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accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Circumflex</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Circumflex" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Circumflex" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Circumflex" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the diacritic used to modify other characters. For use as an independent, spacing character, see <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">Caret (proofreading)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">Caret (computing)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Circumflex" title="Special:EditPage/Circumflex">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Circumflex%22">"Circumflex"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Circumflex%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Circumflex%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Circumflex%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Circumflex%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Circumflex%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The circumflex (◌̂) is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> scripts that is also used in the written forms of many languages and in various <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> schemes. It received its English name from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: circumflexus "bent around"—a translation of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: περισπωμένη (<a href="/wiki/Perispomenon" title="Perispomenon">perispōménē</a>). <table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̂</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Circumflex (diacritic)</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0302 ◌̂ COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;">^</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">Circumflex (symbol)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005E ^ <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a> (freestanding symbol, see <a href="#Freestanding">below</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02C6 ˆ <a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a> (IPA, UPA etc. symbol) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF3E ＾ <a href="/wiki/Fullwidth_and_halfwidth_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullwidth and halfwidth forms">FULLWIDTH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a> (freestanding)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Different from</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Different from</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0302 ◌̂ COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (diacritic) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2038 ‸ <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">CARET</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2227 ∧ <a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">LOGICAL AND</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Related</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See also</th><td class="infobox-data">Similar free-standing accent symbols: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0060 ` <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">GRAVE ACCENT</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+007E ~ <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">TILDE</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00B4 ´ <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ACUTE ACCENT</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> The circumflex in the Latin script is <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron</a>-shaped (<big>◌̂</big>), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (<big>◌̃</big>) or like an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a> (<big>◌̑</big>). For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> are available. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the circumflex, like other diacritics, is sometimes retained on <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> that used it in the original language (for example <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Crème brûlée">crème brûlée</a>). In mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, the circumflex diacritic is sometimes used to denote a function and is called a <a href="/wiki/Hat_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat operator">hat operator</a>. A free-standing version of the circumflex symbol, ^, is encoded in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and has become known as <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret</a> and has acquired special uses, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">original caret</a>, <big>‸</big>, is used in <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> to indicate insertion. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Uses">1 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Diacritic_on_vowels">1.1 Diacritic on vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pitch">1.1.1 Pitch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Length">1.1.2 Length</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stress">1.1.3 Stress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vowel_quality">1.1.4 Vowel quality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Nasality">1.1.5 Nasality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_articulatory_features">1.1.6 Other articulatory features</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Visual_discrimination_between_homographs">1.1.7 Visual discrimination between homographs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Diacritic_on_consonants">1.2 Diacritic on consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation">1.3 Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#English">1.3.1 English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#French">1.3.2 French</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Italian">1.3.3 Italian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Latin">1.3.4 Latin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Norwegian">1.3.5 Norwegian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Portuguese">1.3.6 Portuguese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Welsh">1.3.7 Welsh</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mathematics">1.4 Mathematics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Music">1.5 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Circumflex_below">2 Circumflex below</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Unicode">3 Unicode</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Freestanding_circumflex">3.1 Freestanding circumflex</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Typing_the_circumflex_accent">3.2 Typing the circumflex accent</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritic_on_vowels">Diacritic on vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diacritic on vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pitch">Pitch</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pitch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">Ancient Greek accent</a></div> The circumflex has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">polytonic orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, where it marked <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> that were pronounced with high and then falling <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a>. In a similar vein, the circumflex is today used to mark <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. This is also how it is used in <a href="/wiki/Bamanankan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamanankan language">Bamanankan</a> (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Háček">háček</a>, which signifies a rising tone on a syllable). The shape of the circumflex was originally a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accents</a> (^), as it marked a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> contracted from two vowels: an acute-accented vowel and a non-accented vowel (all non-accented syllables in Ancient Greek were once marked with a grave accent).