CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chibchan languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cbb2a117-4138-4be9-948a-888fa3cdad6e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chibchan_languages","wgTitle":"Chibchan languages","wgCurRevisionId":1243810634,"wgRevisionId":1243810634,"wgArticleId":295735,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Mesoamerican languages","Chibchan languages","Language families","Endangered Chibchan languages","Indigenous languages of Central America","Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast","Macro-Chibchan languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chibchan_languages", "wgRelevantArticleId":295735,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q520478","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="760"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/800px-Chibcha_lang.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/640px-Chibcha_lang.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="405"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chibchan languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chibchan_languages rootpage-Chibchan_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chibchan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chibchan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chibchan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chibchan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>External relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jolkesky_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jolkesky_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jolkesky (2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jolkesky_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proto-language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constenla_(1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constenla_(1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Constenla (1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constenla_(1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pache_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pache_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pache (2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pache_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chibchan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_chibchenses" title="Llingües chibchenses – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües chibchenses" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چیپچا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیپچا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_txibtxa" title="Llengües txibtxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües txibtxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cib%C4%8Dsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Čibčské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čibčské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha-Sprachen" title="Chibcha-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chibcha-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ibt%C5%A1a_keeled" title="Tšibtša keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšibtša keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_chibchenses" title="Lenguas chibchenses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas chibchenses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chibchanes" title="Langues chibchanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chibchanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_chibchas" title="Linguas chibchas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas chibchas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EB%B8%8C%EC%B0%A8%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="치브차어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치브차어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cib%C4%8Da_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Čibča (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čibča (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_chibcha" title="Lingue chibcha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue chibcha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cib%C4%8D%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Čibčų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čibčų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_txibtxan" title="Linguas txibtxan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas txibtxan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchatalen" title="Chibchatalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chibchatalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Chibchanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chibchanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Chibchanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chibchanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_chibchanas" title="Lengas chibchanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas chibchanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_tillari" title="Chibcha tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chibcha tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਚਿਬਚਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿਬਚਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_chibchan" title="Lenghe chibchan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe chibchan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_czibcza%C5%84skie" title="Języki czibczańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki czibczańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_chibchanas" title="Línguas chibchanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas chibchanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipcha_rimaykuna" title="Chipcha rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chipcha rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чибчанские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чибчанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha-Sproaken" title="Chibcha-Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chibcha-Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibchan" title="Chibchan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chibchan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ip%C3%A7a_dilleri" title="Çipça dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çipça dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%87%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Чибчські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чибчські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B8%83%E6%81%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="奇布恰语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇布恰语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q520478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chibchan_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chibchan_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chibchan_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&oldid=1243810634" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chibchan_languages&id=1243810634&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChibchan_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChibchan_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chibchan_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q520478" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of Central and South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chibcha language (disambiguation)">Chibcha language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Chibchan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Chibchan">Macro-Chibchan</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Chibchan</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cba" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cba">cba</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1249">chib1249</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chibcha_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/300px-Chibcha_lang.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/450px-Chibcha_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/600px-Chibcha_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chibchan languages</b> (also known as <b>Chibchano</b>) make up a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Isthmo-Colombian_Area" title="Isthmo-Colombian Area">Isthmo-Colombian Area</a>, which extends from eastern <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and includes populations of these countries as well as <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. The name is derived from the name of an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha</a></i> or <i>Muisca</i>, once spoken by the people who lived on the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a> of which the city of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> was the southern capital at the time of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquista" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquista">Conquista</a>. However, genetic and linguistic data now indicate that the original heart of Chibchan languages and Chibchan-speaking peoples might not have been in Colombia, but in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> border, where the greatest variety of Chibchan languages has been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relations">External relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: External relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A larger family called <i><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Chibchan">Macro-Chibchan</a></i>, which would contain the <a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinca language">Xinca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lenca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca language">Lenca</a>, was found convincing by Kaufman (1990).