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William Blackwood, Edinburgh and T. Cadell, Strand, London.<br />(With a portrait of 16th century Scottish historian [[George Buchanan]] on the cover) | editor = <!-- up to |editor5= --> | editor_title = <!-- up to |editor_title5= --> | previous_editor = | staff_writer = | photographer = | category = [[Miscellany]] | frequency = monthly | format = | circulation = | publisher = | paid_circulation = | unpaid_circulation = | circulation_year = | total_circulation = | founder = [[William Blackwood]] | founded = 1817 | firstdate = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | finaldate = {{End date|1980}} | finalnumber = | company = [[Blackwood (publishing house)|Blackwood]] | country = United Kingdom | based = Edinburgh, Scotland | language = English | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | issn = 0006-436X | oclc = }} '''''Blackwood's Magazine''''' was a British [[magazine]] and [[miscellany]] printed between 1817 and 1980. It was founded by the '''[[publisher]] [[William Blackwood]]''' and was originally called the ''Edinburgh Monthly Magazine''. The first number appeared in April 1817 under the editorship of [[Thomas Pringle]] and James Cleghorn. The journal was unsuccessful and Blackwood fired Pringle and Cleghorn and relaunched the journal as '''''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine''''' under his own editorship. The journal eventually adopted the shorter name and from the relaunch often referred to itself as '''''Maga'''''. The title page bore the image of [[George Buchanan (humanist)|George Buchanan]], a 16th-century Scottish historian, religious and political thinker. ==Description== ''Blackwood's'' was conceived as a rival to the [[British Whig Party|Whig]]-supporting ''[[Edinburgh Review]].'' Compared to the rather staid tone of ''[[The Quarterly Review]]'', the other main [[Tory]] work, ''Maga'' was ferocious and combative. This is due primarily to the work of its principal writer [[John Wilson (Scottish writer)|John Wilson]], who wrote under the [[pseudonym]] of Christopher North. Never trusted with the editorship, he nevertheless wrote much of the magazine along with the other major contributors [[John Gibson Lockhart]] and [[William Maginn]]. Their mixture of satire, reviews and criticism both barbed and insightful was extremely popular and the magazine quickly gained a large audience.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} For all its conservative credentials the magazine published the works of radicals of British [[romanticism]] such as [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], as well as early feminist essays by American [[John Neal (writer)|John Neal]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 080-5-7723-08 | page = 99}}</ref> Through Wilson the magazine was a keen supporter of [[William Wordsworth]], parodied the [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Byron]]mania common in [[Europe]] and angered [[John Keats]], [[James Henry Leigh Hunt|Leigh Hunt]] and [[William Hazlitt]] by referring to their works as the "Cockney School of Poetry". The controversial style of the magazine got it into trouble when, in 1821, John Scott, the editor of the ''[[London Magazine]]'', fought a duel with Jonathan Henry Christie over [[libel]]lous statements in the magazine. John Scott was shot and killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgianindex.net/publications/newspapers/news_sources.html|title=Newspapers and publishers at dawn of 19th century|website=www.georgianindex.net|access-date=2009-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707041405/http://www.georgianindex.net/publications/newspapers/news_sources.html|archive-date=2015-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the mid-1820s Lockhart and Maginn had departed to London, the former to edit the ''Quarterly'' and the latter to write for a range of journals, though principally for ''[[Fraser's Magazine]]''. After this, John Wilson was by far the most important writer for the magazine and gave it much of its tone, popularity and notoriety. In this period ''Blackwood's'' became the first British literary journal to publish work by an American with an 1824 essay by [[John Neal (writer)|John Neal]] that got reprinted across Europe.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 080-5-7723-08 | page = 71}}</ref> Over the following year and a half the magazine published Neal's ''[[American Writers]]'' series, which is the first written history of American literature.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Pattee | editor-first = Fred Lewis | last = Pattee | first = Fred Lewis | author-link = Fred Lewis Pattee | chapter = Preface | page = v | title = [[American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)]] | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham, North Carolina | year = 1937 | oclc = 464953146}}</ref> Blackwood's relationship with Neal eroded after publishing Neal's novel ''[[Brother Jonathan (novel)|Brother Jonathan]]'' at a great financial loss in 1825.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-8057-7230-8 | page = 73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lease | first = Benjamin | title = That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago| year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-226-46969-0 | page = 59}}</ref> By the 1840s when Wilson was contributing less, its circulation declined. Aside from essays it also printed a good deal of [[horror fiction]] and this is regarded as an important influence on later Victorian writers such as [[Charles Dickens]], the [[Brontë sisters]], and [[Edgar Allan Poe]]; Poe even satirised the magazine's obsessions in "[[Loss of Breath (tale)|Loss of Breath]]: A Tale A La ''Blackwood''," and "[[A Predicament (short story)#How to Write a Blackwood Article|How to Write a Blackwood Article]]." The four surviving Brontë siblings were avid readers and mimicked the style and content in their ''[[The Young Men's Magazine|Young Men's Magazine]]'' and other writings in their childhood [[paracosm]], including [[Glass Town]] and Angria.