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Later a variant similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (~) was also used. <table align="center" style="font-size: large"> <tbody><tr> <td>νόος </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding: 1em; text-align: center">contraction → (<a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">synaeresis</a>) </td> <td>ν-´ō`-ς = νō͂ς = νοῦς </td></tr> <tr> <td>nóos </td> <td>n-´ō`-s = nō̂s = noûs </td></tr></tbody></table> The term "circumflex" is also used to describe similar tonal accents that result from combining two vowels in related languages such as Sanskrit and Latin. Since <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a> instead of a pitch accent, the circumflex has been replaced with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> in the modern monotonic orthography. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Length">Length</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Length" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The circumflex accent marks a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of several languages. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, the circumflex marks a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> with a lengthened pronunciation, often arising from <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> due to the loss of ⟨g⟩ from the original <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> form. Examples of circumflex use in Afrikaans are sê "to say", wêreld "world", môre "tomorrow", brûe "bridges".</li> <li>In the transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, the circumflex indicates a long vowel resulting from an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> contraction.</li> <li>In western <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_language_(Algonquian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk language (Algonquian)">Sauk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteaux language">Saulteaux</a>, the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels [aː eː iː oː~uː] either with a circumflex ⟨â ê î ô⟩ or with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> ⟨ā ē ī ō⟩.</li> <li>The PDA orthography for <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> uses circumflex-bearing vowels for length.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a>, â î û are used to represent [aː, iː, uː]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. In some varieties, such as in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>, vowels with a circumflex are long: fête [fɛːt] (party) is longer than faite [fɛt]. This <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">length compensates</a> for a deleted consonant, usually s. French words with deleted s include châtain and hôpital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Standard Friulian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">romanization</a>, the circumflex is used to indicate long vowels. The <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</a> system, which is based on Nihon-shiki system, also uses the circumflex. The Traditional and Modified forms of the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a> system use the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> for this purpose, though some users may use the circumflex as a substitute if there are difficulties inputting the macron, as the two diacritics are visually similar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> romanization system for <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, â is used to represent [ɑː], ê [ae] in first series and [ɛː] in second series, and ô for [ɔː]. There are also additional vowels which are <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> such as aô [ao], âu [ʔɨw], âm [ɑm], ŏâm [oəm] and aôh [ɑh].</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji Kurdish</a>, ⟨ê î û⟩ are used to represent /eː iː uː/.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikasuki">Mikasuki</a>, circumflexed vowels indicate a rising and falling pitch or tone.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a>, constructed languages of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, all long vowels are transcribed with the circumflex. In <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>, another of Tolkien's languages, long vowels in <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">polysyllabic</a> words take the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, but a circumflex in monosyllables, to mark a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">non-phonemic</a> extra lengthening.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress">Stress</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/220px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/220px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/330px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/440px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bilingual sign showing the use of the circumflex in Welsh as an indicator of length and stress: parêd [paˈreːd] "parade", as opposed to pared [ˈparɛd] "partition wall".</figcaption></figure> The circumflex accent marks the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed vowel</a> of a word in some languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> â, ê, and ô are stressed <a href="/wiki/Close_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Close vowels">close vowels</a>, opposed to their open counterparts á, é, and ó (see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: the circumflex, due to its function as a disambiguating lengthening sign (see above), is used in polysyllabic words with word-final long vowels. The circumflex thus indicates the stressed syllable (which would normally be on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate syllable</a>), since in Welsh, non-stressed vowels may not normally be long. This happens notably where the singular ends in an a, to, e.g. singular camera, drama, opera, sinema → plural camerâu, dramâu, operâu, sinemâu; however, it also occurs in singular nominal forms, e.g. arwyddocâd; in verbal forms, e.g. deffrônt, cryffânt; etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_quality">Vowel quality</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel quality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, it is used on an e to show that the letter is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">open</a> instead of closed.