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based primarily on evidence from grammatical morphemes, Pache (2018, 2023) suggests a distant relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pache-Chibchan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pache_2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pache_2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Andaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaki language">Andaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbakoa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbakoa languages">Barbakoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Choko languages">Choko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paez language">Paez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sape_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sape language">Sape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Chibchan</b> <ul><li>A <ul><li>Waimí (Guaymi) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Guaymí</a> (Ngäbere, Movere) – 170,000 speakers, vulnerable in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, endangered in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buglere_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buglere language">Buglere</a> (Bokotá) – 18,000 speakers, endangered</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boruca_language" title="Boruca language">Borũca</a> (Brunca) – 140 speakers, moribund</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamanca_languages" title="Talamanca languages">Talamanca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_language" title="Huetar language">Huetar</a> (Güetar) <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_language" title="Bribri language">Bribri</a> (Talamanca), 7,000 speakers – vulnerable in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, endangered in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_language" title="Cabécar language">Cabécar</a> (Talamanca) – 8,800 speakers, vulnerable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teribe_language" title="Teribe language">Teribe</a> (Norteño) – 3,300 speakers, endangered</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paya_language" title="Paya language">Pech</a> (Paya) – 990 speakers, endangered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorasque_language" title="Dorasque language">Dorasque</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_languages" title="Votic languages">Votic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a> – 740 speakers, moribund</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voto_language" title="Voto language">Voto</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9ku_language" title="Maléku language">Maléku</a> (Guatuso) – 750 speakers, endangered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corobic%C3%AD_language" title="Corobicí language">Corobicí</a> – northwestern Costa Rica <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Cuna–Colombian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a> (Dulegaya) – 60,600 speakers, vulnerable in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, endangered in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>Chibcha–Motilon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a> (Motilón) – 5,000 speakers, vulnerable</li> <li>Chibcha–Tunebo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca language">Muisca</a> – <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">U'wa</a> (Tunebo) – 2,550 speakers, endangered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanes">Guane</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> – Colombia</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Arwako–Chimila <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a> – 350 speakers, endangered</li> <li>Arwako <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a> (Malayo, Guamaca) – 1,850 speakers, endangered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankuamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankuamo language">Kankuamo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Arhuaco</a> (Ikʉ) – 8,000 speakers, vulnerable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cogui" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogui">Cogui</a>) – 9,910 speakers, vulnerable</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The extinct languages of <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Cat%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catío">Old Catío</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutabe_language" title="Nutabe language">Nutabe</a> have been shown to be Chibchan (Adelaar & Muysken, 2004:49). The language of the <b><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></b> is unattested, apart from a single word, but may well be one of the Arwako languages still spoken in the Santa Marta range. The <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Sinú language of northern Colombia is also sometimes included, as are the <a href="/wiki/Malibu_languages" title="Malibu languages">Malibu languages</a>, though without any factual basis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Constenla_Uma%C3%B1a" title="Adolfo Constenla Umaña">Adolfo Constenla Umaña</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Cueva_language" title="Cueva language">Cueva</a>, the extinct dominant language of Pre-Columbian Panama long assumed to be Chibchan based on a misinterpreted Kuna vocabulary, was actually <a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a>, but there is little evidence. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán language</a> (Kofán, Kofane, A'i) of Ecuador and Colombia has been erroneously included in Chibchan due to borrowed vocabulary. </p><p>On the basis of shared grammatical innovations, Pache (2023) argues that <a href="/wiki/Pech_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pech language">Pech</a> is most closely related to the Arhuacic languages of northern Colombia, forming a Pech-Arhuacic subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-Pache_2023_Pech_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pache_2023_Pech-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jolkesky_(2016)"><span id="Jolkesky_.282016.29"></span>Jolkesky (2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jolkesky (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> = extinct) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Chibcha</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pech_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pech language">Pech</a></i></li> <li><b>Votic</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maleku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleku language">Maleku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a></i></li> <li><i>Wetar</i></li></ul></li> <li><b>Isthmus</b> <ul><li>Boruka-Talamanca <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boruka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boruka language">Boruka</a></i></li> <li>Talamanca <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teribe_language" title="Teribe language">Teribe</a></i></li> <li>Bribri-Kabekar <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bribri_language" title="Bribri language">Bribri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabekar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabekar language">Kabekar</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Doraske-Changena <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Changena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changena language">Changena</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorasque_language" title="Dorasque language">Doraske</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Guaymi <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buglere_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buglere language">Buglere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngäbe language">Ngäbe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a> <ul><li><i>Kuna Paya-Pukuro</i></li> <li><i>Kuna San Blas</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Magdalena</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nutabe_language" title="Nutabe language">Nutabe</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunebo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunebo language">U'wa</a></i></li> <li>Muisca <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guane_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guane language">Guane</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muisca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca language">Muisca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra de Santa Marta <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kaggaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Wiwa-Ika <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ika language (Colombia)">Ika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kankuamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankuamo language">Kankuamo</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a full list of Chibchan language varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Chibchan language varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <dl><dt>Rama group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Rama</b> – language spoken around <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> Lagoon and on the <a href="/wiki/Escondido_River_(Nicaragua)" title="Escondido River (Nicaragua)">Rama River</a>, Nicaragua.</li> <li><b>Melchora</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan Melchoras River</a>, Nicaragua. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Guatuso group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Guatuso</b> – spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADo_River_(Costa_Rica)" title="Frío River (Costa Rica)">Frío River</a>, Costa Rica, now perhaps extinct.</li> <li><b>Guetar</b> / <b>Brusela</b> – extinct language once spoken on the Grande River, Costa Rica.