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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survival_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Survival time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transversal_impalement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transversal_impalement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Transversal impalement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transversal_impalement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaunching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaunching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Gaunching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaunching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooks_in_the_city_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooks_in_the_city_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Hooks in the city wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooks_in_the_city_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanged_by_the_ribs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanged_by_the_ribs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Hanged by the ribs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanged_by_the_ribs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bamboo_Torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bamboo_Torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Bamboo Torture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bamboo_Torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia_and_the_ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia_and_the_ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia_and_the_ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharaonic_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharaonic_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Pharaonic Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharaonic_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assyrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Neo-Assyrian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Achaemenid Persia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Biblical evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transversal_impalement_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transversal_impalement_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Transversal impalement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transversal_impalement_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longitudinal_impalement_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longitudinal_impalement_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Longitudinal impalement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longitudinal_impalement_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinous_murderers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinous_murderers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Heinous murderers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinous_murderers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vlad_the_Impaler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vlad_the_Impaler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Vlad the Impaler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vlad_the_Impaler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Siege of Constantinople </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Civil crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klephts_and_rebels_in_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klephts_and_rebels_in_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Klephts and rebels in Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klephts_and_rebels_in_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebels_elsewhere_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebels_elsewhere_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Rebels elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebels_elsewhere_in_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_and_Assyrian_Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_and_Assyrian_Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Armenian and Assyrian Genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_and_Assyrian_Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 References and notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Impalement</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%82" title="خازوق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خازوق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শূলে চড়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূলে চড়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Набиване на кол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Набиване на кол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peulia%C3%B1" title="Peuliañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Peuliañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empalament" title="Empalament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Empalament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara%C5%BEen%C3%AD_na_k%C5%AFl" title="Naražení na kůl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naražení na kůl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spidning_p%C3%A5_p%C3%A6l" title="Spidning på pæl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spidning på pæl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4hlung" title="Pfählung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfählung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teibasseajamine" title="Teibasseajamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teibasseajamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ανασκολοπισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανασκολοπισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empalamiento" title="Empalamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empalamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisumo" title="Palisumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palisumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutoinean_sartze" title="Zutoinean sartze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zutoinean sartze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="چهارمیل کردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهارمیل کردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplice_du_pal" title="Supplice du pal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Supplice du pal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speetsing" title="Speetsing – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Speetsing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empalamento" title="Empalamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Empalamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%B2%B4%EA%B4%80%ED%86%B5%ED%98%95" title="신체관통형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신체관통형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulaan" title="Penyulaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyulaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalamento" title="Impalamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impalamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="שיפוד כהוצאה להורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיפוד כהוצאה להורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ಶೂಲಕ್ಕೇರಿಸುವುದು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶೂಲಕ್ಕೇರಿಸುವುದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93din%C4%81%C5%A1ana_uz_mieta" title="Sēdināšana uz mieta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēdināšana uz mieta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%B3ba_h%C3%BAz%C3%A1s" title="Karóba húzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karóba húzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7" title="ശൂലത്തിലേറ്റിയുള്ള വധശിക്ഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂലത്തിലേറ്റിയുള്ള വധശിക്ഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula" title="Sula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spietsing" title="Spietsing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spietsing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E5%88%BA%E3%81%97" title="串刺し – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="串刺し" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spidding" title="Spidding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spidding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabicie_na_pal" title="Nabicie na pal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nabicie na pal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empalamento" title="Empalamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empalamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasul_%C3%AEn_%C8%9Beap%C4%83" title="Trasul în țeapă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trasul în țeapă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Посажение на кол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Посажение на кол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Impalement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A method of torture and execution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Impalement (disambiguation)">Impalement (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empalement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Empalement.jpg/220px-Empalement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Empalement.jpg/330px-Empalement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Empalement.jpg/440px-Empalement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a> of a vertical impalement</figcaption></figure> Impalement, as a method of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and execution, is the <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetration</a> of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. It was particularly used in response to "crimes against the state" and is regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> and recorded in <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(in_myth_and_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impalement (in myth and art)">myth and art</a>. Impalement was also used during times of war to <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">suppress</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a>, punish <a href="/wiki/Traitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitors">traitors</a> or collaborators, and punish <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">breaches of military discipline</a>. Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing <a href="/wiki/Highway_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway robbery">highway robbery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">grave robbery</a>, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons. References to impalement in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> are found as early as the 18th century BC. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longitudinal_impalement">Longitudinal impalement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Longitudinal impalement">edit</a>]</div> Impaling an individual along the body length has been documented in several cases, and the merchant <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Thevenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Thevenot">Jean de Thevenot</a> provides an eyewitness account of this from 17th-century Egypt, in the case of a man condemned to death for the use of false weights:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They lay the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malefactor#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:malefactor">malefactor</a> upon his belly, with his hands tied behind his back, then they slit up his fundament with a razor, and throw into it a handful of paste that they have in readiness, which immediately stops the blood. After that, they thrust up into his body a very long stake as big as a mans arm, sharp at the point and tapered, which they grease a little before; when they have driven it in with a mallet, till it come out at his breast, or at his head or shoulders, they lift him up, and plant this stake very straight in the ground, upon which they leave him so exposed for a day. One day I saw a man upon the pole, who was sentenced to continue so for three hours alive and that he might not die too soon, the stake was not thrust up far enough to come out at any part of his body, and they also put a stay or rest upon the pale, to hinder the weight of his body from making him sink down upon it, or the point of it from piercing him through, which would have presently killed him: In this manner he was left for some hours, (during which time he spoke) and turning from one side to another, prayed those that passed by to kill him, making a thousand wry mouths and faces, because of the pain he suffered when he stirred himself, but after dinner, the Basha sent one to dispatch him; which was easily done, by making the point of the stake come out at his breast, and then he was left till next morning, when he was taken down, because he stunk horridly.