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href="#Lane_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Lane colony </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lane_colony-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lane colony subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lane_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Voyage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Establishment of the colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostilities_and_food_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostilities_and_food_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hostilities and food shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostilities_and_food_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Evacuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenville's_detachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenville's_detachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Grenville's detachment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenville's_detachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lost colony </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lost_colony-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lost colony subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lost_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1588_relief_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1588_relief_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1588 relief mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1588_relief_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_reconnaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_reconnaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Spanish reconnaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_reconnaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1590_relief_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1590_relief_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1590 relief mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1590_relief_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_into_Roanoke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_into_Roanoke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Investigations into Roanoke </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigations_into_Roanoke-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Investigations into Roanoke subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Investigations_into_Roanoke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1552–1602:_Walter_Raleigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1552–1602:_Walter_Raleigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1552–1602: Walter Raleigh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1552–1602:_Walter_Raleigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1603:_Bartholomew_Gilbert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1603:_Bartholomew_Gilbert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1603: Bartholomew Gilbert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1603:_Bartholomew_Gilbert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1579–1639:_John_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1579–1639:_John_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1579–1639: John Smith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1579–1639:_John_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1610–1612:_William_Strachey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1610–1612:_William_Strachey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1610–1612: William Strachey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1610–1612:_William_Strachey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1625:_Samuel_Purchas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1625:_Samuel_Purchas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 1625: Samuel Purchas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1625:_Samuel_Purchas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1701–1709:_John_Lawson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1701–1709:_John_Lawson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 1701–1709: John Lawson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1701–1709:_John_Lawson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scientific research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1800s–1950:_Site_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800s–1950:_Site_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1800s–1950: Site preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s–1950:_Site_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998:_Climate_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998:_Climate_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1998: Climate research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998:_Climate_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2019:_Genetic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2019:_Genetic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2005–2019: Genetic analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2019:_Genetic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Archaeological research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeological research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1887–present:_Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887–present:_Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1887–present: Archaeological evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887–present:_Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–present;_new_archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–present;_new_archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 2011–present; new archaeological sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–present;_new_archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses_about_the_colony's_disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses_about_the_colony's_disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hypotheses_about_the_colony's_disappearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses_about_the_colony's_disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powhatan_attack_at_Chesapeake_Bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powhatan_attack_at_Chesapeake_Bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powhatan_attack_at_Chesapeake_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_with_local_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_with_local_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Integration with local tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_with_local_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_to_return_to_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_to_return_to_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Attempt to return to England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempt_to_return_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_against_Raleigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_against_Raleigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Conspiracy against Raleigh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_against_Raleigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_operation_at_Beechland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_operation_at_Beechland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Secret operation at Beechland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_operation_at_Beechland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Spanish attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CORA_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CORA_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 CORA tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CORA_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dare_Stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dare_Stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Dare Stones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dare_Stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical/Archaeological_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical/Archaeological_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Historical/Archaeological organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical/Archaeological_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roanoke Colony</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83" title="مستعمرة روانوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستعمرة روانوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanok_koloniyas%C4%B1" title="Roanok koloniyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roanok koloniyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Si%CC%8Dt-b%C3%AEn-t%C4%93" title="Roanoke Si̍t-bîn-tē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roanoke Si̍t-bîn-tē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Раанок (калонія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раанок (калонія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Роаноук (колония) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роаноук (колония)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_de_Roanoke" title="Colònia de Roanoke – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colònia de Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladfa_Roanoke" title="Gwladfa Roanoke – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladfa Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_(Kolonie)" title="Roanoke (Kolonie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roanoke (Kolonie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_de_Roanoke" title="Colonia de Roanoke – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonia de Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonio_Roanoke" title="Kolonio Roanoke – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolonio Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مستعمره روانوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستعمره روانوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_de_Roanoke" title="Colonie de Roanoke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonie de Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%85%B8%ED%81%AC_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80" title="로어노크 식민지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로어노크 식민지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AF" title="Ռոանոկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոանոկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="रोनोक कॉलोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोनोक कॉलोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_Roanoke" title="Koloni Roanoke – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koloni Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_di_Roanoke" title="Colonia di Roanoke – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia di Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7" title="מושבת רואנוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מושבת רואנוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roanoke Colony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Роанок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роанок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="റോണോക്ക് കോളനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോണോക്ക് കോളനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83" title="مستعمرة روانوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مستعمرة روانوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_(kolonie)" title="Roanoke (kolonie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roanoke (kolonie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="ロアノーク植民地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロアノーク植民地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_(kolonia)" title="Roanoke (kolonia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roanoke (kolonia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_de_Roanoke" title="Colônia de Roanoke – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colônia de Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Roanoke" title="Colonia Roanoke – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonia Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Роанок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роанок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roanoke Colony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Роанок (колонија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роанок (колонија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoken_siirtokunta" title="Roanoken siirtokunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roanoken siirtokunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke-kolonin" title="Roanoke-kolonin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roanoke-kolonin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Kolonisi" title="Roanoke Kolonisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roanoke Kolonisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Роанок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роанок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_Roanoke" title="Thuộc địa Roanoke – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuộc địa Roanoke" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="罗阿诺克殖民地 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roanoke_Colony&params=35_56_13_N_75_42_32_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-NC">35°56′13″N 75°42′32″W / 35.93694°N 75.70889°W / 35.93694; -75.70889</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Failed colony in North America (1584–1590)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the inland modern city of <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lost Colony" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lost_Colony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lost Colony (disambiguation)">Lost Colony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow 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.ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Roanoke Colony</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Colony of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1585–1590</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:A_popular_history_of_the_United_States_-_from_the_first_discovery_of_the_western_hemisphere_by_the_Northmen,_to_the_end_of_the_first_century_of_the_union_of_the_states;_preceded_by_a_sketch_of_the_(14781233224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_popular_history_of_the_United_States_-_from_the_first_discovery_of_the_western_hemisphere_by_the_Northmen%2C_to_the_end_of_the_first_century_of_the_union_of_the_states%3B_preceded_by_a_sketch_of_the_%2814781233224%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_popular_history_of_the_United_States_-_from_the_first_discovery_of_the_western_hemisphere_by_the_Northmen%2C_to_the_end_of_the_first_century_of_the_union_of_the_states%3B_preceded_by_a_sketch_of_the_%2814781233224%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_popular_history_of_the_United_States_-_from_the_first_discovery_of_the_western_hemisphere_by_the_Northmen%2C_to_the_end_of_the_first_century_of_the_union_of_the_states%3B_preceded_by_a_sketch_of_the_%2814781233224%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2282" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">19th-century illustration depicting the discovery of the abandoned colony, 1590</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Roanoke Colony within present-day North Carolina"><img alt="Location of Roanoke Colony within present-day North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-USA_North_Carolina_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1076" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.257%;left:94.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Location of Roanoke Colony within present-day North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div></div></div> Location of Roanoke Colony within what is now North Carolina</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roanoke_Colony&params=35_56_13_N_75_42_32_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-NC">35°56′13″N 75°42′32″W / 35.93694°N 75.70889°W / 35.93694; -75.70889</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1585 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 108<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1587 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 112–121<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1585–1586 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1587 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1585</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Evacuated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1586</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Re-established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1587</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Found abandoned </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1590</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="Dare County, North Carolina">Dare County, North Carolina</a>, US</td></tr></tbody></table> The Roanoke Colony (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊənoʊk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROH-ə-nohk</a>) was an attempt by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The colony was founded in 1585, but when it was visited by a ship in 1590, the colonists had inexplicably disappeared. It has come to be known as the Lost Colony, and the fate of the 112 to 121 colonists remains unknown. Roanoke Colony was founded by the governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a> in 1585 on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="Dare County, North Carolina">Dare County, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201845,_54–59-2">[1]</a> Lane's colony was troubled by a lack of supplies and poor relations with some of the local <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes. A resupply mission by Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a> was delayed, so Lane abandoned the colony and returned to England with Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> in 1586. Grenville arrived two weeks later and also returned home, leaving behind a small detachment to protect Raleigh's claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201870–77-3">[2]</a> A second expedition led by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> landed on the island in 1587 and set up another settlement. Sir Walter Raleigh had sent him to establish the "Cittie of Raleigh" in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. That attempt became known as the Lost Colony due to the unexplained disappearance of its population.xx,_89,_276_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xx,_89,_276-4">[3]</a> During a stop to check on Grenville's men, the pilot of the flagship, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fernandes" title="Simon Fernandes">Simon Fernandes</a>, forced White and his colonists to remain on Roanoke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201881–82,_89-5">[4]</a> White returned to England with Fernandes, intending to bring more supplies in 1588.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201893–94-6">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> delayed his return to Roanoke until 1590,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201894,_97-7">[6]</a> and he found the settlement fortified but abandoned. The cryptic word "CROATOAN" was found carved into the <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>, which White interpreted to mean that the colonists had relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Croatoan Island</a>. Before he could follow this lead, rough seas and a lost anchor forced the mission to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018100–103-8">[7]</a> The fate of the approximately 112–121 colonists remains unknown. Speculation that they had assimilated with nearby Native American communities appears in writings as early as 1605.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018113–114-9">[8]</a> Investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> colonists produced reports that the Roanoke settlers had been massacred, and there were stories of people with European features being seen in Native American villages, but no conclusive evidence was found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018116–125-10">[9]</a> Interest in the matter fell until 1834, when <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> published his account in A History of the United States. Bancroft's description of the colonists, particularly White's infant granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a>, cast them as foundational figures in American culture and captured the public imagination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018128–130-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg/220px-Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg/330px-Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg/440px-Girolamo_de_Verrazzano%27s_1529_map_of_the_East_Coast_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>A 1529 map depicting "Verazzano's Sea" extending from the North Atlantic to the Outer Banks</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> were explored in 1524 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>, who mistook <a href="/wiki/Pamlico_Sound" title="Pamlico Sound">Pamlico Sound</a> for the Pacific Ocean, and concluded that the barrier islands were an <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>. Recognizing this as a potential shortcut to <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">China</a>, he presented his findings to King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England, neither of whom pursued the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201817–19-12">[11]</a> In 1578, Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a> to explore and colonize territories "unclaimed by Christian kingdoms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201827–28-13">[12]</a> Gilbert had helped to crush the first of the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Ireland's Munster</a> province in the early 1570s. The terms of the charter granted by the Queen were vague, although Gilbert understood it to give him rights to all territory in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_5-14">[13]</a> Led by Gilbert, the English briefly claimed <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>, in 1583 as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, but Gilbert was lost at sea on his return journey to England. Following Gilbert's death in 1583,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201830-15">[14]</a> Queen Elizabeth divided the charter between his brother Adrian Gilbert, and his half-brother Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>. Adrian's charter gave him the <a href="/wiki/Land_patent" title="Land patent">patent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and all points north, where geographers expected to eventually find a long-sought <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> to Asia. Raleigh was awarded the lands to the south, though much of it was already claimed by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201833-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, however, had by this time taken notice of Verazzano's "isthmus" – located within Raleigh's claim – and was campaigning for England to capitalize on the opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201831–33-17">[16]</a> Raleigh's charter, issued on March 25, 1584, specified that he needed to establish a colony by 1591, or lose his right to colonization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_9-18">[17]</a> He was to "discover, search, find out, and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands, Countries, and territories ... to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy".<a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_1584-19">[18]</a> It was expected that Raleigh would establish a base from which to send <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> on raids against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure fleets of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_12-20">[19]</a> Despite the broad powers granted to Raleigh, he was forbidden to leave the queen's side. Instead of personally leading voyages to the Americas, he delegated the missions to his associates and oversaw operations from London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201830,_34-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amadas–Barlowe_expedition">Amadas–Barlowe expedition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amadas–Barlowe expedition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_(1590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg/220px-The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg/330px-The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg/440px-The_Englishmen%27s_arrival_in_Virginia_%281590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of the Englishmen in Virginia (1590). Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_De_Bry" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor De Bry">Theodor De Bry</a>, from a drawing by John White.</figcaption></figure> Raleigh quickly arranged an expedition to explore his claim. It departed England on April 27, 1584.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_14-22">[21]</a> The fleet consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barques</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Amadas" title="Philip Amadas">Philip Amadas</a> was captain of the larger vessel, with <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fernandes" title="Simon Fernandes">Simon Fernandes</a> as pilot, while <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe" title="Arthur Barlowe">Arthur Barlowe</a> was in command of the other. There are indications that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a> and John White may have participated in the voyage, but no records survive which directly confirm their involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_20–23-23">[22]</a> The expedition employed a standard route for transatlantic voyages, sailing south to catch <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, which carried them westward to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, where they collected fresh water. The two ships then sailed north until July 4, when they sighted land at what is now called <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fear_(headland)" title="Cape Fear (headland)">Cape Fear</a>. The fleet made landfall on July 13 at an inlet north of <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Hatorask Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> which was named "Port Ferdinando" after Fernandes, who discovered it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_14-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> in the region had likely encountered, or at least observed, Europeans from previous expeditions. The <a href="/wiki/Secotan" title="Secotan">Secotan</a>, who controlled <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> and the mainland between Albemarle Sound and the Pamlico River, soon made contact with the English and established friendly relations. The Secotan chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Wingina" title="Wingina">Wingina</a>, had recently been injured in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>, so his brother Granganimeo represented the tribe in his place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_44–55-25">[24]</a> Upon their return to England in the autumn of 1584, Amadas and Barlowe spoke highly of the tribes' hospitality and the strategic location of Roanoke. They brought back two natives: <a href="/wiki/Wanchese_(Native_American_leader)" title="Wanchese (Native American leader)">Wanchese</a>, a Secotan, and <a href="/wiki/Manteo_(Croatan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manteo (Croatan)">Manteo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatan</a> whose mother was the chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Croatoan Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_56-26">[25]</a> The expedition's reports described the region as a pleasant and bountiful land, alluding to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, although these accounts may have been embellished by Raleigh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_29–38-27">[26]</a> Queen Elizabeth was impressed with the results of Raleigh's expedition. In 1585, during a ceremony to <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> Raleigh, she proclaimed the land granted to him "<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>" and proclaimed him "Knight Lord and Governor of Virginia". Sir Walter Raleigh proceeded to seek investors to fund a colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201845-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lane_colony">Lane colony</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lane colony">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke" title="List of colonists at Roanoke">List of colonists at Roanoke</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg/220px-WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg/330px-WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/WP_Richard_Grenville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a></figcaption></figure> For the first colony in Virginia, Raleigh planned a largely military operation focused on the exploration and evaluation of natural resources. The intended number of colonists was 69, but approximately 600 men were sent in the voyage, with about half intended to remain at the colony, to be followed by a second wave later. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a> was appointed governor of the colony, and Philip Amadas would serve as admiral, although the fleet commander Sir Richard Grenville led the overall mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_53–56-29">[28]</a> Civilian attendants included <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gans" title="Joachim Gans">Joachim Gans</a>, metallurgist, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a>, a scientist, and <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>, an artist. Manteo and Wanchese, returning home from their visit to England, were also passengers on the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201845–49-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyage">Voyage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Voyage">edit</a>]</div> The fleet consisted of seven ships: The <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">galleass</a> Tiger (Grenville's flagship, with Fernandes as pilot), the <a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">flyboat</a> Roebuck (captained by John Clarke), Red Lion (under the command of George Raymond), Elizabeth (captained by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a>), Dorothy (Raleigh's personal ship, perhaps captained by Arthur Barlowe) and two small <a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">pinnaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_55–56-31">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_1540.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/220px-Plymouth_1540.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/330px-Plymouth_1540.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/440px-Plymouth_1540.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption> Plymouth, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, was the burgeoning home port of Drake, Gilbert, Grenville, and Raleigh</figcaption></figure> On April 9, 1585, the fleet departed <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, heading south through the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet and sank one of the pinnaces. Fortunately, Fernandes had a plan for such an occurrence, wherein the ships would meet up at Mosquetal,<a href="#cite_note-35">[b]</a> on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. Proceeding alone, Tiger made good speed for the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, arriving at the rendezvous point on May 11, ahead of the other ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_57-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg/220px-Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg/330px-Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg/440px-Mosquetal_fort_23_May_1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Ralph Lane's fort at Mosquetal</figcaption></figure> While awaiting the fleet, Grenville established a base camp, where his crew could rest and defend themselves from Spanish forces. Lane's men used the opportunity as practice for building the fortifications that would be needed at the new colony. The crew also set about replacing the lost pinnace, forging nails and sawing local lumber to construct a new ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_57-36">[34]</a> Elizabeth arrived on May 19, shortly after the completion of the fort and pinnace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_58-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001_91-38">[36]</a> The remainder of the fleet never arrived at Mosquetal. At least one of the ships encountered difficulties near Jamaica and ran out of supplies, causing its captain to send twenty of his crew ashore. Eventually Roebuck, Red Lion, and Dorothy continued to the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a>, arriving by mid-June. Red Lion left about thirty men on Croatoan Island and departed for privateering in Newfoundland. In the meantime, Grenville established contact with local Spanish authorities, in the hopes of obtaining fresh provisions. When the Spanish failed to deliver the promised supplies, Grenville suspected they would soon attack, so he and his ships abandoned the temporary fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_60,_64-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg/220px-Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg/330px-Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg/440px-Cabo_Rojo_fort_26_May_1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Collecting salt in Salinas Bay</figcaption></figure> Grenville captured two Spanish ships in the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a>, adding them to his fleet. Lane took one of these ships to <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Rojo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico">Salinas Bay</a>, where he captured salt mounds collected by the Spanish. Lane again built fortifications to protect his men as they brought the salt aboard. Grenville's ships then sailed to <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a>, where the Spanish set aside hostilities to trade with the well-armed English fleet. On June 7, Grenville left <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to continue to the Outer Banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_60–63-40">[38]</a> The fleet sailed through an inlet at Wococon Island (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet" title="Ocracoke Inlet">Ocracoke Inlet</a>) on June 26. Tiger struck a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoal</a>, ruining most of the food supplies and nearly destroying the ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_63-41">[39]</a> There are indications that Grenville's fleet was supposed to spend the winter with the new colony, perhaps to immediately begin using it as a privateering base. The wreck of Tiger, however, made that impossible. The remaining provisions could not support a settlement as large as had been planned. Moreover, the shallow inlets of the Outer Banks made the region unsuitable as a base for large ships. The colony's top priority would now be to locate a better harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_20-42">[40]</a> After repairs, Tiger continued with the rest of the fleet to Port Ferdinando, where they reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy. The men left behind by Red Lion were presumably also located during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_63–64-43">[41]</a> On August 5, John Arundell took command of one of the faster vessels and set sail for England, to report the expedition's safe arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_75-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_colony">Establishment of the colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment of the colony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg/220px-Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg/330px-Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg/440px-Burning_of_Aquascogoc_1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>The 1585 assault on <a href="/wiki/Aquascogoc" title="Aquascogoc">Aquascogoc</a> village</figcaption></figure> The loss of provisions from the Tiger meant that the colony would support far fewer settlers than originally planned. Grenville decided that only about 100 men would stay with Lane, which would be enough to fulfill the colony's objectives until another fleet, scheduled to leave England in June 1585, could deliver a second wave of colonists and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_64–67-45">[43]</a> However, Grenville could not know that this expedition had been redirected to Newfoundland, to alert fishing fleets that the Spanish had begun seizing English commercial vessels in retaliation for attacks by English privateers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_85-46">[44]</a> Until a resupply mission could be arranged, Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on the generosity of the natives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_23-47">[45]</a> While the Tiger was under repair, Grenville organized an expedition to explore Pamlico Sound and the Secotan villages of <a href="/wiki/Aquascogoc" title="Aquascogoc">Aquascogoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamlico" title="Pamlico">Pamlico</a>, and Secotan. His party made contact with the locals, presenting Harriot and White with an opportunity to extensively study Native American society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001_102–110-48">[46]</a> Although much of their research did not survive the 1586 evacuation of the colony, Harriot's extensive survey of Virginia's inhabitants and natural resources was published in 1588, with engravings of White's illustrations included in the 1590 edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_157–158-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harriot-50">[48]</a> Following this initial exploration, a silver cup was reported missing. Believing the item stolen, Grenville sent Amadas to lead a detachment back to Aquascogoc to demand the return of the missing property. When the villagers did not produce the cup, the English decided that severe retribution was necessary in order to avoid the appearance of weakness. Amadas and his men burnt down the entire town and its crops, sending the natives fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_72-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.1600_298–299-52">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_(artist%27s_reconstruction).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg/330px-Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg/440px-Fort_Raleigh_%28artist%27s_reconstruction%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a>'s Roanoke fort; author unknown, 1962</figcaption></figure> Manteo arranged a meeting for Grenville and Lane with Granganimeo, to provide land for the English settlement on Roanoke Island. Both sides agreed that the island was strategically located for access to the ocean and to avoid detection from Spanish patrols. Lane began construction of a fort on the north side of the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201858–59-53">[51]</a> There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort, but it was likely similar in structure to the one at Mosquetal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1962_27-54">[52]</a> Grenville set sail for England aboard the Tiger on August 25, 1585. Days later, in <a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)" title="Action off Bermuda (1585)">Bermuda</a>, Grenville raided a large Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>, the Santa Maria de San Vicente, which had become separated from the rest of its fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel-Powell2016_29–34-55">[53]</a> The merchant ship, which Grenville took back to England as a prize, was loaded with enough treasure to make the entire Roanoke expedition profitable, spurring excitement in Queen Elizabeth's court about Raleigh's colonisation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_84–86-56">[54]</a> The Roebuck left Roanoke on September 8, 1585, leaving behind one of the pinnaces under the command of Amadas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_82,_92-57">[55]</a> Records indicate that 107 men remained with Lane at the colony. However, historians disagree as to whether White returned to England with Grenville, or spent the winter at Roanoke despite his absence from the list of colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_259-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_82-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/220px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/330px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/440px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>La Virginea Pars map, by <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a></figcaption></figure> Many of the colonists had joined the mission expecting to discover sources of gold and silver. When no such sources were located, these men became dispirited and decided the entire operation was a waste of their time. The English also researched where the local Native Americans obtained their copper, but ultimately never tracked the metal to its origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_93–95-60">[58]</a> The colonists spent the autumn of 1585 acquiring corn from the neighboring villages, to augment their limited supplies. The colony apparently obtained enough corn (along with venison, fish, and oysters) to sustain them through the winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_91-61">[59]</a> Little information survives, however, about what transpired at the colony between September 1585 and March 1586, making a full assessment of the winter impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_99-62">[60]</a> The colonists most likely exhausted their English provisions and American corn by October, and the resulting monotony of their remaining food sources no doubt contributed to the men's low morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_104,_108-63">[61]</a> Amadas spent the winter exploring <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, traveling as far as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Henry" title="Cape Henry">Cape Henry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a>. While there his party made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_people" title="Chesapeake people">Chesapeake</a> villages of Chesepioc and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skic%C3%B3ak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skicóak (page does not exist)">Skicóak</a>. The Secotans had described Skicóak as the largest city in the region, possibly leading the English to expect something like the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> kingdoms encountered by the Spanish. Amadas instead found a more modest settlement, although he was impressed with the area's climate and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_87–89-64">[62]</a> Harriot and Gans explored the Virginia territory, meeting Native American tribes and taking stock of natural resources. During his travels, Harriot and his assistants collected data that would eventually be used to produce White's <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Virginea_Pars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Virginea Pars (page does not exist)">La Virginea Pars</a> map.