</li> <li><b>Suerre</b> / <b>Camachire</b> / <b>Chiuppa</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_River" title="Tortuguero River">Tortuguero River</a>, Costa Rica. (Benzoni 1581, p. 214, only five words.)</li> <li><b>Pocosi</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Matina_River" title="Matina River">Matina River</a> and around the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Lim%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Limón">Puerto Limón</a>, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Voto</b> – extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Quepo</b> – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the <a href="/wiki/Pacuare_River" title="Pacuare River">Pacuare River</a>. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. 1, p. 238, only one single word.)</li> <li><b>Corobisi</b> / <b>Corbesi</b> / <b>Cueresa</b> / <b>Rama de Rio Zapote</b> – spoken by a few individuals in Costa Rica on the <a href="/wiki/Zapote_River_(Costa_Rica)" title="Zapote River (Costa Rica)">Zapote River</a>. (Alvarez in Conzemius 1930, pp. 96–99.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Talamanca group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Terraba</b> / <b>Depso</b> / <b>Quequexque</b> / <b>Brurán</b> – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the <a href="/wiki/Tenorio_River" title="Tenorio River">Tenorio River</a>.</li> <li><b>Tirub</b> / <b>Rayado</b> / <b>Tiribi</b> – extinct language spoken once in Costa Rica on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virilla_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virilla River (page does not exist)">Virilla River</a>.</li> <li><b>Bribri</b> / <b>Lari</b> – spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Coca_River" title="Coca River">Coca River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixaola_River" title="Sixaola River">Tarire River</a>, Costa Rica.</li> <li><b>Estrella</b> – Spanish name of an extinct language, the original name of which is unknown, once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Estrella_River" title="Estrella River">Estrella River</a>, Costa Rica.</li> <li><b>Cabecar</b> – language spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moy_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moy River (page does not exist)">Moy River</a>, Costa Rica.</li> <li><b>Chiripó</b> – language spoken in Costa Rica on the <a href="/wiki/Matina_River" title="Matina River">Matina River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chirrip%C3%B3_River" title="Chirripó River">Chirripó River</a>.</li> <li><b>Viceyta</b> / <b>Abiseta</b> / <b>Cachi</b> / <b>Orosi</b> / <b>Tucurrique</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Sixaola_River" title="Sixaola River">Tarire River</a>, Costa Rica.</li> <li><b>Brunca</b> / <b>Boruca</b> / <b>Turucaca</b> – extinct language of Costa Rica, spoken on the Grande River and in the <a href="/wiki/Boruca" title="Boruca">Boruca</a> region.</li> <li><b>Coto</b> / <b>Cocto</b> – extinct language once spoken between the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Coto_Brus_River" title="Coto Brus River">Coto River</a> and Grande River, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Dorasque group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Chumulu</b> – extinct language once spoken in <a href="/wiki/El_Potrero,_Veraguas" title="El Potrero, Veraguas">El Potrero, Veraguas</a> (Potrero de Vargas), Panama.</li> <li><b>Gualaca</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiriqui River">Chiriqui River</a>, Panama.</li> <li><b>Changuena</b> – once spoken in Panama, on the <a href="/wiki/Changuena" class="mw-redirect" title="Changuena">Changuena</a> River.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Guaymi group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Muoi</b> – extinct language once spoken in the Miranda Valley of Panama.</li> <li><b>Move</b> / <b>Valiente</b> – now spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guaymi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guaymi River (page does not exist)">Guaymi River</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a> Peninsula.</li> <li><b>Norteño</b> – dialect without an aboriginal name, spoken on the northern coast of Panama, now perhaps extinct.</li> <li><b>Penonomeño</b> – once spoken in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penonem%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penonemé (page does not exist)">Penonemé</a>.</li> <li><b>Murire</b> / <b>Bucueta</b> / <b>Boncota</b> / <b>Bogota</b> – spoken in the Serranía de <a href="/wiki/Tabasara_River" title="Tabasara River">Tabasara</a> by a few families.</li> <li><b>Sabanero</b> / <b>Savaneric</b> / <b>Valiente</b> – extinct dialect without aboriginal name, once spoken on the plains south of the Serranía de <a href="/wiki/Tabasara_River" title="Tabasara River">Tabasara</a>.</li> <li><b>Pariza</b> – extinct dialect spoken in the Conquest days on the <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a> Peninsula. (G. Espinosa 1864, p. 496, only one single word.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Cuna group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Coiba</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, Panama. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. I, pp. 112–122; A. Santo Tomas 1908, pp. 124–128, only five words.)</li> <li><b>Cuna</b> / <b>Bayano</b> / <b>Tule</b> / <b>Mandingo</b> / <b>San Blas</b> / <b>Karibe-Kuna</b> / <b>Yule</b> – language spoken in eastern Panama, especially on the <a href="/wiki/Bayano_River" title="Bayano River">Bayano River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/San_Blas_Islands" title="San Blas Islands">San Blas</a> and the small islands on the northern coast.</li> <li><b>Cueva</b> / <b>Darien</b> – extinct language Once spoken at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Atrato_River" title="Atrato River">Atrato River</a>, Colombia.</li> <li><b>Chochama</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suegro_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suegro River (page does not exist)">Suegro River</a>, Panama. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Antioquia group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Guazuzú</b> – once spoken in the Sierra de <a href="/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo,_Antioquia" title="San Jerónimo, Antioquia">San Jerónimo</a>, department of Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Oromina</b> / <b>Zeremoe</b> – extinct language once spoken south of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a>, Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Catio</b> – once spoken in the region of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabaiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabaiba (page does not exist)">Dabaiba</a>, Colombia. (only a few words.)</li> <li><b>Hevejico</b> – once spoken in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonusco (page does not exist)">Tonusco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eb%C3%A9jico" title="Ebéjico">Ebéjico</a> Valleys. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Abibe</b> – once spoken in the Sierra de Abibe. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Buritaca</b> – once spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Sucio_River" title="Sucio River">Sucio River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Caramanta</b> – once spoken around the city of <a href="/wiki/Caramanta" title="Caramanta">Caramanta</a>.</li> <li><b>Cartama</b> – once spoken around the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Cartama" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartama">Cartama</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Pequi</b> – once spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pequi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequi">Pequi</a> region. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Arma</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pueblanco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pueblanco River (page does not exist)">Pueblanco River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Poze</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozo_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozo River (page does not exist)">Pozo River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacova_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacova River (page does not exist)">Pacova River</a>. (Cieza de Leon 1881, p. 26, only one single word.)</li> <li><b>Nutabé</b> – once spoken in the San Andrés Valley.</li> <li><b>Tahami</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tora River (page does not exist)">Tora River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Yamesi</b> – once spoken at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Nechi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nechi River">Nechi River</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Porce_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Porce River">Porce River</a>. (Simon 1882–1892, vol. 5, p. 80, only one single word.)</li> <li><b>Avurrá</b> – once spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Aburr%C3%A1_Valley" title="Aburrá Valley">Aburrá Valley</a>. (Piedrahita (Fernandez de Piedrahita) 1688, cap. 2, f. 9, only one single word.)</li> <li><b>Guamoco</b> – once spoken around the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza,_Antioquia" title="Zaragoza, Antioquia">Zaragoza, Antioquia</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Anserma</b> / <b>Humbra</b> / <b>Umbra</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Cauca_River" title="Cauca River">Cauca River</a> around the city of <a href="/wiki/Anserma,_Caldas" title="Anserma, Caldas">Anserma, Caldas</a>. (J. Robledo 1865, pp. 389 and 392, only a few words.)</li> <li><b>Amachi</b> – once spoken in the San Bartolomé Valley. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Chibcha group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Chibcha</b> / <b>Muisca</b> / <b>Mosca</b> – extinct language once spoken on the upper plateau of Bogotá and <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>, department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. <ul><li><b>Duit</b> dialect – once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a> River and <a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a> River.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Tunebo</b> / <b>Tame</b> – language now spoken by many tribes living in the area east of the Chibcha tribe. Dialects: <ul><li><b>Tegría</b> – spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegr%C3%ADa_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegría River (page does not exist)">Tegría River</a>, department of Boyaca. (Rochereau 1926–1927, 1946–1950, 1959.)</li> <li><b>Pedraza</b> – spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedraza_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedraza River (page does not exist)">Pedraza River</a>.</li> <li><b>Boncota</b> – spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boncota_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boncota River (page does not exist)">Boncota River</a>.</li> <li><b>Manare</b> – spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manare_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manare River (page does not exist)">Manare River</a>.</li> <li><b>Sinsiga</b> / <b>Chita</b> – spoken in the village of <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Chita, Boyacá">Chita, Boyacá</a> and on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chisca_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chisca River (page does not exist)">Chisca River</a>.</li> <li><b>Uncasica</b> – spoken in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Librada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Librada (page does not exist)">Sierra Librada</a>.</li> <li><b>Morcote</b> – spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tocar%C3%ADa_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tocaría River (page does not exist)">Tocaría River</a> and in the village of <a href="/wiki/Morcote" title="Morcote">Morcote</a>. (Unattested.)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Chitarero</b> – extinct language once spoken around the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona,_Norte_de_Santander" title="Pamplona, Norte de Santander">Pamplona</a>, department of Santander. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Lache</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Chicamocha_River" title="Chicamocha River">Chicamocha River</a> and in the Sierra de <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Chita, Boyacá">Chita</a>, department of Boyacá. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Motilon group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Dobocubí</b> / <b>Motilon</b> – spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Tarra_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarra River">Tarra River</a> and around the old mission of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atacarayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atacarayo (page does not exist)">Atacarayo</a>, department of Norte de Santander, Colombia.</li> <li><b>Bartra</b> / <b>Cunaguasáya</b> – spoken by a tribe on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oro_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oro River (page does not exist)">Oro River</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinc%C3%B3n_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rincón River (page does not exist)">Rincón River</a>, and Lora River in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrography_of_Norte_de_Santander" title="Hydrography of Norte de Santander">Norte de Santander</a> region.</li> <li><b>Mape</b> – spoken by a little known tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_River" title="Catatumbo River">Catatumbo River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agua_Blanca_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agua Blanca River (page does not exist)">Agua Blanca River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrography_of_Norte_de_Santander" title="Hydrography of Norte de Santander">Norte de Santander</a> region and in the state of Zulia, Venezuela.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Arhuaco (Arwako) group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Tairona</b> / <b>Teyuna</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Frio_River" title="Frio River">Frio River</a> and on the Caribbean coast, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Magdalena" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Magdalena">department of Magdalena</a>, Colombia, now a secret language of the priests in the Cagaba tribe.</li> <li><b>Zyuimakane</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volador_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volador River (page does not exist)">Volador River</a> in the same region. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Bungá</b> – extinct language once spoken on the Santa Clara River. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Ulabangui</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Negro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro River">Negro River</a>, in the Santa Clara River region. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Cashingui</b> – once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomino_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palomino River (page does not exist)">Palomino River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Masinga</b> – once spoken on the Bonda River, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomino_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palomino River (page does not exist)">Palomino River</a> region. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Bonda</b> / <b>Matuna</b> – once spoken on the Bonda River and Santa María River. (Holmer 1953a, p. 313, only one single word; Preuss 1927, only a few toponyms.)</li> <li><b>Cágaba</b> / <b>Köggaba</b> / <b>Kaugia</b> / <b>Koghi</b> – language spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> in the villages of San Andrés, San Miguel, San José, Santa Rosa, and Pueblo Viejo.</li> <li><b>Guamaca</b> / <b>Nábela</b> / <b>Sanha</b> / <b>Arsario</b> – spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> region in the villages of El Rosario, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potrerito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potrerito (page does not exist)">Potrerito</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marocaso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marocaso (page does not exist)">Marocaso</a>.</li> <li><b>Bintucua</b> / <b>Ijca</b> / <b>Ika</b> / <b>Iku</b> / <b>Machaca</b> / <b>Vintukva</b> – spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a> region in the village of San Sebastián (near <a href="/wiki/Atanquez" title="Atanquez">Atanquez</a>).</li> <li><b>Atanque</b> / <b>Campanaque</b> / <b>Busintana</b> / <b>Buntigwa</b> / <b>Kallwama</b> – spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a>, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Atanquez" title="Atanquez">Atanquez</a>.</li> <li><b>Upar</b> / <b>Eurpari</b> / <b>Giriguana</b> – extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="César River">César River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Cariachil</b> – once spoken between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molino_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molino River (page does not exist)">Molino River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonseca_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonseca River (page does not exist)">Fonseca River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Ocanopán</b> / <b>Itoto</b> – once spoken around <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Pintado" title="Cerro Pintado">Cerro Pintado</a>. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Paya group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Paya</b> / <b>Poyuai</b> / <b>Seco</b> – language spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Guayape_River" title="Guayape River">Guayape River</a> and between the <a href="/wiki/Patuca_River" title="Patuca River">Patuca River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sico_River" title="Sico River">Sico River</a>, Honduras.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Chibchan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Chibchan languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pache (2018) is the most recent reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pache-Chibchan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reconstructions include Holt (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constenla_(1981)"><span id="Constenla_.281981.29"></span>Constenla (1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constenla (1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Constenla_Uma%C3%B1a" title="Adolfo Constenla Umaña">Constenla</a> (1981):<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Constenla (1981)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Chibchan </th></tr> <tr> <td>arm, hand, shoulder</td> <td>*ˈkuíkI, *ˈkuí- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ashes</td> <td>*bur-, *buˈrṹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>at, in</td> <td>*skA; *ki; *sə </td></tr> <tr> <td>at, in, towards</td> <td>*ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>big (size or quantity)</td> <td>*təˈĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>*dù </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>*ApÍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>boat, craft</td> <td>*huˈLù </td></tr> <tr> <td>body</td> <td>*AˈpÀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td>*ˈkàrə </td></tr> <tr> <td>breasts</td> <td>*kAʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>breast</td> <td>*ˈtsúʔ, *ˈtsúʔtsú </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother</td> <td>*səˈkə </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother-in-law</td> <td>*ˈuba; *ˈduáʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>butterfly</td> <td>*kuA-, *kuAʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cedar (several trees of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></i> genus)</td> <td>*uˈru </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceiba" title="Ceiba">ceiba</a></td> <td>*puLí, *puLíkI </td></tr> <tr> <td>child, young of an animal, egg</td> <td>*əˈrə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>child, young of an animal</td> <td>*ˈuÁʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloth</td> <td>*ˈsuá- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud</td> <td>*ˈbõ̀, *bo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cockroach</td> <td>*ˈsóx- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cocoa</td> <td>*kə́ˈhùʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>come</td> <td>*ˈda-; *ˈdI- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cook</td> <td>*ˈdu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cotton</td> <td>*suˈhí </td></tr> <tr> <td>cough, catarrh</td> <td>*ˈtóʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>crocodile</td> <td>*ˈkú- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cultivated field</td> <td>*ˈtÌ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curassow" title="Curassow">curassow</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crax_rubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Crax rubra">Crax rubra</a></i>)</td> <td>*ˈdubÍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>deer</td> <td>*ˈsur, *ˈsurĩ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>diminutive</td> <td>*-ˈaːrə </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>*ˈto </td></tr> <tr> <td>dove (<a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">common ground dove</a>)</td> <td>*ˈÚtu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>dry</td> <td>*diˈsə- </td></tr> <tr> <td>dry season</td> <td>*ˈduá- </td></tr> <tr> <td>eagle, hawk</td> <td>*ˈpṹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>*ˈkuhkə́, *ˈkuhkuə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat, drink</td> <td>*ˈga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg, sprout, suckling</td> <td>*ˈpú </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emerald_toucanet" title="Emerald toucanet">emerald toucanet</a></td> <td>*dəˈkər̃ə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>enter</td> <td>*ˈdok- </td></tr> <tr> <td>excrement</td> <td>*ˈgã́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>*úb </td></tr> <tr> <td>face</td> <td>*uˈbə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>father</td> <td>*ˈkáka </td></tr> <tr> <td>feline</td> <td>*dəbə̃́; *kuLÁʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>find</td> <td>*ˈkũ </td></tr> <tr> <td>finger, hand</td> <td>*ˈkU </td></tr> <tr> <td>firewood, fire, coal, live coal</td> <td>*ˈgÌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>first person prefix</td> <td>*də̃- </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>*ˈuA; *dibÃ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>five</td> <td>*sAkẽ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>flesh</td> <td>*gAtA </td></tr> <tr> <td>fly</td> <td>*ˈkulu </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot</td> <td>*sAˈkə̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>*bəhˈke </td></tr> <tr> <td>fruit</td> <td>*ubə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>give birth</td> <td>*ˈgU- </td></tr> <tr> <td>gnat (jején)</td> <td>*buˈr̃ṹʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>go</td> <td>*ˈdA- </td></tr> <tr> <td>grease</td> <td>*ˈkiə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>grind</td> <td>*ˈuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>grindstone, to sharpen</td> <td>*ˈiáʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>grow, widen</td> <td>*təˈlə- </td></tr> <tr> <td>guan (bird)</td> <td>*ˈkũ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>*AtA; *guLÀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>head, hair</td> <td>*ˈtsã̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>*ˈhu </td></tr> <tr> <td>how many</td> <td>*ˈbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>hunger</td> <td>*bAˈLi </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>*ˈda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jocote" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocote">jocote</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Spondias_purpurea" title="Spondias purpurea">Spondias purpurea</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Jobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jobo">jobo</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Spondias_mombin" title="Spondias mombin">Spondias mombin</a></i>)</td> <td>*bəˈrə́ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kill</td> <td>*ˈguə </td></tr> <tr> <td>know, see</td> <td>*sũ </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake</td> <td>*iAˈbÁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>laugh</td> <td>*ˈhaĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>laurel (<i><a href="/wiki/Cordia_alliodora" title="Cordia alliodora">Cordia alliodora</a></i>)</td> <td>*ˈBúʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>*ˈkə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg</td> <td>*kəˈrə </td></tr> <tr> <td>liquid</td> <td>*dí; *ˈli </td></tr> <tr> <td>lizard</td> <td>*ulíʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td>*ˈkṹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>maize</td> <td>*ˈIBI </td></tr> <tr> <td>make</td> <td>*gU </td></tr> <tr> <td>mayo (tree)</td> <td>*bèk </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey: <a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">howler monkey</a></td> <td>*úriʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey: <a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkey</a></td> <td>*dõ̀, *do- </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey: <a href="/wiki/White-faced_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="White-faced monkey">white-faced monkey</a></td> <td>*hòkI </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon, month</td> <td>*siˈhíʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother-in-law</td> <td>*ˈgAkA </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouse</td> <td>*ˈsuhkÌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>*ˈkahkə </td></tr> <tr> <td>mud</td> <td>*ˈdÚ; *oˈr̃i </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td>*ˈhaká </td></tr> <tr> <td>nape, neck</td> <td>*duˈkurə </td></tr> <tr> <td>neck</td> <td>*ˈgala </td></tr> <tr> <td>net</td> <td>*kAˈlÁʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>*dəˈIkI </td></tr> <tr> <td>now</td> <td>*ˈBə </td></tr> <tr> <td>old</td> <td>*AˈkÍkI; *tAˈlá </td></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>*ˈé ? </td></tr> <tr> <td>otter</td> <td>*doʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paca" title="Paca">paca</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Agouti_paca" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti paca">Agouti paca</a></i>)</td> <td>*ˈkuri </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peachpalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peachpalm">peachpalm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes" title="Bactris gasipaes">Bactris gasipaes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guilelma_utilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilelma utilis">Guilelma utilis</a></i>)</td> <td>*ˈsúbaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccary</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tayassu_pecari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayassu pecari">Tayassu pecari</a> spiradens</i>)</td> <td>*siˈdĩ́ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>peel, undress</td> <td>*ˈsu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>person</td> <td>*ApÍ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>place, time, environment, land</td> <td>*ˈká </td></tr> <tr> <td>plant</td> <td>*ˈdi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Por%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Poró">poró</a> tree, <a href="/wiki/Elequeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Elequeme">elequeme</a> tree (synonyms)</td> <td>*baˈlò </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot, vessel, jar</td> <td>*ˈũ </td></tr> <tr> <td>pumpkin, squash</td> <td>*Apì </td></tr> <tr> <td>rattle, maraca, colander, gourd cup (= object elaborated from a gourd)</td> <td>*ˈtã́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>reed</td> <td>*kəˈru </td></tr> <tr> <td>rotten</td> <td>*ˈdṹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sand</td> <td>*ˈu; *ˈuBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>say</td> <td>*ˈguA-; *ˈgI </td></tr> <tr> <td>sea</td> <td>*dAgÌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>second person prefix</td> <td>*bi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>see</td> <td>*ˈguəkI </td></tr> <tr> <td>seek</td> <td>*ˈdí </td></tr> <tr> <td>seed, plant</td> <td>*ˈpkua </td></tr> <tr> <td>seize, hold</td> <td>*kaLUh- </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>*ˈkúh- </td></tr> <tr> <td>shark</td> <td>*tAˈLì </td></tr> <tr> <td>shrimp</td> <td>*ˈkUs </td></tr> <tr> <td>sing</td> <td>*ˈtA </td></tr> <tr> <td>six</td> <td>*ˈted </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin, bark</td> <td>*hukə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sleep</td> <td>*kAp- </td></tr> <tr> <td>small</td> <td>*ˈ¢id </td></tr> <tr> <td>smell, odor</td> <td>*hALÀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake</td> <td>*tAkAbÌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>soil, earth, dirt, clay</td> <td>*ˈtÁBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>son</td> <td>*gAbÀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>spider</td> <td>*óhk </td></tr> <tr> <td>squirrel</td> <td>*kudã́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>star</td> <td>*bÌ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>stick (a spear), insert, put in</td> <td>*ˈtsã </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>*ˈhákI </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun</td> <td>*dì; *ˈka; *dui </td></tr> <tr> <td>sweet</td> <td>*bəˈlóʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tail</td> <td>*ˈduhkI </td></tr> <tr> <td>tapir</td> <td>*dAĩ́ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>take</td> <td>*ˈgúʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tear</td> <td>*ˈubə́diə </td></tr> <tr> <td>that</td> <td>*ˈhéʔ; *ˈse; *ˈkue; *ˈdiÀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>third person</td> <td>*i-; *A </td></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>*ˈdi-; *ˈhíʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>*ˈbai </td></tr> <tr> <td>tobacco</td> <td>*ˈdu, *ˈduə̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td>*pkúʔ, *ˈpkuə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>*ˈtu; *aˈkə </td></tr> <tr> <td>toucan sp.