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the sound represented in Bulgarian by the Cyrillic letter ъ (er goljam) is usually transliterated as â in systems used prior to 1989. Although called a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (misleadingly suggesting an unstressed lax sound), it is more accurately described as a <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel#Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">mid back unrounded vowel</a> /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>/. Unlike <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but similar to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>, it can be stressed.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> romanized <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, ê is used to represent the sound /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ in isolation, which occurs sometimes as an exclamation.</li> <li>In French, the letter ê is normally pronounced <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open</a>, like è. In the usual pronunciations of central and northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, ô is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close</a>, like eau; in Southern France, no distinction is made between <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open</a> o.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a>, î and û are used to mark <a href="/wiki/Superclose_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Superclose vowel">superclose vowels</a> /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> â /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>/, ê /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/, and ô /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ are stressed high vowels, in opposition to á /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/, é /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, and ó /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/, which are stressed low vowels.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, the circumflex is used on the vowels â and î to mark the vowel /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/, similar to Russian <a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">yery</a>. The names of these accented letters are â din a and î din i, respectively. (The letter â only appears in the middle of words; thus, its <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> version appears only in all-capitals inscriptions.)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, the circumflex (vokáň) on ô indicates a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ʊɔ]</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> the circumflex is used to indicate the phonemes /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a(ː)</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ(ː)</a>/ (â), /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ(ː)</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ(ː)</a>/ (ô) and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ(ː)</a>/ (û) in dialects and regional accents where these are distinct from /<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ(ː)</a>/ (a), /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø(ː)</a>/ (ö) or /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o(ː)</a>/ (o or å) and /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ(ː)</a>/ (u) respectively, unlike Standard Swedish where [a] and [ɑː], [ɵ] and [ʉː] are short and long allophones of the phonemes /a/ and /ʉ/ respectively, and where <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> short /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ (ŏ) has merged with /o(ː)/ from Old Swedish /ɑː/ (ā, Modern Swedish <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>) instead of centralizing to [ɞ] or fronting to [ɶ] and remaining a distinct phoneme (ô) as in the dialects in question. Different methods can be found in different literature, so some author may use æ instead of â, or use â where others use å̂ (å with a circumflex; for a sound between /ɑ(ː)/ and /o(ː)/).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> â /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/, ê /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/, and ô /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ are higher vowels than a /<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/, e /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, and o /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/. The circumflex can appear together with a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language#Notational_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tone mark</a> on the same vowel, as in the word Việt. Vowels with circumflex are considered separate letters from the base vowels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasality">Nasality</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> m̂ n̂ can be used to indicate nasalisation of a vowel. Also, the circumflex can be over the vowel to indicate nasalisation. In either case, the circumflex is rare.</li> <li>In several <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_languages" title="New Caledonian languages">indigenous languages of New Caledonia</a>, a circumflex indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasality on vowels</a>: e.g. the orthography <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9" title="Xârâcùù">Xârâcùù</a> contrasts its <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowels</a> a /<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/, e /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, i /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, u /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ with its <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> â /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a>/, ê /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a>/, î /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>/, ô /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>/, û /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a>/ – with duplicated variants indicating length (e.g. êê /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a>/, etc.). Due to typographical shortage of characters, some nasal vowels in Xârâcùù are encoded with an <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut</a>: e.g. ä /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ʌ̃</a>/, ü /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɨ̃</a>/).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_articulatory_features">Other articulatory features</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other articulatory features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a>, ê ô [eː, oː] denote both length and height.