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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_inundaci%C3%B3_del_Mississipi_del_1927" title="Gran inundació del Mississipi del 1927 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran inundació del Mississipi del 1927" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippiflut_1927" title="Mississippiflut 1927 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mississippiflut 1927" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_inundaci%C3%B3n_del_Misisipi_de_1927" title="Gran inundación del Misisipi de 1927 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran inundación del Misisipi de 1927" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Misisipia_Inundo_de_1927" title="Granda Misisipia Inundo de 1927 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Misisipia Inundo de 1927" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B2%DB%B7" title="سیل بزرگ میسیسیپی ۱۹۲۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیل بزرگ میسیسیپی ۱۹۲۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crue_du_Mississippi_de_1927" title="Crue du Mississippi de 1927 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crue du Mississippi de 1927" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%BC_%EB%8C%80%ED%99%8D%EC%88%98" title="1927년 미시시피 대홍수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1927년 미시시피 대홍수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvione_del_Mississippi_del_1927" title="Alluvione del Mississippi del 1927 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alluvione del Mississippi del 1927" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="ミシシッピ大洪水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシシッピ大洪水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C3%B3d%C5%BA_nad_Missisipi_(1927)" title="Powódź nad Missisipi (1927) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powódź nad Missisipi (1927)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_(1927)" title="Великое наводнение на Миссисипи (1927) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое наводнение на Миссисипи (1927)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippiflodens_%C3%B6versv%C3%A4mning_1927" title="Mississippiflodens översvämning 1927 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mississippiflodens översvämning 1927" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1147270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">1927 flood of the Mississippi River</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other "Great Floods" of 1927, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1927_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Great Flood of 1927 (disambiguation)">Great Flood of 1927</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1160504542">.mw-parser-output .ib-weather-event .infobox-header>.nowrap{margin:0 8px}</style><table class="infobox ib-weather-event"><caption class="infobox-title">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg/220px-1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg/330px-1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg/440px-1927_LA_Flood_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="5214" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mississippi River Flood of 1927 showing flooded areas and relief operation</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddd;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span class="nowrap">Meteorological history</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1926–1929</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #C0C0C0"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Flood</th></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="background-color: #00000022; color: inherit;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Overall effects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">About 500</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data">Particularly <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> – along with <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</b> was the most destructive <a href="/wiki/River_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="River flood">river flood</a> in the history of the United States, with 27,000 square miles (70,000 km<sup>2</sup>) inundated in depths of up to 30 feet (9 m) over the course of several months in early 1927. The period cost of the damage has been estimated to be between $246 million and $1 billion, which ranges from $4.2–$17.3 billion in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 500 people died and over 630,000 people were directly affected; 94% of those affected lived in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> region. 127 people died in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, making it one of the deadliest disasters ever recorded in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200,000 African Americans were displaced from their homes along the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> and had to live for lengthy periods in relief camps. As a result of this disruption, many joined the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> to the industrial cities of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>; the migrants preferred to move, rather than return to rural agricultural labor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent future floods, the federal government built the world's longest system of <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> and floodways. Then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s handling of the crisis gave him a positive nationwide reputation, helping pave the way to his election as U.S. President in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>. Political turmoil from the disaster at the state level aided the <a href="/wiki/1928_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> as governor in Louisiana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg/220px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg/330px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg/440px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Levee_Breach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of one of the levee breaches (<a href="/wiki/Mound_Landing,_Mississippi" title="Mound Landing, Mississippi">Mound Landing, Mississippi</a>, breached 21 April)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_flood,_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_flood%2C_unidentified_stretch_of_lower_Mississippi_River._-_NARA_-_285958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Submerged farmland</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late nineteenth century, the United States was well aware of flooding potential along the Mississippi, which drained 40% of the nation's area. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_Division#Mississippi_River_Commission" title="Mississippi Valley Division">Mississippi River Commission</a> was established by the federal government in 1879, with the directive to deepen the river channel, improve navigation, prevent major flooding, and increase river-based commerce. This commission recommended raising extensive <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> along its channels to contain the flow, dismissing the advice of experts such as <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Eads</a>, who had directed the <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Saint Louis Bridge</a> project in the 1860s. These critics predicted that compressing a swollen river between walls would increase its destructive potential.