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Survival_time">Survival time</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Survival time">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg/220px-Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg/330px-Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg/440px-Impalement_Mural_at_Avudaiyar_Koil_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>Mural on the ceiling of <a href="/wiki/Avudaiyarkoil" title="Avudaiyarkoil">Avudaiyarkoil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukottai District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India showing the impalement scene. </figcaption></figure> The length of time which one managed to survive upon the stake is reported as quite varied, from a few seconds or minutes<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> to a few hours<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or even a few days.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> overlords at <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> seem to have been particularly proficient in prolonging the lifetime of the impaled, one witnessing a man surviving six days on the stake,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> another hearing from local surgeons that some could survive eight days or more.<a href="#cite_note-Voyages_to_the_East-Indies,_Volum_1-6">[6]</a> A critical determinant for survival length seems to be precisely how the stake was inserted: If it went into the "interior" parts, vital organs could easily be damaged, leading to a swift death. However, by letting the stake follow the spine, the impalement procedure would not damage the vital organs, and the person could survive for several days.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Weather and seasons also affected duration of life after impalement. One example given of weather affecting death is noted by Stavorinus. A man was impaled following the spine. A light shower fell the next day. He died half an hour later. Stavorinus also mentions there having been instances of impalement during the dry season, in which people have survived for eight days or more with out food or drink. A guard would be stationed near the site of execution to prevent food or drink to be given. A surgeon also explained to Stavorinus, how rain and other wet weather caused a quicker death. Water enters the wound caused by impalement. The wound then "mortifies" and causes gangrene to attack more "noble parts," causing "death almost immediately."<a href="#cite_note-Voyages_to_the_East-Indies,_Volum_1-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transversal_impalement">Transversal impalement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transversal impalement">edit</a>]</div> Alternatively, the impalement could be transversely performed, as in the frontal-to-<a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> direction, that is, from front (through <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anzeiger_Kunde-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or directly through the heart<a href="#cite_note-Neue_Lausitzsche-10">[10]</a>) to back or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>), women who killed their newborn babies were placed in open graves, and stakes were hammered into their hearts, particularly if their cases contained any implications of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. A detailed description of an execution that was carried out in this manner comes from 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Kassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> (now Košice, eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). The case of a woman who was to be executed for <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> involved an executioner and two assistants. First, a grave some one-and-a-half <a href="/wiki/Ell" title="Ell">ell</a> deep was dug. The woman was then placed within it, her hands and feet were secured by driving nails through them. The executioner placed a small thorn bush upon her face. He then placed, and held vertically, a wooden stave on her heart in order to mark its location, while his assistants piled earth on the woman, keeping her head free of earth at the behest of the clerics, because to do otherwise would have quickened the death process. Once the earth had been piled upon her, the executioner used a pair of tongs to grab a rod made of iron, which had been made red hot. He positioned the glowing iron rod beside the wooden stave, and as one of his assistants hammered the rod in, the other assistant emptied a trough of earth upon the woman's head. It is said that a scream was heard, and the earth moved upwards for a moment, before it was all over.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaunching">Gaunching</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gaunching">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gaunche,_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg/220px-The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg/330px-The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg/440px-The_Gaunche%2C_Turkish_capital_punishment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Original in-image text from 1741 edition of Tournefort: "The Gaunche, a sort of punishment in use among the Turks."</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a>, travelling on botanical research in the Levant 1700–1702, observed both ordinary longitudinal impalement, but also a method called "gaunching", in which the condemned is hoisted up by means of a rope over a row of sharp metal hooks. He is then released, and depending on how the hooks enter his body, he may survive in impaled condition for a few days.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Forty years earlier than de Tournefort, de Thévenot described much the same process, adding that it was seldom used because it was regarded as too cruel.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some 80 years prior to de Thevenot, in 1579, Hans Jacob Breuning von Buchenbach<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> witnessed a variant of the gaunching ritual. A large iron hook was fixed on the horizontal cross-bar of the gallows and the individual was forced upon this hook, piercing him from the abdomen through his back, so that he hung from it, hands, feet and head downward. On top of the cross bar, the executioner situated himself and performed various torture on the impaled man below him.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hooks_in_the_city_wall">Hooks in the city wall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hooks in the city wall">edit</a>]</div> While gaunching as de Tournefort describes involves the erection of a scaffold, it seems that in the city of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, hooks were embedded in the city walls, and on occasion, people were thrown upon them from the battlements. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shaw_(divine_and_traveller)" title="Thomas Shaw (divine and traveller)">Thomas Shaw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> who was chaplain for the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> stationed at Algiers during the 1720s, describes the various forms of executions practised as follows:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">... but the Moors and Arabs are either impaled for the same crime, or else they are hung up by the neck, over the battlements of the city walls, or else they are thrown upon the chingan or hooks that are fixed all over the walls below, where sometimes they break from one hook to another, and hang in the most exquisite torments, thirty or forty hours.</blockquote> According to one source, these hooks in the wall as an execution method were introduced with the construction of the new city gate in 1573. Before that time, gaunching as described by de Tournefort was in use.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> As for the actual frequency of throwing persons on hooks in Algiers, Capt. Henry Boyde notes<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> that in his own 20 years of captivity there, he knew of only one case where a Christian slave who had murdered his master had met that fate, and "not above" two or three Moors besides.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Taken captive in 1596, the barber-surgeon William Davies relates something of the heights involved when thrown upon hooks (although it is somewhat unclear if this relates specifically to the city of Algiers, or elsewhere in the Barbary States): "Their ganshing is after this manner: he sitteth upon a wall, being five <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> [30 feet, or about 9m] high, within two fathoms [12 feet or about 3.6m] of the top of the wall; right under the place where he sits, is a strong iron hook fastened, being very sharp; then he is thrust off the wall upon this hook, with some part of his body, and there he hangeth, sometimes two or three days, before he dieth." Davies adds that "these deaths are very seldom", but that he had personally witnessed it.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanged_by_the_ribs">Hanged by the ribs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hanged by the ribs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanging#Hanging_by_the_ribs" title="Hanging">Hanging § Hanging by the ribs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/220px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/330px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg/440px-Blake_after_John_Gabriel_Stedman_Narrative_of_a_Five_Years_copy_2_object_2-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>"A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows," by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>. Originally published in Stedman's Narrative.</figcaption></figure> A slightly variant way of executing people by means of impalement was to force an iron meat hook beneath a person's ribs and hang him up to die slowly. This technique was in 18th-century Ottoman-controlled Bosnia called the cengela,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> but the practice is also attested in 1770s <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Suriname">Dutch Suriname</a> as a punishment meted out to rebellious slaves.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bamboo_Torture">Bamboo Torture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bamboo Torture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_torture" title="Bamboo torture">Bamboo torture</a></div> A recurring horror story on many websites and popular media outlets is that <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese soldiers</a> during <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">World War II</a> inflicted bamboo torture upon prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The victim was supposedly tied securely in place above a young bamboo shoot. Over several days, the sharp, fast growing shoot would first puncture, then completely penetrate the victim's body, eventually emerging through the other side. However, no conclusive evidence exists that this form of impalement ever actually happened.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesopotamia_and_the_ancient_Near_East">Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East">edit</a>]</div> The earliest known use of impalement as a form of execution occurred in civilizations of the ancient Near East. The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, promulgated about 1772 BC<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Babylonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> specifies impaling for a woman who killed her husband for the sake of another man.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the late <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Isin-Larsa,_Old_Babylonian_and_Shamshi-Adad_I" title="History of Mesopotamia">Isin/Larsa period</a>, from about the same time, it seems that, in some city states, mere adultery on the wife's part (without murder of her husband mentioned) could be punished by impalement.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> From the royal archives of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, most of it also roughly contemporary to Hammurabi, it is known that soldiers taken captive in war were on occasion impaled.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Roughly contemporary with Babylonia under Hammurabi, king Siwe-Palar-huhpak of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> made official edicts in which he threatened the allies of his enemies with impalement, among other terrible fates.