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzad%20Ravanbod"> Farzad Ravanbod</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the political phenomenon of terrorism is considered as an effective factor on political, social, and economic changes. It has replaced the recognized political phenomena such as revolutions, wars (total war among two or more political units with distinct identities in the form of national states), coups d’état, insurgencies and etc. and has challenged political life in all its levels (sub national, national, and international political groups). In this paper by using descriptive-analytical method, the authors try to explain the spread of this political phenomenon across the world, its definition and types, also analyze different approaches to understand it. The authors believe that the Logical-Rational approach is the best way to explain and understand this phenomenon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logical%20approach" title="logical approach">logical approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological-%20social%20approach" title=" psychological- social approach"> psychological- social approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20approach" title=" religious approach"> religious approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50701/terrorism-definition-history-and-different-approaches-in-the-analysis-of-terrorism-phenomenon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2549</span> Social Media as a Tool for Political Communication: A Case Study of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srikanth%20Bade">Srikanth Bade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses how the usage of social media has altered certain discourses and communicated with the political institutions for major actions in Indian scenario. The advent of new technology in the form of social media has engrossed the general public to discuss in the open forum. How they promulgated their ideas into action is captured in this study. Moreover, these discourses happening in the social media is analyzed from certain philosophical traditions by adopting a framework. Hence, this paper analyses the role of social media in political communication and change the political discourse. Also, this paper tries to address the issue that whether the deliberation made through social media had indeed communicated the issue of political matters to the decision making authorities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collective%20action%20and%20social%20capital" title="collective action and social capital">collective action and social capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20communication" title=" political communication"> political communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20discourse" title=" political discourse"> political discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119568/social-media-as-a-tool-for-political-communication-a-case-study-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2548</span> Theorizing Women’s Political Leadership: Cross-National Comparison</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjeoung%20Kim">Minjeoung Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since women obtained the right to vote in 1893 for the first time in New Zealand, they have tried to participate actively into politics but still the world has a few women in political leadership. The article asks which factors might influence the appearance of women leadership in politics. The article investigates two factors such as political context, personal factors. Countries where economic development is stable and political democracy is consolidated have a tendency of appearance of women political leadership but in less developed and politically unstable countries, women politicians can be in power with their own reasons. For the personal factor, their feminist propensity is studied but there is no relationship between the appearance of women leaders and their feminist propensity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20political%20leadership" title="women political leadership">women political leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20context" title=" political context"> political context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slow%20track" title=" slow track"> slow track</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transitory%20countries" title=" transitory countries"> transitory countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminist%20propensity" title=" feminist propensity"> feminist propensity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12435/theorizing-womens-political-leadership-cross-national-comparison" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2547</span> The Impact of Political Polarization on the COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Qualitative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peiran%20Ma">Peiran Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explored the role of political polarization in an individual's decision of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 15 participants participated in individual interviews and focus group discussions about the relationships among domestic political polarization, vaccine hesitancy, and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Political affiliation affected an individual’s decision on the COVID-19 vaccination, such that people who identified as Liberals and Democrats were more accepting of the vaccine. On the other hand, the level of influence declined over time (2020-2022) when the general conception of COVID-19 immunization shifted from political to personal. Results provided qualitative support to the previously identified positive relationship between divided political opinions and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and highlighted the decreasing trend in the power of political polarization in vaccination and the existence of other factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20hesitancy" title=" vaccine hesitancy"> vaccine hesitancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20polarization" title=" political polarization"> political polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partisanship" title=" partisanship"> partisanship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideology" title=" ideology"> ideology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165405/the-impact-of-political-polarization-on-the-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in-the-united-states-a-qualitative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2546</span> International Relations and the Transformation of Political Regimes in Post-Soviet States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Chirun">Sergey Chirun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using of a combination of institutional analysis and network access has allowed the author to identify the characteristics of the informal institutions of regional political power and political regimes. According to the author, ‘field’ of activity of post-Soviet regimes, formed under the influence of informal institutions, often contradicts democratic institutional regional changes which are aimed at creating of a legal-rational type of political domination and balanced model of separation of powers. This leads to the gap between the formal structure of institutions and the real nature of power, predetermining the specific character of the existing political regimes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authoritarianism" title="authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20regime" title=" political regime"> political regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20networks" title=" social networks"> social networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformation" title=" transformation"> transformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65233/international-relations-and-the-transformation-of-political-regimes-in-post-soviet-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65233.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2545</span> Political Deprivations, Political Risk and the Extent of Skilled Labor Migration from Pakistan: Finding of a Time-Series Analysis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Toqueer%20Akhter">Syed Toqueer Akhter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussain%20Hamid"> Hussain Hamid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last few decades an upward trend has been observed in the case of labor migration from Pakistan. The emigrants are not just economically motivated and in search of a safe living environment towards more developed countries in Europe, North America and Middle East. The opportunity cost of migration comes in the form of brain drain that is the loss of qualified and skilled human capital. Throughout the history of Pakistan, situations of political instability have emerged ranging from violation of political rights, political disappearances to political assassinations. Providing security to the citizens is a major issue faced in Pakistan due to increase in crime and terrorist activities. The aim of the study is to test the impact of political instability, appearing in the form of political terror, violation of political rights and civil liberty on skilled migration of labor. Three proxies are used to measure the political instability; political terror scale (based on a scale of 1-5, the political terror and violence that a country encounters in a particular year), political rights (a rating of 1-7, that describes political rights as the ability for the people to participate without restraint in political process) and civil liberty (a rating of 1-7, civil liberty is defined as the freedom of expression and rights without government intervention). Using time series data from 1980-2011, the distributed lag models were used for estimation because migration is not a onetime process, previous events and migration can lead to more migration. Our research clearly shows that political instability appearing in the form of political terror, political rights and civil liberty all appeared significant in explaining the extent of skilled migration of Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skilled%20labor%20migration" title="skilled labor migration">skilled labor migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20terror" title=" political terror"> political terror</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20rights" title=" political rights"> political rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20liberty" title=" civil liberty"> civil liberty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20lag%20model" title=" distributed lag model"> distributed lag model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8865/political-deprivations-political-risk-and-the-extent-of-skilled-labor-migration-from-pakistan-finding-of-a-time-series-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1029</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2544</span> The Mediatization of Political Communication in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Cases of Cameroon and Ghana in a Comparative Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Nounkeu%20Tatchou">Christian Nounkeu Tatchou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of mediatization of politics describes changes with regards to media and politics, as the political sphere is increasingly shaped by the media and conforms to its logic. The mediatization of politics in established democracies of the West has been the object of several researches. However, there is an overwhelming paucity of literature on this reconfiguration of the political life around the media in the emerging democracies of the Sub-Saharan Africa. A majority of Sub-Saharan countries have been progressively experiencing the modernization of their societies and significant developments with respect to political communication since the early 1990s. This has been facilitated by factors such as the adoption of democratic reforms, the development of mass media, the advent of social media and the rapid spread of new information and communication technologies. Thus, this paper investigates the extent to which political communication in Sub-Saharan Africa is mediatized, especially with regards to the social media. Through in-depths interviews with twenty political leaders and political observers in Cameroon and Ghana, this article argues that the social media has become the main arena of voters’ mobilization and political participation in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, a greater extent of freedom for political activism on social media is observed in the new democracy of Ghana, unlike in the enduring authoritarian political system of Cameroon where the government attempts to control the use and content of political discourse on social media. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mediatization" title="mediatization">mediatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20communication" title=" political communication"> political communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-saharan%20africa" title=" sub-saharan africa"> sub-saharan africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76662/the-mediatization-of-political-communication-in-sub-saharan-africa-the-cases-of-cameroon-and-ghana-in-a-comparative-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2543</span> Metaphorical Devices in Political Cartoons with Reference to Political Confrontation in Pakistan after Panama Leaks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Ashfaq">Ayesha Ashfaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ajmal%20Ashfaq"> Muhammad Ajmal Ashfaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It has been assumed that metaphorical and symbolic contests are waged with metaphors, captions, and signs in political cartoons that play a significant role in image construction of political actors, situations or events in the political arena. This paper is an effort to explore the metaphorical devices in political cartoons related to the political confrontation in Pakistan between the ruling party Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) and opposition parties especially after Panama leaks. For this purpose, political cartoons sketched by five renowned political cartoonists on the basis of their belongings to the most highly circulated mainstream English newspapers of Pakistan and their professional experiences in their genre, were selected. The cartoons were analyzed through the Barthes’s model of Semiotics under the umbrella of the first level of agenda setting theory ‘framing’. It was observed that metaphorical devices in political cartoons are one of the key weapons of cartoonists’ armory. These devices are used to attack the candidates and contribute to the image and character building. It was found that all the selected political cartoonists used different forms of metaphors including situational metaphors and embodying metaphors. Not only the physical stature but also the debates and their activities were depicted metaphorically in the cartoons that create the scenario of comparison between the cartoons and their real political confrontation. It was examined that both forms of metaphors shed light on cartoonist’s perception and newspaper’s policy about political candidates, political parties and particular events. In addition, it was found that zoomorphic metaphors and metaphors of diminishments were also predominantly used to depict the conflict between two said political actors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaphor" title="metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panama%20leaks" title=" Panama leaks"> Panama leaks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20cartoons" title=" political cartoons"> political cartoons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20communication" title=" political communication"> political communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55867/metaphorical-devices-in-political-cartoons-with-reference-to-political-confrontation-in-pakistan-after-panama-leaks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2542</span> Ethics in the Islamic Political System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehich%20Mohamed%20Yousri">Djehich Mohamed Yousri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research deals with an important issue in Islamic political thought, which is the relationship of ethics to the Islamic political system. This is done by following the legal politics books and analyzing their texts in order to reach the moral values on which the political system in Islam is based, starting from the concept of politics to the political principles and conditions of the ruler and the reasons for his removal and the conditions of those authorized to choose him, and ending with the ruler’s relationship with his people, and the relationship of the Islamic state with other countries. The research concluded that moral values are the basis of the political system in Islam, and the reason for this is due to the fact that Islam is a religion and a global and realistic human system that embraces morals and higher values in order to preserve its lofty message and calls for brotherhood, love, and justice and does not harm human morals. And if the reality of politics in the Islamic world today is not related to the moral values and the lofty message of Islam, this research tries to show the origins of political theory in Islam, and the purpose of the Islamic political system, towards the morality of politics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moral" title="moral">moral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islam" title=" islam"> islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20system" title=" political system"> political system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islamic%20political%20system" title=" islamic political system"> islamic political system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161936/ethics-in-the-islamic-political-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2541</span> Fundamentals of Theorizing Power in International Relations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehich%20Mohamed%20Yousri">Djehich Mohamed Yousri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The field of political science is one of the sciences in which there is much controversy, in terms of the multiplicity of schools, trends, and goals. This overlap and complexity in the interpretation of the political phenomenon in political science has been linked to other disciplines associated with it, and the science of international relations and the huge amount of theories that have found a wide range and a decisive position after the national tide in the history of Western political thought, especially after the Westphalia Conference 1648, and as a result was approved The new foundations of international politics, the most important of which is respect for state sovereignty. Historical events continued and coincided with scientific, intellectual, and economic developments following the emergence of the industrial revolution, followed by the technological revolutions in all their contents, which led to the rooting and establishment of a comprehensive political system that is more complex and overlapping than it was in the past during the First and Second World Wars. The international situation has become dependent on the digital revolution and its aspirations in The comprehensive transformation witnessed by international political relations after the Cold War. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theorizing" title="theorizing">theorizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations" title=" international relations"> international relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approaches%20to%20international%20relations" title=" approaches to international relations"> approaches to international relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20science" title=" political science"> political science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20political%20system" title=" the political system"> the political system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161789/fundamentals-of-theorizing-power-in-international-relations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161789.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2540</span> Comparison of Women’s Political Participation in Korea and China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjeoung%20Kim">Minjeoung Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the comparison of women’s political participation in Korea and China. Korean women are participated more in higher education. As the economic development and the women's social participation can enhance the possibility of women's political participation in advanced democratic countries, in Asian countries such as Korea and China in which Confucianism prohibited women to participate in public life and the process of nation building is different from western countries, the political power takes an initiative to implement policies for women's participation in politics and for women's consciousness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=korea" title="korea">korea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=china" title=" china"> china</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53040/comparison-of-womens-political-participation-in-korea-and-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2539</span> Communicative Strategies in Colombian Political Speech: On the Example of the Speeches of Francia Marquez</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danila%20Arbuzov">Danila Arbuzov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article the author examines the communicative strategies used in the Colombian political discourse, following the example of the speeches of the Vice President of Colombia Francia Marquez, who took office in 2022 and marked a new development vector for the Colombian nation. The lexical and syntactic means are analyzed to achieve the communicative objectives. The material presented may be useful for those who are interested in investigating various aspects of discursive linguistics, particularly political discourse, as well as the implementation of communicative strategies in certain types of discourse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20discourse" title="political discourse">political discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20strategies" title=" communication strategies"> communication strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colombian%20political%20discourse" title=" Colombian political discourse"> Colombian political discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colombia" title=" Colombia"> Colombia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manipulation" title=" manipulation"> manipulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161373/communicative-strategies-in-colombian-political-speech-on-the-example-of-the-speeches-of-francia-marquez" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2538</span> Africa’s Political and Economic Transformation and the Role of the Disporas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noah%20Yusuf">Noah Yusuf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper examined the current level of socio-political and economic development in Africa. Models and experiences from other regions of the world, especially, developing ones with similar historical experience with Africa, were explored. The paper concluded that recommendations emanating from past conferences, seminars and symposia on the continent’s socio-economic and political challenges have been poorly implemented because of lack of strong political will; the donor syndrome; weak resource base; capacity constraints in institutions; and lack of accountability, transparency and poor governance. It is, therefore, recommended that African countries need implement sound policies and reforms on a comprehensive basis, if they are to achieve the desired socio-economic and political transformation; and the African in Diasporas represent critical instruments in attaining the socio-economic and political objectives of the continent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20transformation" title=" political transformation"> political transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20transformation" title=" economic transformation"> economic transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africans%20in%20diasporas" title=" Africans in diasporas "> Africans in diasporas </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16699/africas-political-and-economic-transformation-and-the-role-of-the-disporas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2537</span> The Rise of Far-Right Political Parties: Future of Multiculturalism in Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharti%20Yadav">Bharti Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global migration and the rise of far-right parties have expanded the significance of political discussions enclosing multiculturalism. This research paper will focus on the rise of far-right political parties in Europe over the last nearly two decades and how right-wing politics affect multiculturalism in a detrimental way; major European leaders have publicly stated that multiculturalism in their countries