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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Acidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In non-mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_non-mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_production_and_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_production_and_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cell production and degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_production_and_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Oxygen transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Carbon dioxide transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_of_hydrogen_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_of_hydrogen_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Transport of hydrogen ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_of_hydrogen_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lymphatic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rate_of_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rate_of_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Rate of flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rate_of_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Hydraulic functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disorders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hematological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hematological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hematological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hematological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_monoxide_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Carbon monoxide poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transfusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intravenous_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intravenous_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Intravenous administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intravenous_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Letting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Greek_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greek_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Classical Greek medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greek_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture and religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Indigenous Australians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>European paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vampirism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vampirism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Vampirism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vampirism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forensic_and_archaeological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_and_archaeological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Forensic and archaeological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_and_archaeological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Artistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Genealogical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 195 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">195 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blut" title="Blut – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9D" title="ደም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C5%8Dd" title="Blōd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Blōd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85" title="دم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܕܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ndzi" title="Sândzi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sândzi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="তেজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তেজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko" title="Miko – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Miko" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuguy" title="Tuguy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuguy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8" title="Би – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Би" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qan" title="Qan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="রক্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeh" title="Hoeh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoeh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Кроў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кроў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Кроў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кроў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="खून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2" title="Кръв – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluad" title="Bluad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bluad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཁྲག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwad" title="Gwad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шуһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шуһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD" title="Юн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krev" title="Krev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa" title="Ropa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ropa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaed" title="Gwaed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwaed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B7im" title="Ʒim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ʒim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varra" title="Varra – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Varra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blut" title="Blut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD" title="ލޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango" title="Sango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangri" title="Sangri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sangri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol" title="Odol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="خون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuun" title="Khuun – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Blóð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Blóð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanc" title="Sanc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sanc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil" title="Fuil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil" title="Fuil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fuil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ЦӀий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="લોહી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4" title="रगत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रगत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiet" title="Hiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1" title="혈액 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혈액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini" title="Jini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արյուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रक्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रक्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango" title="Sango – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sango" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara" title="Dara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sanguine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%90%85%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᐅᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᐅᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazi" title="Igazi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igazi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazi" title="Igazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Blóð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9D" title="דם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C9%A9m" title="Calɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Calɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aak" title="Aak – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aak" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ರಕ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya" title="Daya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Daya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სისხლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისხლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="خوٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goos" title="Goos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Goos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damu" title="Damu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Damu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_(non)" title="San (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="San (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disan" title="Disan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Disan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AEn" title="Xwîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C" title="Оь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguis" title="Sanguis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sanguis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinis" title="Asinis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asinis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutt" title="Blutt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blutt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Иви – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иви" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujas" title="Kraujas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makil%C3%A1" title="Makilá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makilá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu" title="Sangu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sangu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9r" title="Vér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Крв – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крв" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="രക്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demm" title="Demm – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Demm" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रक्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रक्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ზისხირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზისხირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85" title="دم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik" title="Háik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Версь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Версь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%81" title="Цус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="သွေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra" title="Dra – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dra" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4" title="रगत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रगत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF" title="हि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="血液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ЦӀий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D1%80" title="Вӱр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="ରକ୍ତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରକ୍ତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiiga" title="Dhiiga – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhiiga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qon" title="Qon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82" title="ਲਹੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਹੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remes" title="Remes – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Remes" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D9%88" title="لہو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لہو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger" title="Sanger – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sanger" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="وينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ឈាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឈាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krew" title="Krew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sânge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawar" title="Yawar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кровь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кровь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кровь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кровь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/izang" title="izang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="izang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रक्तम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रक्तम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluid" title="Bluid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bluid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjaku" title="Gjaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu" title="Sangu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sangu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A" title="ලේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri" title="Kri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кръвь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кръвь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiig" title="Dhiig – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhiig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="خوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Крв – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крв" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="குருதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idammn" title="Idammn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Idammn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idammen" title="Idammen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idammen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="రక్తం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రక్తం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เลือด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%A6" title="ᎩᎦ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೆತ್ತೆರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan" title="Kan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogya" title="Mogya – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mogya" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кров – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кров" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="خون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwed" title="Lwed – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1u" title="Máu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereet" title="Dereet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dereet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="血" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98" title="בלוט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלוט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" title="Ẹ̀jẹ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀jẹ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="血" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goni" title="Goni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Goni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraus" title="Kraus – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kraus" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="血液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje" title="Eje – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Eje" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rah" title="Rah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziim" title="Ziim – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Ziim" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organic fluid which transports nutrients throughout the organism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blood (disambiguation)">Blood (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Blood</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg/250px-Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg/375px-Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg/500px-Venous_and_arterial_blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Venous (darker) and arterial (brighter) blood</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001769">D001769</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.0.00.009%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.0.00.009</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3892">3892</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9670">9670</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873" class="extiw" title="d:Q7873">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blood</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">body fluid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> that delivers necessary substances such as <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, and transports <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste products</a> away from those same cells.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood is composed of blood cells suspended in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (92% by volume),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, mineral <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. The blood cells are mainly <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> (erythrocytes), <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> (leukocytes), and (in mammals) <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a> (thrombocytes).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most abundant cells are red blood cells.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These contain <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to it, increasing its solubility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed vertebrates</a> have an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a>, based largely on white blood cells. White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting</a> of blood. </p><p>Blood is circulated around the body through <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> by the pumping action of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. In animals with <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</a> blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. Blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is <a href="/wiki/Deoxygenated_hemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxygenated hemoglobin">deoxygenated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical terms related to blood often begin with <i>hemo-</i>, <i>hemato-</i>, <i>haemo-</i> or <i>haemato-</i> from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἷμα</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">haima</i></span></i>) for "blood". In terms of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, blood is considered a specialized form of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krause2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given its origin in the bones and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/220px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/330px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/440px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Hemoglobin, a globular protein<br />green = haem (or heme) groups<br />red & blue = protein subunits</figcaption></figure> <p>Blood performs many important functions within the body, including: </p> <ul><li>Supply of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to tissues (bound to <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, which is carried in red cells)</li> <li>Supply of nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> (dissolved in the blood or bound to <a href="/wiki/Blood_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood proteins">plasma proteins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Blood_lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood lipid">blood lipids</a>))</li> <li>Removal of waste such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a></li> <li>Immunological functions, including circulation of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, and detection of foreign material by <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulation</a>, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding</li> <li>Messenger functions, including the transport of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and the signaling of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> damage</li> <li>Regulation of core <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulic</a> functions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituents">Constituents</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mammals">In mammals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_common_blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ranges for common blood tests">Reference ranges for common blood tests</a></div> <p>Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight,<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_table_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts_table-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhysFactVol_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysFactVol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an average density around 1060 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average adult has a <a href="/wiki/Blood_volume" title="Blood volume">blood volume</a> of roughly 5 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litres</a> (11 US pt) or 1.3 gallons,<sup id="cite_ref-PhysFactVol_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysFactVol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is composed of plasma and <i>formed elements</i>. The formed elements are the two types of blood cell or <i>corpuscle</i> – the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, (erythrocytes) and <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> (leukocytes), and the cell fragments called <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEER_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are involved in clotting. By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%. </p><p>Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits <a href="/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid" title="Non-Newtonian fluid">non-Newtonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood viscosity">fluid dynamics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=""Non-Newtonian" encompasses several different types of properties. (April 2021)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen."><img alt="Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg/67px-Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg/101px-Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg/135px-Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blutkreislauf.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated"><img alt="Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/70px-Blutkreislauf.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/105px-Blutkreislauf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/141px-Blutkreislauf.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration depicting formed elements of blood"><img alt="Illustration depicting formed elements of blood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png/120px-Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png/180px-Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png/240px-Blausen_0425_Formed_Elements.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration depicting formed elements of blood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blut-EDTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two tubes of EDTA-anticoagulated blood. Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube. Right tube: Freshly drawn blood"><img alt="Two tubes of EDTA-anticoagulated blood. Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube. Right tube: Freshly drawn blood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/86px-Blut-EDTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/130px-Blut-EDTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/173px-Blut-EDTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two tubes of <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>-anticoagulated blood.<br /> Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube.<br /> Right tube: Freshly drawn blood</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cells">Cells</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">Complete blood count</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/220px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/330px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/440px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> (SEM) image of a normal <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> (left), a <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> (middle), and a <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>One microliter of blood contains: </p> <ul><li><b>4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) <a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocyte">erythrocytes</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red blood cells contain the blood's <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> in mammals. The red blood cells (together with <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> vessel cells and other cells) are also marked by <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> that define the different <a href="/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems" title="Human blood group systems">blood types</a>. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a>, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>4,000–11,000 <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Ganong_WF_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganong_WF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White blood cells are part of the body's <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (<a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>) and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is called <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>.</li> <li><b>200,000–500,000 <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombocytes">thrombocytes</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Ganong_WF_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganong_WF-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also called <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, they take part in blood clotting (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the <a href="/wiki/Platelet_plug" title="Platelet plug">platelet plug</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Constitution of normal blood</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>Value </th> <th>Refs. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">Hematocrit</a></td> <td> <p>45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males<br /> 42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></td> <td>7.35–7.45 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">base excess</a></td> <td>−3 to +3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></td> <td>21–27 mM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></td> <td> <p>Oxygenated: 98–99%<br /> Deoxygenated: 75% </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plasma">Plasma</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Blood plasma</a></div> <p>About 55% of blood is <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">aqueous</a> solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. </p><p>Other important <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_blood_components" title="List of human blood components">components</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">Serum albumin</a></li> <li>Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>)</li> <li>Immunoglobulins (<a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein" title="Lipoprotein">lipoprotein</a> particles</li> <li>Various other <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>)</li></ul> <p>The term <b>serum</b> refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">immunoglobulins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acidity">Acidity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base homeostasis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PH#Living_systems" title="PH">Blood pH</a> is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> (compensation).<sup id="cite_ref-Waugh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waugh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extra-cellular fluid in blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pH below 6.9 or above 7.8 is usually lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood pH, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen#partial_pressure" title="Oxygen">partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub>2</sub>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO<sub>2</sub>)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) are carefully regulated by a number of <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic mechanisms</a>, which exert their influence principally through the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a> to control the <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">acid–base balance</a> and respiration, which is called compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test" title="Arterial blood gas test">arterial blood gas test</a> measures these. Plasma also circulates <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">reference ranges</a> for various blood electrolytes is extensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_non-mammals">In non-mammals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newbloodm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newbloodm.jpg/220px-Newbloodm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Newbloodm.jpg/330px-Newbloodm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Newbloodm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Vertebrate red blood cell types, measurements in micrometers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frogrbc1000x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frogrbc1000x.jpg/220px-Frogrbc1000x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frogrbc1000x.jpg/330px-Frogrbc1000x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Frogrbc1000x.jpg/440px-Frogrbc1000x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Frog red blood cells magnified 1000 times</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtlerbc1000x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turtlerbc1000x.jpg/220px-Turtlerbc1000x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turtlerbc1000x.jpg/330px-Turtlerbc1000x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turtlerbc1000x.jpg/440px-Turtlerbc1000x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Turtle red blood cells magnified 1000 times</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickenrbc1000x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chickenrbc1000x.jpg/220px-Chickenrbc1000x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chickenrbc1000x.jpg/330px-Chickenrbc1000x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chickenrbc1000x.jpg/440px-Chickenrbc1000x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Chicken red blood cells magnified 1000 times</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanrbc1000x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Humanrbc1000x.jpg/220px-Humanrbc1000x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Humanrbc1000x.jpg/330px-Humanrbc1000x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Humanrbc1000x.jpg/440px-Humanrbc1000x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Human red blood cells magnified 1000 times</figcaption></figure> <p>Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers, size, <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">protein structure</a>, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences:<sup id="cite_ref-VB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are flattened and ovoid in form, and retain their cell nuclei.</li> <li>There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells; for example, acidophils are generally more common than in humans.</li> <li>Platelets are unique to mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated, spindle cells called <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombocytes">thrombocytes</a> are responsible for blood clotting instead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/220px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/330px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/440px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Circulation of blood through the human heart</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></div> <p>Blood is circulated around the body through <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> by the pumping action of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> of the heart through <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> to peripheral <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> and returns to the right <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium of the heart</a> through <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>. It then enters the right <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> and is pumped through the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and returns to the left atrium through the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood. </p><p>Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscles</a>, which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a>. </p><p>The blood circulation was famously described by <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> in 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_production_and_degradation">Cell production and degradation</h3></div> <p>In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> in a process called <a href="/wiki/Hematopoiesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoiesis">hematopoiesis</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">erythropoiesis</a>, the production of red blood cells; and <a href="/wiki/Myelopoiesis" title="Myelopoiesis">myelopoiesis</a>, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a> gland, found in the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, is an important source of <a href="/wiki/T_lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="T lymphocytes">T lymphocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, while hormones are produced by the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> and the watery fraction is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>. </p><p>Healthy <a href="/wiki/Erythrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocytes">erythrocytes</a> have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a> in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_transport"><span class="anchor" id="Oxygen_transport"></span>Oxygen transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">Oxygen saturation (medicine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png/220px-Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png/330px-Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Basic hemoglobin saturation curve. It is moved to the right in higher acidity (more dissolved carbon dioxide) and to the left in lower acidity (less dissolved carbon dioxide)</figcaption></figure> <p>About 98.5%<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and many other species. Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O<sub>2</sub> per gram hemoglobin,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which increases the total <a href="/wiki/Blood_oxygen_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood oxygen capacity">blood oxygen capacity</a> seventyfold,<sup id="cite_ref-brsphys_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brsphys-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O<sub>2</sub> per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mm Hg in arteries).