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> For acts of perceived great sacrilege, some individuals, in diverse cultures, have been impaled for their effrontery. For example, roughly 1200 BC, merchants of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> express deep concern to each other that a fellow citizen is to be impaled in the Phoenician town <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, due to some "great sin" committed against the patron deity of Sidon.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharaonic_Egypt">Pharaonic Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharaonic Egypt">edit</a>]</div> During Dynasty 19, <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> had <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> prisoners of war impaled ("caused to be set upon a stake") to the south of Memphis, following an attempted invasion of Egypt during his Regnal Year 5.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The relevant determinative for ḫt ("stake") depicts an individual transfixed through the abdomen.<a href="#cite_note-ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.co.uk-34">[34]</a> Other Egyptian kings employing impalements include <a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep II">Sobekhotep II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.co.uk-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrian Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg/200px-JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg/300px-JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Impalement of Judeans in a Neo-Assyrian relief</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_(Nimrud).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg/220px-Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg/330px-Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg/440px-Assyrian_relief_of_attack_on_an_enemy_town_during_the_reign_of_Tiglath-Pileser_III_720-741_BCE_from_his_palace_at_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Palace at Kalhu (Nimrud) of Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III (720-741 BC): impalement during assault on a town</figcaption></figure> Evidence by carvings and statues is found as well from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian empire">Neo-Assyrian empire</a> (c. 934–609 BC). The image of the impaled <a href="/wiki/Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeans">Judeans</a> is a detail from the public commemoration of the Assyrian victory in 701 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">siege of Lachish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (r. 705–681 BC), who proceeded similarly against the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a> during the same campaign.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> From Sennacherib's father <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>'s time (r. 722–705 BC), a relief from his palace at Khorsabad shows the impalement of 14 enemies during an attack on the city of Pazashi.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A peculiarity<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> about the "Neo-Assyrian" way of impaling was that the stake was "driven into the body immediately under the ribs",<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> rather than along the full body length. For the Neo-Assyrians, mass executions seem to have been not only designed to instill terror and to enforce obedience, but also, it can seem, as proofs of their might that they took pride in. Neo-Assyrian King <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (r. 883–859 BC) was evidently proud enough of his bloody work that he committed it to monument and eternal memory as follows:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">I cut off their hands, I burned them with fire, a pile of the living men and of heads over against the city gate I set up, men I impaled on stakes, the city I destroyed and devastated, I turned it into mounds and ruin heaps, the young men and the maidens in the fire I burned</blockquote> Paul Kern,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> in his (1999) Ancient Siege Warfare, provides some statistics on how different Neo-Assyrian kings from the times of Ashurnasirpal II commemorated their punishments of rebels.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Although impalement of rebels and enemies is particularly well-attested from Neo-Assyrian times, the 14th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shattiwaza" title="Shattiwaza">Shattiwaza</a> charges his predecessor, the usurper <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_III" title="Shuttarna III">Shuttarna III</a> for having delivered unto the (Middle) Assyrians<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> several nobles, who had them promptly impaled.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Some scholars have said, though, that it is only with King <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> (r. 1074–1056) that there is solid evidence that punishments like flaying and impaling came into use.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> From the Middle Assyrian period, there is evidence about impalement as a form of punishment relative to other types of perceived crimes as well. The law code discovered and deciphered by Otto Schroeder<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> contains in its paragraph 51 the following injunction against abortion:<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">If a woman with her consent brings on a miscarriage, they seize her, and determine her guilt. On a stake they impale her, and do not bury her; and if through the miscarriage she dies, they likewise impale her and do not bury her.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Achaemenid_Persia">Achaemenid Persia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Achaemenid Persia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption> Punishments of captured rebels against Achamenied dynasty is recorded in Behistun Inscription by King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius</a> which contains mutilation and Impaling the captives, Leaders of the rebellions from different colonies of ancient <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> are shown in chains from neck to legs, Gaumāta lies under the boot of Darius</figcaption></figure> The Greek historian Herodotus recounts that, when <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a>, conquered <a href="/wiki/Darius_I#Babylonian_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Babylon</a>, he impaled 3000 Babylonians.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, Darius himself boasts of having impaled his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Darius speaks proudly of the ruthlessness with which these revolts were put down. In Babylon <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nidintu-Bel</a> was impaled along with 49 of his companions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> Then in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> I impaled that <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nidintu-Bel</a> and the nobles who were with him, I executed forty-nine, this is what I did in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg/220px-Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg/330px-Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Behistun_Relief_Phraortes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Image of Phraortes on Behistun Inscription in chains, the cuneiform reads "This is Phraortes, He lied saying I am Khshathrita of the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, I am king in <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a>"</figcaption></figure> In 522 BC Phraortes proclaimed that he was a descendant of the Median king <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> and took the throne, he seized <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>, the capital of Media and rebelled against the Achamenied yoke, this revolt was suppressed by Darius king of Persia and Phraortes was captured and impaled: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius</a> the King says: Thereafter this Phraortes with a few horsemen fled, a district named Raga, in <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> along there he went off, Thereafter I sent an army in pursuit Phraortes, seized, was led to me. I cut off his nose and ears and tongue, and put out one eye he was kept bound at my palace entrance, all the people saw him. Afterward I impaled him at Ecbatana and the men who were his foremost followers, those at Ecbatana within the fortress I (flayed and) hung out (their hides, stuffed with straw).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_evidence">Biblical evidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biblical evidence">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> passage in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> concerning the fate of the 5th-century BC Persian minister <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> and his ten sons has been treated differently by different translators, leading to an ambiguity as to whether they were impaled or hanged. The passage explains that Haman conspired to have all the Jews in the empire killed but his plan was thwarted, and he was given the punishment he had thought to mete out to <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>. The English Standard Version of Esther 5:14 describes this as hanging,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> whereas The New International Reader's version opts for impalement.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Haupt" title="Paul Haupt">Paul Haupt</a> opts for impalement in his 1908 essay "Critical notes on Esther",<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> while Benjamin Shaw has an extended discussion of the topic on the website ligonier.org from 2012.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Other passages in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> may allude to the practice of impalement, such as <a href="/wiki/II_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="II Samuel">II Samuel</a> 21:9 concerning the fate of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, where some English translations use the verb "impale", but others use "hang".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Although we lack conclusive evidence either way for whether Hebrew law allowed for impalement, or for hanging (whether as a mode of execution or for display of the corpse), the Neo-Assyrian method of impalement as seen in carvings could, perhaps, equally easily be seen as a form of hanging upon a pole, rather than focusing upon the stake's actual penetration of the body. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome">Rome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rome">edit</a>]</div> From John Granger Cook, 2014: "Stipes is Seneca's term for the object used for impalement. This narrative and his Ep. 14.5 are the only two textually explicit references to impalement in Latin texts:" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made differently by different [fabricators]; some individuals suspended their victims with heads inverted toward the ground; some drove a stake (stipes) through their excretory organs/genitals; others stretched out their [victims'] arms on a patibulum [cross bar]; I see racks, I see lashes ... Video istic cruces ne unius quidem generis sed aliter ab aliis fabricatas; capite quidam conuersos in terram suspendere, alii per obscena stipitem egerunt, alii brachia patibulo explicuerunt; video fidiculas, video uerbera ... <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transversal_impalement_2">Transversal impalement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transversal impalement">edit</a>]</div> Within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, in article 131 of the 1532 <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Criminalis_Carolina" title="Constitutio Criminalis Carolina">Constitutio Criminalis Carolina</a>, the following punishment was stated for women found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>. Generally, they should be drowned, but the law code allowed for, in particularly severe cases, that the old punishment could be implemented. That is, the woman would be <a href="/wiki/Buried_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Buried alive">buried alive</a>, and then a stake would be driven through her heart.