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, the circumflex accent (pakupyâ) is used to represent the simultaneous occurrence of a stress and a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> on the last vowel of a word. Though not part of the official alphabet, possible combinations can include: â, ê, î, ô, and û. But in the case of <a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a>, the circumflex accent is only used as a pure unstressed glottal stop. It works as a combination of acute and grave accent; with the case of letters é and ó which represents the sound of /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ respectively and can be shown as ê and ô if it contains a glottal stop.<a href="#cite_note-expr-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-tagalog-5">[5]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialect">Romagnol</a>, they are used to represent the diphthongs /eə, oə/, whose specific articulation varies between dialects, e.g. sêl [seəl~seɛl~sæɛl~sɛɘl] "salt".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi">Old Tupi</a>, the circumflex changed a vowel into a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>: î [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], û [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], and ŷ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a>].</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, the letter ŷ [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is sometimes used to transliterate the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> ы.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the circumflex over a and u is sometimes used in words of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> derivation to indicate when a preceding consonant (k, g, l) is to be pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> plosive; [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>] (kâğıt, gâvur, mahkûm, Gülgûn). The circumflex over i is used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">nisba</a> suffix (millî, dinî).<a href="#cite_note-tdk-6">[6]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, the circumflex over a vowel (a, e, i, o, o͘, u) or a syllabic nasal (m, ng) indicate the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> number 5, traditionally called Yang Level or Light Level (陽平). The <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a> is usually low rising. For example, ê [e˩˧], n̂g [ŋ̩˩˧].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_discrimination_between_homographs">Visual discrimination between homographs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual discrimination between homographs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> the circumflex can be used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, and it is called the "genitive sign" or "length sign". Examples include sam "am" versus sâm "alone". For example, the phrase "I am alone" may be written Ja sam sâm to improve clarity. Another example: da "yes", dâ "gives".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> orthography, düzeltme işareti "correction mark" over a, i and u marks a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> to disambiguate similar words. For example, compare ama "but" and âmâ "blind", şura 'that place, there' and şûra "council".<a href="#cite_note-tdk-6">[6]</a> In general, circumflexes occur only in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> as vowel length in early Turkish was not phonemic. However, this standard was never applied entirely consistently<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and by the late 20th century many publications had stopped using circumflexes almost entirely.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. The circumflex is known as hirnod "long sign" or acen grom "crooked accent", but more usually and colloquially as to bach "little roof". It lengthens a stressed vowel (a, e, i, o, u, w, y), and is used particularly to differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a>; e.g. tan and tân, ffon and ffôn, gem and gêm, cyn and cŷn, or gwn and gŵn. However the circumflex is only required on elongated vowels if the same word exists without the circumflex - "nos" (night), for example, has an elongated "o" sound but a circumflex is not required as the same word with a shortened "o" doesn't exist.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">orthography of French</a> has a few pairs of <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> that are only distinguished by the circumflex: e.g. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/du#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:du">du</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dy]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">partitive</a> article) vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:dû">dû</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dy]</a> 'due'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritic_on_consonants">Diacritic on consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diacritic on consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, the romanized writing of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, ẑ, ĉ, and ŝ are, albeit rarely, used to represent zh [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a>], ch [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʂʰ</a>], and sh [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>], respectively.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, the circumflex is used on ĉ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>], ĝ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>], ĥ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], ĵ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>], ŝ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]. Each indicates a different consonant from the unaccented form, and is considered a separate letter for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a>.)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a>, ŵ denotes the <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa</a>, ŵ (present for example in the name of the country <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malaŵi</a>) used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/; nowadays, however, most Chichewa-speakers pronounce it as a regular [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>].<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nias_language#Phonology" title="Nias language">Nias</a>, ŵ denotes the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>].<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>In the African language <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>, a circumflex below d, l, n, and t is used to represent dental consonants: ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ.</li> <li>In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> introduced the circumflex accent in Spanish to mark that a ch or x were pronounced /k/ and /ɡs/ respectively (instead of /tʃ/ and /x/, which were the default values): châracteres, exâcto (spelled today caracteres, exacto). This usage was quickly abandoned during the same century, once the RAE decided to use ch and x with one assigned pronunciation only: /tʃ/ and /ɡs/ respectively.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> (according to the Pan-Domari Alphabet orthography), the circumflex is used on the letters <ĉ ĝ ĵ ŝ ẑ> to represent the sounds of /t͡ʃ ɣ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ/. It is also used above vowels to indicate length.