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} The magazine never regained its early success but it still held a dedicated readership throughout the [[British Empire]] amongst those in the [[Colonial Service]].{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} One late nineteenth century triumph was the first publication of [[Joseph Conrad]]'s ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' in the February, March, and April 1899 issues of the magazine.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} Important contributors included: [[George Eliot]], [[Joseph Conrad]], [[John Buchan]], [[George Tomkyns Chesney]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Felicia Hemans]], [[James Hogg]], [[Charles Neaves]], [[Thomas de Quincey]], [[Elizabeth Clementine Stedman]], [[William Mudford]], [[Margaret Oliphant]], [[Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)|Hugh Clifford]], [[Mary Margaret Busk]] and [[Frank Swettenham]]. [[Robert Macnish]] contributed under the epithet, Modern Pythagorean. It was an [[open secret]] that [[Charles Whibley]] contributed anonymously his ''Musings without Methods'' to the Magazine for over twenty-five years. [[T. S. Eliot]] described them as "the best sustained piece of literary journalism that I know of in recent times".<ref>H. C. G. Matthew, ‘[[Whibley, Charles]] (1859–1930)’, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], September 2004</ref> The magazine finally ceased publication in 1980, having remained for its entire history in the Blackwood family. Mike Blackwood was the last family member to manage the firm and now{{when|date=December 2024}} enjoys retirement in England with his wife Jayne.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} The ''Blackwood's'' name lives on in the name of the bar at the Nira Caledonia Hotel in Gloucester Place, Edinburgh, the former home of John Wilson from 1827 until his death in 1854.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} ==Cultural references== [[Edgar Allan Poe]] published a short story entitled ''How to Write a Blackwood Article'' in November 1838 as a companion piece to [[A Predicament]].<ref>Sova, Dawn B. ''Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z''. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. p. 200</ref> In [[Dorothy Sayers]]'s detective novel ''[[Five Red Herrings]]'' (1931) the Scottish [[Procurator-Fiscal]] working with [[Lord Peter Wimsey]] is mentioned as "reading the latest number of ''Blackwood'' to wile away the time" as they spend several boring night hours while waiting for the murderer to reveal himself.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} [[Vera Brittain]] lists "numerous copies of ''Blackwood's Magazine''" among her literary possessions in her description of her time as [[V.A.D.]] nurse in [[Malta]] in her memoir, ''[[Testament of Youth]]''.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} In [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Burmese Days]]'', the main protagonist, James Flory, associates the magazine with mediocre crassness as he thinks about the other British at the European Club: "Dull boozing witless porkers! Was it possible that they could go on week after week, year after year, repeating word for word the same evil-minded drivel, like a parody of a fifth-rate story in ''Blackwood's''? Would none of them ever think of anything new to say? Oh, what a place, what people! What a civilization is this of ours—this godless civilization founded on whisky, ''Blackwood's'' and the ''[[Bonzo the dog|Bonzo]]'' pictures!"<ref>{{cite book |first=George |last=Orwell |title=Burmese Days |page=33 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co. |place=San Diego, CA }}</ref> In Part Four of the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' story ''[[The Talons of Weng Chiang]]'', Professor Litefoot is seen reading the February 1892 issue.{{Citation needed|date = December 2024}} In [[Larry McMurtry]]'s novel [[Lonesome Dove]], Clara, who lived a frontier life in Ogallala, Nebraska during the 1870s but dreamed of a literary life, "would have to wait for two or three months for her ''Blackwood's'', wondering all the time what was happening to the people in the stories."<ref>Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove, Kindle 1985 loc 10631.</ref> ==See also== *''[[Tait's Edinburgh Magazine]]'' *''[[The Young Men's Magazine]]'' ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==List of publications== *{{cite book|title=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 100|year=1866|publisher=William Blackwood & Sons.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkAAAAAYAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}} ==Further reading== *Finkelstein, David. ''The House of Blackwood. Author–Publisher Relations in the Victorian Age''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-271-02179-9}} *Finkelstein, David (ed.), ''Print Culture and the Blackwood Tradition 1805–1930''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-8711-9}} *Flynn, Philip, 'Beginning Blackwood's : The Right Mix of Dulce and Utile', ''Victorian Periodicals Review'' 39: 2, Summer 2006, pp.&nbsp;136–157 ==External links== {{wikisource}} *[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=blackwoods Comprehensive listing] of ''Blackwood's Magazine'' archives from various sources at the [[Online Books Page]] *[https://archive.org/details/pub_blackwoods-magazine Archived Blackwood's Magazine] on the [[Internet Archive]] [[Category:1817 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1980 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Blackwood's Magazine| ]] [[Category:Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1817]] [[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1980]] [[Category:Literary magazines published in Scotland]] [[Category:Mass media in Edinburgh]] [[de:Blackwood & Sons#Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine]] 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