<a href="#cite_note-Koch-58">[58]</a> Similarly, burial alive, combined with transversal impalement is attested as an early execution method for people found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. The 1348 statutes of <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> allowed punishment of an adulterous couple in the following way: They were to be placed on top of each other in a grave, with a layer of thorns between them. Then, a single stake was to be hammered through them.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A similar punishment by impalement for a proven male adulterer is mentioned in a 13th-century ordinance for <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> mining city <a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a> (then and German Iglau),<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> whereas in a 1340 Vienna statute, the husband of a woman caught <a href="/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto" title="In flagrante delicto">in flagrante</a> in adultery could, if he wished to, demand that his wife and her lover be impaled, or alternatively demand a monetary restitution.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Occasionally, women found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> have been condemned to be impaled. In 1587 <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, 101-year-old Sunde Bohlen was, on being condemned as a witch, buried alive, and afterwards had a stake driven through her heart.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Rapists of <a href="/wiki/Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgins">virgins</a> and children are also attested to have been buried alive, with a stake driven through them. In one such judicial tradition, the rapist was to be placed in an open grave, and the rape victim was ordered to make the three first strokes on the stake herself; the executioners then finishing the impalement procedure.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Serving as an example of the fate of a child molester, in August 1465 in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland, Ulrich Moser was condemned to be impaled, for having sexually violated six girls between the ages four and nine. His clothes were taken off, and he was placed on his back. His arms and legs were stretched out, each secured to a pole. Then a stake was driven through his navel down into the ground. Thereafter, people left him to die.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Longitudinal_impalement_2">Longitudinal impalement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Longitudinal impalement">edit</a>]</div> Cases of longitudinal impalement typically occur in the context of war or as a punishment for <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, the latter being attested to as the practice in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Defenestration_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Defenestration of Prague">Defenestration of Prague</a> in 1419, the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> impaled councilors to the king on pikes.<a href="#cite_note-ejncn-65">[65]</a> Individuals accused of collaborating with the enemy have, on occasion, been impaled. In 1632 during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the German officer Fuchs was impaled on suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defecting</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> a Swedish corporal was likewise impaled for trying to defect to the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Swedes continued this practise during the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a> (1675-1679), especially in the case of deserters and those perceived as traitors. In 1654, under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan War (1645–69)">siege</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, several peasants were impaled for supplying provisions to the besieged.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Likewise in 1685, some Christians were impaled by the Hungarians for having provided supplies to the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1677, a particularly brutal German General Kops leading the forces of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> who wanted to keep Hungary dominated by the Germans, rather than allow it to become dominated by the Turks, began impaling and <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">quartering</a> his Hungarian subjects/opponents. An opposing general on the Hungarian side, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wessel%C3%A9nyi_P%C3%A1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wesselényi Pál (page does not exist)">Wesselényi</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessel%C3%A9nyi_P%C3%A1l" class="extiw" title="hu:Wesselényi Pál">hu</a>], responded in kind, by <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flaying</a> alive Imperial troops, and fixing sharp iron hooks in fortress walls, upon which he threw captured Germans to be impaled. Finally, Emperor Leopold I had enough of the mutual bloodshed, and banished Kops in order to establish a needed cessation of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">Treaty of The Hague (1720)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> fell under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule, but the locals deeply resented the German overlords. One parish priest (who exhorted his parishioners to kill the Germans) is said to have broken into joy when a German soldier arrived at his village, exclaiming that a whole eight days had gone by since he had last killed a German, and shot the soldier off his horse. The priest was later impaled.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the short-lived 1784 <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Horea Revolt</a> against the Austrians and Hungarians, the rebels gained hold of two officers, whom they promptly impaled. On their side, the imperial troops got hold of <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Ursu_Nicola" title="Vasile Ursu Nicola">Horea</a>'s 13-year-old son, and impaled him. That seems to have merely inflamed the rebel leader's determination, although the revolt was quashed shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> After the revolt was crushed by early 1785, some 150 rebels are said to have been impaled.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> From 1748 onwards, German regiments organized manhunts on "robbers" in Hungary/Croatia, impaling those who were caught.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heinous_murderers">Heinous murderers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Heinous murderers">edit</a>]</div> Occasionally, individual murderers were perceived to have been so heinous that standard punishments like <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a> or being <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">broken on the wheel</a> were regarded as incommensurate with their crimes, and extended rituals of execution that might include impalement were devised. An example is that of Pavel Vašanský (Paul Waschansky in German transcript), who was executed on 1 March 1570 in <a href="/wiki/Ivan%C4%8Dice" title="Ivančice">Ivančice</a> in present-day Czech Republic, on account of 124 confessed murders (he was a roaming highwayman). He underwent a particularly gruelling execution procedure: first, his limbs were cut off and his nipples were ripped off with glowing pincers; he was then flayed, impaled and finally roasted alive. A pamphlet that purports to give Wasansky's verbatim confession, does not record how he was apprehended, nor what means of torture was used to extract his confessions.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Other such accounts of "heinous murderers" in which impalement is a prominent element include cases in 1504 and 1519,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> the murderer nicknamed Puschpeter executed in 1575 for killing thirty people, including six pregnant women whose unborn children he ate in the hope of thereby acquiring invisibility,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> the head of the <a href="/wiki/Pappenheimer_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappenheimer family">Pappenheimer family</a> in 1600,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and an unnamed murderer executed in Breslau in 1615, who under torture had confessed to 96 acts of murder by arson.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vlad_the_Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vlad the Impaler">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impaled.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Impaled.gif/220px-Impaled.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Impaled.gif/330px-Impaled.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Impaled.gif 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodblock</a> print of Vlad III "Dracula" attending a mass impalement</figcaption></figure> During the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad III</a> ("Dracula"), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, is credited as the first notable figure to prefer this method of execution during the late medieval period,<a href="#cite_note-Reid,_2000,_p._440-80">[80]</a> and became so notorious for its liberal employment that among his several nicknames he was known as "Vlad the Impaler".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> After being orphaned, betrayed, forced into exile and pursued by his enemies, he retook control of Wallachia in 1456. He dealt harshly with his enemies, especially those who had betrayed his family in the past, or had profited from the misfortunes of Wallachia. Though a <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_the_Impaler#Methods_of_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III the Impaler">variety of methods</a> were employed, he has been most associated with his use of impalement. The liberal use of capital punishment was eventually extended to Saxon settlers, members of a rival clan,<a href="#cite_note-vlad-82">[82]</a> and criminals in his domain, whether they were members of the <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> nobility or peasants, and eventually to any among his subjects that displeased him. Following the multiple campaigns against the invading <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, Vlad would never show mercy to his <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>. After <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="The Night Attack">The Night Attack</a> of Vlad Țepeș in mid-June 1462 failed to assassinate the Ottoman sultan, the road to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>, the capital of Vlad's <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of Wallachia, eventually became inundated in a "forest" of 20,000 impaled and decaying corpses, and it is reported that <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a>'s invading army of Turks turned back to Constantinople in 1462 after encountering thousands of impaled corpses along the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vlad-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodblock</a> prints from the era portray his victims impaled from either the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">frontal</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> or the rectal impalement method which consisted of a wood or metal pole being inserted through the body either front to back, or vertically, through the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The exit wound could be near the victim's neck, shoulders or mouth.