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flooding began due to heavy rainfall in summer 1926 across the river's central basin. By September, the Mississippi's tributaries in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> were swollen to capacity. On Christmas Day of 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, exceeded 56.2 ft (17.1 m), the second-highest recorded level (a destructive flood in 1793 had produced the record level – 58.5 ft (17.8 m)).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flooding peaked in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mound_Landing,_Mississippi" title="Mound Landing, Mississippi">Mound Landing, Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_City,_Arkansas" title="Arkansas City, Arkansas">Arkansas City, Arkansas</a>, and broke levees along the river in at least 145 places.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water flooded more than 27,000 square miles (70,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land, and left more than 700,000 people homeless. Approximately 500 people died as a result of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monetary damages due to flooding reached approximately $1 billion, which was one-third of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">federal budget</a> in 1927. If the event were to have occurred in 2023, the damages would total around $1.38 trillion to $1.48 trillion. </p><p>The flood affected <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Arkansas was hardest hit, with 14% of its territory covered by floodwaters extending from the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a> deltas. By May 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> below <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, reached a width of 80 miles (130 km).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without trees, grasses, deep roots, and wetlands, the denuded soil of the watershed could not do its ancient work of absorbing floodwater after seasons of intense snow and rain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_at_relief">Attempts at relief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attempts at relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg/220px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg/330px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg/440px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Blowing_Levee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>A river levee is blown up in <a href="/wiki/Caernarvon,_Louisiana" title="Caernarvon, Louisiana">Caernarvon, Louisiana</a> (29 April)</figcaption></figure> <p>In an unrelated flood at the same time, on Good Friday (15 April 1927), 15 inches (380 mm) of rain fell in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in 18 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This far exceeded the City's rainwater pumping system, and up to 4 feet (1.2 m) of water flooded some parts of the city. This local rain related flood was not connected to the Mississippi River flooding. </p><p>A group of influential bankers in New Orleans met to discuss how to guarantee the safety of the city, as they had already learned of the massive scale of flooding upriver.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 April they arranged to set off about 30 tons of dynamite on the levee at <a href="/wiki/Caernarvon,_Louisiana" title="Caernarvon, Louisiana">Caernarvon, Louisiana</a>, releasing 250,000 cu ft/s (7,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s) of water. This was intended to prevent New Orleans from suffering serious damage, and it resulted in flooding much of the less densely populated <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bernard Parish">St. Bernard Parish</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaquemines Parish">Plaquemines Parish</a>'s east bank. As it turned out, the destruction of the Caernarvon levee was unnecessary; several major levee breaks well upstream of New Orleans, including one the day after the demolitions, released major amounts of flood waters, reducing the water that reached the city. The New Orleans businessmen did not compensate the losses of people in the downriver parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address the disaster, Congress passed the Mississippi Flood Control Act, which put greater stress on construction in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta_levee_camps" title="Mississippi Delta levee camps">Mississippi Delta levee camps</a> despite warnings from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> about harsh living conditions and mistreatment of black laborers within the camps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abatement_and_assessment">Abatement and assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abatement and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg/220px-Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg/330px-Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg/440px-Poultry_and_livestock_sit_on_levee_out_of_floodwaters_-_NARA_-_285965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Poultry and livestock sit on a levee just above the water</figcaption></figure> <p>By August 1927, the flood subsided. Hundreds of thousands of people had been made homeless and displaced; properties, livestock and crops were destroyed. In terms of population affected, in territory flooded, in property loss and crop destruction, the flood's figures were "staggering". Great loss of life was averted by relief efforts, largely by the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> through the efforts of local workers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>African Americans, comprising 75% of the population in the Delta lowlands and supplying 95% of the agricultural labor force, were most affected by the flood. Historians estimate that of the 637,000 people forced to relocate by the flooding, 94% lived in three states: Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana; and that 69% of the 325,146 who occupied the relief camps were African American.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one location, over 13,000 evacuees near <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a>, were gathered from area farms, and evacuated to the crest of the unbroken Greenville Levee. But many were stranded there for days without food or clean water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_social_responses">Political and social responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political and social responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Great Flood of 1927, multiple states needed money to rebuild their roads and bridges. Louisiana received $1,067,336 from the federal government for rebuilding,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it had to institute a state gasoline tax to create a $30,000,000 fund to pay for new hard-surfaced highways.