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation">Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 18th century <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, before the cheap <a href="/wiki/Penny_Post" title="Penny Post">Penny Post</a> and while paper was taxed, the combination <a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a> was occasionally shortened to ô when the gh was not pronounced, to save space: thô for though, thorô for thorough, and brôt for brought. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex in French</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a>, the circumflex generally marks the former presence of a consonant (usually s) that was <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletion (phonology)">deleted</a> and is no longer pronounced. (The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> words, and consequently the words derived from them in English, frequently retain the lost consonant.) For example: <ul><li>ancêtre "ancestor"</li> <li>hôpital "hospital"</li> <li>hôtel "hostel"</li> <li>forêt "forest"</li> <li>rôtir "to roast"</li> <li>côte "rib, coast, slope"</li> <li>pâté "paste"</li> <li>août "August"</li> <li>dépôt (from the Latin depositum 'deposit', but now referring to both a deposit or a storehouse of any kind)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Some <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> (or near-homophones in some varieties of French) are distinguished by the circumflex. However, â, ê and ô distinguish different sounds in most varieties of French, for instance cote <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔt]</a> "level, mark, code number" and côte <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kot]</a> "rib, coast, hillside". In handwritten French, for example in taking notes, an m with a circumflex (m̂) is an informal abbreviation for même "same". In February 2016, the Académie française decided to remove the circumflex from about 2,000 words, a plan that had been outlined since 1990. However, usage of the circumflex would not be considered incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, î is occasionally used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with -io <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[jo]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> mark. Other possible spellings are -ii and obsolete -j or -ij. For example, the plural of vario <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvaːrjo]</a> "various" can be spelt vari, varî, varii; the pronunciation will usually stay <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvaːri]</a> with only one <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[i]</a>. The plural forms of principe <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈprintʃipe]</a> "prince" and of principio <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[prinˈtʃiːpjo]</a> "principle, beginning" can be confusing. In pronunciation, they are distinguished by whether the stress is on the first or on the second syllable, but principi would be a correct spelling of both. When necessary to avoid ambiguity, it is advised to write the plural of principio as principî or as principii.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin">Latin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>, circumflex was used most often to disambiguate between forms of the same word that used a long vowel, for example ablative of first declension and genitive of fourth declension, or between second and third conjugation verbs. It was also used for the interjection ô.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norwegian">Norwegian</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norwegian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, the circumflex differentiates fôr "lining, fodder" from the preposition for. From a historical point of view, the circumflex also indicates that the word used to be spelled with the letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> – for example, fôr is derived from fóðr, lêr 'leather' from leðr, and vêr "weather, ram" from veðr (both lêr and vêr only occur in the <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> spelling; in <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> these words are spelled lær and vær). After the ð disappeared, it was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> (fodr, vedr). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portuguese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Circumflexes are used in many common words of the language, such as the name of the language, português. Usually, â, ê and ô appear before nasals (m and n) in <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> words, like higiênico but in many cases in European Portuguese e and o will be marked with an acute accent (e.g. higiénico) since the vowel quality is open (ɛ or ɔ) in this standard variety. In early literacy classes in school, it is commonly nicknamed chapéu (hat). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welsh">Welsh</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography#Diacritics" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh orthography § Diacritics</a></div> The circumflex (ˆ) is mostly used to mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, so â, ê, î, ô, û, ŵ, ŷ are always long. However, not all long vowels are marked with a circumflex, so the letters a, e, i, o, u, w, y with no circumflex do not necessarily represent short vowels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mathematics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hat_notation" title="Hat notation">Hat notation</a></div> In mathematics, the circumflex is used to modify variable names; it is usually read "hat", e.g., <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18d95a7845e4e16ffb7e18ab37a208d0ab18e0e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.33ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18d95a7845e4e16ffb7e18ab37a208d0ab18e0e0" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is "x hat". The <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> of a function ƒ is often denoted by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14ce989fd75da938ec6f95a0cdb71037b23a11cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.699ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.699ex;height: 3.176ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14ce989fd75da938ec6f95a0cdb71037b23a11cb" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . In geometry, a hat is sometimes used for an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a>. For instance, the angles <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.776ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mo>^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7dafbcc15480bd1c88dc4177d1c9312e9ba30599" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.273ex;height: 3.