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">edit</a>]</div> The impalement was practiced on the south-eastern borders of the Republic of Poland. The punishment was applied to peasants who rebelled against their lords, but also to the nobility. Ukraine was the scene of many Cossack uprisings (for example that of <a href="/wiki/Severyn_Nalyvaiko" title="Severyn Nalyvaiko">Severyn Nalyvaiko</a>) crushed by the Poles. They most often expressed discontent of a social nature (cf. social revolt of the "<a href="/wiki/Haydamak" title="Haydamak">Haïdamaks</a>") such as the subjugation of the free Ukrainian peasants to the Polish lords who had carved out large estates for themselves. The most important uprising was that of Bohdan Chmielnicki-Khmelnitsky. The hatred of the Poles and the Jews was at the origin of the pogroms perpetrated during crossings of Cossack armies. The echoes of this disaster reached, through Jewish traders, Western Europe and are still present in Hasidic songs. We know the story of the small army of the great lord of Volhynia, "kniaz" (Prince) <a href="/wiki/Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Jeremi Wiśniowiecki">Jeremi Wiśniowiecki</a> who, penetrating from the north, momentarily repelled the armies of <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> and enabled the numerous Jews to be saved. The prince, a poor strategist, as <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Jasienica" title="Paweł Jasienica">Paweł Jasienica</a> writes, following the opinion of his contemporaries, made himself known for his cruelty towards the rebellious peasants, taken prisoner (beheadings, hangings and impalements in the squares of towns and villages) but it was only the answer to the exactions committed on the noble prisoners by the Cossack chief <a href="/wiki/Maksym_Kryvonis" title="Maksym Kryvonis">Maksym Kryvonis</a> (Nez Crooked). <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kostka_Napierski" title="Aleksander Kostka Napierski">Aleksander Kostka-Napierski</a>, the leader of the peasant uprising in <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>, was impaled on a stake in 1651. Colonel and ataman Sukharuka, a Cossack envoy in the novel and film With Fire and Sword, and Donets, a Cossack colonel, Horpyna's brother, were sentenced to this penalty. This also happened to the Cossack <a href="/wiki/Bandurist" title="Bandurist">bandurist</a> Taras Weresaj, the hero of <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Komuda" title="Jacek Komuda">Jacek Komuda</a>'s novel Bohun. One of the most famous Polish films where the execution of this punishment can be seen is the film <a href="/wiki/Pan_Michael" title="Pan Michael">Pan Wołodyjowski</a> (and the TV series Przygody pana Michała, Mr Michael's adventures), whose script was based on the Trilogy by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Azja_Tuhajbejowicz" title="Azja Tuhajbejowicz">Azja Tuhaj-bejowicz</a> was subjected to this punishment for betraying the Commonwealth in Pan Wołodyjowski. The method of execution in Mr. Wołodyjowski was different from the description of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Kitowicz" title="Jędrzej Kitowicz">Jędrzej Kitowicz</a>; the convict was strung on his back, not on his stomach (as in Jędrzej Kitowicz). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> Longitudinal impalement is an execution method often attested within the Ottoman Empire, for a variety of offenses, it was done mostly as a warning to others or to terrify.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2000-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Constantinople">Siege of Constantinople</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Siege of Constantinople">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> used impalement during, and before, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">last siege of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-Reid,_2000,_p._440-80">[80]</a> During the buildup phase to the great siege the year before, in 1452, the sultan declared that all ships sailing up or down through the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> had to anchor at his fortress there, for inspection. One Venetian captain, Antonio Rizzo, sought to defy the ban, but his ship was hit by a cannonball. He and his crew were picked up from the waters, the crew members to be beheaded (or <a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">sawn asunder</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barbaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Barbaro">Niccolò Barbaro</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>), whereas Rizzo was impaled.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In the early days of the siege in May 1453, contingents of the Ottoman army made mop-up operations at minor fortifications like <a href="/wiki/Therapia" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapia">Therapia</a> and Studium. The surrendered soldiers, some 40 individuals from each place, were impaled.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_crimes">Civil crimes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Civil crimes">edit</a>]</div> Within the Ottoman Empire, some civil crimes (rather than rebel activity/treasonous behavior), such as highway robbery, might be punished by impalement. For some periods at least, executions for civil crimes were claimed to have been rather rare in the Ottoman Empire. <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubry_de_La_Motraye" class="extiw" title="sv:Aubry de La Motraye">Aubry de La Motraye</a> lived in the realm for 14 years from 1699 to 1713 and claimed that he had not heard of twenty thieves in Constantinople during that time. As for highway robbers, who surely had been impaled, Aubry heard of only 6 such cases during his residence there.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Staying at Aleppo from 1740 to 1754, Alexander Russell notes that in the 20 years gone by, there were no more than "half a dozen" public executions there.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Jean de Thévenot, traveling in the Ottoman Empire and its territories like Egypt in the late 1650s, emphasizes the regional variations in impalement frequency. Of Constantinople and Turkey, de Thévenot writes that impalement was "not much practised" and "very rarely put in practice." An exception he highlighted was the situation of Christians in Constantinople. If a Christian spoke or acted out against the "Law of Mahomet", or consorted with a Turkish woman, or broke into a mosque, then he might face impalement unless he converted to Islam. In contrast, de Thévenot says that in Egypt impalement was a "very ordinary punishment" against the Arabs there, whereas Turks in Egypt were strangled in prison instead of being publicly executed like the natives.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Thus, the actual frequency of impalement within the Ottoman Empire varied greatly, not only from time to time, but also from place to place, and between different population groups in the empire. Highway robbers were still impaled into the 1830s, but one source says the practice was rare by then.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Travelling to Smyrna and Constantinople in 1843, Stephen Massett<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> was told by a man who witnessed the event that "just a few years ago", a dozen or so robbers were impaled at Adrianople. All of them, however, had been strangled prior to impalement.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Writing around 1850, the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> mentions that the latest case he was acquainted with happened "about ten years ago" in Baghdad, on four rebel Arab sheikhs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Impalement of pirates, rather than highway robbers, is also occasionally recorded. In October 1767 Hassan Bey, who had preyed on Turkish ships in the <a href="/wiki/Euxine_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine Sea">Euxine Sea</a> for a number of years, was captured and impaled, even though he had offered 500,000 ducats for his pardon.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klephts_and_rebels_in_Greece">Klephts and rebels in Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Klephts and rebels in Greece">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman rule of Greece</a>, impalement became an important tool of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, intended to inflict terror into the peasant population. By the 18th century, Greek bandits turned <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerrilla</a> insurgents (known as <a href="/wiki/Klepht" title="Klepht">klephts</a>) became an increasing annoyance to the Ottoman government. Captured klephts were often impaled, as were peasants that harbored or aided them. Victims were publicly impaled and placed at highly visible points, and had the intended effect on many villages who not only refused to help the klephts, but would even turn them in to the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Ottomans engaged in active campaigns to capture these insurgents in 1805 and 1806, and were able to enlist Greek villagers, eager to avoid the stake, in the hunt for their outlaw countrymen.<a href="#cite_note-Aiolos_2004-98">[98]</a> Impalement was, on occasion, aggravated with being set over a fire, the impaling stake acting as a <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">spit</a>, so that the impaled victim might be <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">roasted alive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Among other severities, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a>-born Ottoman noble who ruled <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, had rebels, criminals, and even the descendants of those who had wronged him or his family in the past, impaled and roasted alive. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smart_Hughes" title="Thomas Smart Hughes">Thomas Smart Hughes</a>, visiting Greece and Albania in 1812–13, says the following about his stay in Ioannina:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Here criminals have been roasted alive over a slow fire, impaled, and skinned alive; others have had their extremities chopped off, and some have been left to perish with the skin of the face stripped over their necks. At first I doubted the truth of these assertions, but they were abundantly confirmed to me by persons of undoubted veracity. Some of the most respectable inhabitants of loannina assured me that they had sometimes conversed with these wretched victims on the very stake, being prevented from yielding to their torturing requests for water by fear of a similar fate themselves. Our own resident, as he was once going into the <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">serai</a> of Litaritza, saw a Greek priest, the leader of a gang of robbers, nailed alive to the outer wall of the palace, in sight of the whole city.</blockquote> During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821–1832), Greek revolutionaries and civilians were tortured and executed by impalement. A German witness of the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople massacre</a> (April 1821) narrates the impalement of about 65 Greeks by a Turkish mob.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In April 1821, thirty Greeks from the Ionian island of Zante (Zakynthos) had been impaled in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>. This was recorded in the diary of the French consul Hughes Pouqueville and published by his brother <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">François Pouqueville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos" title="Athanasios Diakos">Athanasios Diakos</a>, a klepht and later a rebel military commander, was captured after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Battle of Alamana</a> (1821), near <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, and after refusing to convert to Islam and join the Ottoman army, he was impaled.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Diakos became a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> for a Greek independence and was later honored as a national hero.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Non-combatant Greeks (elders, monks, women etc.) were impaled around Athens during the first year of the revolution (1821).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebels_elsewhere_in_the_Ottoman_Empire">Rebels elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rebels elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> Impaling perceived rebels was an attested practice in other parts of the empire as well, such as the 1809 quelling of a Bosnian revolt,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> (1804–1835) against the Ottoman Empire, about 200 Serbs were impaled in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Historian James J. Reid,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> in his Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878, notes several instances of later use, in particular in times of crises, ordered by military commanders (if not, that is, directly ordered by the supreme authority possessed by the sultan). He notes late instances of impalement during rebellions (rather than cases of robbery) like the Bosnian revolt of 1852, during the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan insurrection of 1866–69</a>, and during the insurrections in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1878)">Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1876–77</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In the Nobel Prize-winning novel <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_Drina" title="The Bridge on the Drina">The Bridge on the Drina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>, in the third chapter is described impalement of a Bosnian Serb, who was trying to sabotage the bridge's construction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_and_Assyrian_Genocide">Armenian and Assyrian Genocide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Armenian and Assyrian Genocide">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Mardiganian" title="Aurora Mardiganian">Aurora Mardiganian</a>, a survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> of 1915–1923, discussing the scene of crucifixion in the biographical film of her life, stated that the actual killings were by impalement.