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a> was charged with taming the Mississippi River. Under the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>, the world's longest system of levees was built. Floodways that diverted excessive flow from the Mississippi River were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the levees prevented some flooding, scientists have found that they changed the flow of the Mississippi River, with the unintended consequence of increasing flooding in succeeding decades. Channeling of waters has reduced the absorption of seasonal rains by the floodplains, increasing the speed of the current and preventing the deposit of new soils along the way. The levees did not prevent recurrences of significant flooding, especially a major flood in 1937. To better study and plan for future situations, Lt. Eugene Raybold proposed laying out a physical hydraulic model to simulate the basin's response to various rainfall scenarios. Land was procured at the SE edge of <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Mississippi" title="Clinton, Mississippi">Clinton, Mississippi</a>, and a 200-acre hydraulic model was constructed, matching to the river's flow from <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>, modeling the confluence points of its major tributaries across 16 states. The work was completed during 1942, with some labor provided by <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Camp_Clinton" title="Camp Clinton">Camp Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corps used this model to accurately study river flows and mitigation strategies, but by 1970 it fell out of use. In the 1970s it was transferred to the city government of Jackson, and the Buddy Butts Park<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created around it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is presently little-known or recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The devastation of the flood and the strained racial relations resulted in many African Americans joining the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from affected areas to northern and midwestern cities, a movement that had been underway since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The flood waters began to recede in June 1927, but interracial relations continued to be strained. Hostilities had erupted between the races; a Black man was shot and killed by a white police officer when he refused to unload a relief boat at gunpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas" title="Helena, Arkansas">Helena, Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> was lynched after he killed a plantation overseer, who wanted to force him to rescue the plantation owner's mules.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of displacements lasting up to six months, tens of thousands of local African Americans moved to the big cities of the North, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>; many thousands more followed in the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg/220px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg/330px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg/440px-1927_Mississippi_Flood_Vicksburg_Refugees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>A tent-city for displaced citizens in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> enhanced his reputation by his achievements in directing flood relief operations as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>. The next year Hoover easily won the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> 1928 nomination for President, and the general election that year. In upstate Louisiana, anger among yeomen farmers directed at the New Orleans elite for its damage of downriver parishes aided <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a>'s election to the governorship in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-barry_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 408–409, 477, 487">: 408–409, 477, 487 </span></sup> Hoover was much lauded initially for his masterful handling of the refugee camps known as "tent cities".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These densely populated camps required basic necessities which were difficult to attain, such as water and sanitation facilities. Hoover used a combination of bureaucratic resources and grassroots forces to give the tent cities the opportunity to become self-sufficient. This method presented difficulties, as rural leaders were unprepared to manage the chaotic circumstances found in large camps. This led Hoover eventually to place the relief camps under government supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The refugee camps also dealt with extreme racial inequality, as supplies and means of evacuation after flooding were given strictly to white citizens, with Blacks receiving only leftovers. African Americans also did not receive supplies without providing the name of their white employer or voucher from a white person. In order to fully exploit black labor, Blacks were frequently forced to work against their will, and were not permitted to leave the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later reports about the poor treatment in camps led Hoover to make promises of change to the African-American community, which he broke. As a result, he lost the Black vote in the North in his re-election campaign in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-barry_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259–290">: 259–290 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several reports on the terrible situation in the refugee camps, including one by the Colored Advisory Commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a>, were kept out of the media at Hoover's request, with the pledge of further reforms for Blacks after the presidential election in 1928. His failure to deliver followed other disappointments by the Republican Party; Moton and other influential African Americans began to encourage Black Americans to align instead with the national <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barry_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 415">: 415 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A feature-length documentary, <i>The Great Flood</i> (2014) was made incorporating archival footage from news coverage of the flood.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The flood is referred to as the "High Water of 1927" in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Miss_Jane_Pittman_(film)" title="The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (film)">The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman</a></i>.</li> <li>The flood forms the setting for <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s novella "Old Man" (short for 'Old Man River') found in his book <i><a href="/wiki/If_I_Forget_Thee,_Jerusalem" title="If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem">If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem</a></i> (formerly titled <i>The Wild Palms</i>), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679741930" title="Special:BookSources/9780679741930">9780679741930</a>.</li> <li>The great flood is described in detail in <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Percy" title="William Alexander Percy">William Alexander Percy</a>'s <i>Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son</i> (1941), Alfred A. Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0072-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0072-2">0-8071-0072-2</a> (Reprinted with new introduction by Walker Percy, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1973), which discussed the changing South of Percy's youth and portrayed life in the Mississippi Delta. Percy bridged the interval between the semi-feudal South of the 1800s and the anxious South of the early 1940s.