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7dafbcc15480bd1c88dc4177d1c9312e9ba30599" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . In vector notation, a hat above a letter indicates a <a href="/wiki/Unit_vector" title="Unit vector">unit vector</a> (a dimensionless <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vector</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)" title="Magnitude (mathematics)">magnitude</a> of 1). For instance, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ı</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc750c09cac51d6e994499b2dd9a183d6af6cd65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.214ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.214ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc750c09cac51d6e994499b2dd9a183d6af6cd65" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a5451354f837d5d89774e1de386b44a903d929d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.411ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a5451354f837d5d89774e1de386b44a903d929d" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/573d5abb58f8aeabf816afe06c716ecbbc6190a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.279ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.279ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/573d5abb58f8aeabf816afe06c716ecbbc6190a7" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  stands for a unit vector in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/X-axis" class="mw-redirect" title="X-axis">x-axis</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, the hat is used to denote an <a href="/wiki/Estimator" title="Estimator">estimator</a> or an estimated value, as opposed to its theoretical counterpart. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">errors and residuals</a>, the hat in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59e08078de1fc0acc5c2a08448127049373875d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.356ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.356ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59e08078de1fc0acc5c2a08448127049373875d" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  indicates an observable estimate (the residual) of an unobservable quantity called <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.083ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" data-alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  (the statistical error). It is read x-hat or x-roof, where x represents the character under the hat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, a circumflex above a numeral is used to make reference to a particular <a href="/wiki/Degree_(music)" title="Degree (music)">scale degree</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron-shaped</a> symbol placed above a note indicates <a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">marcato</a>, a special form of emphasis or <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a>. In music for <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, a narrow inverted chevron indicates that a note should be performed up-bow. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Circumflex_below">Circumflex below</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Circumflex below" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> A circumflex below a vowel (for example, ⟨ḙ⟩) is a notation used by the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> to indicate a raised variant of the vowel. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode </h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unicode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><noscript><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" data-alt="<?>" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters in this section correctly.</div></div> </div> Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with circumflex" as <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining character</a> facility (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0302 ◌̂ <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+032D ◌̭ <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW</a>) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and thus are not shown in the table. <div class="nounderlines" style="font-size:160%; padding:.3em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #fafafa); clear:both; color:var(--color-base, black);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Circumflex <big>◌̂</big> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â â</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">Ĉ ĉ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Ê ê</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">Ĝ ĝ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">Ĥ ĥ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î î</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">Ĵ ĵ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">Ô ô</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ố">Ố ố</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ồ">Ồ ồ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ổ">Ổ ổ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ỗ">Ỗ ỗ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ộ">Ộ ộ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝ ŝ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">Û û</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŵ">Ŵ ŵ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂ x̂</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŷ">Ŷ ŷ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%90" title="Ẑ">Ẑ ẑ</a></li></ul></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritic</a> περισπωμένη, perispōménē, 'twisted around' is encoded as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0342 ͂ COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (◌̃) or an inverted <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> (◌̑). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freestanding_circumflex">Freestanding circumflex </h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Freestanding circumflex" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">Caret (computing)</a></div> There is a similar but larger character, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005E ^ CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&Hat;), which was originally intended to emulate the typewriter's <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> function using backspace and overtype. Nowadays, this glyph is more often called a <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> instead (though the term has a long-standing meaning as a <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreader's</a> mark, with <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">its own codepoints</a> in Unicode). It is, however, unsuitable for use as a diacritic on modern computer systems, as it is a spacing character. Two other spacing circumflex characters in Unicode are the smaller <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter" title="Modifier letter">modifier letters</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+02C6 ˆ MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A788 ꞈ MODIFIER LETTER LOW CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> notations or as a sample of the diacritic in isolation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing_the_circumflex_accent">Typing the circumflex accent</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Typing the circumflex accent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/330px-KB_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="276"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/330px-KB_France.