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Turks didn't make their crosses like that. The Turks made little pointed crosses. They took the clothes off the girls. They made them bend down, and after raping them, they made them sit on the pointed wood, through the vagina. That's the way they killed - the Turks. Americans have made (the film) a more civilized way. They can't show such terrible things."</blockquote> A Russian clergyman who visited ravaged Christian villages in northwestern Persia claimed that he found the remains of several impaled people. He wrote: "The bodies were so firmly fixed, in some instances, that the stakes could not be withdrawn; it was necessary to saw them off and bury the victims as they were."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Thévenot (1687) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q9EAAAAcAAJ">p. 259</a> Other highly detailed accounts on methods are: 1. Extremely detailed description of the execution of Archbishop Serapheim in 1601. Vaporis (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTdz-34tZ4sC&pg=PA101">pp. 101–102</a> 2. Jean Coppin's account from 1640s Cairo, very similar to Thévenot's, Raymond (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdLALt9AbQQC&pg=PA240">p. 240</a> 3. Stavorinus (1798) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci0LAAAAYAAJ">p. 288–291</a> 4. von Taube (1777) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK8AAAAAcAAJ">footnote ** p. 70–71</a> 5. The regrettably highly partisan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">"Aiolos (2004)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113024717/http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">Archived</a> 2015-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, notes on methods partly from Guer, see <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Guer" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Antoine Guer">Guer</a> (1747),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hI08AAAAcAAJ&q=empale">p. 162</a> 6. d'Arvieux (1755), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=210oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA230">p. 230–31</a> 7. Recollection 20 years after second-hand narration, Massett (1863), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driftingaboutor00massgoog/page/n88">p. 88–89</a> 8. Ivo Andric's novel "The Bridge on the Drina", follows Serapheim execution (1.) closely. Excerpt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Bridge+on+the+Drina+%28excerpts%29.-a0165021314">The Bridge on the Drina</a> 9. A literary rendition in The Casket, from 1827, Purser (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA337">p. 337</a> 10. Koller (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cz9abClMbr8C&pg=PA145">p. 145–46</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 2 died during impalement process, Blount (1636), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1ZzqBTjDVcC&pg=PA52">p. 52</a> 9 minutes, 1773 case, Hungary: Korabinsky (1786) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gpEAAAAAcAAJ">p. 139</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 1800 assassin of <a href="/wiki/General_Kleber" class="mw-redirect" title="General Kleber">General Kleber</a> a few hours <a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd_(minister)" title="William Shepherd (minister)">Shepherd</a> (1814)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisineighteen00shepgoog">p. 255</a>, six hours Hurd (1814),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnEAAAAAMAAJ">p. 308</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> fifteen hours Bond (1856) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRcRAQAAIAAJ">p. 172–73</a> 24+ hours von Taube (1777), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK8AAAAAcAAJ">footnote ** p. 70–71</a>, Hartmann (1799)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfFCAAAAcAAJ">p. 520</a>, two to three days <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Troilo,_Franz_Ferdinand_von">von Troilo</a> (1676) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3FBAAAAcAAJ">p. 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortunatus_Hueber" title="Fortunatus Hueber">Hueber</a> (1693) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHJAJ-lTnDQC">p. 480</a>, Dampier (1729)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29536">p. 140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">"Aiolos (2004)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113024717/http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">Archived</a> 2015-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, d'Arvieux (1755), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=210oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA230">p. 230–31</a>, Moryson, Hadfield (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fl6gkL5h6A0C&pg=PA170">pp. 170–171</a> two to three days in warm weather, dead by midnight in cold, Mentzel, Allemann (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0Juf6TAqBoC&pg=PA102">p. 102</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fpa09">de Pages</a> (1791) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2EUAAAAQAAJ">p. 284</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voyages_to_the_East-Indies,_Volum_1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voyages_to_the_East-Indies,_Volum_1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voyages_to_the_East-Indies,_Volum_1_6-1">b</a> Stavorinus (1798)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci0LAAAAYAAJ">p. 288–291</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For following the spine: von Taube (1777), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK8AAAAAcAAJ">footnote ** p. 70–71</a>, Stavorinus (1798)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci0LAAAAYAAJ">p. 288–291</a> Another description, using a 15 cm thick stake, let it pass between the liver and the rib cage, Koller (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cz9abClMbr8C&pg=PA145">p. 145</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anzeiger_Kunde-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Anzeiger_Kunde_8-0">^</a> von Meyer von Knonau (1855)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkAAAAAcAAJ">p. 176, column 2</a>, Example of thrusting a roasting spit through the stomach on orders of 16th Central Asian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abu_Bakr_Dughlat" title="Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat">Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat</a> upon his own nephew, Elias, Ross (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheTarikh-i-rashidi/TheTarikh-i-rashidiVer1.0#page/n227/mode/2up">p. 227</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> For extra-cardial chest impalement <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatra.de/repertorium/ed000062.pdf">Döpler</a> (1697) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZlBAAAAcAAJ">p. 371</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neue_Lausitzsche-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Neue_Lausitzsche_10-0">^</a> Roch (1687)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rgAAAAAcAAJ">pp. 350–51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> A possible case of 16th-century dorsal-to-front impalement is given by di Varthema (1863) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsludovico00badggoog">p. 147</a> See also wood block print in <a href="#Dracula">Dracula subsection</a>. In addition, the alleged "bamboo torture" seems to presume a dorsal-to-front impalement, see specific sub-section </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Wagner (1687), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJJOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT51">p. 55</a> NOTE: The German word "Pfahl" (with the associated verb "zu pfählen") refers to a wooden stake, and it is the word used in influential law texts like the 1532 <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Criminalis_Carolina" title="Constitutio Criminalis Carolina">Constitutio Criminalis Carolina</a>, so the reader should not assume that the use of a heated metal rod was standard procedure. In the 1532 law text, see <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Koch,_Johann_Christoph">Koch</a> (1824) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ">p. 63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> de Tournefort (1741) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbLip5edYDQC">p. 98–100</a> A detailed description of the apparatus and procedure of gaunching can be found in Mundy (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsofpetermu01mund#page/n127/mode/2up">pp. 55–56</a> and in Moryson, Hadfield (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fl6gkL5h6A0C&pg=PA170">pp. 170–171</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Thévenot (1687)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q9EAAAAcAAJ">p. 68–69</a>. For a fourth description plus drawing, see <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Schweigger" title="Salomon Schweigger">Schweigger</a> (1613), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cl5OAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA75">p. 173</a> Schweigger adds that many times, people are allowed to shorten the gaunched individual's time of misery by cutting his throat or decapitating him. Alexander Russell, from 1740s Aleppo knew of instances of "gaunching", but said those were rare, compared with other types of capital punishment.Russell (1794)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PfaAAAAMAAJ">p. 334</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Breuning_von_Buchenbach,_Hans_Jakob">Breuning von Buchenbach, Hans Jakob</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Buchenbach (1612), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlVEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA86">pp. 86–87</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintage-maps.com/shop_content.php?language=en&coID=15&manID=108%20">Thomas Shaw</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Shaw (1757) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsorobserv01shawgoog">p. 253–254</a> Shaw's contemporary <a href="/wiki/John_Braithwaite_(author)" title="John Braithwaite (author)">John Braithwaite</a> reports impalement and throwing onto hooks for Morocco as well, Braithwaite (1729) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyrevoluti00braigoog">p. 366</a> On Morocco and Fez, see also the travel account by Sieur Mouette, who was captive there from 1670 to 1682, Stevens (1711), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VX4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA69">p. 69</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Morgan (1729) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElZBAAAAcAAJ">p. 392</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> in one of his acerbic comments and footnotes to translated accounts from Catholic priests' narratives of the redemption of slaves. Examples of other such acerbic notes: Boyde (1736) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">p. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA25">p. 25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44">p. 44</a> (compares French and Algerine slavery), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45">p. 45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA51">p. 51</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52">p. 52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Boyde (1736) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWI_AAAAMAAJ">p. 75, footnote</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Osborne (1745), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbCs0L59DhkC&pg=PA478">p. 478</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Koller (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cz9abClMbr8C&pg=PA146">p. 146</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Stedman (1813) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey00stedgoog">p. 116</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> As an example of popular promotion of this horror story, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/37/a4865637.shtml">"Japanese Torture Techniques"</a>. WW2 People's War. 15 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2+People%27s+War&rft.atitle=Japanese+Torture+Techniques&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F37%2Fa4865637.