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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Appel au ridicule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 13 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="توسل بالاستهزاء – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توسل بالاستهزاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel%C2%B7laci%C3%B3_al_rid%C3%ADcul" title="Apel·lació al ridícul – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apel·lació al ridícul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_ridicule" title="Appeal to ridicule – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Appeal to ridicule" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelar_al_rid%C3%ADculo" title="Apelar al ridículo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apelar al ridículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%92" title="בשם הלעג – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשם הלעג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="प्रहसन कुतर्क – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रहसन कुतर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketertarikan_akan_ejekan" title="Ketertarikan akan ejekan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketertarikan akan ejekan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%B2%E7%AC%91%E3%81%AB%E8%A8%B4%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E8%AB%96%E8%A8%BC" title="嘲笑に訴える論証 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嘲笑に訴える論証" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_ridiculum" title="Reductio ad ridiculum – allemand palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Reductio ad ridiculum" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="allemand palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelo_ao_rid%C3%ADculo" title="Apelo ao ridículo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apelo ao ridículo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelul_la_ridicol" title="Apelul la ridicol – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apelul la ridicol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Звернення до насмішок – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звернення до насмішок" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/220px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/330px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/440px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>Caricature de <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> en singe, publiée dans <i>The Hornet</i>, un magazine satirique.</figcaption></figure> <p>L’<b>appel au ridicule</b> est une tactique argumentative, un <a href="/wiki/Sophisme" title="Sophisme">sophisme</a> qui consiste à caricaturer les propos de son adversaire jusqu'à les rendre ridicules<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et donc facilement réfutables<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonctionnement">Fonctionnement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Fonctionnement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fonctionnement"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'appel au ridicule consiste à se moquer des arguments de son adversaire afin de rallier l'auditoire à sa cause<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il fonctionne par <a href="/wiki/Analogie" title="Analogie">analogie</a> (si A entraîne X, alors B entraîne Y, et Y est jugé ridicule, donc A est faux)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est un sophisme qui fait partie des appels à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89motion" title="Émotion">émotion</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, en cherchant à enlever toute réflexion rationnelle envers une idée, mais au contraire susciter le rire ou la peur chez l'auditoire<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, il repose sur les valeurs et les <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9r%C3%A9otype" title="Stéréotype">stéréotypes</a> du public assistant au débat<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'appel au ridicule se rapproche d'une <a href="/wiki/Attaque_ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaque ad hominem">attaque ad hominem</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Toutefois, là où le raisonnement <i>ad hominem</i> vise directement la personne (<span class="citation">« vous êtes stupide ! »</span>), l'appel au ridicule se moque indirectement de la personne en visant son discours et ses idées (<span class="citation">« c'est la chose la plus débile que j'ai entendue ! »</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les arguments faisant appel au ridicule ne sont pas pertinents, car ridiculiser une idée ne la rend pas fausse pour autant<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce sophisme peut constituer une forme rhétorique de <a href="/wiki/Harc%C3%A8lement" title="Harcèlement">harcèlement</a> ou d'<a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et viser, à travers le rire collectif, à exclure une personne d'un groupe<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'appel au ridicule cherche ainsi à dénier à l'interlocuteur sa légitimité à argumenter et à débattre, en mettant en question sa compétence et son sérieux<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'appel au ridicule se distingue également du <a href="/wiki/Raisonnement_par_l%27absurde" title="Raisonnement par l'absurde">raisonnement par l'absurde</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui utilise de bons arguments en vue de convaincre<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'appel au ridicule peut être utilisé comme technique argumentative, notamment en politique<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou comme technique de vente pour attirer des consommateurs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Gregory L. Bock préconise de cultiver le respect, l'ouverture d'esprit et l'humilité pour éviter de tomber dans l'appel au ridicule, particulièrement face à des idées ou comportements qui peuvent entrer en contradiction avec sa propre <a href="/wiki/Vision_du_monde" title="Vision du monde">vision du monde</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un exemple d'appel au ridicule est de qualifier de <span class="citation">« fou »</span> un discours, une