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201863–64-65">[63]</a> Although 16th-century science could not explain the phenomenon, Harriot noticed that each town the colonists visited quickly suffered a deadly epidemic, which may have been <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Some of the Secotan suspected the disease was caused by supernatural forces unleashed by the English. When Wingina fell sick, his own people could not treat him, but he recovered after requesting prayers from the English. Impressed, Wingina asked the colonists to share this power with other stricken communities, which only hastened the spread of disease. The epidemic likely had a severe impact on the fall harvest, at a time when Lane's colony would be heavily dependent on its neighbors to supplement its limited food supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201864–65-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_89–91-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostilities_and_food_shortages">Hostilities and food shortages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hostilities and food shortages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg/220px-A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg/330px-A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg/440px-A_chiefe_Herowan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Weroance" title="Weroance">weroance</a>, who may have been <a href="/wiki/Wingina" title="Wingina">Wingina</a></figcaption></figure> By spring, relations between the Secotan and the colony were strained, most likely due to the colony's over-reliance on Secotan food. The death of Granganimeo, who had been a powerful advocate for the colony, apparently helped to turn Wingina against the English. Wingina changed his name to "Pemisapan" ("one who watches"), suggesting a newly cautious and vigilant policy, and established a new temporary tribal capital on Roanoke Island. The English did not initially recognize that these developments represented a threat to their interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_75–76-68">[66]</a> In March, Lane consulted Pemisapan about a plan to explore the mainland beyond Secotan territory. Pemisapan supported the plan and advised Lane that the <a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a> leader Menatonon was meeting with his allies to plan an attack on the English, and that three thousand warriors had gathered at Choanoac. At the same time, Pemisapan sent word to Menatonon that the English would be coming, ensuring that both sides would expect hostilities. When Lane's well-armed party arrived at Choanoac, he found representatives of the Chowanoke, Mangoak, <a href="/wiki/Weapemeoc_Indians" title="Weapemeoc Indians">Weapemeoc</a>, and Moratuc. Since this gathering was not planning an attack, Lane caught them by surprise. He easily captured Menatonon, who informed him that it was Pemisapan who had requested the council in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_76–77-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonegan2013293-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_93–94-71">[69]</a> Menatonon quickly gained Lane's trust by offering information about lucrative opportunities in lands the English had not yet discovered. He described a rich and powerful king to the northeast (presumably the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>), warning that Lane should bring a considerable force if he sought to make contact. Menatonon also corroborated rumors Lane had heard about a sea just beyond the head of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_River" title="Roanoke River">Roanoke River</a>, apparently confirming English hopes of finding access to the Pacific Ocean. The chief's son Skiko described a place to the west called "Chaunis Temoatan" rich in a valuable metal, which Lane thought could be copper or perhaps even gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_94–97-72">[70]</a> Based on this information, Lane envisioned a detailed plan in which his forces would divide into two groups – one traveling north up the Chowan River, the other along the Atlantic coast—to resettle at Chesapeake Bay. However, he decided to defer this mission until the colony received fresh supplies, which Grenville had promised would arrive by Easter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_77–78-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane1586_322-74">[72]</a> In the meantime, Lane <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a> Menatonon and had Skiko sent back to Roanoke as a hostage. He proceeded with forty men for about 100 miles (160 km) up the Roanoke River in search of Chaunis Temotan, but they found only deserted villages and warriors lying in ambush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2010_97–98-75">[73]</a> Lane had expected the Moratuc to provide provisions for him along his route, but Pemisapan had sent word that the English were hostile and villagers should withdraw from the river with their food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_78–79-76">[74]</a> Lane and his party returned to the colony shortly after Easter, half-starved and empty-handed. During their absence, rumors had spread that they had been killed, and Pemisapan had been preparing to withdraw the Secotan from Roanoke Island and leave the colony to starve. There was no sign of Grenville's resupply fleet, which had not yet even left England. According to Lane, Pemisapan was so surprised that Lane returned alive from the Roanoke River mission that he reconsidered his plans. Ensenore, an elder among Pemisapan's council, argued in favor of the English. Later, an envoy for Menatonon informed Lane that the Weapemeoc leader Okisko had pledged fealty to Queen Elizabeth and Sir Walter Raleigh. This shift in the balance of power in the region further deterred Pemisapan from following through on his plans against the colony. He instead ordered his people to sow crops and build <a href="/wiki/Fishing_weir" title="Fishing weir">fishing weirs</a> for the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_80–82-77">[75]</a> The renewed accord between the English and the Secotan was short-lived. On April 20 Ensenore died, depriving the colony of its last advocate in Pemisapan's inner circle. Wanchese had risen to become a senior advisor, and his time among the English had convinced him that they were a threat. Pemisapan evacuated the Secotan from Roanoke, destroyed the fishing weirs, and ordered them not to sell food to the English. Left to their own devices, the English had no way to produce enough food to sustain the colony. Lane ordered his men to break up into small groups to forage and beg for food in the Outer Banks and the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_82-78">[76]</a> Lane continued to keep Skiko as a hostage. Although Pemisapan met regularly with Skiko and believed him sympathetic to the anti-English cause, Skiko sought to honor his father's intention of maintaining relations with the colony. Skiko informed Lane that Pemisapan planned to organize a war council meeting on June 10 with various regional powers. With the copper the Secotan had gained from trading with the colony, Pemisapan was able to offer substantial inducements to other tribes to side with him in a final offensive against the English. Oksiko declined to get involved, although individual Weapemeocs were permitted to participate. The plan of attack was to ambush Lane and other key leaders as they slept at the colony, and then signal for a general attack on the rest. Based on this information, Lane sent disinformation to the Secotan indicating that an English fleet had arrived, to force Pemisapan's hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_83–84-79">[77]</a> Forced to accelerate his schedule by the possibility of English reinforcements, Pemisapan gathered as many allies as he could for a meeting on May 31 at Dasamongueponke. That evening, Lane attacked the warriors posted at Roanoke, hoping to prevent them from alerting the mainland the following morning. On June 1, Lane, his top officers, and twenty-five men visited Dasamongueponke under the pretense of discussing a Secotan attempt to free Skiko. Once they were admitted into the council, Lane gave the signal for his men to attack. Pemisapan was shot and fled into the woods, but Lane's men caught up to him and brought back his severed head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_83–85-80">[78]</a> The head was impaled outside the colony's fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberg2008_98-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuation">Evacuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evacuation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/220px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/330px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg/440px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drakes_West_Indian_Voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6640" data-file-height="5134" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sir Francis Drake's 1585–86 voyage</figcaption></figure> In June, the colonists made contact with the fleet of Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, on his way back to England from successful campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Cartagena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201870–71-82">[80]</a> During these raids, Drake had acquired refugees, slaves, and hardware with the intent of delivering them to Raleigh's colony. Upon learning of the colony's misfortunes, Drake agreed to leave behind four months of supplies and one of his ships, the Francis. However, a <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> hit the Outer Banks, sweeping the Francis out to sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_134–137-83">[81]</a> After the storm, Lane persuaded his men to evacuate the colony, and Drake agreed to take them back to England. Manteo and an associate, Towaye, joined them. Three of Lane's colonists were left behind and never heard from again. Because the colony was abandoned, it is unclear what became of the slaves and refugees Drake had meant to place there. There is no record of them arriving in England with the fleet, and it is possible Drake left them on Roanoke with some of the goods he had previously set aside for Lane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201874–75-84">[82]</a> Drake's fleet, along with Lane's colonists, reached England in July 1586.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201877-85">[83]</a> Upon arrival, the colonists introduced <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1909_5-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenville's_detachment">Grenville's detachment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grenville's detachment">edit</a>]</div> A single supply ship, sent by Raleigh, arrived at Roanoke just days after Drake evacuated the colony. The crew could not find any trace of the colonists and left. Two weeks later, Grenville's relief fleet finally arrived with a year's worth of supplies and reinforcements of 400 men. Grenville conducted an extensive search and interrogated three natives, one of which finally related an account of the evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_140–145-87">[85]</a> The fleet returned to England, leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh's claim to Roanoke Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_150–151-88">[86]</a> According to the Croatan, this contingent was attacked by an alliance of mainland tribes shortly after Grenville's fleet left. Five of the English were away gathering oysters when two of the attackers, appearing unarmed, approached the encampment and asked to meet with two Englishmen peacefully. One of the Native Americans concealed a wooden sword, which he used to kill an Englishman. Another 28 attackers revealed themselves, but the other Englishman escaped to warn his unit. The natives attacked with flaming arrows, setting fire to the house where the English kept their food stores, and forcing the men to take up whatever arms were handy. A second Englishman was killed; the remaining nine retreated to the shore, and fled the island on their boat. They found their four compatriots returning from the creek, picked them up, and continued into Port Ferdinando. The thirteen survivors were never seen again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889_364–365-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_colony">Lost colony</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lost colony">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke" title="List of colonists at Roanoke">List of colonists at Roanoke</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_greater_country;_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_(1901)_(14784788945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg/220px-Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg/330px-Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg/440px-Our_greater_country%3B_being_a_standard_history_of_the_United_States_from_the_discovery_of_the_American_continent_to_the_present_time_%281901%29_%2814784788945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption>Death of George Howe</figcaption></figure> Despite the desertion of the Lane colony, Raleigh was persuaded to make another attempt by Hakluyt, Harriot, and White.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201881-90">[88]</a> However, Roanoke Island would no longer be safe for English settlers, following the hostilities between Lane's men and the Secotan, and the death of Wingina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201890-91">[89]</a> Hakluyt recommended Chesapeake Bay as the site for a new colony, in part because he believed the Pacific coast lay just beyond the explored areas of the Virginia territory. On January 7, 1587, Raleigh approved a corporate charter to found "the Cittie of Raleigh" with White as governor and twelve assistants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201881–82,_202-92">[90]</a> Approximately 115 people agreed to join the colony, including White's pregnant daughter Eleanor and her husband Ananias Dare. The colonists were largely middle-class Londoners, perhaps seeking to become <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201884–85-93">[91]</a> Manteo and Towaye, who had left the Lane colony with Drake's fleet, were also brought along.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201888-94">[92]</a> This time, the party included women and children, but no organized military force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201885-95">[93]</a> The expedition consisted of three ships: The flagship Lion, captained by White with Fernandes as master and pilot, along with a flyboat (under the command of Edward Spicer) and a <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">full-rigged pinnace</a> (commanded by Edward Stafford). The fleet departed on May 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_268–269-96">[94]</a> On July 22, the flagship and pinnace anchored at Croatoan Island. White planned to take forty men aboard the pinnace to Roanoke, where he would consult with the fifteen men stationed there by Grenville, before continuing on to Chesapeake Bay. Once he boarded the pinnace however, a "gentleman" on the flagship representing Fernandes ordered the sailors to leave the colonists on Roanoke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201889-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2001215-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_25-99">[97]</a> The following morning, White's party located the site of Lane's colony. The fort had been dismantled, while the houses stood vacant and overgrown with melons. There was no sign that Grenville's men had ever been there except for human bones that White believed were the remains of one of them, killed by Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201890-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889_362–363-100">[98]</a> Following the arrival of the flyboat on July 25, all of the colonists disembarked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201890-91">[89]</a> Shortly thereafter, colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzardSmith2007_120–123-101">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg/250px-Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg/375px-Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg/500px-Baptism_of_Virginia_Dare.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a></figcaption></figure> White dispatched Stafford to re-establish relations with the Croatan, with the help of Manteo. The Croatan described how a coalition of mainland tribes, led by Wanchese, had attacked Grenville's detachment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201890–92-102">[100]</a> The colonists attempted to negotiate a truce through the Croatan, but received no response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201891-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzardSmith2007120–123-104">[102]</a> On August 9, White led a pre-emptive strike on Dasamongueponke, but the enemy (fearing reprisal for the death of Howe) had withdrawn from the village, and the English accidentally attacked Croatan looters. Manteo again smoothed relations between the colonists and the Croatan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201892-105">[103]</a> For his service to the colony, Manteo was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and named "Lord of Roanoke and Dasamongueponke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201893-106">[104]</a> On August 18, 1587, Eleanor Dare gave birth to a daughter, christened "<a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia</a>" in honor of being "the first Christian born in Virginia". Records indicate Margery Harvye gave birth shortly thereafter, although nothing else is known about her child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201894-107">[105]</a> By the time the fleet was preparing to return to England, the colonists had decided to relocate 50 miles (80 km) up Albemarle Sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889360-108">[106]</a> The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony's desperate situation and ask for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzardSmith2007120–123-104">[102]</a> White reluctantly agreed, and departed with the fleet on August 27, 1587.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889_369-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1588_relief_mission">1588 relief mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1588 relief mission">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg/250px-Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg/375px-Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg/500px-Spanish_Armada_fireships.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Launch of English fireships against the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588</figcaption></figure> After a difficult journey, White returned to England on November 5, 1587.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889_371-110">[108]</a> By this time reports of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> mobilizing for an attack had reached London, and Queen Elizabeth had prohibited any able ship from leaving England so that they might participate in the coming battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_119–121-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201894-107">[105]</a> During the winter, Grenville was granted a waiver to lead a fleet into the Caribbean to attack the Spanish, and White was permitted to accompany him in a resupply ship. The fleet was set to launch in March 1588, but unfavorable winds kept them in port until Grenville received new orders to stay and defend England. Two of the smaller ships in Grenville's fleet, the Brave and the Roe, were deemed unsuitable for combat, and White was permitted to take them to Roanoke. The ships departed on April 22, but the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward-bound voyage (in order to improve their profits).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_302-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007121–122-113">[111]</a> On May 6 they were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> mariners (or <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>) near Morocco. Nearly two dozen of the crew were killed, and the supplies bound for Roanoke were looted, leaving the ships to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201894–95-114">[112]</a> Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in August, England maintained the ban on shipping in order to focus efforts on organizing a <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">Counter Armada</a> to attack Spain in 1589. White would not gain permission to make another resupply attempt until 1590.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201897-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_reconnaissance">Spanish reconnaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spanish reconnaissance">edit</a>]</div> The Spanish Empire had been gathering intelligence on the Roanoke colonies since Grenville's capture of Santa Maria de San Vicente in 1585. They feared that the English had established a haven for piracy in North America, but were unable to locate such a base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201860-116">[114]</a> They had no cause to assume Lane's colony had been abandoned, or that White's would be placed in the same location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201888-94">[92]</a> Indeed, the Spanish greatly overestimated the success of the English in Virginia; rumors suggested the English had discovered a mountain made of diamonds and a route to the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201895-117">[115]</a> Following a failed reconnaissance mission in 1587, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(governor)" title="Vicente González (governor)">Vicente González</a> to search Chesapeake Bay in 1588. González failed to find anything in Chesapeake, but on the way back he chanced to discover Port Ferdinando along the Outer Banks. The port appeared abandoned. González left without conducting a thorough investigation. Although the Spanish believed González had located the secret English base, the defeat of the Spanish Armada prevented Phillip from immediately ordering an attack upon it. In 1590, a plan was reportedly made to destroy the Roanoke colony and set up a Spanish colony in Chesapeake Bay, but this was merely disinformation designed to misdirect English intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201895–98-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1590_relief_mission">1590 relief mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1590 relief mission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_the_English_Settlement_at_Roanoke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>John White at the ruins of the Roanoke colony, 1590</figcaption></figure> Eventually, Raleigh arranged passage for White on a privateering expedition organized by <a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(merchant)" title="John Watts (merchant)">John Watts</a>. The fleet of six ships would spend the summer of 1590 raiding Spanish outposts in the Caribbean, but the flagship Hopewell and the Moonlight would split off to take White to his colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201897-115">[113]</a> At the same time, however, Raleigh was in the process of turning the venture over to new investors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201898-119">[117]</a> Hopewell and Moonlight anchored at Croatoan Island on August 12, but there is no indication that White used the time to contact the Croatan for information. On the evening of August 15, while anchored at the north end of Croatoan Island, the crews sighted plumes of smoke on Roanoke Island; the following morning, they investigated another column of smoke on the southern end of Croatoan, but found nothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201898-119">[117]</a> White's landing party spent the next two days attempting to cross Pamlico Sound with considerable difficulty and loss of life. On August 17 they sighted a fire on the north end of Roanoke and rowed towards it, but they reached the island after nightfall and decided not to risk coming ashore. The men spent the night in their anchored boats, singing English songs in hopes that the colonists would hear.xvii–xix_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xvii–xix-120">[118]</a> White and the others made landfall on the morning of August 18 (his granddaughter's third birthday). The party found fresh tracks in the sand, but were not contacted by anyone. They also discovered the letters "CRO" carved into a tree. Upon reaching the site of the colony, White noted the area had been fortified with a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>. Near the entrance of the fencing, the word "CROATOAN" was carved in one of the posts.xix_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xix-121">[119]</a> White was certain these two inscriptions meant that the colonists had peacefully relocated to Croatoan Island, since they had agreed in 1587 that the colonists would leave a "secret token" indicating their destination, or a <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">cross pattée</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Duress_code" title="Duress code">duress code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1889_384-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_126–127-123">[121]</a> Within the palisade, the search party found that houses had been dismantled, and anything that could be carried had been removed. Several large trunks (including three belonging to White, containing the belongings he left behind in 1587) had been dug up and looted. None of the colony's boats could be found along the shore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018101-124">[122]</a> The party returned to Hopewell that evening, and plans were made to return to Croatoan the following day. However, Hopewell's anchor cable snapped, leaving the ship with only one working cable and anchor. The search mission could not continue given the considerable risk of shipwreck. Moonlight set off for England, but the crew of Hopewell offered a compromise with White, in which they would spend winter in the Caribbean and return to the Outer Banks in the spring of 1591. This plan fell through, though, when Hopewell was blown off course, forcing them to stop for supplies in the <a href="/wiki/Azores_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores Islands">Azores</a>. When the winds prevented landfall there, the ship was again forced to change course for England, arriving on October 24, 1590.