</li> <li>The flood plays a significant role in the novel, <i>Rescued in the Clouds or Ted Scott, Hero of the Air</i> (1927), the second book in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ted_Scott_Flying_Stories" title="Ted Scott Flying Stories">Ted Scott Flying Stories</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_W._Dixon" title="Franklin W. Dixon">Franklin W. Dixon</a>.</li> <li><i>The Tilted World</i> a novel by <a href="/wiki/Beth_Ann_Fennelly" title="Beth Ann Fennelly">Beth Ann Fennelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Franklin_(author)" title="Tom Franklin (author)">Tom Franklin</a> is set during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, (2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062069191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062069191">978-0062069191</a></li> <li><i>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_M._Barry" title="John M. Barry">John M. Barry</a>, (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684840024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684840024">978-0684840024</a></li> <li><i>Father Mississippi:: The Story of the Great Flood of 1927</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Saxon" title="Lyle Saxon">Lyle Saxon</a>, (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565547957" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565547957">978-1565547957</a></li> <li>Several musicians mentioned the 1927 flood in their music: <ul><li>"Mississippi Heavy Water Blues", by <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_Bob" title="Barbecue Bob">Barbecue Bob</a> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Backwater_Blues" title="Backwater Blues">Backwater Blues</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> (1927) However, the flood was at its worst some two months after the song was written. Study of Smith's touring itinerary, of testimony of fellow entertainers who toured with her, and of contemporary reports indicates that the song was written in response to the flood that struck <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, on Christmas Day 1926. The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a>, which flows through the city, rose 56 feet (17 m) above its normal level, still a record as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_the_Levee_Breaks" title="When the Levee Breaks">When the Levee Breaks</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Minnie" title="Memphis Minnie">Memphis Minnie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Joe_McCoy" title="Kansas Joe McCoy">Kansas Joe McCoy</a> (1929)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (covered by <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> in 1971).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/High_Water_Everywhere" title="High Water Everywhere">High Water Everywhere</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Charley_Patton" title="Charley Patton">Charley Patton</a> (1929)<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_(Blues/Flood)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_(Blues/Flood)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kessler_(Patton)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler_(Patton)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doc._Farms_(Patton)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc._Farms_(Patton)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barry_(Rising_Tide)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_(Rising_Tide)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (referred to in "<a href="/wiki/High_Water_(For_Charley_Patton)" title="High Water (For Charley Patton)">High Water (For Charley Patton)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_1927" title="Louisiana 1927">Louisiana 1927</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Newman" title="Randy Newman">Randy Newman</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Delta Flood Prophet</i> by Frank Cademartori (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:Mississippi" title="Portal:Mississippi">Mississippi portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mississippi_River_floods" title="2011 Mississippi River floods">2011 Mississippi River floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1913" title="Great Flood of 1913">Great Flood of 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River floods">Mississippi River floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_history" title="Timeline of environmental history">Timeline of environmental history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the South, African Americans were still overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a> by state constitutions and practices, as they remained until after passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1997" class="citation news cs1">Watkins, T.H. (13 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/13/reviews/970413.13watkint.html">"Boiling Over"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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US Dept of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Flood+of+1927&rft.pub=US+Dept+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fohx%2Fgreatfloodof1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1994" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Robyn (1 January 1994). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+vs.+Nature%3A+The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F05%2F0501_river4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829220610/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/scienceques2001/20020405.htm">"Science Question of the Week – natural disasters, floods – 5 April 2002"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927+Laid+Bare+the+Divide+Between+the+North+and+the+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fdevastating-mississippi-river-flood-uprooted-americas-faith-progress-180962856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/neworleans/peopleevents/p_butler.html">"American Experience | New Orleans | People & Events"</a>. PBS. 15 April 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience+%26%23124%3B+New+Orleans+%26%23124%3B+People+%26+Events&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1927-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fneworleans%2Fpeopleevents%2Fp_butler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2007" class="citation book cs1">Barry, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lh0JevgRoKsC"><i>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416563327" title="Special:BookSources/9781416563327"><bdi>9781416563327</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Tide%3A+The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927+and+How+It+Changed+America&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781416563327&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh0JevgRoKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/868/1927.html">"Black Oppression and the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927"</a>. <i>Icl-fi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org&rft.atitle=Louisiana+State+Library+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2FLSU_MRF%2Fid%2F553%2Frec%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1308/es1308page06.cfm">"After the Flood of 1927"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+the+Flood+of+1927&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classzone.com%2Fbooks%2Fearth_science%2Fterc%2Fcontent%2Finvestigations%2Fes1308%2Fes1308page06.