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentalfloss.com/article/23038/9-insane-torture-techniques">"9 Insane Torture Techniques"</a>. October 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Insane+Torture+Techniques&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F23038%2F9-insane-torture-techniques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle chronology">Middle chronology</a> is used here </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Article 153 in: Harper (1904), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Code_of_Hammurabi_(Harper_translation)" class="extiw" title="s:The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)">The Code of Hammurabi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tetlow (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C&pg=PA34">p. 34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hamblin (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5IQQir5eFEC&pg=PA208">p. 208</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Herrenschmidt, Bottéro (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwoPiWG3-LQC&pg=PA84">p. 84</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Mayer, ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhIayTaTwAcC&pg=PA141">p. 141</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2002" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth (2002). Ramesside inscriptions translated and annotated: Translations. Volume 4: Merenptah and the late Nineteenth Dynasty. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesside+inscriptions+translated+and+annotated%3A+Translations.+Volume+4%3A+Merenptah+and+the+late+Nineteenth+Dynasty&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.co.uk-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.co.uk_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.co.uk_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.com/2012/02/impalements-in-antiquity-2.html">"Fin des Voies Rapides: Impalements in Antiquity (2)"</a>. Fin des Voies Rapides. 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fin+des+Voies+Rapides&rft.atitle=Fin+des+Voies+Rapides%3A+Impalements+in+Antiquity+%282%29&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifpeakoilwerenoobject.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fimpalements-in-antiquity-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Ussishkin, Amit (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA346">p. 346</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ekron incident from Sennacherib's own self-glorification, see Callaway (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8F4oDF9dJvUC&pg=PA169">p. 169</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Relief and text in Ephʿal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdbVQ8OGfG4C&pg=PA51">p. 51–52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Relative to later impalement practices, at least </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Layard (1850) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninevehanditsre10layagoog">p. 374</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Olmstead (1918), p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230410/http://www.iun.edu/~nwacadem/hppr/faculty/pkern.shtml">"Paul Kern"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iun.edu/~nwacadem/hppr/faculty/pkern.shtml">the original</a> on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Kern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iun.edu%2F~nwacadem%2Fhppr%2Ffaculty%2Fpkern.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Kern (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBTesdgIbcsC&pg=PA68">p. 68–76</a>. Ashurnasirpal II is credited with 5 distinct incidents, <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> (r. 858–824 BC). For a number of examples of impalement of rebels and subjugated people under Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>, see Olmstead (1921), Battle at Sugania p. 348,Siege of Til Bashere p. 354, Battle of Arzashkun p. 360, Battle of Kulisi p. 368, Battle of Kinalua p. 378. For the last, see also Bryce (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0dbRu1TOgUC&pg=PA244">p. 244</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (r. 745–727), For some specifics on Tiglath-Pileser's policy, see Crouch (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EODNwjxJxmoC&pg=PA39">p. 39–41</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (r.668-627 BC), Ashurbanipal congratulates himself once over having impaled fleeing survivors from towns he has burnt down, Ehrlich (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1q1tAnYMY0C&pg=PA5">p. 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> was king at that time </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Kuhrt (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&pg=PA292">p. 292</a> and Gadd (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9">p. 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Richardson, Laneri (2007), p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Schroeder (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keilschrifttexte00schr">Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Jastrow (1921), p. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCMNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA236">Herodotus: A New and Literal Version from the Text of Baehr by Henry Cary, page 236</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA123">Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, p. 123</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amélie (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bb7eH1LHRcAC&pg=PA154">The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period</a>. Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136016943" title="Special:BookSources/9781136016943"><bdi>9781136016943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=9781136016943&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbb7eH1LHRcAC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/Images%20Sourcebook/ancient/ANE/Behistun/behistun-trans.asp">Inscription of Darius on Behistun Relief Fordham University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther+5&version=ESV">Book of Esther, ESV Bible edition</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblica.com/bibles/chapter/?verse=Esther+5&version=nirv">Book of Esther, NIRV Bible edition</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Haupt (1908), p. 122, 152, 154, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Shaw (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligonier.org/blog/was-haman-hanged-or-impaled/">Was Haman Hanged or Impaled?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/2-samuel/21-9-compare.html">Compare Translations for 2 Samuel 21:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World by John Granger Cook, 2014, published by Mohr Siebeck,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161531248" title="Special:BookSources/9783161531248">9783161531248</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_58-0">^</a> For law text, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Koch,_Johann_Christoph">Koch</a> (1824) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ">p. 63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Engel, Jacob (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OP3hhD7_T6QC&pg=PA75">p. 75</a> A similar punishment of the couple by impalement for adultery if caught in the act is mentioned in Bavarian sources as well, see His (1928), p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Schwetschke (1789), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hytRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT351">col. 692</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ehrlich (2005), p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Fick (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8JCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14">p. 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Engelmann (1834)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOAAAAAAcAAJ">p. 158</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Osenbr%C3%BCggen" class="extiw" title="de:Eduard Osenbrüggen">Osenbrüggen</a> (1868), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YWE7AAAAcAAJ/page/n311">p. 297</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejncn-65"><a href="#cite_ref-ejncn_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonChristensen2003" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, D.; Christensen, K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1geOjQ6R0MC&pg=PA230">Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2598-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-2598-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Community%3A+From+the+Village+to+the+Virtual+World&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1geOjQ6R0MC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Schwab (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubmr9w0g9GAC&pg=PA256">p. 256</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Gottfried, van Hulsius (1633), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HItOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA462">p. 462</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Han (1669), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PT55">p. 203</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Beer (1713), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UT5VAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA127">p. 127</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> von Loen (1751), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tTUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA420">p. 420–422</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> von Imhoff (1736), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLb5cjzNpz4C&pg=PA1051">p. 1051</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mannheimer Zeitung (1784), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BpEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA631">p. 638</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Vehse, Demmler (1856), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZVHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318">p. 318</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Woltersdorf (1812)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6aBOAAAAcAAJ">p. 267</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Daschitsky (1570), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_xXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA12">p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAXvt1_0KL4C&pg=PT124">Wiltenburg (2012), pp. 124–125</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17tSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105">Bastian (1860), p. 105</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvc1BT8yM6sC&pg=PA110">Muir (1997), pp. 110–111</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rgAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA249">Roch (1687), p. 249</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid,_2000,_p._440-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid,_2000,_p._440_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid,_2000,_p._440_80-1">b</a> Reid, (2000), p. 440 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Florescu (1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-vlad-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vlad_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vlad_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAxinte" class="citation cs2">Axinte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/rsa/_content/_public/_htm/dracula.shtml">Dracula: Between myth and reality</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+Between+myth+and+reality&rft.au=Axinte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Frsa%2F_content%2F_public%2F_htm%2Fdracula.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quora.com/Was-Vlad-the-Impaler-a-psychopath">"Was Vlad the Impaler a psychopath?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Vlad+the+Impaler+a+psychopath%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWas-Vlad-the-Impaler-a-psychopath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/vlad-impaler-real-dracula-was-absolutely-vicious-8c11505315">"Vlad the Impaler: The real Dracula was absolutely vicious"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 31 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Vlad+the+Impaler%3A+The+real+Dracula+was+absolutely+vicious&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fsciencemain%2Fvlad-impaler-real-dracula-was-absolutely-vicious-8c11505315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2000-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid2000_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Reid2000" class="citation book cs1">James J. Reid (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6c_Ndtu4C&pg=PA440">Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839-1878</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 440–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-07687-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-07687-6"><bdi>978-3-515-07687-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Prelude+to+Collapse+1839-1878&rft.pages=440-&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-515-07687-6&rft.au=James+J.