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018102–103-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations_into_Roanoke">Investigations into Roanoke</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Investigations into Roanoke">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1552–1602:_Walter_Raleigh">1552–1602: Walter Raleigh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1552–1602: Walter Raleigh">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/220px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/330px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/440px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_oval_portrait_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a></figcaption></figure> Although White failed to locate his colonists in 1590, his report suggested they had simply relocated and might yet be found alive. However, it served Raleigh's purposes to keep the matter in doubt; so long as the settlers could not be proven dead, he could legally maintain his claim on Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018111-126">[124]</a> Nevertheless, a 1594 petition was made to declare Ananias Dare <a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">legally dead</a> so that his son, John Dare, could inherit his estate. The petition was granted in 1597.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1957_225–226-127">[125]</a> During Raleigh's first transatlantic voyage in 1595, he claimed to be in search of his lost colonists, although he later admitted this was disinformation to cover <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">his search for El Dorado</a>. On the return voyage, he sailed past the Outer Banks, and later claimed that weather had prevented him from landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018111-126">[124]</a> Raleigh later sought to enforce his <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on Virginia – based on the potential survival of the Roanoke colonists – when the price of <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a> skyrocketed. He funded a 1602 mission to the Outer Banks, with the stated goal of resuming the search.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018112–113-128">[126]</a> Led by Samuel Mace, this expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_130-129">[127]</a> However, the ship's itinerary and manifest indicate that Raleigh's top priority was harvesting sassafras far south of Croatoan Island. By the time Mace approached Hatteras, bad weather prevented them from lingering in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018113-130">[128]</a> In 1603, Raleigh was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Main_Plot" title="Main Plot">Main Plot</a> and arrested for treason against <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James</a>, effectively ending his Virginia charter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_147–148-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1603:_Bartholomew_Gilbert">1603: Bartholomew Gilbert</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1603: Bartholomew Gilbert">edit</a>]</div> There was one final expedition in 1603 led by <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gilbert" title="Bartholomew Gilbert">Bartholomew Gilbert</a> with the intention of finding the Roanoke colonists. Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there. The landing team, including Gilbert himself, was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29. The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty-handed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Zandt2008_50-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1579–1639:_John_Smith">1579–1639: John Smith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1579–1639: John Smith">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg/220px-Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg/330px-Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg/440px-Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_Map_by_Ashe_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the Zúñiga Map</figcaption></figure> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> settlement in 1607, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> and met with both their leader <a href="/wiki/Powhatan_(Native_American_leader)" title="Powhatan (Native American leader)">Wahunsenacawh</a> (often referred to as "Chief Powhatan") and his brother <a href="/wiki/Opechancanough" title="Opechancanough">Opechancanough</a>. They described to him a place called "Ocanahonan", where men wore European-style clothing; and "Anone", which featured walled houses. Later, after Smith returned to the colony, he made arrangements with Wowinchopunk, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Paspahegh" title="Paspahegh">Paspahegh</a>, to investigate "Panawicke", another place reportedly inhabited by men in European dress. The colony produced a crude map of the region with labels for these villages. The map also featured a place called "Pakrakanick" with a note indicating, "Here remayneth 4 men clothed that came from Roonocok to Ocanahawan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_128–133-133">[131]</a> In the summer of 1608, Smith sent a letter about this information, along with the map, back to England. The original map is now lost, but a copy was obtained by Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, who passed it on to <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a>. The copy, now commonly referred to as the "Zúñiga Map", was rediscovered in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_129,_131-134">[132]</a> Smith planned to explore Pakrakanick, but a dispute with the Paspahegh ended the mission before it could begin. He also dispatched two search parties, possibly to look for the other villages reported to him, with instructions to find "the lost company of Sir Walter Rawley". Neither group could find any sign of the Roanoke colonists living in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_151,_154-135">[133]</a> By May 1609, word had reached England's Royal Council for Virginia that the 1587 colonists had been massacred by Wahunsenacawh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirginia_Council1609_17-136">[134]</a> The source of this allegation is unknown. Machumps, Wahunsenacawh's brother-in-law, is known to have provided information about Virginia, and he had recently arrived in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018121-137">[135]</a> It has been speculated that the same voyage could have also delivered a letter from Smith, although no evidence for this exists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_365-138">[136]</a> Based on this intelligence, as well as Smith's earlier report, the Council drafted orders for the Jamestown colony to relocate. These orders recommended "Ohonahorn" (or "Oconahoen"), near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Chowan_River" title="Chowan River">Chowan River</a>, as a new base. Among the purported advantages of this location were proximity to "Riche Copper mines of Ritanoc" and "Peccarecamicke", where four of Raleigh's colonists were supposed to be held by a chieftain named "Gepanocon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirginia_Council1609_16–17-139">[137]</a> These orders, along with the new acting governor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Thomas Gates</a>, were delayed due to the shipwreck of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a> at Bermuda. Gates arrived at Jamestown in May 1610, several months into the <a href="/wiki/Starving_Time" title="Starving Time">Starving Time</a>. The crisis may have deterred the colonists from attempting the proposed relocation. An expedition was sent to the Chowan River, but there is no record of its findings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018120–122-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1610–1612:_William_Strachey">1610–1612: William Strachey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1610–1612: William Strachey">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a> arrived in Jamestown, along with Gates and Machumps, in May 1610. By 1612, he had returned to England, where he wrote The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, an overview of the Virginia territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018120–122-140">[138]</a> He described "Peccarecamek", "Ochanahoen", "Anoeg", and "Ritanoe" in a manner consistent with Smith's map and the Virginia Council's orders to Gates. However, Strachey introduced additional details about "the slaughter at Roanoak".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1612_26,_48-141">[139]</a> Strachey suggested that the lost colonists had spent twenty years living peacefully with a tribe beyond Powhatan territory. Wahunsenacawh, he claimed, carried out the unprovoked attack at the recommendation of his priests, shortly before the arrival of the Jamestown colonists. Based on this account, seven English – four men, two boys, and one woman – survived the assault and fled up the Chowan River. They later came under the protection of a chieftain named "Eyanoco", for whom they beat copper at "Ritanoe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1612_26,_85–86-142">[140]</a> The Historie of Travaile never directly identifies the tribe that supposedly hosted the Roanoke colonists. However, Strachey did describe an attack against the Chesepians, in which Wahunsenacawh's priests warned him that a nation would arise in Chesapeake Bay to threaten his dominion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1612_101-143">[141]</a> It has been inferred that the colonists had relocated to Chesapeake, and both groups were massacred in the same attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_367–368-144">[142]</a> Strachey believed that the Powhatan religion was inherently <a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Satanic</a>, and that the priests might literally be in communion with <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. He advocated for England to facilitate the Powhatans' conversion to Christianity. To that end, he recommended a plan in which King James would show mercy to the Powhatan people for the massacre of the Roanoke colonists, but demand revenge upon the priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1612_83–86-145">[143]</a> However, the London Company did not publish The Historie of Travaile, which fell into obscurity until 1849.xx_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey1612_<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xx-146">[144]</a> There is no indication that any actions were taken against Wahunsenacawh or his priests in retaliation for the alleged massacre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018123-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1625:_Samuel_Purchas">1625: Samuel Purchas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1625: Samuel Purchas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/220px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/330px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/440px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622" title="Indian massacre of 1622">Powhatan attack</a> on Jamestown</figcaption></figure> After the Powhatan <a href="/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622" title="Indian massacre of 1622">attacked Jamestown</a> in 1622, there was a dramatic shift in English commentary on Native Americans, as writers increasingly questioned their humanity. The <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> sponsored propaganda arguing that the massacre had justified <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> retaliation, in order to assure potential backers that their investment in the colony would be safe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain2001_453–454-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman1977_265-149">[147]</a> In this context, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a> wrote Virginia's Verger in 1625, asserting England's right to possess and exploit its North American claim. He argued that the natives, as a race, had forfeited their right to the land through bloodshed, citing the 1586 ambush of Grenville's garrison, an alleged attack on White's colonists, and the 1622 Jamestown massacre. Purchas offered no evidence for his claim about the 1587 colony except to state, "Powhatan confessed to Cap. Smith, that hee had beene at their slaughter, and had divers utensills of theirs to shew."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurchas1625228–229-150">[148]</a> It is possible Smith related the story of Wahunsenacawh's confession to Purchas, as they are known to have spoken together. Smith's own writings, however, never mention the confession, leaving Purchas' claim to stand alone in what historian Helen Rountree dismisses as "an anti-Indian <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERountree1990_21–22-151">[149]</a> Even if taken at face value, the alleged confession is not persuasive, as Wahunsenacawh might have invented the story in an attempt to intimidate Smith. The European artifacts allegedly offered as "proof" of a raid on the Roanoke colonists could just as easily have been obtained from other sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Ajacán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParramore2001_71-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1701–1709:_John_Lawson">1701–1709: John Lawson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1701–1709: John Lawson">edit</a>]</div> Sea traffic through Roanoke Island fell into decline in the 17th century, owing to the dangerous waters of the Outer Banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018126-153">[151]</a> In 1672, the inlet between Hatorask and Croatoan Islands closed, and the resulting landmass became known as <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Hatteras Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2014_180-154">[152]</a> During <a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_(explorer)" title="John Lawson (explorer)">John Lawson</a>'s 1701–1709 exploration of northern <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a>, he visited Hatteras Island and encountered the <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Indians" title="Hatteras Indians">Hatteras</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2014_171-155">[153]</a> Although there is evidence of European activity in the Outer Banks throughout the 17th century, Lawson was the first historian to investigate the region since White left in 1590.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2014_181–182-156">[154]</a> Lawson was impressed with the influence of English culture on the Hatteras. They reported that several of their ancestors had been white, and some of them had gray eyes, supporting this claim. Lawson theorized that members of the 1587 colony had assimilated into this community after they lost hope of regaining contact with England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson1709_62-157">[155]</a> While visiting Roanoke Island itself, Lawson reported finding the remains of a fort, as well as English coins, firearms, and a powder horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018138-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scientific research">edit</a>]</div> Research into the disappearance of the 1587 colonists largely ended with Lawson's 1701 investigation. Renewed interest in the Lost Colony during the 19th century eventually led to a wide range of scholarly analyses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s–1950:_Site_preservation">1800s–1950: Site preservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1800s–1950: Site preservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/220px-Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/330px-Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/440px-Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_earthworks_2_-_Sarah_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed earthwork at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</figcaption></figure> The ruins that Lawson encountered in 1701 eventually became a tourist attraction. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> visited the site on April 7, 1819. During the 1860s, visitors described the deteriorated "fort" as little more than an earthwork in the shape of a small <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a>, and reported holes dug nearby in search of valuable relics. Production of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> The Lost Colony and road development further damaged the site. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Harrington" title="J. C. Harrington">J. C. Harrington</a> advocated for the restoration and preservation of the earthwork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018135–141-159">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> began administration of the area in 1941, designating it <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a>. In 1950, the earthwork was reconstructed in an effort to restore its original size and shape.<a href="#cite_note-foracommemoration-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998:_Climate_research">1998: Climate research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1998: Climate research">edit</a>]</div> In 1998, a team led by <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatologist</a> David W. Stahle (of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> Dennis B. Blanton (of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>) concluded that an extreme drought occurred in <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> between 1587 and 1589. Their study <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">measured growth rings</a> from a network of <a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">bald cypress</a> trees, producing data ranging from 1185 to 1984. Specifically, 1587 was measured as the worst growing season in the entire 800-year period. The findings were considered consistent with the concerns the Croatan expressed about their food supply.<a href="#cite_note-Stahle_1998-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–2019:_Genetic_analysis">2005–2019: Genetic analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2005–2019: Genetic analysis">edit</a>]</div> Since 2005, computer scientist Roberta Estes has founded several organizations for <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis and genealogical research. Her interest in the disappearance of the 1587 colony motivated various projects to establish a genetic link between the colonists and potential Native American descendants. Examining <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal DNA</a> for this purpose is unreliable, as so little of the colonists' genetic material would remain after five or six generations. However, testing of <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> is more reliable over large spans of time. The main challenge of this work is to obtain a genetic point of comparison, either from the remains of a Lost Colonist or one of their descendants. While it is conceivable to sequence DNA from 430-year-old bones, there are as yet no bones from the Lost Colony to work with. And, as of 2019, the project had yet to identify any living descendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018311–314-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_research">Archaeological research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Archaeological research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1887–present:_Archaeological_evidence">1887–present: Archaeological evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1887–present: Archaeological evidence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg/220px-Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg/330px-Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg/440px-Fort_Raleigh_Archaelogical_Dig_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological research dig at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a> (2009)</figcaption></figure> Archaeological research on Roanoke Island only began when <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Williams" title="Talcott Williams">Talcott Williams</a> discovered a Native American burial site in 1887. He returned in 1895 to excavate the fort but found nothing of significance. <a href="/wiki/Ivor_No%C3%ABl_Hume" title="Ivor Noël Hume">Ivor Noël Hume</a> would later make several compelling finds in the 1990s, but none that could be positively linked to the 1587 colony, as opposed to the 1585 outpost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018138–142-163">[161]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_(1993)" title="Hurricane Emily (1993)">Hurricane Emily</a> uncovered a number of Native American artifacts along Cape Creek in <a href="/wiki/Buxton,_North_Carolina" title="Buxton, North Carolina">Buxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_Sutton_Phelps_Jr." title="David Sutton Phelps Jr.">David Sutton Phelps Jr.</a> organized an excavation in 1995. Phelps and his team discovered a ring in 1998, which initially appeared to be a gold <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)#Signet_rings" title="Seal (emblem)">signet ring</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> of a Kendall family in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018184–189-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The find was celebrated as a landmark discovery, but Phelps never published a paper on his findings, and neglected to have the ring properly tested. <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> analysis in 2017 proved the ring was brass, not gold, and experts could not confirm the alleged connection to Kendall heraldry. The low value and relative anonymity of the ring make it more difficult to conclusively associate with any particular person from the Roanoke voyages, which in turn increases the likelihood that it could have been brought to the New World at a later time.