idée ou une croyance (notamment une croyance religieuse)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, par exemple <span class="citation">« la foi en <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a>, c'est comme croire au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a> ou à la <a href="/wiki/Petite_souris" title="Petite souris">petite souris</a> »</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (sous-entendu : ça n'est pas sérieux, donc cela doit être faux). </p><p>En réponse aux critiques formulées envers les politiques du président américain <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> en 2008, jugées trop <span class="citation">« socialistes »</span>, ce dernier a répondu : <span class="citation">« bientôt on m'accusera d'être <a href="/wiki/Communiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Communiste">communiste</a> parce que j'ai partagé mes jouets quand j'étais en <a href="/wiki/Maternelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternelle">maternelle</a> »</span><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les phrases suivantes sont également des exemples d'appel au ridicule : </p> <ul><li><span class="citation">« Croire que limiter le progrès permettra d'éviter de détruire la planète, c'est comme penser que se doucher dehors les jours de pluie, par 3°C, sauvera la planète »</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><span class="citation">« Alors, l'<a href="/wiki/Antisp%C3%A9cisme" title="Antispécisme">antispécisme</a>, ça veut dire que les humains et les <a href="/wiki/Moustique" title="Moustique">moustiques</a>, c'est la même chose ! »</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-6">g</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-7">h</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bock2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gregory_L._Bock2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gregory L. <span class="nom_auteur">Bock</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Appeal to Ridicule »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">Bad Arguments</cite>, Wiley, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05-09" data-sort-value="2018-05-09">9 mai 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-119-16578-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-119-16578-1"><span class="nowrap">978-1-119-16578-1</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119165811.ch18">10.1002/9781119165811.ch18</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119165811.ch18">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">118–120</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bad+Arguments&rft.atitle=Appeal+to+Ridicule&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.pages=118%E2%80%93120&rft.isbn=978-1-119-16578-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119165811.ch18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nauman_AbbasiRamzan_SheikhSaeedImdadullah2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Muhammad_Nauman_AbbasiMuhammad_Ramzan_SheikhRashid_SaeedMuhammad_Imdadullah2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Muhammad Nauman Abbasi, Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh, Rashid Saeed et Muhammad Imdadullah, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Impact of Emotional Appeals on Youth Purchasing Behavior: Evidence from Pakistan</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 34, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bzu.edu.pk/PJSS/Vol34No22014/PJSS-Vol34-No2-30.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Emotional+Appeals+on+Youth+Purchasing+Behavior%3A+Evidence+from+Pakistan&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Muhammad+Nauman+Abbasi&rft.au=Muhammad+Ramzan+Sheikh&rft.au=Rashid+Saeed&rft.au=Muhammad+Imdadullah&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span> :<blockquote><p>« <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Next they'll be calling me a communist because I shared my toys in kindergarten</span> »</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marraud2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Marraud2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : espagnol">(es)</abbr> Hubert Marraud, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="es">La argumentación por el ridículo. Instrucciones de uso</cite> », <i><span class="lang-es" lang="es">Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 15,‎ <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15366/ria2017.15">10.15366/ria2017.15</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+argumentaci%C3%B3n+por+el+rid%C3%ADculo.+Instrucciones+de+uso&rft.jtitle=Revista+Iberoamericana+de+Argumentaci%C3%B3n&rft.aulast=Marraud&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15366%2Fria2017.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FalkowiczNaveilhanContraDico2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Séverine_FalkowiczClément_NaveilhanMr_ContraDico2023">Séverine <span class="nom_auteur">Falkowicz</span>, Clément <span class="nom_auteur">Naveilhan</span> et Mr <span class="nom_auteur">ContraDico</span>, <cite class="italique">Au cœur de l'esprit critique: Petit guide pour déjouer les manipulations</cite>, Editions Eyrolles, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-01-12" data-sort-value="2023-01-12">12 janvier 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-212-77731-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-212-77731-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-212-77731-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=aammEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 76<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+c%C5%93ur+de+l%27esprit+critique%3A+Petit+guide+pour+d%C3%A9jouer+les+manipulations&rft.pub=Editions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Falkowicz&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9verine&rft.au=Naveilhan%2C+Cl%C3%A9ment&rft.au=ContraDico%2C+Mr&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.pages=76&rft.isbn=978-2-212-77731-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tanner2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ken_Tanner2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ken <span class="nom_auteur">Tanner</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Common