+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgg6c_Ndtu4C%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Philippides, Hanak (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA587">p. 587</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Runciman (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAzntP0lg58C&pg=PA67">p. 67</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Pears, (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ7X6fe5CwC&pg=PA253">p. 253</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> de La Mottraye <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30457464_0002">p. 188</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Russell (1794) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PfaAAAAMAAJ">p. 331</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> See de Thévenot(1687), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q9EAAAAcAAJ">p. 68–69</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q9EAAAAcAAJ">p. 259</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Late Ottoman cases in 1830s Balkans, i) Some five case reported 1833, M***r (1833) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jow0AQAAMAAJ">p. 440–41 columns 2</a> ii) 1834, Two such corpses, close to the village Paracini in the vicinity of Jagodina, see: Burgess (1835) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hr_0VHlDUjwC">p. 275</a> iii) Rarity of such cases in the 1830s,<a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Goodrich" title="Charles A. Goodrich">Goodrich</a> (1836)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universaltravel00goodgoog">p. 308</a> 1835, Retaliative cycle Turkish authorities relative Kurdish "robbers", Slade (1837) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVMEAAAAQAAJ">p. 191</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritimeheritage.org/vips/massettStephen.html">Stephen Massett</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Massett (1863), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driftingaboutor00massgoog/page/n88">p. 88–89</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Layard (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2RHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307">p. 307</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ranft (1769), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA345">p. 345</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> missing </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiolos_2004-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Aiolos_2004_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113024717/http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">""Aiolos (2004)""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopo.gr/article.php?id=5009">the original</a> on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2013-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Aiolos+%282004%29%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metopo.gr%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D5009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Dumas (2008), volume 8, chapter 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Hughes (1820) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy3RAAAAMAAJ">p. 454</a>, see also, on roasting incident: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Holland,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet">Holland</a> (1815) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3D9MAAAAMAAJ">p. 194</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> J.W.A.Streit, Constantinopel im Jahr 1821, oder Darstellung der blutigen und höchst schauderhaften Begebenheiten ... Leipzig, 1822, pp. 30, 31, 42–45. Cited by Kyriakos Simopoulos, "How Foreigners saw the Greece of the 1821 Revolution", Athens, 2004 (5th edition), vol. 1, pp. 153, 154, in Greek language. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90A0fKNNbY8C&dq=pouqueville+histoire+regeneration&pg=PA6">Pouqueville Fr., Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce, Paris, 1825, vol. 2, p. 580</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/apomnimon.pdf">Makrygiannis Yannis, Memoirs, p. 27. (In Greek language)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025235/http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/apomnimon.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yannis Makrygiannis (1797–1864) was a general and politician, hero of the Greek Revolution. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Paroulakis (1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Turkish reprisals on Greek War of independence, i) 2.June 1821, 10 Greeks at Bucharest, Fick (1821) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExtEAAAAcAAJ&q=lebendig+t%C3%BCrken+schaar">p. 254</a> ii) During the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_during_the_Greek_Revolution#Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres during the Greek Revolution">massacre at Crete</a> around 24 June 1821, most are said to have been impaled: Siegman (1821) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZtHAQAAIAAJ">p. 988, column 1</a> iii) 36 Greek hostages, including 7 bishops at onset of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> Colburn (1821) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDMaAQAAIAAJ">p. 56</a> iv) In conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Chios_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chios Massacre">Chios Massacre</a> in 1822, several Chiote merchants were detained and executed at Constantinople, 6 of whom were impaled alive: Hughes (1822)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfYaAAAAYAAJ">p. 169</a> v) <a href="/wiki/Omer_Vrioni" title="Omer Vrioni">Omer Vrioni</a> organizing in 1821 Greek hunts where civilians were, at least in one instance, impaled on his orders.<a href="/wiki/George_Waddington" title="George Waddington">Waddington</a> (1825) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avisittogreecei00waddgoog">p. 52–54</a> vi) In early 1822 <a href="/wiki/Cassandreia" title="Cassandreia">Cassandreia</a>, some 300 civilians massacred, several reported to have been impaled, Grund (1822) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xowpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT329">p. 4</a> vii) During the last <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Missolonghi_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Missolonghi (1825)">Siege of Missolonghi</a>, in 1826, the Ottoman besiegers offered opportunity for capitulation for the besieged, while they also sent a message of consequences for refusal by impaling alive a priest, two women and several children in front of the line. The offer of capitulation was declined by the besieged Greeks. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Alison,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet">Alison</a>(1856), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv0KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206">p. 206</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gri_000033125010873152#page/n133/mode/2up">George Waddington, "A visit to Greece in 1823 and 1824", 2nd ed., London, 1825, p. 52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> 20-50 "daily" brought in, most impaled Urban (1810) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg83AAAAYAAJ">p. 74</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Sowards (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture5.html">The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830104856/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/hye_sharzhoom/vol28/oct06/dr_reid.aspx">"Obituary James Reid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/hye_sharzhoom/vol28/oct06/dr_reid.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2013-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary+James+Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianstudies.csufresno.edu%2Fhye_sharzhoom%2Fvol28%2Foct06%2Fdr_reid.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Reid (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6c_Ndtu4C&pg=PA441">p. 441</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Erish (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKskLkvWnDgC&pg=PA212">p. 212 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Shahbaz (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rageofislamaccou00shah#page/142/mode/2up">p. 142</a> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Impalement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Impalement">Impalement</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Impalement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlison1856" class="citation book cs1">Alison, Archibald (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv0KAAAAYAAJ">History of Europe from the fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII, volume 3</a>. Edinburgh and London: W.Blackwood and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Europe+from+the+fall+of+Napoleon+in+MDCCCXV+to+the+accession+of+Louis+Napoleon+in+MDCCCLII%2C+volume+3&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pub=W.Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Alison&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv0KAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndric1977" class="citation book cs1">Andric, Ivo (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bridgeondrina00ivoa_0">The Bridge on the Drina</a>. University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-02045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-02045-2"><bdi>0-226-02045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge+on+the+Drina&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-226-02045-2&rft.aulast=Andric&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbridgeondrina00ivoa_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFd'ArvieuxLabat1755" class="citation book cs1">d'Arvieux, Laurent; Labat, Jean B. (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=210oAAAAYAAJ">Des Herrn von Arvieux ... hinterlassene merkwürdige Nachrichten</a>. Vol. 5–6. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J.B. Ackermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+Herrn+von+Arvieux+...+hinterlassene+merkw%C3%BCrdige+Nachrichten&rft.place=Copenhagen+and+Leipzig&rft.pub=J.B.+Ackermann&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=d%27Arvieux&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Labat%2C+Jean+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D210oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBastian1860" class="citation book cs1">Bastian, Adolf (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17tSAAAAcAAJ">Der Mensch in der Geschichte</a>. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Mensch+in+der+Geschichte&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Otto+Wigand&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17tSAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeer1713" class="citation book cs1">Beer, Johann C. (1713). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UT5VAAAAcAAJ">Der durchleuchtigsten Erzherzogen zu Oesterreich Leben, Regierung und Großthaten</a>. 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Retrieved 2013-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twenty-Five+Lectures+on+Modern+Balkan+History+%28The+Balkans+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism%29&rft.atitle=The+Serbian+Revolution+and+the+Serbian+State&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sowards&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.lib.msu.edu%2Fsowards%2Fbalkan%2Flecture5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWW2,_People's_War2005" class="citation web cs1">WW2, People's War (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/37/a4865637.shtml">"Japanese torture techniques"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 2013-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+torture+techniques&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005&rft.au=WW2%2C+People%27s+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F37%2Fa4865637.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpalement" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and post-classical methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_familial_exterminations" title="Nine familial exterminations">Nine familial exterminations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> 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