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Ettema, <i>Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts and Practice</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE Publications</a>, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0415-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0415-7">978-0-7844-0415-7</a>, pp. 19–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZFOe_3lL04C&pg=PA19">Excerpt available</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ray Skates, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/233/german-prisoners-of-war-in-mississippi-1943-1946">"German Prisoners of War in Mississippi, 1943–1946"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009190826/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/233/german-prisoners-of-war-in-mississippi-1943-1946">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Mississippi History Now</i>, September 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Buddy+Butts+Park,+6180+McRaven+Rd,+Jackson,+MS+39209/@32.3470707,-90.3721728,13z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x86284ad8d8cb88a9:0xa0744b41f993bb13!2sClinton,+MS!3b1!8m2!3d32.3415342!4d-90.3217585!3m4!1s0x86284a66968f521f:0x6ad662af9cd7a325!8m2!3d32.3032757!4d-90.3148699">"Google Maps"</a>. <i>Google Maps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FBuddy%2BButts%2BPark%2C%2B6180%2BMcRaven%2BRd%2C%2BJackson%2C%2BMS%2B39209%2F%4032.3470707%2C-90.3721728%2C13z%2Fdata%3D%214m13%211m7%213m6%211s0x86284ad8d8cb88a9%3A0xa0744b41f993bb13%212sClinton%2C%2BMS%213b1%218m2%213d32.3415342%214d-90.3217585%213m4%211s0x86284a66968f521f%3A0x6ad662af9cd7a325%218m2%213d32.3032757%214d-90.3148699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDylan_Thuras2021" class="citation web cs1">Dylan Thuras (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/podcast?mc_cid=f9f0d02a45&mc_eid=34be11d5e3">"Mississippi River Basin Model"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span> – via Atlas Obscura.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mississippi+River+Basin+Model&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.au=Dylan+Thuras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fpodcast%3Fmc_cid%3Df9f0d02a45%26mc_eid%3D34be11d5e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Huffman" class="citation web cs1">Alan Huffman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alanhuffman.com/things-go-down-at-butts-park/">"Things Go Down At Butts Park"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+Go+Down+At+Butts+Park&rft.au=Alan+Huffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falanhuffman.com%2Fthings-go-down-at-butts-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_McEwen2018" class="citation web cs1">Sarah McEwen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://friendsofmrbm.org/about/">"Friends of the Mississippi River Basin Model"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+the+Mississippi+River+Basin+Model&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Sarah+McEwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffriendsofmrbm.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercy2006" class="citation book cs1">Percy, William Alexander (2006) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nz5GzXuqlmgC&pg=PA266"><i>Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son</i></a>. Reprint. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 257–258, 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0072-1"><bdi>978-0-8071-0072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lanterns+on+the+Levee%3A+Recollections+of+a+Planter%27s+Son&rft.pages=257-258%2C+266&rft.pub=Reprint.+Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0072-1&rft.aulast=Percy&rft.aufirst=William+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnz5GzXuqlmgC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/flood-experience/">"One Man's Experience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>. <q>The police were sent into the Negro section to comb from the idlers the required number of workers. Within two hours, the worst had happened: a Negro refused to come with the officer, and the officer killed him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Man%27s+Experience&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fflood-experience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2014" class="citation web cs1">Griffith, Nancy Snell (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/owen-flemming-8171/">"Lynching of Owen Flemming"</a>. Encyclopedia of Arkansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lynching+of+Owen+Flemming&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Snell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fentries%2Fowen-flemming-8171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flood/sfeature/sf_flood.html">"Voices from the Flood"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>. <q>After the flood, the Delta would never be the same. With their meager crops destroyed, and feeling deeply mistrustful of white Delta landlords after their poor treatment as refugees, thousands of African Americans left the area. Many headed north to seek their fortunes in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Flood&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fflood%2Fsfeature%2Fsf_flood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbeckNaidu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hornbeck, Richard; Naidu, Suresh (2014). "When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South†". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>104</b> (3): 963–990. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.364.6672">10.1.1.364.6672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.104.3.963">10.1257/aer.104.3.963</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12264480">12264480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=When+the+Levee+Breaks%3A+Black+Migration+and+Economic+Development+in+the+American+South%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=963-990&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.364.6672%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12264480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.104.3.963&rft.aulast=Hornbeck&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Naidu%2C+Suresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barry-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barry_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barry_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barry_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Barry" title="John M. Barry">Barry, John M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lh0JevgRoKsC&pg=PP4"><i>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84002-4"><bdi>978-0-684-84002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Tide%3A+The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927+and+How+It+Changed+America&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84002-4&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh0JevgRoKsC%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohof1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lohof, Bruce A. (1970). "Herbert Hoover, Spokesman of Humane Efficiency: The Mississippi Flood of 1927". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 690–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711620">10.2307/2711620</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711620">2711620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover%2C+Spokesman+of+Humane+Efficiency%3A+The+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=690-700&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711620&rft.aulast=Lohof&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiveraMiller2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera, Jason David; Miller, DeMond Shondell (2007). "Continually Neglected: Situating Natural Disasters in the African American Experience". <i>Journal of Black Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 502–522. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.582.2079">10.1.1.582.2079</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934706296190">10.1177/0021934706296190</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40034320">40034320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145331795">145331795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Continually+Neglected%3A+Situating+Natural+Disasters+in+the+African+American+Experience&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=502-522&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.582.2079%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145331795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40034320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934706296190&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Jason+David&rft.au=Miller%2C+DeMond+Shondell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_great_flood_2012/?search=the%20great%20flood">"The Great Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Flood&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fthe_great_flood_2012%2F%3Fsearch%3Dthe%2520great%2520flood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2064960/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_10">"The Great Flood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Flood&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2064960%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_tt_tt_10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (1997). <i>The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray</i>. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-255-6"><bdi>978-1-85868-255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blues%3A+From+Robert+Johnson+to+Robert+Cray&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85868-255-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(musicologist)" title="David Evans (musicologist)">Evans, David</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=637396&fileId=S0261143007001158">"Bessie Smith's 'Back-Water Blues': the story behind the song"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>26</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 97–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0261143007001158">10.1017/s0261143007001158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162113442">162113442</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=Bessie+Smith%27s+%27Back-Water+Blues%27%3A+the+story+behind+the+song&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-116&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0261143007001158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162113442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D637396%26fileId%3DS0261143007001158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_GaronBeth_Garon2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Garon" title="Paul Garon">Paul Garon</a>; Beth Garon (2014). <i>Woman with Guitar: Memphis Minnie's Blues</i>. San Francisco, California: City Lights Books. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872866218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872866218"><bdi>978-0872866218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+with+Guitar%3A+Memphis+Minnie%27s+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0872866218&rft.au=Paul+Garon&rft.au=Beth+Garon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Lewis2010" class="citation book cs1">Dave Lewis (2010). <i>Led Zeppelin: The 'Tight But Loose' Files</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-12220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-12220-9"><bdi>978-0-857-12220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Led+Zeppelin%3A+The+%27Tight+But+Loose%27+Files&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-857-12220-9&rft.au=Dave+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span> eBook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_(Blues/Flood)-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_(Blues/Flood)_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Noah (December 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4860785">"Singing the Blues about 1927's Delta Floods"</a>. <i>NPR Music: WWNO New Orleans</i>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR+Music%3A+WWNO+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=Singing+the+Blues+about+1927%27s+Delta+Floods&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4860785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessler_(Patton)-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessler_(Patton)_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2013" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, John (May 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328034444/http://www.kplu.org/post/high-water-everywhere-and-father-delta-blues">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'High Water Everywhere' and the father of Delta Blues"</a>. <i>KPLIU 88.5</i>. KPLU News for Seattle and the Northwest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kplu.org/post/high-water-everywhere-and-father-delta-blues">the original</a> on March 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KPLIU+88.5&rft.atitle=%27High+Water+Everywhere%27+and+the+father+of+Delta+Blues&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kplu.org%2Fpost%2Fhigh-water-everywhere-and-father-delta-blues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doc._Farms_(Patton)-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doc._Farms_(Patton)_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dockeryfarms.org/blues/charley-patton">"Charley Patton 1891-1934"</a>. <i>Dockery Farms Foundation</i>. 229 Highway 8, Cleveland, MS 38732<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dockery+Farms+Foundation&rft.atitle=Charley+Patton+1891-1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dockeryfarms.org%2Fblues%2Fcharley-patton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry_(Rising_Tide)-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_(Rising_Tide)_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2007" class="citation book cs1">Barry, John M. (2007-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lh0JevgRoKsC"><i>Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 185, 195–208, 275–281, 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416563327" title="Special:BookSources/9781416563327"><bdi>9781416563327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Tide%3A+The+Great+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927+and+How+It+Changed+America&rft.pages=185%2C+195-208%2C+275-281%2C+286&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.isbn=9781416563327&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh0JevgRoKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/song/high-water-for-charley-patton-mt0003633642">"Bob Dylan: High Water (For Charley Patton) – Song Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan%3A+High+Water+%28For+Charley+Patton%29+%E2%80%93+Song+Review&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Fhigh-water-for-charley-patton-mt0003633642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4838741">"Randy Newman, 'Louisiana 1927'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Npr.