Nonsense Based on Faulty Appeals »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">Common Sense: Get it, use it and Teach it in the Workplace</cite>, Apress, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4302-4153-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4302-4153-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4302-4153-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4153-9_3">10.1007/978-1-4302-4153-9_3</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4153-9_3">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">31–43</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Common+Sense%3A+Get+it%2C+use+it+and+Teach+it+in+the+Workplace&rft.atitle=Common+Nonsense+Based+on+Faulty+Appeals&rft.pub=Apress&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=31%E2%80%9343&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-4153-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4302-4153-9_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MustonenPaakkonenRyökäsNieminen2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne-Mari_MustonenTommi_PaakkonenEsko_RyökäsPetteri_Nieminen2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anne-Mari <span class="nom_auteur">Mustonen</span>, Tommi <span class="nom_auteur">Paakkonen</span>, Esko <span class="nom_auteur">Ryökäs</span> et Petteri <span class="nom_auteur">Nieminen</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Abortion debates in Finland and the Republic of Ireland: textual analysis of experiential thinking and argumentation in parliamentary and layperson discussions</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Reproductive Health</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 14, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-02" data-sort-value="2017-12-02">2 décembre 2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 163 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1742-4755">1742-4755</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29197399">29197399</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712170">PMC5712170</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0418-y">10.1186/s12978-017-0418-y</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0418-y">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-04-10" data-sort-value="2023-04-10">10 avril 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abortion+debates+in+Finland+and+the+Republic+of+Ireland%3A+textual+analysis+of+experiential+thinking+and+argumentation+in+parliamentary+and+layperson+discussions&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Health&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Mustonen&rft.aufirst=Anne-Mari&rft.au=Paakkonen%2C+Tommi&rft.au=Ry%C3%B6k%C3%A4s%2C+Esko&rft.au=Nieminen%2C+Petteri&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=163&rft.issn=1742-4755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12978-017-0418-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29197399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PalazzoloSola2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jérôme_PalazzoloAxel_Sola2019">Jérôme <span class="nom_auteur">Palazzolo</span> et Axel <span class="nom_auteur">Sola</span>, <cite class="italique">Gérer les conflits et l'agressivité au quotidien</cite>, Tredaniel, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-18" data-sort-value="2019-06-18">18 juin 2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8132-2154-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8132-2154-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8132-2154-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=B72JEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 56<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rer+les+conflits+et+l%27agressivit%C3%A9+au+quotidien&rft.pub=Tredaniel&rft.aulast=Palazzolo&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Sola%2C+Axel&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.pages=56&rft.isbn=978-2-8132-2154-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="B2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rosa_B2020">Rosa <span class="nom_auteur">B</span>, <cite class="italique">Insolente Veggie - L'intégrale</cite>, La Plage, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-11-25" data-sort-value="2020-11-25">25 novembre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84221-955-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84221-955-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84221-955-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=B4cbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 257<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insolente+Veggie+-+L%27int%C3%A9grale&rft.pub=La+Plage&rft.aulast=B&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.pages=257&rft.isbn=978-2-84221-955-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAppel+au+ridicule"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appel_au_ridicule&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empoisonner_le_puits" class="mw-redirect" title="Empoisonner le puits">Empoisonner le puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pouvantail_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Épouvantail (rhétorique)">Épouvantail (rhétorique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisonnement_par_l%27absurde" title="Raisonnement par l'absurde">Raisonnement par l'absurde</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sophismes" title="Modèle:Palette Sophismes"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sophismes&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Sophisme" title="Sophisme">Sophismes</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Sophisme a priori</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_la_flatterie" title="Appel à la flatterie">Appel à la flatterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_l%27ignorance" title="Appel à l'ignorance">à l'ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_la_nature" title="Appel à la nature">à la nature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">au ridicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_la_peur" title="Appel à la peur">à la terreur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Argument d'autorité">Argument d'autorité</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_antiquitatem" title="Argumentum