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/495px-KB_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/660px-KB_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> layout with 'combining circumflex' as a <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> (beside <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">P</kbd>) </figcaption></figure> In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with a circumflex, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols. For users with other keyboards, see <a href="/wiki/QWERTY#Multilingual_variants" title="QWERTY">QWERTY#Multilingual variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caret_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caret (disambiguation)">Caret (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">Macron (diacritic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Turned v</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm">A Greek Grammar for Colleges</a>. New York: American Book Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126022458/http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2017-10-15 – via ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Grammar+for+Colleges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fsmyth%2Fgrammar%2Fhtml%2Ftoc_uni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988">: "155. The ancients regarded the grave originally as belonging to every syllable not accented with the acute or circumflex; and some Mss. show this in practice, e.g. πὰγκρὰτής. [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston2006" class="citation cs1">Thackston, Wheeler M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf">Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings</a> (PDF). p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616142342/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2015. 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Pilipino Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227075213/http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pilipino+Express&rft.atitle=The+Basics+of+Filipino+Pronunciation%3A+Part+2+of+3%3A+Accent+Marks&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilipino-express.com%2Fhistory-a-culture%2Fin-other-words%2F1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagalog-5"><a href="#cite_ref-tagalog_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf">Tagalog Reading Booklet</a> (PDF). Simon & Schister's Pimsleur. 2007. p. 5–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog+Reading+Booklet&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schister%27s+Pimsleur&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supadu.com%2Fimages%2Fckfinder%2F26%2Fpdfs%2FPIMSLEUR%2FTagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdk-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tdk_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdk_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221180227/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE">"Düzeltme İşareti"</a> [Correction Mark]. Türk Dil Kurumu (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE">the original</a> on February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+Dil+Kurumu&rft.atitle=D%C3%BCzeltme+%C4%B0%C5%9Fareti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdk.gov.tr%2FTR%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3FF6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Genitivni znak". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpskijezickiatelje.com/pravopis:ostali-znaci#toc2">Pravopis Srpskog Jezika</a> (in Serbian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121610/http://www.srpskijezickiatelje.com/pravopis:ostali-znaci#toc2">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2011-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genitivni+znak&rft.btitle=Pravopis+Srpskog+Jezika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srpskijezickiatelje.com%2Fpravopis%3Aostali-znaci%23toc2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Geoffrey (1999). The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823856-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823856-8"><bdi>0-19-823856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+Language+Reform%3A+A+Catastrophic+Success&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-823856-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornfilt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaklin_Kornfilt" title="Jaklin Kornfilt">Kornfilt, Jaklin</a> (1997). Turkish. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00010-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00010-6"><bdi>0-415-00010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-00010-6&rft.aulast=Kornfilt&rft.aufirst=Jaklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/">"Malawi em português: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi?"</a>. DicionarioeGramatica.com.br (in Portuguese). 2015-10-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/">the original</a> on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2015-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br&rft.atitle=Malawi+em+portugu%C3%AAs%3A+Mal%C3%A1ui%2C+Malaui%2C+Malau%C3%AD%2C+Malavi+ou+Mal%C3%A1vi%3F&rft.date=2015-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdicionarioegramatica.com.br%2F2015%2F10%2F25%2Fmalawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalawaHarefaSilitonga1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halawa, T.; Harefa, A.; Silitonga, M. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3607/1/Struktur%20bahasa%20nias.pdf">Struktur Bahasa Nias</a> [Nias Language Structure] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306223647/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3607/1/Struktur%20bahasa%20nias.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2021-12-11 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktur+Bahasa+Nias&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa%2C+Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Halawa&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Harefa%2C+A.&rft.au=Silitonga%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3607%2F1%2FStruktur%2520bahasa%2520nias.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t/23875">"Dépôt"</a>. Larousse (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130114714/http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t/23875">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larousse&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9p%C3%B4t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fdictionnaires%2Ffrancais%2Fd%25C3%25A9p%25C3%25B4t%2F23875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35496893">"End of the Circumflex? Changes in French Spelling Cause Uproar"</a>. BBC News. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080028/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35496893">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Circumflex%3F+Changes+in+French+Spelling+Cause+Uproar&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35496893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenbakkers" class="citation conference cs1">Steenbakkers, Piet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hafniactaconvent00inteuoft/page/924/mode/2up">Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Hafniensis</a>. Eighth International Congress of neo-Latin Studies. Copenhagen. pp. 925–934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Acta+Conventus+Neo-Latini+Hafniensis&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=925-934&rft.aulast=Steenbakkers&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhafniactaconvent00inteuoft%2Fpage%2F924%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&oldid=1257423028">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&oldid=1257423028</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 20:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappie_(skryfteken)" title="Kappie (skryfteken) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kappie (skryfteken)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="مكتنفة (علامة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتنفة (علامة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accento_circumflexo" title="Accento circumflexo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Accento circumflexo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentu_circunflexu" title="Acentu circunflexu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acentu circunflexu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Цыркумфлекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_kognek" title="Tired kognek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tired kognek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circumflex" title="Accent circumflex – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accent circumflex" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ka_(diakritick%C3%BD_znak)" title="Stříška (diakritický znak) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stříška (diakritický znak)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acen_grom" title="Acen grom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acen grom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkumflex" title="Zirkumflex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirkumflex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflejo" title="Acento circunflejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acento circunflejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88apelo_(supersigno)" title="Ĉapelo (supersigno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉapelo (supersigno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercunflehu" title="Cercunflehu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cercunflehu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="هشتک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هشتک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circonflexe" title="Accent circonflexe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accent circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breedteken" title="Breedteken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Breedteken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflexo" title="Acento circunflexo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acento circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Циркумфлекс темдег – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Циркумфлекс темдег" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EC%A0%88_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8" title="곡절 부호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곡절 부호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonflexo" title="Cirkonflexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cirkonflexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonflesso" title="Circonflesso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circonflesso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%92_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99)" title="גג (סימן דיאקריטי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גג (סימן דיאקריטי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntuk_a_peka_turung" title="Puntuk a peka turung – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Puntuk a peka turung" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumflekss" title="Cirkumflekss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cirkumflekss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleksas" title="Cirkumfleksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cirkumfleksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ztet%C5%91" title="Háztető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Háztető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendro_satroka" title="Tendro satroka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendro satroka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunflexo" title="Circunflexo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circonflexe" title="Accent circonflexe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Accent circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サーカムフレックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーカムフレックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accint_circonflexe" title="Accint circonflexe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Accint circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcent_przeci%C4%85g%C5%82y" title="Akcent przeciągły – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akcent przeciągły" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflexo" title="Acento circunflexo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acento circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circumflex" title="Accent circumflex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Accent circumflex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accentu_circunflessu" title="Accentu circunflessu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Accentu circunflessu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circumflex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vok%C3%A1%C5%88" title="Vokáň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vokáň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirk%C5%AFmfleks" title="Cirkůmfleks – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cirkůmfleks" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Circumflex" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleksi" title="Sirkumfleksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirkumfleksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumflex_(typografi)" title="Cirkumflex (typografi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkumflex (typografi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzeltme_i%C5%9Fareti" title="Düzeltme işareti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Düzeltme işareti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconfleso" title="Sirconfleso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sirconfleso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toetea_(diyacritike)" title="Toetea (diyacritike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toetea (diyacritike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E6%8A%91%E7%AC%A6" title="揚抑符 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="揚抑符" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 20:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 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