<sup id="cite_ref-brsphys_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brsphys-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of pulmonary and <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_artery" title="Umbilical artery">umbilical arteries</a> and their corresponding veins, arteries carry <b>oxygenated blood</b> away from the heart and deliver it to the body via <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a> and veins carry <b>deoxygenated blood</b> back to the heart. </p><p>Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">saturated with oxygen</a>, achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200–250 ml/min,<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75%<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (70 to 78%)<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation less than 90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations less than 30%) may be rapidly fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>, receiving oxygen via the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the level found in an adult's lungs), so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (<a href="/wiki/Fetal_hemoglobin" title="Fetal hemoglobin">hemoglobin F</a>) to function under these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide_transport">Carbon dioxide transport</h3></div> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood). Most of it (about 70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span> by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> in the red blood cells by the reaction <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>; about 7% is dissolved in the plasma; and about 23% is bound to hemoglobin as <a href="/wiki/Carbamino" title="Carbamino">carbamino</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO<sub>2</sub> bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">allosteric</a> effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO<sub>2</sub> decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the <a href="/wiki/Haldane_effect" title="Haldane effect">Haldane effect</a>, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. A rise in the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_of_hydrogen_ions">Transport of hydrogen ions</h3></div> <p>Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymphatic_system">Lymphatic system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></div> <p>In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>, which is continuously formed in tissues from blood by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and directed to the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_duct" title="Thoracic duct">thoracic duct</a>, which drains into the left <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_vein" title="Subclavian vein">subclavian vein</a>, where lymph rejoins the systemic blood circulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3></div> <p>Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this flow are an important part of <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rate_of_flow">Rate of flow</h3></div> <p>Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different organs. Liver has the most abundant blood supply with an approximate flow of 1350 ml/min. Kidney and brain are the second and the third most supplied organs, with 1100 ml/min and ~700 ml/min, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relative rates of blood flow per 100 g of tissue are different, with kidney, adrenal gland and thyroid being the first, second and third most supplied tissues, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydraulic_functions">Hydraulic functions</h3></div> <p>The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> of that tissue; examples are the <a href="/wiki/Erectile_tissue" title="Erectile tissue">erectile tissue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>. </p><p>Another example of a hydraulic function is the <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">jumping spider</a>, in which blood forced into the legs under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump, without the need for bulky muscular legs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color">Color</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleeding_finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/220px-Bleeding_finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/330px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/440px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Capillary blood from a bleeding finger</figcaption></figure> <p>Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood (<b>hemochrome</b>). Each molecule has four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color. Arterial blood and capillary blood are bright red, as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red; this is present in veins, and can be seen during <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donation</a> and when venous blood samples are taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> is bright red, because <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> causes the formation of <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> poisoning, the body cannot use oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue – a symptom called <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>. If the heme is oxidized, <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a>, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In the rare condition <a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia" title="Sulfhemoglobinemia">sulfhemoglobinemia</a>, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish hue. </p><p>Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">color perception</a> are related to the light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>, rather than the actual color of the venous blood.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">Skinks</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Prasinohaema" title="Prasinohaema">Prasinohaema</a></i> have green blood due to a buildup of the waste product <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders">Disorders</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_medical">General medical</h3></div> <ul><li>Disorders of volume <ul><li>Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A healthy adult can lose almost 20% of blood volume (1 L) before the first symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of volume (2 L) before <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> sets in. <a href="/wiki/Thrombocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombocyte">Thrombocytes</a> are important for blood <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> and the formation of blood clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a>, which can sometimes be severe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This would rarely result in <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> (apart from the very severe cases) but may result in <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">fainting</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Disorders of circulation <ul><li>Shock is the ineffective <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a> of tissues, and can be caused by a variety of conditions including blood loss, infection, poor <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, excess circulating lipids (<a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> mellitus.</li> <li>Coagulation can form a <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, which can obstruct vessels.</li> <li>Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term <i>ischemia</i> refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood, and <i>infarction</i> refers to tissue death (<a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>), which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hematological">Hematological</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></div> <ul><li>Anemia <ul><li>Insufficient red cell mass (<a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders like <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">thalassemia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Illnesses_related_to_poor_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Illnesses related to poor nutrition">nutritional deficiencies</a>, and may require one or more <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>. Anemia can also be due to a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a> in which the red blood cells do not function effectively. Anemia can be confirmed by a <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood test</a> if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm/dl in men or less than 12.0 gm/dl in women.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries have <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood banks</a> to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a> compatible with that of the donor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell anemia">Sickle-cell anemia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Disorders of cell proliferation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Leukemia</a> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer (medicine)">cancers</a> of the blood-forming tissues and cells.</li> <li>Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (<a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">polycythemia vera</a>) or platelets (<a href="/wiki/Essential_thrombocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential thrombocytosis">essential thrombocytosis</a>) may be <a href="/wiki/Premalignant_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Premalignant condition">premalignant</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">Myelodysplastic syndromes</a> involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.</li></ul></li> <li>Disorders of coagulation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">Hemophilia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic illness</a> that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting mechanisms</a>. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in <a href="/wiki/Hemarthrosis" title="Hemarthrosis">hemarthrosis</a>, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.</li> <li>Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a> (bleeding disorders).</li> <li>Hypercoagulable state (<a href="/wiki/Thrombophilia" title="Thrombophilia">thrombophilia</a>) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.</li></ul></li> <li>Infectious disorders of blood <ul><li>Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a> are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-borne infection">blood-borne infections</a>, bloodstained objects are treated as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">biohazard</a>.</li> <li>Bacterial infection of the blood is <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">bacteremia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. Viral Infection is viremia. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis" title="Trypanosomiasis">trypanosomiasis</a> are blood-borne parasitic infections.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_monoxide_poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></div> <p>Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases, this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard, since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfusion">Transfusion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodbags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/220px-Bloodbags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/330px-Bloodbags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/440px-Bloodbags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Venous blood collected during blood donation</figcaption></figure> <p>Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donation</a> and stored in a <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood bank</a>. There are many different <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood types</a> in humans, the <a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">ABO blood group system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus blood group system">Rhesus blood group system</a> being the most important. Transfusion of blood of an incompatible blood group may cause severe, often fatal, complications, so <a href="/wiki/Crossmatching" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossmatching">crossmatching</a> is done to ensure that a compatible blood product is transfused. </p><p>Other blood products administered <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenously</a> are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific coagulation factor concentrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intravenous_administration">Intravenous administration</h3></div> <p>Many forms of medication (from <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract. </p><p>After severe acute blood loss, liquid preparations, generically known as plasma expanders, can be given intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl<sub>2</sub> etc.) at physiological concentrations, or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans, <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">human serum albumin</a>, or fresh frozen plasma. In these emergency situations, a plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than a blood transfusion, because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately after a transfusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letting">Letting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">polycythemia</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirudotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirudotherapy">leeching</a> were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood, according to <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocratic</a> medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Jansk%C3%BD,_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg/170px-Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg/255px-Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD" title="Jan Janský">Jan Janský</a> is credited with the first classification of blood into four types (A, B, AB, and O)</figcaption></figure> <p>English <i>blood</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>blod</i>) derives from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and has cognates with a similar range of meanings in all other Germanic languages (e.g. German <i>Blut</i>, Swedish <i>blod</i>, Gothic <i>blōþ</i>). There is no accepted <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Greek_medicine">Classical Greek medicine</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robin_F%C3%A5hr%C3%A6us" title="Robin Fåhræus">Robin Fåhræus</a> (a Swedish physician who devised the <a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a>) suggested that the Ancient Greek system of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a>, wherein the body was thought to contain four distinct bodily fluids (associated with different temperaments), were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen. A dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"). Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"). Above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"). The top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, Greek thinkers believed that blood was made from food. Plato and Aristotle are two important sources of evidence for this view, but it dates back to Homer's <i>Iliad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato thinks that fire in our bellies transform food into blood.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato believes that the movements of air in the body as we exhale and inhale carry the fire as it transforms our food into blood.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle believed that food is concocted into blood in the heart and transformed into our body's matter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <p>The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD" title="Jan Janský">Jan Janský</a> is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a> was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first non-direct transfusion was performed on 27 March 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blood" title="Special:EditPage/Blood">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendence, rather than marriage. This bears closely to <a href="/wiki/Bloodline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodline">bloodlines</a>, and sayings such as "<a href="/wiki/Blood_is_thicker_than_water" title="Blood is thicker than water">blood is thicker than water</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bad_blood" class="extiw" title="wikt:bad blood">bad blood</a>", as well as "<a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">Blood brother</a>". </p><p>Blood is given particular emphasis in the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religions, because <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 17:11 says "the life of a creature is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off. </p><p>Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life-giving nature of blood, seen in such events as childbirth, as contrasted with the blood of injury or death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Australians">Indigenous Australians</h3></div><p> In many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples'</a> traditions, <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> (particularly red) and blood, both high in iron content and considered <a href="/wiki/Maban" title="Maban">Maban</a>, are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red ochre is used in similar ways in less-secret ceremonies. Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies. Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the <a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a>. Lawlor then connects these invisible energetic realms and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, because iron is <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_paganism">European paganism</h3></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, blood was used during their sacrifices; the <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blóts</a></i>. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator, and, after the butchering, the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods, and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called <i>blóedsian</i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, and the terminology was borrowed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> becoming <i>to bless</i> and <i>blessing</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> word for blood, <i>ishar</i> was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> believed that the blood of the gods, <i><a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">ichor</a></i>, was a substance that was poisonous to mortals. </p><p>As a relic of Germanic Law, the <a href="/wiki/Cruentation" title="Cruentation">cruentation</a>, an ordeal where the corpse of the victim was supposed to start bleeding in the presence of the murderer, was used until the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 9:4, God prohibited <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and his sons from eating blood (see <a href="/wiki/Noahide_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide Law">Noahide Law</a>). This command continued to be observed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p>It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came around to the Hebrew house that the first-born child would not die if the angel saw lamb's blood wiped across the doorway. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> prohibited certain Christians from consuming blood – this is documented in Acts 15:20 and 29. This chapter specifies a reason (especially in verses 19–21): It was to avoid offending Jews who had become Christians, because the Mosaic Law Code prohibited the practice. </p><p>Christ's blood is the means for the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of sins. Also, "... the blood of Jesus Christ his [God] Son cleanseth us from all sin." (1 John 1:7), "... Unto him [God] that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." (Revelation 1:5), and "And they overcame him (Satan) by the blood of the Lamb [Jesus the Christ], and by the word of their testimony ..." (Revelation 12:11). </p><p>Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> teach that, when consecrated, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> wine <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">actually becomes</a> the <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Jesus</a> for worshippers to drink. Thus in the consecrated wine, Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper">the Last Supper</a>, as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">disciples</a> that the bread that they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. <i>"This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 22:20</a>)</i>. </p><p>Most forms of Protestantism, especially those of a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is spiritually but not physically present. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> theology teaches that the body and blood is <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">present together "in, with, and under"</a> the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">dietary</a> laws (<a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>). Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen clots), <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a> and then rinsing with water again several times.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although blood from fish is biblically kosher, it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is: "Because the life of the animal is [in] its blood" (ibid 17:14). In relation to human beings, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> expounds on this verse that the <a href="/wiki/Animal_soul" title="Animal soul">animal soul</a> of a person is in the blood, and that physical desires stem from it. </p><p>Likewise, the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal-like passions from the person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal energies and life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <p>Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a>. This is derived from the statement in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, sura <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27ida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'ida">Al-Ma'ida</a> (5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah." </p><p>Blood is considered unclean, hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions apply to <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed, hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions</a></div> <p>Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), many <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four major components.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vampirism">Vampirism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a> are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the '<a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a>' legend, a human who achieves <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a> and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. <a href="/wiki/Ticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticks">Ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>, female <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bats</a>, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">Hemolymph</a></div> <p>In invertebrates, a body fluid analogous to blood called hemolymph is found, the main difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. Hemolymph may function to carry oxygen, although hemoglobin is not necessarily used. <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> use <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a> instead of hemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most insects, their hemolymph does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules because their bodies are small enough for their <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrate trachea">tracheal system</a> to suffice for supplying oxygen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_and_archaeological">Forensic and archaeological</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blood_residue" title="Blood residue">Blood residue</a> can help <a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensic</a> investigators identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Through <a href="/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis" title="Bloodstain pattern analysis">bloodstain pattern analysis</a>, forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains. </p><p>Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic">Artistic</h3></div> <p>Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the performances of <a href="/wiki/Viennese_Actionism" title="Viennese Actionism">Viennese Actionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Nitsch" title="Hermann Nitsch">Hermann Nitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istvan_Kantor" title="Istvan Kantor">Istvan Kantor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franko_B" title="Franko B">Franko B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lennie_Lee" title="Lennie Lee">Lennie Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Athey" title="Ron Athey">Ron Athey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhichao" title="Yang Zhichao">Yang Zhichao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_Yeldham" title="Justice Yeldham">Lucas Abela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kira_O%27Reilly" title="Kira O'Reilly">Kira O'Reilly</a>, along with the photography of <a href="/wiki/Andres_Serrano" title="Andres Serrano">Andres Serrano</a>, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Quinn" title="Marc Quinn">Marc Quinn</a> has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogical">Genealogical</h3></div> <p>The term <i>blood</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical circles</a> to refer to one's <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">origins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic background</a> as in the word <i><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">bloodline</a></i>. Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense are <i><a href="/wiki/Nobility#"Blue"_blood" title="Nobility">blue-blood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">royal blood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">mixed-blood</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">blood relative</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotransfusion" title="Autotransfusion">Autotransfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_as_food" title="Blood as food">Blood as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_substitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood substitutes">Blood substitutes</a> ("artificial blood")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_phobia" title="Blood phobia">Hemophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminol" title="Luminol">Luminol</a>, a visual test for blood left at crime scenes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-1-en-3-one" title="Oct-1-en-3-one">Oct-1-en-3-one</a> ("Smell" of blood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">Taboo food and drink: Blood</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style 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San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7211-3"><bdi>978-0-8053-7211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=529&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FBenjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-7211-3&rft.aulast=Tallitsch&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Frederic%2C+Martini&rft.au=Michael+J.%2C+Timmons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganong_WF-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganong_WF_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganong_WF_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanong2003" class="citation book cs1">Ganong WF (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano"><i>Review of medical physiology</i></a></span> (21 ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano/page/n517">518</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-121765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-121765-1"><bdi>978-0-07-121765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=21&rft.pub=Lange+Medical+Books%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-121765-1&rft.aulast=Ganong&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freviewmedicalphy00gano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnataviciusWorkmanRebarHeimgartner2018" class="citation book cs1">Ignatavicius, Donna D.; Workman, M. Linda; Rebar, Cherie R.; Heimgartner, Nicole M., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1018308697"><i>Medical-surgical nursing : concepts for interprofessional collaborative care</i></a> (9th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-46158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-46158-0"><bdi>978-0-323-46158-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1018308697">1018308697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical-surgical+nursing+%3A+concepts+for+interprofessional+collaborative+care&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1018308697&rft.isbn=978-0-323-46158-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1018308697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waugh-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waugh_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaughGrant2007" class="citation book cs1">Waugh A, Grant A (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosswilsonanatom0000waug_x2u4/page/22/mode/2up">"2"</a></span>. <i>Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness</i> (Tenth ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10102-1"><bdi>978-0-443-10102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+in+Health+and+Illness&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-443-10102-1&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Grant%2C+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosswilsonanatom0000waug_x2u4%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch157/ch157a.html">Acid–Base Regulation and Disorders</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merck_Manual_of_Diagnosis_and_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy">The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy</a></i> Professional Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/404/mode/2up"><i>The Vertebrate Body</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 404–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5"><bdi>978-0-03-910284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=404-406&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratebody0000rome_a5a9%2Fpage%2F404%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1628" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">Harvey W</a> (1628). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html">"Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus"</a> (in Latin). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002138/http://rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exercitatio+Anatomica+de+Motu+Cordis+et+Sanguinis+in+Animalibus&rft.date=1628&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rarebookroom.org%2FControl%2Fhvyexc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsGray1989" class="citation book cs1">Williams PW, Gray HD (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomy0000gray_m7a1"><i>Gray's anatomy</i></a></span> (37th ed.). New York: C. Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-02588-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-02588-4"><bdi>978-0-443-02588-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=37th&rft.pub=C.+Livingstone&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-443-02588-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraysanatomy0000gray_m7a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic2009" class="citation book cs1">Frederic, Martini (2009). <i>Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology</i>. 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San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321539106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321539106"><bdi>978-0321539106</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173683666">173683666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+anatomy+%26+physiology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=657&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FBenjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173683666&rft.isbn=978-0321539106&rft.aulast=Frederic&rft.aufirst=Martini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominguez_de_VillotaRuiz_CarmonaRubiode_Andrés1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F53.12.1325">"Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease"</a>. <i>British Journal of Anaesthesia</i>. <b>53</b> (12): 1325–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F53.12.1325">10.1093/bja/53.12.1325</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7317251">7317251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029560">10029560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Equality+of+the+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+oxygen-binding+capacity+of+haemoglobin+in+patients+with+severe+respiratory+disease&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1325-8&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10029560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7317251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbja%2F53.12.1325&rft.aulast=Dominguez+de+Villota&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Ruiz+Carmona%2C+MT&rft.au=Rubio%2C+JJ&rft.au=de+Andr%C3%A9s%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbja%252F53.12.1325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brsphys-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brsphys_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brsphys_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo2007" class="citation book cs1">Costanzo LS (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0"><i>Physiology</i></a></span>. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7311-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7311-9"><bdi>978-0-7817-7311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology&rft.place=Hagerstown%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7311-9&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysiology00cost_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf">Edwards Lifesciences LLC – Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110081655/http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054138/http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm">"Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance"</a>. 23 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventilatory+Physiology+and+Endurance&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.hia.no%2F~stephens%2Fventphys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040224085741/http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw">Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart</a> MSN groups</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensenDawsonYoshigaDalsgaard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J, et al. (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464731">"Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>566</b> (Pt 1): 273–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2005.086025">10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464731">1464731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860533">15860533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Limitations+to+systemic+and+locomotor+limb+muscle+oxygen+delivery+and+uptake+during+maximal+exercise+in+humans&rft.volume=566&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=273-85&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1464731%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15860533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2005.086025&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Dawson%2C+EA&rft.au=Yoshiga%2C+CC&rft.au=Dalsgaard%2C+MK&rft.au=Damsgaard%2C+R&rft.au=Secher%2C+NH&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Alonso%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1464731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053056/http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm">"Blood gas and Saturation measurements"</a>. 25 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm">the original</a> on 25 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+gas+and+Saturation+measurements&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanbit.com%2FPAC%2Fchapters%2FP30.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html">"Lecture Notes-20"</a>. 2 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html">the original</a> on 2 May 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+Notes-20&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2FBio50%2FLecNotes%2Flecnot20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartini2007" class="citation book cs1">Martini F, et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&pg=PA643"><i>Anatomy and Physiology</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 643. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712348075" title="Special:BookSources/9789712348075"><bdi>9789712348075</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=joJb82gVsLoC&pg=PA643">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789712348075&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoJb82gVsLoC%26pg%3DPA643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vander's Human Physiology</i> reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as <a href="/wiki/Carbaminohemoglobin" title="Carbaminohemoglobin">carbaminohemoglobin</a>, and 10% physically dissolved. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmaierRaffStrang2003" class="citation book cs1">Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologym0000widm/page/493/mode/2up"><i>Vander's Human Physiology</i></a></span> (9th ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-288074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-288074-8"><bdi>978-0-07-288074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vander%27s+Human+Physiology&rft.pages=p.+493+%28ch.+Respiratory+physiology+%C2%A7+Transport+of+carbon+dioxide+in+blood%29&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-288074-8&rft.aulast=Widmaier&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rft.au=Raff%2C+Hershel&rft.au=Strang%2C+Kevin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanphysiologym0000widm%2Fpage%2F493%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guytonhalltextbo0000hall/page/204/mode/2up"><i>Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology</i></a></span>. 