ad antiquitatem">Argumentum ad antiquitatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">ad baculum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_lazarum" title="Argumentum ad lazarum">ad lazarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_novitatem" title="Argumentum ad novitatem">ad novitatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_odium" title="Argumentum ad odium">ad odium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_wrongs_make_a_right" title="Two wrongs make a right">Double faute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreur_du_parieur" title="Erreur du parieur">Erreur du parieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralogisme_naturaliste" title="Paralogisme naturaliste">Paralogisme naturaliste</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Sophisme d'observation</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_a_silentio" title="Argumentum a silentio">Argumentum a silentio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseam" title="Argumentum ad nauseam">Argumentum ad nauseam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_du_vrai_%C3%89cossais" title="Sophisme du vrai Écossais">Aucun vrai Écossais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausse_%C3%A9quivalence" title="Fausse équivalence">Fausse équivalence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Sophisme de généralisation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_de_la_cause_unique" title="Sophisme de la cause unique">Cause unique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_du_cons%C3%A9quent" title="Affirmation du conséquent">Conséquent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_d%27une_disjonction" title="Affirmation d'une disjonction">Disjonction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89chantillon_biais%C3%A9" title="Échantillon biaisé">Échantillon biaisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_dilemme" title="Faux dilemme">Faux dilemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_%C3%A9quilibre" title="Faux équilibre">Faux équilibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_du_juste_milieu" title="Sophisme du juste milieu">Juste milieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_de_McNamara" title="Sophisme de McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oubli_de_la_fr%C3%A9quence_de_base" title="Oubli de la fréquence de base">Oubli de la fréquence de base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pente_savonneuse" title="Pente savonneuse">Pente savonneuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_de_la_solution_parfaite" title="Sophisme de la solution parfaite">Solution parfaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_de_composition" title="Sophisme de composition">Sophisme de composition</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Sophisme par confusion</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibologie" title="Amphibologie">Amphibologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_Galil%C3%A9e" title="Appel à Galilée">Appel à Galilée</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A9lation_n%27implique_pas_causalit%C3%A9" title="Corrélation n'implique pas causalité">Cum hoc ergo propter hoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pouvantail_(rh%C3%A9torique)" title="Épouvantail (rhétorique)">Épouvantail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausse_objection" title="Fausse objection">Fausse objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_dilemme" title="Faux dilemme">Faux dilemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_de_la_charge_de_la_preuve" title="Inversion de la charge de la preuve">Inversion de la charge de la preuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tition_de_principe" title="Pétition de principe">Pétition de principe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plurium_interrogationum" title="Plurium interrogationum">Plurium interrogationum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_pi%C3%A8ge" title="Question piège">Question piège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_par_association" title="Sophisme par association">Sophisme par association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisme_de_la_motte_castrale" title="Sophisme de la motte castrale">Sophisme de la motte castrale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Par nom latin</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_a_silentio" title="Argumentum a silentio">Argumentum a silentio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_antiquitatem" title="Argumentum ad antiquitatem">ad antiquitatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">ad baculum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_hominem" title="Argumentum ad hominem">ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_lazarum" title="Argumentum ad lazarum">ad lazarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_misericordiam" title="Argumentum ad misericordiam">ad misericordiam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appel_%C3%A0_la_nature" title="Appel à la nature">ad naturam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseam" title="Argumentum ad nauseam">ad nauseam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_novitatem" title="Argumentum ad novitatem">ad novitatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_odium" title="Argumentum ad odium">ad odium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_personam" title="Argumentum ad personam">ad personam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">ad populum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argument_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Argument d'autorité">ad verecundiam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoratio_elenchi" title="Ignoratio elenchi">Ignoratio elenchi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_causa_pro_causa" title="Non causa pro causa">Non causa pro causa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">Non sequitur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plurium_interrogationum" title="Plurium interrogationum">Plurium interrogationum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_Stalinum" title="Reductio ad Stalinum">Reductio ad Stalinum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span 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