</td> <td>*Biˈli </td></tr> <tr> <td>tray (made of wood, used to wash)</td> <td>*kuˈLIʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>transitive verb marker</td> <td>*Bə- </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree</td> <td>*ˈkàr; *kaˈri </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree, trunk of a tree, wood</td> <td>*ˈkarə́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tuber</td> <td>*ˈtuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>turtle</td> <td>*kuÌ; *uˈli </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>*ˈbU </td></tr> <tr> <td>uncle</td> <td>*kəˈru </td></tr> <tr> <td>vulva</td> <td>*ˈkÍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>*ˈdíʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>we (inclusive)</td> <td>*ˈsẽ́ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>weep</td> <td>*ˈbo </td></tr> <tr> <td>what</td> <td>*ˈhi </td></tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>*biə </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>*buLu </td></tr> <tr> <td>wind</td> <td>*ˈBur- </td></tr> <tr> <td>with</td> <td>*uA; *tÁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>woodpecker</td> <td>*soˈr̃o </td></tr> <tr> <td>woods, firewood</td> <td>*ˈbUʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>work</td> <td>*hiBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>worm</td> <td>*ˈgĩ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (sg.)</td> <td>*ˈbáʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a></td> <td>*ˈik </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Proto-Chibchan horticultural vocabulary (Constenla 2012):<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>*dihke 'to sow'</li> <li>*te<sup>1</sup> 'cultivated clearing'</li> <li>*ike 'manioc'</li> <li>*tuʔ 'tuber, yam' (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> spp.; <i><a href="/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium" title="Xanthosoma sagittifolium">Xanthosoma sagittifolium</a></i>)</li> <li>*apì 'pumpkin, squash'</li> <li>*e, *ebe 'maize'</li> <li>*du, *dua<sup>1</sup> 'tobacco'</li> <li>*tã<sup>1</sup> 'rattles from gourd'</li> <li>*toka 'gourd cup'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pache_(2018)"><span id="Pache_.282018.29"></span>Pache (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pache (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Pache (2018):<sup id="cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pache-Chibchan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Pache (2018)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Chibchan </th></tr> <tr> <td>all</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿd-; *pii-ⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a></td> <td>*ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>angry</td> <td>*uⁿdu </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm, wing, shoulder</td> <td>*kwik </td></tr> <tr> <td>armadillo</td> <td>*ⁿduʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ashes</td> <td>*ᵐbũⁿd(ũ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>aspect, imperfective</td> <td>*-e </td></tr> <tr> <td>aspect, perfective</td> <td>*-o </td></tr> <tr> <td>back</td> <td>*ⁿda(kiⁿd) ~ *ta(kiⁿd); *ᵑga(ⁿda) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bad</td> <td>*ᵑgwahⁿd; *saⁿd(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>basket, mochila</td> <td>*si </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>*(ⁿdu-)ku(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bathe, swim</td> <td>*hauᵐb ~ *aᵐbuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to be</td> <td>*ⁿda(i) ~ *ta(i) </td></tr> <tr> <td>beam of light, heat</td> <td>*ᵐbaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>beautiful</td> <td>*ⁿdu </td></tr> <tr> <td>bee, honey</td> <td>*La </td></tr> <tr> <td>bee, wasp</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿd(u) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to begin, start, first</td> <td>*pahⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>belly</td> <td>*ita ~ *iⁿda ~ *iaⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>big</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd(i); *ᵐbu-ⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>bile, gall, bitter</td> <td>*hakiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird, dove</td> <td>*ⁿdu(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>*hapi ~ *apiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to blow, fly</td> <td>*kuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>body</td> <td>*apa </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone, strong, hard</td> <td>*kãⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone, hard</td> <td>*ⁿdaⁿdi ~ ⁿdaiⁿd- / saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>breast, teat</td> <td>*kãʔ; *ʦuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>breath, wind</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother</td> <td>*ⁿdaᵐba; *ⁿdaka / *saka </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother-in-law</td> <td>*(ⁿd-)uᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>butterfly, hat</td> <td>*kwahkwah </td></tr> <tr> <td>calabash</td> <td>*ⁿdãᵐbã / *sãᵐbã; *taukaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to catch, grasp</td> <td>*ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>cedar</td> <td>*uⁿdu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a></td> <td>*ᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>chicken</td> <td>*aʦa-kaⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>child</td> <td>*ᵑgwaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>child, small</td> <td>*ʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>clay, mud</td> <td>*(taBi-)ⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud, fog</td> <td>*ᵐba- </td></tr> <tr> <td>coal, hot coal</td> <td>*kuⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>cold, cold substance</td> <td>*ⁿdaᵐba- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cold</td> <td>*ʦãĩh </td></tr> <tr> <td>to come</td> <td>*ⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitative">comitative</a></td> <td>*ⁿda ~ *ta; *uˈa; *ᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>to cook</td> <td>*Li; *ⁿdu </td></tr> <tr> <td>cosmos (sky, day, time, space, earth, place)</td> <td>*kaʔ(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>creeping animal</td> <td>*ⁿda(ⁿd) / *sa(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to dance</td> <td>*kwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>dark</td> <td>*tuⁿdi ~ *tuiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>dative</td> <td>*ia </td></tr> <tr> <td>diarrhea</td> <td>*ᵑga-ⁿdi(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to do, make</td> <td>*õ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>*tau </td></tr> <tr> <td>dove</td> <td>*ⁿdu-ᵐba(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dry</td> <td>*ⁿdiⁿda / *ⁿdisa; *puⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>dust</td> <td>*kaʔ(k)-puⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>earth, floor, mud</td> <td>*taB(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to eat</td> <td>*kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg, offspring</td> <td>*La </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>*hap- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to enter</td> <td>*ⁿdaʔ-u </td></tr> <tr> <td>excrement</td> <td>*ᵑga </td></tr> <tr> <td>exterior</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿd(a) ~ *ᵐbat(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>face</td> <td>*ᵑgwa(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>face, eye, fruit</td> <td>*uᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>father</td> <td>*ka(ka) </td></tr> <tr> <td>father, uncle, ancestor</td> <td>*ⁿdũ(-i) </td></tr> <tr> <td>feather, wing, arm, hand</td> <td>*ᵑgak </td></tr> <tr> <td>feline</td> <td>*ⁿdaᵐba; *ku(ⁿd-) </td></tr> <tr> <td>field for cultivation</td> <td>*tai </td></tr> <tr> <td>fireplace</td> <td>*ᵑga-u (ka[k]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>firewood</td> <td>*ᵑgi </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>*ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg </td></tr> <tr> <td>flea</td> <td>*ᵐbak- </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot, root</td> <td>*kihʦa ~ *kihsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>*ᵐbahka(i) </td></tr> <tr> <td>friend, other</td> <td>*pai </td></tr> <tr> <td>full</td> <td>*(hi-)iⁿda ~ *(hi-)ita </td></tr> <tr> <td>to go</td> <td>*ᵐb-; *ⁿdaʔ ~ *taʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>god, wind</td> <td>*siᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>to grow</td> <td>*kuH ~ *ᵐbuH </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair, head</td> <td>*ʦa </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>*haⁿd- ~ *hat- </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand, arm</td> <td>*ᵑguⁿdaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand, finger</td> <td>*kuuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to