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018199–205-167">[165]</a> A significant challenge for archaeologists seeking information about the 1587 colonists is that many common artifacts could plausibly originate from the 1585 colony, or from Native Americans who traded with other European settlements in the same era. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawler" title="Andrew Lawler">Andrew Lawler</a> suggests that an example of a conclusive find would be female remains (since the 1585 colony was exclusively male) buried according to Christian tradition (<a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine</a>, in an east–west orientation) which can be dated to before 1650 (by which point Europeans would have spread throughout the region).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018182-168">[166]</a> However, few human remains of any kind have been discovered at sites related to the Lost Colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018313-169">[167]</a> One possible explanation for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is <a href="/wiki/Shoreline_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline erosion">shoreline erosion</a>. The northern shore of Roanoke Island, where the Lane and White colonies were located, lost 928 feet (283 m) between 1851 and 1970. Extrapolating from this trend back to the 1580s, it is likely that portions of the settlements are now underwater, along with any artifacts or signs of life.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–present;_new_archaeological_sites">2011–present; new archaeological sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2011–present; new archaeological sites">edit</a>]</div> In November 2011, researchers at the First Colony Foundation noticed two corrective patches on White's 1585 map La Virginea Pars. At their request, the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> examined the original map with a <a href="/wiki/Light_table" title="Light table">light table</a>. One of the patches, at the confluence of the Roanoke and Chowan rivers, was found to cover a symbol representing a fort at the head of Albemarle Sound. The faint outline of a fort, drawn in what might be invisible ink, was also discovered on the patch itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018163–170-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_Museum-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> One theory is that that White may have been trying to conceal the fort from the Spanish, who saw the colony as a threat. The Spanish had sent an expedition to defeat the colony, but could not find the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> As the symbol is not to scale, it covers an area on the map representing thousands of acres in <a href="/wiki/Bertie_County,_North_Carolina" title="Bertie County, North Carolina">Bertie County, North Carolina</a>. However, the location is presumed to be in or near the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Weapemeoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapemeoc">Weapemeoc</a> village of Mettaquem. In 2012, when a team prepared to excavate where the symbol indicated, archaeologist Nicholas Luccketti suggested they name the location "Site X", as in "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/X_marks_the_spot" class="extiw" title="wikt:X marks the spot">X marks the spot</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018176–177-174">[172]</a> In 2015 a team excavated the site, located near a Native American village called Mettaquem.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> In an October 2017 statement, the First Colony Foundation reported finding fragments of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> pottery and weapons at Site X, and concluded that these indicate a small group of colonists residing peacefully in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FCF_November_2017-175">[173]</a> The challenge for this research is to convincingly rule out the possibility that such finds were brought to the area by the 1585 Lane colony, or the trading post established by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Batts" title="Nathaniel Batts">Nathaniel Batts</a> in the 1650s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018174–182-176">[174]</a> In 2019, the Foundation announced plans to expand the research into land that has been donated to North Carolina as Salmon Creek State Natural Area.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon_Creek_Property-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCF_June_2019-178">[176]</a> In 2020, new artifacts were found in North Carolina which researchers believe may be from a colony of survivors of the Lost Colony. These were found at a site about fifty miles west of Roanoke Island. Analysis of the artifacts focused on determining whether they might be from the Lost Colony, since later settlers from other colonies such as Jamestown would have different items and different materials than the Lost Colony settlers, such as for example clay pipes, which were invented later.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> Another researcher found items at a site about fifty miles south of Roanoke Island.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> Another dig by Mark Horton, an archaeologist from the University of Bristol, found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be conclusive proof that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-kozak-179">[177]</a> In 2020 a book by Scott Dawson was published entitled The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island describing his efforts along with Horton to find artifacts relating to the colony. He also wrote articles in publications, including an article in the magazine <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>, which described several significant artifacts. these included several objects that seemed to be manufactured by Europeans, including an olive jar, glass and various manufactured items.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson1-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypotheses_about_the_colony's_disappearance">Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hypotheses about the colony's disappearance">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It's the "<a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>" of colonial history.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adrian Masters (historian, University of Texas)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018110-182">[180]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Without evidence of the Lost Colony's relocation or destruction, speculation about their fate has endured since the 1590s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018110-182">[180]</a> The matter has developed a reputation among academics for attracting obsession and <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> with little scholastic benefit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler20188,_263,_270–71,_321–24-183">[181]</a> Conjecture about the Lost Colonists typically begins with the known facts about the case. When White returned to the colony in 1590, there was no sign of battle or withdrawal under duress, although the site was fortified. There were no human remains or graves reported in the area, suggesting that everyone was alive when they left. The "CROATOAN" message is consistent with the agreement with White to indicate where to look for them, suggesting they expected White to look for them and wanted to be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018324–326-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powhatan_attack_at_Chesapeake_Bay">Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Powhatan attack at Chesapeake Bay">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/220px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/330px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg/440px-Powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Chief Powhatan, detail of map published by John Smith (1612)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn" title="David Beers Quinn">David Beers Quinn</a> concluded that the 1587 colonists sought to relocate to their original destination – Chesapeake Bay – using the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. A small group would have been stationed at Croatoan, to await White's return and direct him to the transplanted colony. Following White's failure to locate any of the colonists, the main body of the colonists would have quickly assimilated with the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_people" title="Chesapeake people">Chesepians</a>, while the lookouts on Croatoan would have blended into the Croatan tribe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Quinn suggested that Samuel Mace's 1602 voyage might have ventured into Chesapeake Bay and kidnapped Powhatans to bring back to England. From there, these abductees would be able to communicate with Thomas Harriot, and might reveal that Europeans were living in the region. Quinn evidently believed circumstances such as these were necessary to explain optimism about the colonists' survival after 1603.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Strachey accused Wahunsenacawh of slaughtering the colonists and Chesepians in separate passages, Quinn decided that these events occurred in a single attack on an integrated community, in April 1607. He supposed that Wahunsenacawh could have been seeking revenge for the speculative kidnappings by Mace. In Quinn's estimation, John Smith was the first to learn of the massacre, but for political considerations he quietly reported it directly to King James rather than revealing it in his published writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_341–377-185">[183]</a> Despite Quinn's reputation on the subject, his peers had reservations about his theory, which relies heavily on the accounts of Strachey and Purchas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018132-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_with_local_tribes">Integration with local tribes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Integration with local tribes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/220px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/330px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg/440px-North_carolina_algonkin-dorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Watercolor of a Secotan village, by John White</figcaption></figure> The possibility that the missing colonists could have assimilated into nearby Native American tribes has been suggested since at least 1605.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018113-130">[128]</a> If this integration was successful, the assimilated colonists would gradually exhaust their European supplies (ammunition, clothing) and discard European culture (language, style of dress, agriculture) as Algonquian lifestyle became more convenient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018328-187">[185]</a> Colonial era Europeans observed that many people removed from European society by Native Americans for substantial periods of time – even if captured or enslaved – were reluctant to return; the reverse was seldom true. Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that, if the colonists were assimilated, they or their descendants would not seek reintegration with subsequent English settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018331-188">[186]</a> This leaves open the question of which tribe, or tribes, the colonists assimilated into. It is widely accepted that the Croatan were ancestors of the 18th-century Hatteras, although evidence of this is circumstantial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2014_180-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The present-day <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Indians" title="Hatteras Indians">Hatteras</a> tribe identifies as descendants of both the Croatan and the Lost Colonists by way of the Hatteras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018339–344-190">[188]</a> Some 17th-century maps use the word "Croatoan" to describe locations on the mainland, across Pamlico Sound from Roanoke and Hatteras. By 1700, these areas were associated with the Machapunga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018334-191">[189]</a> Oral traditions and legends about the migration of the Croatan through the mainland are prevalent in eastern North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupperman2007_137-192">[190]</a> For example, the "Legend of the <a href="/wiki/Coharie" title="Coharie">Coharie</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Sampson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Sampson County, North Carolina">Sampson County</a> was transcribed by Ernest M. Bullard in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_102–110-193">[191]</a> More famously, in the 1880s, state legislator Hamilton McMillan proposed that the Native American community in <a href="/wiki/Robeson_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Robeson County">Robeson County</a> (then considered <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>) retained surnames and linguistic characteristics from the 1587 colonists.<a href="#cite_note-McMillan_1888-194">[192]</a> His efforts convinced the North Carolina legislature to confer tribal recognition to the community in 1885, with the new designation of "Croatan". The tribe petitioned to be renamed in 1911, eventually settling on the name <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018301–307-195">[193]</a> Other tribes purportedly linked to the Roanoke colonists include the <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coree" title="Coree">Coree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel-Powell2016_128-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A%27Court_Ashe" title="Samuel A'Court Ashe">S. A'C. Ashe</a> was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County, and <a href="/wiki/Conway_Whittle_Sams" title="Conway Whittle Sams">Conway Whittle Sams</a> claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Wahunsenacawh, they scattered to multiple locations: The Chowan River, and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStick1983_233-197">[195]</a> Reports of encounters with pale-skinned, blond-haired people among various Native American tribes occur as early as 1607. Although this is frequently attributed to assimilated Lost Colonists, it may be more easily explained by dramatically higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a> in Native Americans than in people of European descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018116-198">[196]</a> Dawson (2020)<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> proposed that the colonists merged with the Croatoan people; he claims, "They were never lost. It was made up. The mystery is over."<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> However, this conclusion has been called into question. Alain Outlaw, an archaeologist and faculty member at <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport University</a>, called Dawson's conclusion as "storytelling, not evidence-based information", while archaeologist Nick Luccketti wrote "I have not seen any evidence at Croatoan of artifacts that indicate that Englishmen were living there." In addition, the actual text of Dawson's 2020 book The Lost Colony and Hatteras Island admitted that there was no "<a href="/wiki/Smoking_gun" title="Smoking gun">smoking gun</a>" of evidence that the colonists had assimilated with the tribe. The book was also not subject to peer review, leaving the question open in spite of the sensationalist headlines that accompanied its publication.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> An archaeological dig by Mark Horton, an archaeologist from the University of Bristol, found European artifacts at the site of a Native American village on Hatteras Island, including part of a sword and part of a gun. This may be conclusive proof that the settlers did indeed assimilate with local Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_2020-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempt_to_return_to_England">Attempt to return to England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Attempt to return to England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_the_Pinnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Building_the_Pinnace.jpg/250px-Building_the_Pinnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Building_the_Pinnace.jpg/375px-Building_the_Pinnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Building_the_Pinnace.jpg/500px-Building_the_Pinnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Construction of a pinnace to evacuate Charlesfort</figcaption></figure> The colonists could have decided to rescue themselves by sailing for England in the pinnace, left behind by the 1587 expedition. If such an effort was made, the ship could have been lost with all hands at sea, accounting for the absence of both the ship and any trace of the colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStick1983_235–236-203">[201]</a> It is plausible that the colony included sailors qualified to attempt the return voyage. Little is known about the pinnace, but ships of its size were capable of making the trip, although they typically did so alongside other vessels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_83–84-204">[202]</a> The colonists may have feared that taking a standard route across the Atlantic Ocean, with a stop in the Caribbean, would place them at risk of a Spanish attack; and thus chosen to attempt a direct course to England instead. Making such a voyage was not infeasible – in 1563, French settlers at the failed <a href="/wiki/Charlesfort-Santa_Elena_Site#Charlesfort_(1562–1563)" title="Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site">Charlesfort</a> colony on what is now <a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">Parris Island, South Carolina</a> built a crude boat and successfully (albeit desperately) returned to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Alternatively, the Roanoke colonists could have sailed north along the coast, in the hopes of making contact with English fishing fleets in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_85–89-206">[204]</a> The pinnace would not have been large enough to carry all of the colonists. Additionally, the provisions needed for a transatlantic voyage would further restrict the number of passengers. The colonists may have possessed the resources to construct another seaworthy vessel, using local lumber and spare parts from the pinnace. Considering that ships were later built by survivors of the 1609 <a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a> shipwreck, it is at least possible that the Lost Colonists could produce a second ship that, with the pinnace, could transport most of their party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_84–90-207">[205]</a> Even in these ideal conditions, however, at least some colonists would remain in Virginia, leaving open the question of what became of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStick1983_244-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_against_Raleigh">Conspiracy against Raleigh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Conspiracy against Raleigh">edit</a>]</div> Anthropologist Lee Miller proposed that Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, Simon Fernandes, Edward Strafford, and others participated in a conspiracy to <a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">maroon</a> the 1587 colonists at Roanoke. The purpose of this plot, she argued, was to undermine Walter Raleigh, whose activities supposedly interfered with Walsingham's covert machinations to make England a Protestant world power, at the expense of Spain and other Catholic nations. This conspiracy would have impeded Raleigh and White from dispatching a relief mission until Walsingham's death in 1590.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002_168–204-209">[207]</a> Miller also suggested that the colonists may have been <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">separatists</a>, seeking refuge in America from religious persecution in England. Raleigh expressed sympathy for the separatists, while Walsingham considered them a threat to be eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002_43–50,_316-210">[208]</a> According to Miller, the colonists split up, with a small group relocating to Croatoan while the main body sought shelter with the <a href="/wiki/Chowanoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowanoke">Chowanoke</a>. The colonists, however, would have quickly spread European diseases among their hosts, decimating the Chowanoke and thereby destabilizing the balance of power in the region. From there Miller reasoned that the Chowanoke were attacked, with the survivors taken captive, by the "Mandoag", a powerful nation to the west that the Jamestown colonists only knew from the vague accounts of their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002_227–237-211">[209]</a> She concluded that the "Mandoag" were the <a href="/wiki/Eno_people" title="Eno people">Eno</a>, who traded the captured surviving Lost Colonists as slaves, dispersing them throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2002_255–260-212">[210]</a> Miller's theory has been challenged based on Walsingham's considerable financial support of Raleigh's expeditions, and the willingness of Fernandes to bring John White back to England, instead of abandoning him with the other colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_29–30-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_operation_at_Beechland">Secret operation at Beechland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Secret operation at Beechland">edit</a>]</div> Local legends in Dare County refer to an abandoned settlement called "Beechland", located within what is now the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge">Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge</a>. The area has had reports of small coffins, some with Christian markings, encouraging speculation of a link to the Lost Colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel-Powell2016_127–128-214">[212]</a> Based on these legends, engineer Phillip McMullan and amateur archaeologist Fred Willard concluded that Walter Raleigh dispatched the 1587 colonists to harvest <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a> along the Alligator River. All records suggesting the colony's intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, and that England had lost contact with the colony, were supposedly falsified to conceal the operation from Spanish operatives and other potential competitors.