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href="https://review.gale.com/all-blog-posts/">All Blog Posts</a></li> <li class="search-item menu-item-align-right"><a aria-label="Open Search Bar" href="#"></a></li></ul></div> </div> </nav> <div class="site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 grid-75 tablet-grid-75" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-15227" class="post-15227 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-digital-humanities category-for-lecturers category-for-students category-editorial category-tech tag-analysis-tools tag-dh-correspondent tag-digital-humanities tag-digital-literacy tag-gale-digital-scholar-lab tag-newspapers tag-periodicals tag-postgraduates tag-product-team tag-research-tips tag-sarah-ketchley tag-teaching tag-teaching-tips tag-the-illustrated-london-news-digital-archive tag-the-times-digital-archive tag-undergraduates" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single grid-container grid-parent"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8.jpg 1600w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8-300x169.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8-768x432.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.-Notes-from-a-DH-Correspondent-mon-year-option-8-1536x864.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Finding Meaning in K-Means: Clustering Analysis in <i>Gale Digital Scholar Lab</i></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-02T11:30:33+00:00" itemprop="dateModified">December 2, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-05-21T07:00:00+01:00" itemprop="datePublished">May 21, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://review.gale.com/author/admin/" title="View all posts by Gale Review Team" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">Gale Review Team</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><strong>│By Sarah L. Ketchley, Senior Digital Humanities Specialist│</strong></p> <p>Of the six tools in <em><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Gale Digital Scholar Lab</a>, </em>clustering is often considered the most challenging methodology to interpret effectively. This blog post will explore the nature of this analysis tool and offer some tips for running an analysis.</p> <span id="more-15227"></span> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Why Clustering?</strong></h4> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="593" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2-1024x593.jpg" alt="Clustering analysis looking at connections in The Illustrated London News referencing ‘archaeology’" class="wp-image-15221" style="width:753px;height:auto" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2-1024x593.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2-300x174.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2-768x445.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-2.jpg 1530w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Clustering analysis looking at connections in <em><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/c/illustrated-london-news-historical-archive" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.gale.com/intl/c/illustrated-london-news-historical-archive" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">The Illustrated London News</a></em> referencing ‘archaeology’</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Clustering is a type of exploratory data analysis that uses distant reading techniques to interpret the connections in collections of text documents, which can reveal features of interest that are not likely visible through traditional close reading. It’s a good starting point when initially approaching a content set to figure out trends and themes within the collection. The tool enables the comparison of texts by clustering them around particular features or attributes.</p> <p>The implementation in the <em>Lab</em> is built using the open-source <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/clustering.html" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Scikit-Learn’s K-means clustering algorithm</a>, and the graphic displaying the analysis results is a scatter plot that represents how close or distant documents are within a content set.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>How Does It Work?</strong></h4> <p>There are a couple of primary training or analysis methodologies in machine learning. For tools that are trained using Supervised Learning techniques, you essentially feed the program labelled data. In other words, you train the algorithm on data where the correct answers are provided, then apply the learned rules to new data to predict their answers. Parts of Speech and Named Entity Recognition are good examples of this.</p> <p>Clustering, however, is categorised as Unsupervised Learning, so there are no labels supplied for the data, and it is up to the program to discover them. This methodology is useful for discovering hidden patterns in data and arranging them in clusters.</p> <p>The k-means clustering algorithm used in the <em>Lab</em> designates <strong>k</strong> as the number of clusters chosen by the researcher.</p> <p>As the algorithm begins working, it chooses <strong>k</strong>–random points as centroids and assigns the remaining data points to the closest centroid. Once all the points are assigned, a new mean for the k-centroids is calculated, and some data points might consequently be reassigned to a different centroid. The algorithm stops its work when this re-assignment no longer changes.</p> <p>The K-Means clustering algorithm is insensitive to very small differences but quite sensitive to outliers and extreme values – which make it harder for the centroids to play their part. So, as the examples below show, we’ll sometimes see extreme values or outliers quite obviously displayed after the K-Means algorithm has finished processing.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What’s the Output?</strong></h4> <p>The clustering tool produces a single scatter plot visualisation as its output, plotting data points according to x and y coordinates. It permits downloading of tabular data in CSV and JSON formats, document metadata in JSON format, and static visualisation images as PNG, SVG, PDF and JPEG.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="806" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3-1024x806.jpg" alt="Clustering download options" class="wp-image-15222" style="width:741px;height:auto" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3-1024x806.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3-300x236.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3-768x605.