hear</td> <td>*kuh </td></tr> <tr> <td>heart, liver, center</td> <td>*ᵐbihⁿda ~ *ᵐbihta; *taH(ᵐba) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to holler</td> <td>*ᵐbau(ⁿd) ~ *kau(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>*hu </td></tr> <tr> <td>how much, how many</td> <td>*ᵐbi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>human being</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>hummingbird</td> <td>*ᵐbiʦi ~ *ᵐbisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>hunger</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>*ⁿdaH(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>instrumental/locative</td> <td>*ⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>jealous</td> <td>*ᵐbau(ⁿd) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to kill</td> <td>*ᵑgua </td></tr> <tr> <td>to know</td> <td>*ᵑgw- </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake, rain</td> <td>[*ⁿdi-ɡwa] </td></tr> <tr> <td>to laugh</td> <td>*haⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>*ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>lightning</td> <td>*Guⁿdi ~ *GuiHⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>lip</td> <td>*uk-ⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>liquid</td> <td>*ⁿdiʔ-a </td></tr> <tr> <td>liver</td> <td>*haiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>locative</td> <td>*ⁿda ~ *ta; *ki; *ʦika ~ *tsaik </td></tr> <tr> <td>to look for, look after</td> <td>*ⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td>*kũʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>maize</td> <td>*aiB ~ aBi </td></tr> <tr> <td>manioc</td> <td>*i(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>meat, flesh</td> <td>*ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey</td> <td>*huⁿdĩ ~ uⁿdĩʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon</td> <td>*siʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mosquito</td> <td>*ʦuiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother-in-law, daughter-in-law</td> <td>*ᵑgak </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>*kah-ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth, vagina</td> <td>*ʦipi </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td>*haka ~ *akaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nape</td> <td>*ⁿdu-kuⁿd(a) / *ⁿdu-kus(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>neck</td> <td>*ᵑgaⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>net</td> <td>*kaⁿdaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>new</td> <td>*(a-)ᵐbihⁿd- ~ *(a-)ᵐbiht- </td></tr> <tr> <td>night, dark</td> <td>*ʦii </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine, ten</td> <td>*uk(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>nominalizer</td> <td>*-ᵐba; *-ⁿd-; *-ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>*ⁿdii(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>(older) sibling, (older) sister</td> <td>*ᵑgwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>only</td> <td>*ᵐbii </td></tr> <tr> <td>open</td> <td>*kah </td></tr> <tr> <td>pale</td> <td>*siʔ-kwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>palm</td> <td>*huka </td></tr> <tr> <td>path</td> <td>*hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to peel</td> <td>*suʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>possessed</td> <td>*-i </td></tr> <tr> <td>post, pole</td> <td>*ʦauⁿd ~ *tsuⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot</td> <td>*hũ </td></tr> <tr> <td>prick, sting, point</td> <td>*ⁿduk / *suk </td></tr> <tr> <td>pumpkin, squash</td> <td>*apii(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to put</td> <td>*eʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>raptor</td> <td>*pũʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rattle</td> <td>*taʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>raw</td> <td>*tah(-ka) </td></tr> <tr> <td>red, yellow, ripe</td> <td>*taʔBa </td></tr> <tr> <td>relational element</td> <td>*ⁿd(i)-; *ʦ(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>rodent, large</td> <td>*kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>rodent, small</td> <td>*suh(-kui) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rope, string</td> <td>*ki </td></tr> <tr> <td>round</td> <td>*ᵐbiⁿd(i) </td></tr> <tr> <td>salt</td> <td>*ⁿdaᵑg </td></tr> <tr> <td>sand</td> <td>*uB(V)(-ta) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to scratch, rub</td> <td>*ʦuH </td></tr> <tr> <td>to see</td> <td>*su </td></tr> <tr> <td>seed</td> <td>*ⁿduⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>seed, fruit</td> <td>*kwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>*kuh </td></tr> <tr> <td>side</td> <td>*suuⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sit (singular)</td> <td>*ʦaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>six</td> <td>*taiⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin</td> <td>*huka ~ *huBa ~ kuaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sleep</td> <td>*kap- </td></tr> <tr> <td>small</td> <td>*Buⁿd-; *ʦiⁿd(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>smell</td> <td>*Laʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake</td> <td>*takaᵐb- ~ *taᵐbak </td></tr> <tr> <td>soft</td> <td>*ʦiⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>son, child</td> <td>*ᵑgaᵐba </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sow</td> <td>*ⁿdihk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>spoon, ladle</td> <td>*ʦuiⁿd ~ *ʦuⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to stand (singular)</td> <td>*ⁿdu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>stick, bone, tree</td> <td>*kaⁿd- ~ *kat- </td></tr> <tr> <td>stomach</td> <td>*ⁿduaᵐbih </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>*hak ~ *kaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun, day</td> <td>*ⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun, year</td> <td>*ⁿdu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to swallow, drink, eat</td> <td>*-hu ~ *-uʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sweet potato</td> <td>*Baiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tail</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿd(a)-; *ⁿduh(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to take</td> <td>*ᵑgu </td></tr> <tr> <td>to take out, pick up</td> <td>*hapi ~ *apiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tasty</td> <td>*ᵐbaⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>tear</td> <td>*uᵐba ⁿdiʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>that</td> <td>*a </td></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>*hi ~ *iʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>*ᵐbãʔ(ĩ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>throat</td> <td>*ᵐbi-ⁿdaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>throat, hole</td> <td>*kuHⁿdi ~ *kuiHⁿd ~ *BuHⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>tobacco</td> <td>*ⁿdua </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td>*kuʔ(-Ba) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth (molar)</td> <td>*haka </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>*ⁿduʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>turkey, large <a href="/wiki/Galliform" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliform">galliform</a> bird</td> <td>*(ᵑg)uⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to turn around</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿd- ~ *kuⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>turtle</td> <td>*kwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>to twist</td> <td>*ᵐbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>*ᵐbuuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>up, sky</td> <td>*ᵐbii </td></tr> <tr> <td>urine</td> <td>*huʦi ~ *huiʦ </td></tr> <tr> <td>valency-reducer</td> <td>*a-; *aʔ-; *aⁿd- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to walk</td> <td>*ⁿdai </td></tr> <tr> <td>to wash</td> <td>*suh(k) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to watch</td> <td>*ᵑguⁿda ~ *ᵑgwaⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>water, river</td> <td>*ⁿdiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to wear</td> <td>*(ⁿd)iˈa </td></tr> <tr> <td>white, morning</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿd(u) </td></tr> <tr> <td>who, someone</td> <td>*ⁿdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>wind</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿd-kaⁿd(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman (adult)</td> <td>*ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *ᵐbuiⁿd ~ *ᵑguⁿdi ~ *ᵑguiⁿd </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman (young)</td> <td>*ᵐbus- </td></tr> <tr> <td>worm</td> <td>*ᵑgi </td></tr> <tr> <td>wound, trace</td> <td>*saⁿda </td></tr> <tr> <td>to wrap</td> <td>*ᵐbaʔk </td></tr> <tr> <td>you</td> <td>*ᵐbaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>young, sprout</td> <td>*pu </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pache, M. J. (2018, December 5). Contributions to Chibchan historical linguistics. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094 Page 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1990" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Payne, Doris L. (ed.). <i>Amazonian Linguistics</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3"><bdi>0-292-70414-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+History+in+South+America%3A+What+we+know+and+how+to+know+more&rft.btitle=Amazonian+Linguistics&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=13-74&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-292-70414-3&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibchan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pache-Chibchan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pache-Chibchan_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pache, Matthias J. 2018. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887/67094">Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics</a></i>. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pache_2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pache_2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPache2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pache, Matthias (2023). "Evidence For A Chibcha-Jê Connection". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 219–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F723641">10.1086/723641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Evidence+For+A+Chibcha-J%C3%AA+Connection&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-253&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F723641&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft.aulast=Pache&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibchan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica">Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica">Archived</a> 2021-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Ph.D. dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pache_2023_Pech-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pache_2023_Pech_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPache2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pache, Matthias (2023-01-01). "Pech and the Basic Internal Classification of Chibchan". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 81–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F722240">10.1086/722240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7071">0020-7071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Pech+and+the+Basic+Internal+Classification+of+Chibchan&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-103&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F722240&rft.issn=0020-7071&rft.aulast=Pache&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibchan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChibchan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Dennis. 1986. <i>The Development of the Paya Sound-System</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1981). <i>Comparative Chibchan Phonology</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2012. Chibchan languages. In Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona (eds.), <i>The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide</i>, 391–440. Berlin: Mouton.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Constenla Umaña, A. (1981). <i>Comparative Chibchan Phonology</i>. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).</li> <li>Constenla Umaña, A. (1985). Las lenguas dorasque y changuena y sus relaciones genealógicas. <i>Filologia y linguística</i>, 11.2:81–91.</li> <li>Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1991). <i>Las lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal</i>. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José.</li> <li>Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1995). Sobre el estudio diacrónico de las lenguas chibchenses y su contribución al conocimiento del pasado de sus hablantes. <i>Boletín del Museo del Oro</i> 38–39: 13–56.</li> <li><i>Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha</i>, a journal of Chibchan linguistics, is published by the Universidad de Costa Rica.</li> <li>Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). <i>Language in the Americas</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Headland, E. (1997). <i>Diccionario bilingüe con una gramatica Uw Cuwa (Tunebo)</i>. Bogotá: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Holt, Dennis (1986). <i>The Development of the Paya Sound-System</i>. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles).</li> <li>Margery Peña, E. (1982). <i>Diccionario español-bribri, bribri-español</i>. San José: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica.</li> <li>Margery Peña, E. (1989). <i>Diccionario Cabécar-Español, Español-Cabécar</i>. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.</li> <li>Pinart, A. L. (1890). <i>Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque: Dialectos Chumulu, Gualaca y Changuina</i>. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.</li> <li>Pinart, A. L. (1892). <i>Vocabulario Guaymie: Dialectos Move-Valiente Norteño y Guaymie Penonomeño</i>. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 3). Paris: Ernest Leroux.</li> <li>Pinart, A. L. (1897). <i>Vocabulario Guaymie: Dialectos Murıre-Bukueta, Mouı y Sabanero</i>. (Petite Bibliothèque Américaine, 4). Paris: Ernest Leroux.</li> <li>Quesada, J. Diego (2007). <i>The Chibchan Languages</i>. Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9977-66-186-3" title="Special:BookSources/9977-66-186-3">9977-66-186-3</a>.</li> <li>Quesada Pacheco, M. A.; Rojas Chaves, C. (1999). <i>Diccionario boruca-español, español-boruca</i>. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Chibchan_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8207943/">Comparative Chibchan phonology</a> — 1981 dissertation by Adolfo Constenla.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chibchan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chibchan_languages" title="Template:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chibchan_languages" title="Template talk:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chibchan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chibchan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chibchan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waimí (Guaymi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugle_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugle language">Buglere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaym%C3%AD_language" title="Guaymí language">Ngäbere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talamanca_languages" title="Talamanca languages">Talamanca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_language" title="Bribri language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab%C3%A9car_language" title="Cabécar language">Cabécar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huetar_language" title="Huetar language">Huetar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teribe_language" title="Teribe language">Teribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Votic_languages" title="Votic languages">Votic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corobic%C3%AD_language" title="Corobicí language">Corobicí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9ku_language" title="Maléku language">Maléku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voto_language" title="Voto language">Voto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuna–Colombian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Uwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arwako–Chimila</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Arhuaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankuamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankuamo language">Kankuamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boruca_language" title="Boruca language">Borũca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorasque_language" title="Dorasque language">Dorasque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paya_language" title="Paya language">Pech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesoamerican_families" title="Template talk:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesoamerican families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Mesoamerica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demonstrated families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed macrofamilies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&oldid=1243810634">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&oldid=1243810634</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_languages" title="Category:Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chibchan_languages" title="Category:Chibchan languages">Chibchan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endangered_Chibchan_languages" title="Category:Endangered Chibchan languages">Endangered Chibchan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Central_America" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Central America">Indigenous languages of Central America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_South_American_Northeast" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast">Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Category:Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 15:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibchan_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wjlpq","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.599","walltime":"0.817","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3093,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":203602,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1678,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":72995,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 569.675 1 -total"," 21.66% 123.413 12 Template:Navbox"," 21.50% 122.506 1 Template:Short_description"," 21.27% 121.183 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.69% 83.704 2 Template:Cite_book"," 14.42% 82.175 1 Template:Chibchan_languages"," 13.29% 75.696 10 Template:Main_other"," 12.30% 70.059 1 Template:SDcat"," 9.25% 52.689 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 8.88% 50.610 2 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.266","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6555315,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gdkxt","timestamp":"20241122140940","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chibchan languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chibchan_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q520478","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q520478","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-13T18:05:10Z","dateModified":"2024-09-03T15:31:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Chibcha_lang.png","headline":"language family"}</script> </body> </html>