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Npr.org">Npr.org</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Npr.org&rft.atitle=Randy+Newman%2C+%27Louisiana+1927%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4838741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wendigowoods.bandcamp.com/album/the-delta-flood-prophet">"The Delta Flood Prophet, by Wendigo Woods"</a>. <i>Wendigowoods.bandcamp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wendigowoods.bandcamp.com&rft.atitle=The+Delta+Flood+Prophet%2C+by+Wendigo+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendigowoods.bandcamp.com%2Falbum%2Fthe-delta-flood-prophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1977" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Pete (1977). <i>Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-02122-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-02122-6"><bdi>978-0-195-02122-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep%27n+as+It+Come%3A+The+1927+Mississippi+River+Flood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-195-02122-6&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredge2007" class="citation book cs1">Eldredge, Charles C. (2007). <a href="/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry" title="John Steuart Curry"><i>John Steuart Curry's </i>Hoover and the Flood<i>: Painting Modern History</i></a>. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3087-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-3087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Steuart+Curry%27s+Hoover+and+the+Flood%3A+Painting+Modern+History&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3087-1&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Faulkner, William (1927). "Old Man" published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Palms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wild Palms">The Wild Palms</a></i> (1939) Random House, New York</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish2017" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Susan (2017). <i>The Flood Year 1927: A Cultural History</i>. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16883-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16883-8"><bdi>978-0-691-16883-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flood+Year+1927%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Princeton+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16883-8&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">Payne, John Barton</a> (1929). <i>The Mississippi Valley Flood Disaster of 1927. Official Report of the Relief Operations</i>. Washington DC: American National Red Cross. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1610750">1610750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Flood+Disaster+of+1927.+Official+Report+of+the+Relief+Operations&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=American+National+Red+Cross&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1610750&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=John+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRMS_Special_Report2007" class="citation book cs1">RMS Special Report (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204950/https://support.rms.com/publications/1927_MississippiFlood.pdf"><i>The 1927 Great Mississippi Flood: 80-Year Retrospective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco: Risk Management Solutions. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1927+Great+Mississippi+Flood%3A+80-Year+Retrospective&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Risk+Management+Solutions&rft.date=2007&rft.au=RMS+Special+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.rms.com%2Fpublications%2F1927_MississippiFlood.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevier2003" class="citation book cs1">Sevier, Richard P. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Madison Parish, Louisiana"><i>Madison Parish (Images of America)</i></a>. Charleston SC: Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-1510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-1510-6"><bdi>978-0-7385-1510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison+Parish+%28Images+of+America%29&rft.place=Charleston+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-1510-6&rft.aulast=Sevier&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Mississippi+Flood+of+1927" class="Z3988"></span> Contains over 200 pictures of the flood as it affected the Tensas Basin in eastern Louisiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lamadiso/madphotoflood.htm">Website with selected photographs from the book.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" class="extiw" title="commons:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mississippi_flood_1927">of the Mississippi River Flood of 1927</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> – Short silent film of the flood aftermath and relief efforts for the refugees. Produced by the US Army Signal Corps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33126.pdf">Disaster Response and Appointment of a Recovery Czar: The Executive Branch's Response to the Flood of 1927</a>, well-referenced CRS report.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322144504/http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital_archives/1927flood/">1927 Flood Photograph Collection</a>, Historic images of the flood from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Archives_and_History" title="Mississippi Department of Archives and History">Mississippi Department of Archives and History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040701184802/http://deltaculturalcenter.com/geography/">Delta Geography</a>, Information about how the Flood of 1927 influences the life of people who live in the Delta in the 21st century</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flood/timeline/timeline2.html"><i>Fatal Flood</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Experience">The American Experience</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flood/filmmore/ps_cac.html"><i>The Final Report of the Colored Advisory Commission</i></a>, Text of the report provided by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Experience">The American Experience</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215000000*/http://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/pa/esprit/2002/esp0203.pdf">U.S. Army Engineers periodical <i>ESPRIT</i>, March 2002</a> – Lead article relying heavily on John M. Barry's book; includes some photographs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/04/22/841997647/aftermath">"Aftermath"</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Throughline" title="Throughline">Throughline</a></i> (23 