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3-1536x1209.jpg 1525w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-3.jpg 1524w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Clustering download options</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The visualisation represents how close or distant individual documents are to one another in a Content Set. The proximity between points shows how similar they are to one another; texts that are more similar group or “cluster” together. It is also interactive – mousing over individual points in the graphic will indicate the title of the original document, and clicking on the title will open a side panel showing the chosen document and the top 20 most similar documents, with their relative similarity distance from the initial document.</p> <p>From the sidebar, a user can open the original document and take a closer look at the scanned image and OCR text output. This close reading enables the user to make informed decisions about how they wish to work with their content set, for example, they may decide to segment sub-sets of data into a new content set for further analysis based on their assessment of the clustering results.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-scaled.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="376" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-1024x376.jpg" alt="Clustering visualisation interactivity" class="wp-image-15223" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-1024x376.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-300x110.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-768x282.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-1536x564.jpg 1536w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-4-2048x752.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Clustering visualisation interactivity</figcaption></figure></div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Case Study: How Does Advertising in <em>The Times</em> Change Between the Start and the End of World War II?</strong></h4> <p>Here’s an example of a research question using comparative analysis between two content sets from <a href="https://www.gale.com/c/the-times-digital-archive" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>The Times Digital Archive</em></a><em>, </em>looking at how advertising changed over the course of the World War II.* One collection of texts contains newspaper advertisements from 1940, the second from 1945. Each has just over 9,000 documents in it.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-scaled.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="540" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-1024x540.jpg" alt="Clustering Tool Setup" class="wp-image-15224" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-1024x540.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-300x158.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-768x405.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-1536x810.jpg 1536w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-5-2048x1080.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Clustering Tool Setup</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The left-hand image below shows initial clustering results – twenty clusters were selected with a default clean configuration, which removes all tabs, line breaks, and normalises white space, as well as applying a basic English stop word filter to the text data. Looking closely at each cluster, the lists of document titles help discern what the connections between each clustered groups are, and each cluster can be renamed accordingly: ‘Cluster 2’ becomes ‘hotels’, ‘Cluster 3’ is ‘concerts, opera, ballet,’ and so on. The right-hand image below shows the evolution of this process, giving a broad sense of the main themes in the group of documents.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-scaled.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="318" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-1024x318.jpg" alt="Making meaning from clustering output in the Lab" class="wp-image-15225" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-1024x318.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-300x93.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-768x239.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-1536x477.jpg 1536w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-6-2048x636.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Making meaning from clustering output in the <em>Lab</em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Using the same methodology on the second content set from 1945, it becomes possible to compare the output of clustering analysis of each group. Looking at the two visualisations side by side there are some obvious differences in prevalent themes – new groupings include situations vacant, church services, and a bigger cluster of banks and auctions than in 1940. The concerts and performances are more scattered, less cohesive, and notably the hotels section isn’t particularly in evidence at all.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-scaled.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="323" src="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-1024x323.jpg" alt="Comparing clustering analysis output" class="wp-image-15226" srcset="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-1024x323.jpg 1024w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-300x95.jpg 300w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-768x243.jpg 768w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-1536x485.jpg 1536w, https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Untitled-design-7-2048x647.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Comparing clustering analysis output</figcaption></figure></div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Making Meaning and Discerning Trends</strong></h4> <p>While the analysis work is slow and iterative, such side-by-side comparison of visualisations can help researchers become comfortable with the process of making meaning and discerning trends from tool output that can seem otherwise confusing or dense. The ability to switch between close- and distant-reading methodologies is a compelling feature of the workflow in <em><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/primary-sources/digital-scholar-lab" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Gale Digital Scholar Lab</a></em>.</p> <p>If you want to see an overview of the tool in action, we have a webinar available online discussing all things K-Means! <a href="https://support.gale.com/doc/DSL-DocCluster-acad-webinar" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">It’s available here</a> on the Gale Support site.</p> <p>*<em>the 1940/1945 Case Study is based on a suggestion by Rebecca Gillott, who conducted some of the preliminary analysis.