<a href="#cite_note-McMullan_2010-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018263-216">[214]</a> According to McMullan,<a href="#cite_note-McMullan_2010-215">[213]</a> Raleigh quietly re-established contact with the colony by 1597, and his sassafras expeditions were simply picking up the colonists' harvests. In this view, the colony was not truly abandoned until the secret of the colony's location died with Raleigh in 1618. After that point, McMullan argued, the colonists would have begun to assimilate with the Croatan at Beechland.<a href="#cite_note-McMullan_2010-215">[213]</a> This hypothesis largely depends upon oral traditions and unsubstantiated reports about Beechland, as well as a 1651 map that depicts a sassafras tree near the Alligator River. A significant problem with the hypothesis is that Raleigh supposedly planned a sassafras farm in 1587, to capitalize on a dramatic increase in crop prices, so that he could quickly compensate for the great expense of the failed 1585 colony.<a href="#cite_note-McMullan_2010-215">[213]</a> The proposed financial motivation overlooks the fact that Richard Grenville's privateering recovered the cost of the 1585 expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201860-116">[114]</a> Additionally, sassafras prices did not skyrocket in value until the late 1590s, well after the establishment of the 1587 colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018112-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_attack">Spanish attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spanish attack">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)" title="Paul Green (playwright)">Paul Green</a>, while collecting material for a <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_(play)" title="The Lost Colony (play)">1937 stage play</a>, noticed that Spanish records from the period contained abundant references to Raleigh and his settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1938_63–64-218">[216]</a> Spanish forces knew of English plans to establish a new Virginia base in 1587 and were searching for it before White's colonists had even arrived. The Spanish Empire had included most of North America in their Florida claim and did not recognize England's right to colonize Roanoke or Chesapeake Bay. Given the Spanish sack of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> in 1565, the colonists likely recognized the threat they represented.<a href="#cite_note-220">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_33–34-221">[218]</a> However, the Spanish were still searching for the colony in Chesapeake Bay as late as 1600, suggesting that they also were unaware of its fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStick1983_238-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CORA_tree">CORA tree</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: CORA tree">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, writer Scott Dawson proposed that a <a href="/wiki/Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">Southern live oak tree</a> on Hatteras Island, which bears the faint inscription "CORA" in its bark, might be connected to the Lost Colony. The CORA tree had already been the subject of local legends, most notably a story about a witch named "Cora" that was popularized in a 1989 book by <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Whedbee" title="Charles H. Whedbee">Charles H. Whedbee</a>. Nevertheless, Dawson argued that the inscription might represent another message from the colonists, similar to the "CROATOAN" inscription at Roanoke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_71–72-223">[220]</a> If so, "CORA" might indicate that the colonists left Croatoan Island to settle with the <a href="/wiki/Coree" title="Coree">Coree</a> (also known as the Coranine) on the mainland near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mattamuskeet" title="Lake Mattamuskeet">Lake Mattamuskeet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabriel-Powell2016_128-196">[194]</a> A 2009 study to determine the age of the CORA tree was inconclusive. Damage to the tree caused by lightning and decay has made it impossible to obtain a valid core sample for tree-ring dating. Even if the tree dates back to the 16th century, establishing the age of the inscription would be another matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullam2017_72–73-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dare_Stones">Dare Stones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dare Stones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dare_Stones" title="Dare Stones">Dare Stones</a></div> From 1937 to 1941, a series of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare#Eleanor_Dare_stones" title="Virginia Dare">inscribed stones</a> were discovered that were claimed to have been written by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Dare" title="Eleanor Dare">Eleanor Dare</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a>. They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths. Most historians today believe that they are a fraud because investigations linked all but one to stonecutter Bill Eberhardt.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> The first one is sometimes regarded as different from the rest, based on a linguistic and chemical analysis, and as possibly genuine.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_colony_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Roanoke_colony_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg/220px-Roanoke_colony_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Roanoke_colony_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of a <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island,_North_Carolina_half_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roanoke Island, North Carolina half dollar">commemorative 1937 US half-dollar coin</a>, depicting Eleanor and Virginia Dare</figcaption></figure> Raleigh was publicly criticized for his apparent indifference to the fate of the 1587 colony, most notably by Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018111-126">[124]</a> "It is the sinfullest thing in the world," Bacon wrote in 1597, "to forsake or destitute a plantation once in forwardness; for besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons."<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> The 1605 comedy <a href="/wiki/Eastward_Hoe" title="Eastward Hoe">Eastward Hoe</a> features characters bound for Virginia, who are assured that the lost colonists have by that time intermarried with Native Americans to give rise to "a whole country of English".<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> United States historians largely overlooked or minimized the importance of the Roanoke settlements until 1834, when <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> lionized the 1587 colonists in A History of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018127–128-229">[226]</a> Bancroft emphasized the nobility of Walter Raleigh, the treachery of Simon Fernandes, the threat of the Secotan, the courage of the colonists, and the uncanny tragedy of their loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018128–129-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1834_117–123-231">[228]</a> He was the first since John White to write about Virginia Dare, calling attention to her status as the first English child born on what would become US soil, and the pioneering spirit exhibited by her name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018129-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1834_122-233">[230]</a> The account captivated the American public. As Andrew Lawler puts it, "The country was hungry for an origin story more enchanting than the spoiled fops of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> or the straitlaced <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Puritans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a>... Roanoke, with its knights and villains and its brave but outnumbered few facing an alien culture, provided all the elements for a national myth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018129-232">[229]</a> The first known use of the phrase "The Lost Colony" to describe the 1587 Roanoke settlement was by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Lanesford_Cushing" title="Eliza Lanesford Cushing">Eliza Lanesford Cushing</a> in an 1837 historical romance, Virginia Dare; or, the Lost Colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018276-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Cushing also appears to be the first to cast White's granddaughter being reared by Native Americans, following the massacre of the other colonists, and to focus on her adventures as a beautiful young woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018277-236">[233]</a> In 1840, Cornelia Tuthill published a similar story, introducing the conceit of Virginia wearing the skin of a white doe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018278-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> An 1861 Raleigh Register serial by Mary Mason employs the premise of Virginia being magically transformed into a white doe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018280-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> The same concept was used more famously in The White Doe, a 1901 poem by <a href="/wiki/Sallie_Southall_Cotten" title="Sallie Southall Cotten">Sallie Southall Cotten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018283–284-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg/220px-Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg/330px-Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg/440px-Lost_Colony_Tree_-_Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site_-_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Re-creation of the tree inscribed with "CRO", from a production of <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_(play)" title="The Lost Colony (play)">The Lost Colony</a></figcaption></figure> The popularity of the Lost Colony and Virginia Dare in the 19th and early 20th centuries coincided with American controversies about rising numbers of Catholic and non-British immigrants, as well as the treatment of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018276-234">[231]</a> Both the colony and the adult Virginia character were embraced as symbols of <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018281-243">[240]</a> Even when Virginia Dare was invoked in the name of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a> in the 1920s, it was to persuade North Carolina legislators that granting white women the vote would assure white supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018281-243">[240]</a> By the 1930s this racist connotation apparently subsided, although the <a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a> organization, founded in 1999, has been denounced for promoting white supremacists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018290–291-244">[241]</a> Celebrations of the Lost Colony, on Virginia Dare's birthday, have been organized on Roanoke Island since the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018294-245">[242]</a> To expand the tourist attraction, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)" title="Paul Green (playwright)">Paul Green</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_(play)" title="The Lost Colony (play)">The Lost Colony</a> opened in 1937 and remains in production today. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> attended the play on August 18, 1937 – Virginia Dare's 350th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018141,_347-246">[243]</a> Bereft of its full context, the colonists' sparse message of "CROATOAN" has taken on a <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> quality in <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>'s 1975 short story <a href="/wiki/Croatoan_(Ellison)" title="Croatoan (Ellison)">Croatoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>'s 1999 television miniseries <a href="/wiki/Storm_of_the_Century" title="Storm of the Century">Storm of the Century</a>. It is also the name of a humanlike villain (portrayed by William Shatner) in the fifth season of King's <a href="/wiki/Haven_(TV_series)" title="Haven (TV series)">Haven</a>. Croatoan also appears in the 2005 television series <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)">Supernatural</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018185-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-mtvlist-248">[245]</a> In the 1994 graphic novel <a href="/wiki/Batman-Spawn:_War_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman-Spawn: War Devil">Batman-Spawn: War Devil</a>, "Croatoan" is the name of a powerful demon who, in the 20th century, attempts to sacrifice the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Gotham_City" title="Gotham City">Gotham City</a> to Satan.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> The 2011 <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Birth_(American_Horror_Story)" title="Birth (American Horror Story)">Birth</a>" relates a fictional legend in which the Lost Colonists mysteriously died, and their ghosts haunted the local Native Americans until a tribal elder banished them with the word "Croatoan".<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2016-250">[247]</a> This premise is expanded upon in the sixth season of the series, <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke" title="American Horror Story: Roanoke">American Horror Story: Roanoke</a>, which presents a series of fictional television programs documenting encounters with the ghost colonists.<a href="#cite_note-Strause_2016b-251">[248]</a> The leader of the undead colonists, "<a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke_characters#Thomasin_White/The_Butcher" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters">The Butcher</a>", is depicted as John White's wife Thomasin, although there is no historical evidence that she was one of the colonists.<a href="#cite_note-Strause_2016a-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2016-253">[250]</a> In the 2015 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Last_American_Vampire" title="The Last American Vampire">The Last American Vampire</a>, the colonists are the victims of a <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> named "Crowley"; the inscription "CRO" was thus an incomplete attempt to implicate him.<a href="#cite_note-mtvlist-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_pre-1910" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910">List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_colonization_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the colonization of North America">Timeline of the colonization of North America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-1">b</a> The precise number of colonists is disputed. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke" title="List of colonists at Roanoke">List of colonists at Roanoke</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The English called this place "Bay of Muskito" (Mosquito Bay) while the Spanish called it "Mosquetal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1955_181,_740-32">[31]</a> the precise location of which is uncertain. <a href="/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn" title="David Beers Quinn">David Beers Quinn</a> identified Mosquetal as Tallaboa Bay in 1955, but he later concurred with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>'s 1971 conclusion that the name referred to Guayanilla Bay,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1971_633–635,_655-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_57,_430–31-34">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_(play)" title="The Lost Colony (play)">Green's play</a> ends with the colonists leaving Roanoke Island to evade an approaching Spanish ship, leaving the audience to wonder if the Spanish found them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018353-219">[217]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201845,_54–59-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201845,_54–59_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 45, 54–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201870–77-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201870–77_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 70–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xx,_89,_276-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018<span_class="texhtml_mvar"_style="font-style:italic,_">xx,_89,_276_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. xx, 89, 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201881–82,_89-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201881–82,_89_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 81–82, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201893–94-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201893–94_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201894,_97-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201894,_97_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 94, 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018100–103-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018100–103_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 100–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018113–114-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018113–114_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018116–125-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018116–125_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 116–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018128–130-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018128–130_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 128–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201817–19-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201817–19_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler201827–28-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler201827–28_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_5-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_5_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1985">Quinn 1985</a>, p.  5. </li> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Walter Ralegh now Knight, for the discouering and planting of new lands and Countries, to continue the space of 6. yeeres and no more."</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt, Richard</a>; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 276–282. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064613/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. 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Southern Literary Messenger. Vol. 6, no. 9. Richmond. pp. 585–595. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133125/https://books.google.com/books?id=idtEAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Literary+Messenger&rft.atitle=Virginia+Dare%3A+or%2C+the+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=585-595&rft.date=1840-09&rft.aulast=Tuthill&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidtEAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018280-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018280_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1875" class="citation magazine cs1">Mason, Mary (December 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourlivingourdead03sout">"The White Doe Chase: A legend of olden times"</a>. Our Living and Our Dead. Vol. 3, no. 6. Raleigh, North Carolina: S.D. Pool. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourlivingourdead03sout/page/753">753–771</a>. Retrieved August 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Living+and+Our+Dead&rft.atitle=The+White+Doe+Chase%3A+A+legend+of+olden+times&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=753-771&rft.date=1875-12&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourlivingourdead03sout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2018283–284-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2018283–284_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawler2018">Lawler 2018</a>, pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotten1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Southall_Cotten" title="Sallie Southall Cotten">Cotten, Sallie Southall</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28796">The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare – An Indian Legend</a>. 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MTV.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/2933092/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-pop-culture-history/">the original</a> on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV.com&rft.atitle=9+Times+pop+culture+delved+into+Roanoke+before+American+Horror+Story&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F2933092%2Famerican-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-pop-culture-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2010" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Matthew K. (2010). "1990s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-6742-9</bdi></a>. <q>Fans were also treated to a companion special entitled Batman-Spawn...by writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant, and artist Klaus Janson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1990s&rft.btitle=DC+Comics+Year+By+Year+A+Visual+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-6742-9&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Matthew+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_2016-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2016_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Robinson, Joanna (September 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/08/american-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-season-6-theme-cult">"American Horror Story's New Theme Hauntingly Connects to Season 1"</a>. 