April 2020), <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>: On the flood and its effects</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnB_dOAflh8">YouTube Video of 1927 Mississippi Flood</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard">Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_U.S._Coast_Guard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missions_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Missions of the United States Coast Guard">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Intelligence" title="Coast Guard Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Investigative_Service" title="Coast Guard Investigative Service">Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Legal_Division" title="United States Coast Guard Legal Division">Legal Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Police" title="United States Coast Guard Police">Police</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Regional_responsibilities" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Regional_responsibilities" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_sector" title="United States Coast Guard sector">Sectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_stations" title="List of United States Coast Guard stations">Stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Air_Stations" title="United States Coast Guard Air Stations">Air Stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_radio_stations" title="List of United States Coast Guard radio stations">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Yard" title="United States Coast Guard Yard">Shipbuilding Yard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ice_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ice Center">National Ice Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Research and Development Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_people" title="List of United States Coast Guard people">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">Officer ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_ranks" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks">Enlisted ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_ratings" title="List of United States Coast Guard ratings">Ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">Coast Guard Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">Training Center Cape May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Center_Petaluma" title="Training Center Petaluma">Training Center Petaluma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Yorktown" title="Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown">Training Center Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Law_Enforcement_Academy" title="Maritime Law Enforcement Academy">Maritime Law Enforcement Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">Joint Maritime Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Aviation_Association" title="Coast Guard Aviation Association">Aviation Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">Chaplain of the Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_four-star_admirals" title="List of United States Coast Guard four-star admirals">Four-star admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_vice_admirals" title="List of United States Coast Guard vice admirals">Three-star admirals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Uniforms of the United States Coast Guard">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter" title="United States Coast Guard Cutter">Cutters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">List of cutters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard">Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Act" title="Coast Guard Act">Coast Guard Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_City" title="Coast Guard City">Coast Guard City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service" title="United States Life-Saving Service">Life-Saving Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service" title="United States Lighthouse Service">Lighthouse Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_Inspection_Service" title="Steamboat Inspection Service">Steamboat Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Navigation" title="Bureau of Navigation">Bureau of Navigation</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Coast_Guard_Ensign" title="United States Coast Guard">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Service_Mark_("Racing_Stripe")" title="United States Coast Guard">Racing Stripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Band" title="United States Coast Guard Band">United States Coast Guard Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Ceremonial_Honor_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard">United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Pipe_Band" title="United States Coast Guard Pipe Band">United States Coast Guard Pipe Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Week" title="Fleet Week">Fleet Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">Coast Guard service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">Coast Guardsman's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutters" title="United States Coast Guard Cutters">United States Coast Guard Cutters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Bears" title="Coast Guard Bears">Coast Guard Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARS" title="SPARS">SPARS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles and operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">West Indies anti-piracy operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingham_incident" title="Ingham incident"><i>Ingham</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pig_Point" title="Battle of Pig Point">Battle of Pig Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston_Harbor_(1862)" title="Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)">Battle of Galveston Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Portland_Harbor" title="Battle of Portland Harbor">Battle of Portland Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Relief_Expedition" title="Overland Relief Expedition">Overland Relief Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Battle of Cárdenas">Battle of Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol" title="International Ice Patrol">Ice Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_operations_during_World_War_I" title="United States Navy operations during World War I">1st Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Mississippi Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Patrol" title="Rum Patrol">Rum Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">2nd Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Squadron_One" title="Coast Guard Squadron One">Coast Guard Squadron One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Time" title="Operation Market Time">Operation Market Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealords" title="Operation Sealords">Operation Sealords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968" title="Action of 1 March 1968">Action of 1 March 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom HOA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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