</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>If you enjoyed reading this blog post, check out others in the ‘<a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/dh-correspondent/">Notes from our DH Correspondent</a>’ series, which include:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://review.gale.com/2024/04/23/building-projects-in-gale-digital-scholar-lab/">Building Projects in <em>Gale Digital Scholar Lab</em></a></li> <li><a href="https://review.gale.com/2024/03/26/womens-history-month-in-gale-digital-scholar-lab-named-entity-recognition-python-notebooks-and-an-intrepid-female-diarist/">Women’s History Month in <em>Gale Digital Scholar Lab</em>: Named Entity Recognition, Python Notebooks, and an Intrepid Female Diarist</a></li> <li><a href="https://review.gale.com/2024/02/20/parts-of-speech-tagging-in-the-lab/">Digging into Parts-of-Speech Tagging in <em>Gale Digital Scholar Lab</em></a></li> </ul> </div> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-blocks-image-css' href='https://review.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks/dist/style-blocks-image.css?ver=3.4.8' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-blocks-column-css' href='https://review.gale.com/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks/dist/style-blocks-column.css?ver=3.4.8' media='all' /> <style 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.kadence-column14682_114221-f1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column14682_114221-f1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column14682_114221-f1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}.kadence-column14682_114221-f1, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column14682_114221-f1:not(.specificity){margin-bottom:0px;}}</style> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column14682_114221-f1 kb-section-dir-vertical kb-section-sm-dir-horizontal inner-column-1"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><style>.kb-image14682_c5c808-65 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;border-top-left-radius:2000px;border-top-right-radius:2000px;border-bottom-right-radius:2000px;border-bottom-left-radius:2000px;}.kb-image14682_c5c808-65 img.kb-img, .kb-image14682_c5c808-65 .kb-img img{border-top:7px solid var(--base-3);border-right:7px solid var(--base-3);border-bottom:7px solid var(--base-3);border-left:7px solid 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var(--base-3);border-bottom:7px solid var(--base-3);border-left:7px solid var(--base-3);}}</style> <figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image14682_c5c808-65 size-full kb-image-is-ratio-size"><a href="https://review.gale.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ketchley-ias.jpg" class="kb-advanced-image-link"><div class="kb-is-ratio-image kb-image-ratio-square"></div></a></figure> </div></div> <style>.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}</style> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column14682_243e98-d7 inner-column-2"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2"]{text-align:center!important;}}</style> <h2 class="kt-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading" data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_a2d575-b2">About the Author</h2> <style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}</style> <p class="kt-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading" data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading14682_d6ee53-a3">Sarah Ketchley is a Senior Digital Humanities Specialist at Gale. She has a PhD in Egyptology and is an Affiliate Faculty member in the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures at the University of Washington, where she teaches introductory and graduate-level classes in Digital Humanities. Sarah’s ongoing research focuses on the disciplinary history of Egyptology in the late nineteenth century, using mostly unpublished primary source material. She works with undergraduate interns who are involved in all aspects of her digital humanities project work.</p> </div></div> </div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div></div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://review.gale.com/category/key-categories/digital-humanities/" rel="category tag">Digital Humanities</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/category/key-categories/for-lecturers/" rel="category tag">For Academics</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/category/key-categories/for-students/" rel="category tag">For Students</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/category/news-and-teams/editorial/" rel="category tag">Gale Publishers</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/category/topic-categories/tech/" rel="category tag">Technology</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/analysis-tools/" rel="tag">Analysis Tools</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/dh-correspondent/" rel="tag">DH Correspondent</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/digital-humanities/" rel="tag">Digital Humanities</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/digital-literacy/" rel="tag">Digital Literacy</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/gale-digital-scholar-lab/" rel="tag">Gale Digital Scholar Lab</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/newspapers/" rel="tag">newspapers</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/periodicals/" rel="tag">periodicals</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/postgraduates/" rel="tag">postgraduates</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/product-team/" rel="tag">Product Team</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/research-tips/" rel="tag">Research Tips</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/sarah-ketchley/" rel="tag">Sarah Ketchley</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/teaching/" rel="tag">teaching</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/teaching-tips/" rel="tag">Teaching Tips</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/the-illustrated-london-news-digital-archive/" rel="tag">The Illustrated London News Digital Archive</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/the-times-digital-archive/" rel="tag">The Times Digital Archive</a>, <a href="https://review.gale.com/tag/undergraduates/" rel="tag">Undergraduates</a></span> <nav id="nav-below" class="post-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> <div class="nav-previous"><span class="prev"><a href="https://review.gale.com/2024/05/14/primary-sources-to-represent-black-resistance/" rel="prev">Honouring Madam C.J. 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