has failed. This paper also discusses the main reasons for right-wing politics is normalizing in Europe. Far-right political parties are the fastest-growing parties in Europe, and multiculturalism is an unescapable significant political issue. The rise of far-right anti-immigrant parties diminishes mainstream party support for multiculturalism. Mainstream parties are more receptive to both increasing in ethnic minorities’ electoral power and the rise of far-right parties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20parties" title="political parties">political parties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=far-right" title=" far-right"> far-right</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiculturalism" title=" multiculturalism"> multiculturalism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159412/the-rise-of-far-right-political-parties-future-of-multiculturalism-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2536</span> Media Usage, Citizenship Norms, and Political Participation of Transition to Democracy in Indonesia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najmuddin%20Najmuddin">Najmuddin Najmuddin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to determine whether media usage and change of citizenship norms influence political participation. The focus of this study is to examine citizenship norms in the context of the development of information, and communication technology and how it will impact political participation in the context of Indonesia's transition to democracy. The study use survey method. The main theoretical framework is media and political participation. The results of this study reveal that gender, age and educational background of the respondents did not influence significantly media usage and citizenship norms. The Results also show that educational background is not a factor that distinguishes media usage but it becomes differentiating factor in citizenship norms. The results further show that the media usage has a significant correlation with citizenship norms and citizenship norms has a significant relationship with political participation. In addition, media usage and citizenship norms impact significantly to political participation. The sub-dimensions of citizenship norms (compliance, duty, and engaged citizen) provides a significant contribution to the sub-dimensions of political participation (traditional political participation, modern political participation, civic political participation). Based on the findings it can be concluded that the political euphoria in the era of transition to democracy has changed pattern media usage and citizenship norms of among the young generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media" title="media">media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title=" citizenship"> citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=norms" title=" norms"> norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political" title=" political"> political</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy "> democracy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42405/media-usage-citizenship-norms-and-political-participation-of-transition-to-democracy-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2535</span> Fear of Isolation, Online Efficacy, and Selective Exposure in Online Political Discourse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyujin%20Shim">Kyujin Shim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores how individual motivations in political psychology will lead to political expression and online discourse, and how those online political discourses result in individuals’ exposure to extreme/ personally-entertaining/ disinhibiting content. This study argues that a new framework beyond the conventional paradigm (e.g., selective exposure based on partisanship/ ideology) is needed for better grasp of non-ideological/ anarchic, and/or of nonpartisan yet anonymity-/ extremity-/ disinhibition-related online behaviors regarding political conversations. Further, this study proposes a new definition of ‘selective exposure,’ with special attention to online efficacy and psychological motivations/gratifications sought in the online sphere. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20exposure" title="selective exposure">selective exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fear%20of%20isolation" title=" fear of isolation"> fear of isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20psychology" title=" political psychology"> political psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20discourse" title=" online discourse"> online discourse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57638/fear-of-isolation-online-efficacy-and-selective-exposure-in-online-political-discourse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2534</span> Social Media: The Major Trigger of Online and Offline Political Activism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan%20Eang%20Teng">Chan Eang Teng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tang%20Mui%20Joo"> Tang Mui Joo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the viral factor on social media, the sense of persuasion is generated by repetition and popularity. When users’ interest is captured, political awareness increases to spark political enthusiasm, but, the level of user’s political participation and political attitude of those active users is still questionable. An online survey on 250 youth and in-depth interview on two politicians are conducted to answer the main question in this paper. The result shows that Facebook significantly increases political awareness among youths. Social media may not be the major trigger to political activism among youths as most respondents opined that they would still vote without Facebook. Other factors could be political campaigning, political climate, age, peer pressure or others. Finding also shows that majority of respondents did not participate in online political debates or political groups. Many also wondered if the social media was the main power switch that triggers the political influx among young voters. The research finding is significant to understand how the new media, Facebook, has reshaped the political landscape in Malaysia, creating the Social Media Election that changed the rules of the political game. However, research finding does not support the ideal notion that the social media is the major trigger to youth’s political activism. This research outcome has exposed the flaws of the Social Media Election. It has revealed the less optimistic side of youth political activism. Unfortunately, results fall short of the idealistic belief that the social media have given rise to political activism among youths in the 13<sup>th</sup> General Election in Malaysia. The research outcome also highlights an important lesson for the democratic discourse of Malaysia which is making informed and educated decisions takes more commitment, proactive and objective attitude. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title="social media">social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20participation" title=" political participation"> political participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20activism" title=" political activism"> political activism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20communication" title=" political communication"> political communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42548/social-media-the-major-trigger-of-online-and-offline-political-activism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2533</span> Ideology Shift in Political Translation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingsong%20Ma">Jingsong Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In political translation, ideology plays an important role in conveying implications accurately. Ideological collisions can occur in political translation when there existdifferences of political environments embedded in the translingual political texts in both source and target languages. To reach an accurate translationrequires the translatorto understand the ideologies implied in (and often transcending) the texts. This paper explores the conditions, procedure, and purpose of processingideological collision and resolution of such issues in political translation. These points will be elucidated by case studies of translating English and Chinese political texts. First, there are specific political terminologies in certain political environments. These terminological peculiarities in one language are often determined by ideological elements rather than by syntactical and semantical understanding. The translation of these ideological-loaded terminologiesis a process and operation consisting of understanding the ideological context, including cultural, historical, and political situations. This will be explained with characteristic Chinese political terminologies and their renderings in English. Second, when the ideology in the source language fails to match with the ideology in the target language, the decisions to highlight or disregard these conflicts are shaped by power relations, political engagement, social context, etc. It thus is necessary to go beyond linguisticanalysis of the context by deciphering ideology in political documents to provide a faithful or equivalent rendering of certain messages. Finally, one of the practical issues is about equivalence in political translation by redefining the notion of faithfulness and retainment of ideological messages in the source language in translations of political texts. To avoid distortion, the translator should be liberated from grip the literal meaning, instead diving into functional meanings of the text. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title="translation">translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideology" title=" ideology"> ideology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=society" title=" society"> society</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148230/ideology-shift-in-political-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2532</span> Legal Problems with the Thai Political Party Establishment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paiboon%20Chuwatthanakij">Paiboon Chuwatthanakij</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Each of the countries around the world has different ways of management and many of them depend on people to administrate their country. Thailand, for example, empowers the sovereignty of Thai people under constitution; however, our Thai voting system is not able to flow fast enough under the current Political management system. The sovereignty of Thai people is addressing this problem through representatives during current elections, in order to set a new policy for the countries ideology to change in the House and the Cabinet. This is particularly important in a democracy to be developed under our current political institution. The Organic Act on Political Parties 2007 is the establishment we have today that is causing confrontations within the establishment. There are many political parties that will soon be abolished. Many political parties have already been subsidized. This research study is to analyze the legal problems with the political party establishment under the Organic Act on Political Parties 2007. This will focus on the freedom of each political establishment compared to an effective political operation. Textbooks and academic papers will be referenced from studies home and abroad. The study revealed that Organic Act on Political Parties 2007 has strict provisions on the political structure over the number of members and the number of branches involved within political parties system. Such operations shall be completed within one year; but under the existing laws the small parties are not able to participate with the bigger parties. The cities are capable of fulfilling small political party requirements but fail to become coalesced because the current laws won't allow them to be united as one. It is important to allow all independent political parties to join our current political structure. Board members can’t help the smaller parties to become a large organization under the existing Thai laws. Creating a new establishment that functions efficiently throughout all branches would be one solution to these legal problems between all political parties. With this new operation, individual political parties can participate with the bigger parties during elections. Until current political institutions change their system to accommodate public opinion, these current Thai laws will continue to be a problem with all political parties in Thailand. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coalesced" title="coalesced">coalesced</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20party" title=" political party"> political party</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereignty" title=" sovereignty"> sovereignty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elections" title=" elections "> elections </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12385/legal-problems-with-the-thai-political-party-establishment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2531</span> Hanna Arendt and Al-Farabi’s Non-Naturalistic Political Philosophy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hossein%20Badamchi">Mohammad Hossein Badamchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As Leo Strauss demonstrates in his works, Political Philosophy in the western tradition is an epistemic-naturalistic tradition insofar Hanna Arendt mentioning the deep conflict between philosophy and politics, opposed to be named “political philosopher” prefer the title “political thinker” for herself. In fact, the Western political philosophy’s tendency to derive politics from natural law and epistemic argumentations makes a paradox between the actual “the political” and the theoretical “natural politics” in the western tradition. In this paper, we want to show that Hanna Arendt, in her exploration to find a new realm of the non-naturalistic way of thinking about the political is walking on a completely different tradition of political philosophy which was first established by Al-Farabi, the founder of Islamic political philosophy around thousand years after Greek Philosophy. Despite Aristotelian Polis which is a Natural community based on true natural rationality to reach the natural purposes of mankind, Al-Farabi’s Madine (his reconstructed concept of Aristotelian Polis) is completely constructed against natural cities, which are formulated by necessity logic of natural arguments and natural deception of humanity. In fact, Farabi considers the natural understanding of politics as Ignorant ideologies used by governments to suppress people. Madine in Farabi’s work is not a natural institution but is a collaborative constitution founded by citizens. So despite Aristotelian thinking, here we don’t have just A Polis that is the one true polis, but we have various multiple Madines among one, is virtuous not by definition but by real action of citizens and civil relations. Al-Farabi’s political philosophy is not a Naturalistic-epistemic Political Philosophy but is a Phronetic Political Philosophy which Hanna Arendt wants to establish outside of western contemplative anti-active political philosophy tradition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=al-farabi" title="al-farabi">al-farabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hanna%20arendt" title=" hanna arendt"> hanna arendt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20politics" title=" natural politics"> natural politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20political" title=" the political"> the political</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20philosophy" title=" political philosophy"> political philosophy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141173/hanna-arendt-and-al-farabis-non-naturalistic-political-philosophy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2530</span> Leadership Succession and Renewal in Zimbabwe Political Parties: A Critical Analysis of the Bhora Remusango Concept</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Chikerema">A. F. Chikerema </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Political leadership in Africa vary from the “criminalization” of the state to political leadership as “dispensing patrimony”, the “recycling” of elites and the use of state power and resources to consolidate political and economic power (Van Wyk:2007: p1). Political parties just like any other organizations always need leadership renewal and revamping, besides ideological and policy renewal. Zimbabwean politics present a shunned leadership renewal as reflected by the two champion political parties namely ZANU PF and MDC-T. Despite hot political power contestation between MDC and ZANUPF, the parties` internal structures are hinged on the two Godfather or Father figure that is Mugabe and Tsvangirai. They are the “labels “behind the two political parties. The suppressing of dissent voice on succession and renewal of leadership in the two parties has brew resistance from within and this has resulted in factional fights within the two political parties. The disgruntlement in the political parties has led to the stemming of the ‘bhoramusango concept’ from the electorate and party cadres whereby they are throwing or donating away their votes to other political parties. The ‘bhoramusango’ concept haunted ZANUPF in 2008 leading to its defeat by the opposition MDC-T .The paper takes the form of an analytic approach on leadership crisis in Zimbabwe. The narrative is framed on key concepts of leadership: namely leadership renewal and leadership succession, as agents operating within inherited structures negotiated political settlements, and form structures of leadership. Rulers gave priority to the consolidation of state power by installing party loyalists in the armed forces, civil service and local government. As part of this process, rulers have ensured consolidated power and authority. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership%20renewal" title="leadership renewal">leadership renewal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership%20succession" title=" leadership succession"> leadership succession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%98Bhora%20Musango%E2%80%99" title=" ‘Bhora Musango’"> ‘Bhora Musango’</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20culture" title=" political culture"> political culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20legitimacy" title=" political legitimacy "> political legitimacy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18971/leadership-succession-and-renewal-in-zimbabwe-political-parties-a-critical-analysis-of-the-bhora-remusango-concept" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20kidnapping&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20kidnapping&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20kidnapping&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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