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Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=American+Horror+Story%27s+New+Theme+Hauntingly+Connects+to+Season+1&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fhollywood%2F2016%2F08%2Famerican-horror-story-roanoke-croatoan-season-6-theme-cult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strause_2016b-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Strause_2016b_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrause2016" class="citation web cs1">Strause, Jackie (November 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-horror-story-roanoke-how-did-end-season-6-finale-948190">"'American Horror Story': 'Roanoke' Finale Delivers Another Twist, Connects 'AHS' Seasons"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072846/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-horror-story-roanoke-how-did-end-season-6-finale-948190">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27American+Horror+Story%27%3A+%27Roanoke%27+Finale+Delivers+Another+Twist%2C+Connects+%27AHS%27+Seasons&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft.aulast=Strause&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Famerican-horror-story-roanoke-how-did-end-season-6-finale-948190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strause_2016a-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Strause_2016a_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrause2016" class="citation web cs1">Strause, Jackie (November 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-horror-story-season-6-roanoke-cast-gaga-episode-9-10-928472">"'American Horror Story: Roanoke': Everything to Know After Episode 9"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110142243/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-horror-story-season-6-roanoke-cast-gaga-episode-9-10-928472">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27American+Horror+Story%3A+Roanoke%27%3A+Everything+to+Know+After+Episode+9&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Strause&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flists%2Famerican-horror-story-season-6-roanoke-cast-gaga-episode-9-10-928472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher_2016-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2016_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2016" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Caitlin (October 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/which-ahs-roanoke-characters-are-real-the-based-on-a-true-story-claim-isnt-false-19713">""Which 'AHS: Roanoke' characters are real? The "Based on a true story" claim isn't false""</a>. Bustle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009072844/https://www.bustle.com/p/which-ahs-roanoke-characters-are-real-the-based-on-a-true-story-claim-isnt-false-19713">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=%22Which+%27AHS%3A+Roanoke%27+characters+are+real%3F+The+%22Based+on+a+true+story%22+claim+isn%27t+false%22&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fp%2Fwhich-ahs-roanoke-characters-are-real-the-based-on-a-true-story-claim-isnt-false-19713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2018" class="citation book cs1">Lawler, Andrew (2018). The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385542012" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385542012"><bdi>978-0385542012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Token%3A+Myth%2C+Obsession%2C+and+the+Search+for+the+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0385542012&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn" title="David Beers Quinn">Quinn, David B.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/setfairforroanok00quin">Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-4123-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Set+Fair+for+Roanoke%3A+Voyages+and+Colonies%2C+1584%E2%80%931606&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4123-5&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsetfairforroanok00quin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupperman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman" title="Karen Ordahl Kupperman">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl</a> (2007). Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5263-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-5263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roanoke%3A+The+Abandoned+Colony&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5263-0&rft.aulast=Kupperman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Ordahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Horn, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomstrangeb00horn">A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00485-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00485-0"><bdi>978-0-465-00485-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+Strange%3A+The+Brief+and+Tragic+History+of+the+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00485-0&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdomstrangeb00horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1971). The European Discovery of America. Vol. 1: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501377-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501377-8"><bdi>0-19-501377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Discovery+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-501377-8&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt">Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42018-5"><bdi>978-0-312-42018-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Chief+Elizabeth%3A+The+Adventures+and+Fate+of+the+First+English+Colonists+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42018-5&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigchiefelizabet00milt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn" title="David Beers Quinn">Quinn, David Beers</a>, ed. (1955). The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to illustrate the English Voyages to North America under the Patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584. Farnham: Ashgate (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1709-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-1709-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roanoke+Voyages%2C+1584%E2%80%931590%3A+Documents+to+illustrate+the+English+Voyages+to+North+America+under+the+Patent+granted+to+Walter+Raleigh+in+1584.&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1709-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel-Powell2016" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel-Powell, Andy (2016). Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6571-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-6571-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Grenville+and+the+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6571-9&rft.aulast=Gabriel-Powell&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Michael Leroy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/headinedwardnuge00ober">The Head in Edward Nugent's Hand: Roanoke's Forgotten Indians</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4031-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-4031-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Head+in+Edward+Nugent%27s+Hand%3A+Roanoke%27s+Forgotten+Indians&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4031-3&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Michael+Leroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheadinedwardnuge00ober&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullam2017" class="citation book cs1">Fullam, Brandon (2017). The Lost Colony of Roanoke: New Perspectives. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6786-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6786-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-6786-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6786-7&rft.aulast=Fullam&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzardSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Grizzard, Frank E.; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC">Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-637-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-637-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064547/https://books.google.com/books?id=555CzPsGLDMC">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamestown+Colony%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-637-4&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D555CzPsGLDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.1600" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anon. (1600). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA293">"The voiage made by Sir Richard Greenuile, for Sir Walter Ralegh, to Virginia, in the yeere 1585."</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt, Richard</a>; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 293–300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064615/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+voiage+made+by+Sir+Richard+Greenuile%2C+for+Sir+Walter+Ralegh%2C+to+Virginia%2C+in+the+yeere+1585.&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Navigations%2C+Voyages%2C+Traffiques%2C+And+Discoveries+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=293-300&rft.pub=E.+%26+G.+Goldsmid&rft.date=1600&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmYjJ4CVhkwC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zandt2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Zandt, Cynthia J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2Kt4KZIlwIC">Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580–1660</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199720552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199720552"><bdi>978-0199720552</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064615/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2Kt4KZIlwIC">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+Among+Nations%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Intercultural+Alliances+in+Early+America%2C+1580%E2%80%931660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199720552&rft.aulast=Van+Zandt&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2Kt4KZIlwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree1990" class="citation book cs1">Rountree, Helen C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pocahontasspeopl0000roun">Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries</a>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2280-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2280-3"><bdi>0-8061-2280-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocahontas%27s+People%3A+The+Powhatan+Indians+of+Virginia+Through+Four+Centuries&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8061-2280-3&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpocahontasspeopl0000roun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonegan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Donegan, Kathleen (2013). "What Happened in Roanoke: Ralph Lane's Narrative Incursion". Early American Literature. 48 (2). University of North Carolina Press: 285–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2013.0032">10.1353/eal.2013.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24476352">24476352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162342657">162342657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=What+Happened+in+Roanoke%3A+Ralph+Lane%27s+Narrative+Incursion&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-314&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162342657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24476352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feal.2013.0032&rft.aulast=Donegan&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._C._Harrington" title="J. C. Harrington">Harrington, Jean Carl</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchforcittieoharr">Search for the Cittie of Raleigh: Archeological Excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, North Carolina</a>. Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Search+for+the+Cittie+of+Raleigh%3A+Archeological+Excavations+at+Fort+Raleigh+National+Historic+Site%2C+North+Carolina&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Park+Service%2C+US+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jean+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforcittieoharr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1586" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Lane, Ralph</a> (1600). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA302">"An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greeneuill vnder the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. vntil the 18. of Iune 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh."</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Hakluyt, Richard</a>; Goldsmid, Edmund (eds.). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, And Discoveries of the English Nation. Vol. XIII: America. Part II. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid (published 1889). pp. 302–322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064547/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC&pg=PA302">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+account+of+the+particularities+of+the+imployments+of+the+English+men+left+in+Virginia+by+Richard+Greeneuill+vnder+the+charge+of+Master+Ralph+Lane+Generall+of+the+same%2C+from+the+17.+of+August+1585.+vntil+the+18.+of+Iune+1586.+at+which+time+they+departed+the+Countrey%3B+sent+and+directed+to+Sir+Walter+Ralegh.&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Navigations%2C+Voyages%2C+Traffiques%2C+And+Discoveries+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=302-322&rft.pub=E.+%26+G.+Goldsmid&rft.date=1600&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmYjJ4CVhkwC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/J._A._C._Chandler" title="J. A. C. Chandler">Chandler, J. A. C.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR55">"The Beginnings of Virginia, 1584–1624"</a>. In Chandler, J. A. C. (ed.). The South in the Building of the Nation: A History of the Southern States Designed to Record the South's Part in Making the American Nation; to Portray the Character and Genius, to Chronicle the Achievements and Progress and to Illustrate the Life and Traditions of the Southern People. Vol. I: History of the States. Richmond, Virginia: The Southern Historical Publication Society. pp. 1–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064611/https://books.google.com/books?id=GbsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR55">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023. 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America</a>. E. & G. Goldsmid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410011344/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYjJ4CVhkwC">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principal+Navigations%2C+Voyages%2C+Traffiques+and+Discoveries+of+the+English+Nation.+America&rft.pub=E.+%26+G.+Goldsmid&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Hakluyt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmYjJ4CVhkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Powell" title="William S. Powell">Powell, William S.</a> (1957). "Roanoke Colonists and Explorers: An Attempt at Identification". 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North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 202–226. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23516851">23516851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Roanoke+Colonists+and+Explorers%3A+An+Attempt+at+Identification&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-226&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23516851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachey1612" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">Strachey, William</a> (1612). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Major" title="Richard Henry Major">Major, Richard Henry</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYYMAAAAIAAJ">The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia: Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country, togither with the manners and customes of the people</a>. London: Hakluyt Society (published 1849). Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historie+of+Travaile+into+Virginia+Britannia%3A+Expressing+the+cosmographie+and+commodities+of+the+country%2C+togither+with+the+manners+and+customes+of+the+people&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1612&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYYMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Council1609" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Council (1609). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordsofvirgini03virg/page/12">"Instruccons orders and constitucons to Sr Thomas Gates Knight Governor of Virginia"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Susan_Myra_Kingsbury" title="Susan Myra Kingsbury">Kingsbury, Susan Myra</a> (ed.). The Records of the Virginia Company of London. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office (published 1933). pp. 12–24. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instruccons+orders+and+constitucons+to+Sr+Thomas+Gates+Knight+Governor+of+Virginia&rft.btitle=The+Records+of+the+Virginia+Company+of+London&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=12-24&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1609&rft.au=Virginia+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordsofvirgini03virg%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cain, Tom (2001). "John Donne and the Ideology of Colonization". English Literary Renaissance. 31 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 440–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x">10.1111/j.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43447628">43447628</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18942234">18942234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40733610">40733610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Literary+Renaissance&rft.atitle=John+Donne+and+the+Ideology+of+Colonization&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=440-476&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18942234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40733610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43447628%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6757.2001.tb01196.x&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupperman1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman" title="Karen Ordahl Kupperman">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl</a> (1977). "English Perceptions of Treachery, 1583-1640: The Case of the American 'Savages'". The Historical Journal. 20 (2). Cambridge University Press: 263–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00011079">10.1017/S0018246X00011079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638533">2638533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159933835">159933835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=English+Perceptions+of+Treachery%2C+1583-1640%3A+The+Case+of+the+American+%27Savages%27&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-287&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159933835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00011079&rft.aulast=Kupperman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Ordahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurchas1625" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Purchas, Samuel</a> (1625). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthum19purc/page/218">"Virginias Verger: or a discourse shewing the benefits which may grow to this Kingdome from American-English Plantations, and specially those of Virginia and Summer Ilands"</a>. In Purchas, Samuel (ed.). Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes: contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others. Vol. 19. Glasgow: J. MacLehose and Sons (published 1906). pp. 218–267. Retrieved August 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virginias+Verger%3A+or+a+discourse+shewing+the+benefits+which+may+grow+to+this+Kingdome+from+American-English+Plantations%2C+and+specially+those+of+Virginia+and+Summer+Ilands&rft.btitle=Hakluytus+posthumus%2C+or%2C+Purchas+his+Pilgrimes%3A+contayning+a+history+of+the+world+in+sea+voyages+and+lande+travells+by+Englishmen+and+others&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=218-267&rft.pub=J.+MacLehose+and+Sons&rft.date=1625&rft.aulast=Purchas&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhakluytusposthum19purc%2Fpage%2F218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParramore2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Parramore" title="Thomas C. Parramore">Parramore, Thomas C.</a> (2001). "The "Lost Colony" Found: A Documentary Perspective". The North Carolina Historical Review. 78 (1). North Carolina Office of Archives and History: 67–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23522231">23522231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Lost+Colony%22+Found%3A+A+Documentary+Perspective&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23522231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parramore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Baylus C. (2014). "John Lawson's Indian Town on Hatteras Island, North Carolina". The North Carolina Historical Review. 91 (2): 171–207. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719093">23719093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=John+Lawson%27s+Indian+Town+on+Hatteras+Island%2C+North+Carolina&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-207&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Baylus+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStick1983" class="citation book cs1">Stick, David (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roanokeislandbeg00stic">Roanoke Island – the Beginnings of English America</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4110-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4110-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-4110-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roanoke+Island+%E2%80%93+the+Beginnings+of+English+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4110-5&rft.aulast=Stick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froanokeislandbeg00stic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1834" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft, George</a> (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds01bancgoog">A History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent to the Present Time</a>. Boston: Charles Bowen. Retrieved August 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+United+States%2C+from+the+Discovery+of+the+American+Continent+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Charles+Bowen&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryuniteds01bancgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1709" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_(explorer)" title="John Lawson (explorer)">Lawson, John</a> (1709). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newvoyagetocarol00laws/">A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country: Together with the Present State thereof. And a Journal Of a Thousand Miles, Travel'd thro' several Nations of Indians. Giving a particular Account of their Customs, Manners, &c</a>. London: s.n. Retrieved September 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Voyage+to+Carolina%3B+Containing+the+Exact+Description+and+Natural+History+of+that+Country%3A+Together+with+the+Present+State+thereof.+And+a+Journal+Of+a+Thousand+Miles%2C+Travel%27d+thro%27+several+Nations+of+Indians.+Giving+a+particular+Account+of+their+Customs%2C+Manners%2C+%26c.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1709&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewvoyagetocarol00laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Lee (2002) [2000]. Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0142002283" title="Special:BookSources/0142002283"><bdi>0142002283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roanoke%3A+Solving+the+Mystery+of+the+Lost+Colony&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0142002283&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1938" class="citation magazine cs1">Betts, Robert E. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185179">"The Lost Colony"</a>. The Cornhill Magazine. Vol. 158, no. 943. London, UK: John Murray. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185179/page/n7">50–67</a>. Retrieved September 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornhill+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Colony&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=943&rft.pages=50-67&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.185179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roanoke_Colony" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fora/index.htm">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/51195">The Lost Colony</a> (1921 silent film)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908024657/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/v13/virginia/complete.html">The First Colony of Virginia</a>, documents originally from Richard Hakluyt's The Principall Nauigations (1598–1600)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (February 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4245">"Skeptoid #245: Finding the Lost Colony of Roanoke"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23245%3A+Finding+the+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoanoke+Colony" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical/Archaeological_organizations">Historical/Archaeological organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Historical/Archaeological organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/">First Colony Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cashatteras.com/">Croatoan Archaeological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelostcolony.org/">Roanoke Island Historical Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roanoke_Colony" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roanoke_Colony" title="Template:Roanoke Colony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roanoke_Colony" title="Template talk:Roanoke Colony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roanoke_Colony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roanoke Colony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roanoke_Colony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roanoke Colony</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Hatteras Island</a> (Croatoan) <a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Histories_and_Mysteries_Museum" title="Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum">Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island_Festival_Park" title="Roanoke Island Festival Park">Roanoke Island Festival Park</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg/100px-The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg/150px-The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg/200px-The-Lost-Colony_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="424" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable colonists (<a href="/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke" title="List of colonists at Roanoke">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1585 colony <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a></li></ul></li> <li>1587 colony <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Dare" title="Eleanor Dare">Eleanor Dare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Dare" title="Ananias Dare">Ananias Dare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteo_(Native_American_leader)" title="Manteo (Native American leader)">Manteo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_people" title="Roanoke people">Roanoke people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Indians" title="Hatteras Indians">Hatteras Indians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanchese_(Native_American_leader)" title="Wanchese (Native American leader)">Wanchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingina" title="Wingina">Wingina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fernandes" title="Simon Fernandes">Simon Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gans" title="Joachim Gans">Joachim Gans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gilbert" title="Bartholomew Gilbert">Bartholomew Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_(explorer)" title="John Lawson (explorer)">John Lawson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Voyage_to_Carolina" title="A New Voyage to Carolina">1709 book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Beers_Quinn" title="David Beers Quinn">David Beers Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Williams" title="Talcott Williams">Talcott Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_No%C3%ABl_Hume" title="Ivor Noël Hume">Ivor Noël Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawler" title="Andrew Lawler">Andrew Lawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sutton_Phelps_Jr." title="David Sutton Phelps Jr.">David Sutton Phelps Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable cultural references</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dare_Stones" title="Dare Stones">Dare Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Colony_(play)" title="The Lost Colony (play)">The Lost Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island">Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Shore_%E2%80%94_Roanoke" title="The Rising Shore — Roanoke">The Rising Shore — Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Roanoke" title="American Horror Story: Roanoke">American Horror Story: Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Briar_King" title="The Briar King">The Briar King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Related Documents</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> (1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> (1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> (1630–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> (1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> (1676)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date">Temp. incert.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outer_Banks_of_North_Carolina_and_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outer_Banks" title="Template:Outer Banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outer_Banks" title="Template talk:Outer Banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outer_Banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outer Banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outer_Banks_of_North_Carolina_and_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodie_Island" title="Bodie Island">Bodie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotts_Island,_North_Carolina" title="Knotts Island, North Carolina">Knotts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Island,_North_Carolina" title="Monkey Island, North Carolina">Monkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Island,_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Island, North Carolina (page does not exist)">Mary Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colington_Island" title="Colington Island">Colington Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albemarle-Pamlico_Peninsula" title="Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula">Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_Island" title="Pea Island">Pea Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Island" title="Hatteras Island">Hatteras Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Ache_Island" title="No Ache Island">No Ache Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Island" title="Shelly Island">Shelly Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina" title="Ocracoke, North Carolina">Ocracoke Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Island,_North_Carolina" title="Beacon Island, North Carolina">Beacon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Island,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Island, North Carolina">Portsmouth Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Banks,_North_Carolina" title="Core Banks, North Carolina">Core Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_(North_Carolina)" title="Cape Lookout (North Carolina)">Cape Lookout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">City of Virginia Beach</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandbridge,_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia">Sandbridge</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Currituck_County,_North_Carolina" title="Currituck County, North Carolina">Currituck County</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Knotts_Island,_North_Carolina" title="Knotts Island, North Carolina">Knotts Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carova_Beach,_North_Carolina" title="Carova Beach, North Carolina">Carova Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Corolla,_North_Carolina" title="Corolla, North Carolina">Corolla</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="Dare County, North Carolina">Dare County</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Duck,_North_Carolina" title="Duck, North Carolina">Duck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Shores,_North_Carolina" title="Southern Shores, North Carolina">Southern Shores</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kill_Devil_Hills,_North_Carolina" title="Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina">Kill Devil Hills</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colington_Island" title="Colington Island">Colington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nags_Head,_North_Carolina" title="Nags Head, North Carolina">Nags Head</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Whalebone_Junction,_North_Carolina" title="Whalebone Junction, North Carolina">Whalebone Junction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manteo,_North_Carolina" title="Manteo, North Carolina">Manteo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanchese,_North_Carolina" title="Wanchese, North Carolina">Wanchese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rodanthe,_North_Carolina" title="Rodanthe, North Carolina">Rodanthe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waves,_North_Carolina" title="Waves, North Carolina">Waves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvo,_North_Carolina" title="Salvo, North Carolina">Salvo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avon,_North_Carolina" title="Avon, North Carolina">Avon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buxton,_North_Carolina" title="Buxton, North Carolina">Buxton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frisco,_North_Carolina" title="Frisco, North Carolina">Frisco</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hatteras,_North_Carolina" title="Hatteras, North Carolina">Hatteras</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hyde_County,_North_Carolina" title="Hyde County, North Carolina">Hyde County</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina" title="Ocracoke, North Carolina">Ocracoke</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Carteret_County,_North_Carolina" title="Carteret County, North Carolina">Carteret County</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_North_Carolina" title="Portsmouth, North Carolina">Portsmouth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_Village_Historic_District" title="Cape Lookout Village Historic District">Cape Lookout Village</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bays</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Onslow_Bay" title="Onslow Bay">Onslow Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Bay" title="Raleigh Bay">Raleigh Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Back Bay, Virginia (page does not exist)">Back Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knotts_Island_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knotts Island Bay (page does not exist)">Knotts Island Bay</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sounds</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Currituck_Sound" title="Currituck Sound">Currituck Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Sound" title="Albemarle Sound">Albemarle Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatan_Sound" title="Croatan Sound">Croatan Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Sound" title="Roanoke Sound">Roanoke Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pamlico_Sound" title="Pamlico Sound">Pamlico Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Core_Sound" title="Core Sound">Core Sound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Back_Sound" title="Back Sound">Back Sound</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Inlets</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Inlet" title="Oregon Inlet">Oregon Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Inlet" title="New Inlet">New Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Inlet" title="Isabel Inlet">Isabel Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Inlet" title="Hatteras Inlet">Hatteras Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Inlet" title="Ocracoke Inlet">Ocracoke Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drum_Inlet" title="Drum Inlet">Drum Inlet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barden_Inlet" title="Barden Inlet">Barden Inlet</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lighthouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currituck_Beach_Light" title="Currituck Beach Light">Currituck Beach Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodie_Island_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodie Island Light">Bodie Island Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Hatteras Light">Cape Hatteras Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Light" title="Ocracoke Light">Ocracoke Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_Lighthouse" title="Cape Lookout Lighthouse">Cape Lookout Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected areas and wildlife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>National seashores</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_National_Seashore" title="Cape Hatteras National Seashore">Cape Hatteras National Seashore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_National_Seashore" title="Cape Lookout National Seashore">Cape Lookout National Seashore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wildlife refuges</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mackay_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge">Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Currituck_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Currituck National Wildlife Refuge">Currituck National Wildlife Refuge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pea_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>State parks</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/False_Cape_State_Park" title="False Cape State Park">False Cape State Park</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jockey%27s_Ridge_State_Park" title="Jockey's Ridge State Park">Jockey's Ridge State Park</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>State coastal reserves</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitty_Hawk_Woods_North_Carolina_Coastal_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitty Hawk Woods North Carolina Coastal Reserve (page does not exist)">Kitty Hawk Woods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buxton_Woods_North_Carolina_Coastal_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buxton Woods North Carolina Coastal Reserve (page does not exist)">Buxton Woods</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Game lands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission" title="North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission">Currituck Banks Game Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission" title="North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission">Roanoke Island Marshes Game Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Wildlife_Resources_Commission" title="North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission">Buxton Woods Game Land</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Preserves</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nags_Head_Woods_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nags Head Woods Preserve (page does not exist)">Nags Head Woods Preserve</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Island_Marshes_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roanoke Island Marshes Preserve (page does not exist)">Roanoke Island Marshes Preserve</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Museums, zoos, and institutes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Aquariums#North_Carolina_Aquarium_on_Roanoke_Island" title="North Carolina Aquariums">North Carolina Aquarium on Roanoke Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic_Museum" title="Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum">Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_-_Coastal_Studies_Institute" title="University of North Carolina - Coastal Studies Institute">University of North Carolina - Coastal Studies Institute</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mountains-to-Sea_Trail" title="Mountains-to-Sea Trail">Mountains-to-Sea Trail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pine_Island_Audubon_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_National_Memorial" title="Wright Brothers National Memorial">Wright Brothers National Memorial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Currituck_Banks_North_Carolina_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Currituck Banks North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve">Currituck Banks North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Run_Hill_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Run Hill State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Run Hill State Natural Area</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wildlife</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Banker_horse" title="Banker horse">Banker horse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Routes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_Albemarle_Tour" title="Historic Albemarle Tour">Historic Albemarle Tour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation_Ferry_Division" title="North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division">North Carolina Ferry System</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bridges</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare_Memorial_Bridge" title="Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge">Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marc_Basnight_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Basnight Bridge">Marc Basnight Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Bonner_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert C. Bonner Bridge">Herbert C. Bonner Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wright_Memorial_Bridge" title="Wright Memorial Bridge">Wright Memorial Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_B._Umstead_Bridge" title="William B. Umstead Bridge">William B. Umstead Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Baum_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Baum Bridge (page does not exist)">Washington Baum Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_R._Daniels_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin R. Daniels Bridge (page does not exist)">Melvin R. Daniels Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rodanthe_Bridge" title="Rodanthe Bridge">Rodanthe Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Currituck_Bridge" title="Mid-Currituck Bridge">Mid-Currituck Bridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captain_Richard_Etheridge_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge (page does not exist)">Captain Richard Etheridge Bridge</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Airports</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dare_County_Regional_Airport" title="Dare County Regional Airport">Dare County Regional Airport</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Flight_Airport" title="First Flight Airport">First Flight Airport</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_Airport" title="Billy Mitchell Airport">Billy Mitchell Airport</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_Island_Airport" title="Ocracoke Island Airport">Ocracoke Island Airport</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Events and places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pea_Island_Life-Saving_Station" title="Pea Island Life-Saving Station">Pea Island Life-Saving Station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chicamacomico_Life-Saving_Station" title="Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station">Chicamacomico Life-Saving Station</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roanoke Colony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic" title="Graveyard of the Atlantic">Graveyard of the Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Alley" title="Torpedo Alley">Torpedo Alley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hatteras_Weather_Bureau_Station" title="Hatteras Weather Bureau Station">Hatteras Weather Bureau Station</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Colony_of_Roanoke_Island" title="Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island">Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>People</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_people" title="Roanoke people">Roanoke people</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatan" title="Croatan">Croatan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanchese_(Native_American_leader)" title="Wanchese (Native American leader)">Wanchese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manteo_(Native_American_leader)" title="Manteo (Native American leader)">Manteo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_(Native_American)" title="Raleigh (Native American)">Raleigh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marc_Basnight" title="Marc Basnight">Marc Basnight</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Mid-Atlantic_hurricane" title="1936 Mid-Atlantic hurricane">1936 Outer Banks hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Outer_Banks_hurricane" title="1945 Outer Banks hurricane">1945 Outer Banks hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fran" title="Hurricane Fran">Hurricane Fran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene" title="Hurricane Irene">Hurricane Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Isabel_in_North_Carolina" title="Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina">Hurricane Isabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Hurricane Dorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_mitigation_in_the_Outer_Banks" title="Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks">Hazard mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153781810">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4MGbYh8ThtqCQygDH4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97125409">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535633605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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