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The Franklin Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+%E2%80%93+The+Human+heart&rft.pub=The+Franklin+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fheart%2Fblood%2Fblood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518202410/http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/">"The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/">the original</a> on 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Red+Blood+Cells+in+Anemia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hematology.org%2FPatients%2FAnemia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2001" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal I (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520">"Carbon monoxide poisoning"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>94</b> (6): 270–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680109400604">10.1177/014107680109400604</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281520">1281520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11387414">11387414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Carbon+monoxide+poisoning&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=270-2&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1281520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11387414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680109400604&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1281520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-blood" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=blood">"blood"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=blood&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dblood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hart GD (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073035/http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf">"Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Journal of Haematology</i>. <b>115</b> (4): 719–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2141.2001.03130.x">10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11843802">11843802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10602937">10602937</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodmed.com/home/hannpdf/bjh3130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Haematology&rft.atitle=Descriptions+of+blood+and+blood+disorders+before+the+advent+of+laboratory+studies&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=719-28&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10602937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11843802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2141.2001.03130.x&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=GD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloodmed.com%2Fhome%2Fhannpdf%2Fbjh3130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Homer, see <i>Iliad</i> (V.381–84). For Plato, see <i>Timaeus</i> 77a–81e and Campbell 2024. For Aristotle, see <i>Parts of Animals</i> II.3 650a31. For blood in ancient Greek science in general, see Boylan 2015. Douglas R. Campbell. 2024. "Irrigating Blood: Plato on the Circulatory System, the Cosmos, and Elemental Motion," <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i> 62 (4): 519-541. 2024.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?aid=CAMIBP">[1]</a> Michael Boylan. 2015. <i>The Origins of Ancient Greek ScienceBlood—A Philosophical Study.</i> New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Timaeus</i> 77a-81e and Campbell 2024. Douglas R. Campbell. 2024. "Irrigating Blood: Plato on the Circulatory System, the Cosmos, and Elemental Motion," <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i> 62 (4): 519-541. 2024.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?aid=CAMIBP">[2]</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Schroeder 2021 and Pelavski 2014. Lea Aurelia Schroeder. 2021. "Replenishment and Maintenance of the Human Body," <i>Apeiron</i> 54 (3): 317-346.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/SCHRAM-15.pdf">[3]</a> Andrés Pelavski. 2014. "Physiology in Plato's <i>Timaeus</i>: Irrigation, Digestion, and Respiration," <i>The Cambridge Classical Journal</i> 60: 61-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Parts of Animals</i> II.4 651a13−15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion">"History of Blood Transfusion | American Red Cross"</a>. <i>redcrossblood.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204103229/http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/history-blood-transfusion">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redcrossblood.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Blood+Transfusion+%26%23124%3B+American+Red+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redcrossblood.org%2Flearn-about-blood%2Fhistory-blood-transfusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawlor1991" class="citation book cs1">Lawlor R (1991). <i>Voices of the first day: awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime</i>. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-355-1"><bdi>978-0-89281-355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+first+day%3A+awakening+in+the+Aboriginal+dreamtime&rft.place=Rochester%2C+VT&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-355-1&rft.aulast=Lawlor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittain1965" class="citation journal cs1">Brittain, Robert P. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033446">"Cruentation: In Legal Medicine and in Literature"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 82–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300030179">10.1017/S0025727300030179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7273">0025-7273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033446">1033446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14252331">14252331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Cruentation%3A+In+Legal+Medicine+and+in+Literature&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-88&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1033446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0025-7273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14252331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300030179&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1033446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm">Koshering Meat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084120/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82678/jewish/Koshering-Meat.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chabad.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm">Removing the Blood.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084034/http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard_cdo/aid/113470/jewish/Removing-the-Blood.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chabad.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citron, R. Aryeh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm">All About Kosher Fish.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084101/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chabad.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_M._Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem M. Schneerson">Schneerson, R. Menachem M.</a> <i>Igrot Kodesh</i>, vol. vii, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i> 15 June 2004, p. 22, "Be Guided by the Living God"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatoMatsuiGatsogiannisTanaka2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kato, Sanae; Matsui, Takashi; Gatsogiannis, Christos; Tanaka, Yoshikazu (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5899709">"Molluscan hemocyanin: structure, evolution, and physiology"</a>. <i>Biophysical Reviews</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 191–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12551-017-0349-4">10.1007/s12551-017-0349-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1867-2450">1867-2450</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5899709">5899709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29235083">29235083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Molluscan+hemocyanin%3A+structure%2C+evolution%2C+and+physiology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-202&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5899709%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1867-2450&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29235083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12551-017-0349-4&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=Sanae&rft.au=Matsui%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Gatsogiannis%2C+Christos&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Yoshikazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5899709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5">"Nostalgia"</a> Artwork in blood <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093007/http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5">Archived</a> 8 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Template:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Template talk:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myeloid blood cells and <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoiesis" title="Haematopoiesis">Hematopoiesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Myelopoiesis(CFU-GEMM)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelopoiesis" title="Myelopoiesis">Myelopoiesis</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulopoiesis" title="Granulopoiesis">Granulopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promyelocyte" title="Promyelocyte">Promyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelocyte" title="Myelocyte">Myelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamyelocyte" title="Metamyelocyte">Metamyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocytopoiesis" title="Monocytopoiesis">Monocytopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promonocyte" title="Promonocyte">Promonocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">MEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoiesis" title="Thrombopoiesis">Thrombopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">Erythropoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proerythroblast" title="Proerythroblast">Proerythroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Normoblast">Normoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extramedullary_hematopoiesis" title="Extramedullary hematopoiesis">Extramedullary hematopoiesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_tissue" title="Myeloid tissue">Myeloid tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">Granulocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">Neutrophil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">Basophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Baso" title="CFU-Baso">CFU-Baso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">Eosinophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Eos" title="CFU-Eos">CFU-Eos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Mast" title="CFU-Mast">CFU-Mast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">Monocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histiocyte" title="Histiocyte">Histiocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage" title="Alveolar macrophage">Alveolar macrophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">Osteoclasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">Epithelioid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-body_giant_cell" title="Foreign-body giant cell">Foreign-body giant cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton_giant_cell" title="Touton giant cell">Touton giant cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antigen-presenting cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-DL" title="CFU-DL">CFU-DL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">MPS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Meg" title="CFU-Meg">CFU-Meg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte" title="Megakaryocyte">Megakaryocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleated_red_blood_cell" title="Nucleated red blood cell">Nucleated red blood cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-E" title="CFU-E">CFU-E</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immune response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">Leukocyte extravasation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_immunity" title="Intrinsic immunity">Intrinsic immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursor cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelomonocyte" title="Myelomonocyte">Myelomonocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">Phagocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic system">Hematopoietic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lymphocytes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphocytes" title="Template:Lymphocytes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphocytes" title="Template talk:Lymphocytes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphocytes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphocytes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lymphocytes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphocytes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-1_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 cell">B1 cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmablast" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmablast">Plasmablast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell" title="Plasma cell">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_B_cell" title="Follicular B cell">Follicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone_B-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal zone B-cell">Marginal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_B_cell" title="Naive B cell">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_cell#Development" title="B cell">Pre-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_B_cell" title="Regulatory B cell">B<sub>reg</sub> cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B10_cell" title="B10 cell">B10 cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_B_cell" title="Transitional B cell">Transitional B cell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lymphoplasmacytoid_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lymphoplasmacytoid cell (page does not exist)">Lymphoplasmacytoid cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymocyte" title="Thymocyte">Thymocyte</a></li> <li>αβ (<a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">Cytotoxic CD8<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">Helper CD4<sup>+</sup></a> / <a href="/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells" title="Follicular B helper T cells">T<sub>FH</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/T_helper_3_cell" title="T helper 3 cell">T<sub>h</sub>3</a> / <a href="/wiki/T_helper_17_cell" title="T helper 17 cell">T<sub>h</sub>17</a> / <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell" title="Regulatory T cell">Regulatory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_T_cell" title="Naive T cell">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_T_cell" title="Memory T cell">Memory T cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_memory_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Central memory T cell">T<sub>CM</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effector_memory_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Effector memory T cell">T<sub>EM</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue-resident_memory_T_cell" title="Tissue-resident memory T cell">T<sub>RM</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory_T_cell" title="Virtual memory T cell">T<sub>VM</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innate-like_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate-like T cell">Innate-like T cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell" title="Natural killer T cell">Natural killer T cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_delta_T_cell" title="Gamma delta T cell">γδ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal associated invariant T cell">Mucosal associated invariant T cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell" title="Innate lymphoid cell">Innate lymphoid cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NK_cells" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">NK cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine-induced_killer_cell" title="Cytokine-induced killer cell">Cytokine-induced killer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphokine-activated_killer_cell" title="Lymphokine-activated killer cell">Lymphokine-activated killer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_cell" title="Null cell">Null cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_NK_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive NK cells">Adaptive NK cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_natural_killer_cells" title="Uterine natural killer cells">Uterine natural killer cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_innate_lymphoid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 1 innate lymphoid cell">Type 1 innate lymphoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_innate_lymphoid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 2 innate lymphoid cell">Type 2 innate lymphoid cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuocyte" title="Nuocyte">Nuocytes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_innate_lymphoid_cells" title="Type 3 innate lymphoid cells">Type 3 innate lymphoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTi_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="LTi cells">LTi cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphopoiesis" title="Lymphopoiesis">Lymphopoiesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoblast" title="Lymphoblast">Lymphoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolymphocyte" title="Prolymphocyte">Prolymphocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Blood_transfusion_and_transfusion_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transfusion_medicine" title="Template:Transfusion medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transfusion_medicine" title="Template talk:Transfusion medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transfusion_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transfusion medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blood_transfusion_and_transfusion_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">transfusion medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">Whole blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_transfusion" title="Platelet transfusion">Platelet transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_red_blood_cells" title="Packed red blood cells">Red blood cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_frozen_within_24_hours" title="Plasma frozen within 24 hours">PF24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoprecipitate" title="Cryoprecipitate">Cryoprecipitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosupernatant" title="Cryosupernatant">Cryosupernatant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">White blood cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_transfusion" title="Granulocyte transfusion">Granulocyte transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_substitute" title="Blood substitute">Blood substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">Blood donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood management">Blood management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusion" title="International Society of Blood Transfusion">International Society of Blood Transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBT_128" title="ISBT 128">ISBT 128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis" title="Apheresis">Apheresis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateletpheresis" title="Plateletpheresis">plateletpheresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukapheresis" title="Leukapheresis">leukapheresis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_transfusion" title="Exchange transfusion">Exchange transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_blood_salvage" title="Intraoperative blood salvage">Intraoperative blood salvage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_compatibility_testing" title="Blood compatibility testing">Blood compatibility testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-matching" title="Cross-matching">Cross-matching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coombs_test" title="Coombs test">Coombs test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleihauer%E2%80%93Betke_test" title="Kleihauer–Betke test">Kleihauer–Betke test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibody_elution" title="Antibody elution">Antibody elution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocyte_monolayer_assay" title="Monocyte monolayer assay">Monocyte monolayer assay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion reaction">Transfusion reactions</a><br />and adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_hemosiderosis" title="Transfusion hemosiderosis">Transfusion hemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_related_acute_lung_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion related acute lung injury">Transfusion related acute lung injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_associated_circulatory_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion associated circulatory overload">Transfusion associated circulatory overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft_versus_host_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease">Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febrile_non-hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction">Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic">Hemolytic</a> reaction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction">acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction">delayed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_transmitted_infection" title="Transfusion transmitted infection">Transfusion transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems" title="Human blood group systems">Blood group systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">Blood types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">ABO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretor_status" title="Secretor status">Secretor status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_blood_group_system" title="Augustine blood group system">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD59" title="CD59">CD59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_4" title="Complement component 4">Chido-Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colton_antigen_system" title="Colton antigen system">Colton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor" title="Decay-accelerating factor">Cromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_antigen_system" title="Diego antigen system">Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART4" title="ART4">Dombrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system" title="Duffy antigen system">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Er_blood_group_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Er blood group collection">Er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forssman_antigen_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forssman antigen system (page does not exist)">FORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">Gerbich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">GIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">GLOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hh_blood_group" title="Hh blood group">Hh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ii_antigen_system" title="Ii antigen system">Ii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blood_group_system" title="Indian blood group system">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_blood_group_system" title="Junior blood group system">JR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA7A" title="SEMA7A">JMH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KANNO_antigen_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KANNO antigen system (page does not exist)">KANNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system" title="Kell antigen system">Kell</a> (<a href="/wiki/XK_(protein)" title="XK (protein)">Xk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidd_antigen_system" title="Kidd antigen system">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">Knops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_blood_group_system" title="Lan blood group system">Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_antigen_system" title="Lewis antigen system">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_antigen_system" title="Lutheran antigen system">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM4" title="ICAM4">LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNS_antigen_system" title="MNS antigen system">MNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1PK_blood_group_system" title="P1PK blood group system">P1PK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD151" title="CD151">Raph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Rh</a> and <a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">RHAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERMAP" title="ERMAP">Scianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_blood_group_system" title="Sid blood group system">Sid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C1GALT1" title="C1GALT1">T-Tn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_blood_group" title="Vel blood group">Vel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xg_antigen_system" title="Xg antigen system">Xg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yt_antigen_system" title="Yt antigen system">Yt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_red_cell_antigens" title="Human red cell antigens">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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