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margin-top: 10px; font-size: 73.3%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) { body.winsp, .winsp input, .winsp select { font-size: 18px;} .winsp input, .winsp select { font-size: 18px;} .winsp #contentArea .title { padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px;} .winsp ul.links a { padding-left: 12px; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/sp/ico_ar.png) no-repeat 0 -90px; -webkit-background-size: 50px 200px; -moz-background-size: 50px 200px; background-size: 50px 200px;} .winsp #pagination { margin: 0px 0px;} .winsp #hdMenu { top: 10px;} .winsp #hdMenu .trigger a { width: 50px; height: 45px; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/sp/ico_ar.png) no-repeat 10px 10px; -webkit-background-size: 50px 200px; -moz-background-size: 50px 200px; background-size: 50px 200px;} .winsp #hdMenu .trigger a:hover { background-position: 10px -27px;} .winsp #searchArea { margin: 18px 0;} .winsp #searchArea input { width: 80px; height: 40px;} .winsp #searchArea input#search_input { padding-right: 90px; padding-left: 10px;} .winsp #searchArea input.searchbtn { width: 80px; height: 40px;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom { margin: 0;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom .search_inputwrap { width: calc(100% - 80px); vertical-align: top;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom input { width: 80px; height: 40px; border-radius: 0; box-sizing: border-box;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom input#search_input { padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; margin: 0; width: 100%;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom input.searchbtn { width: 80px; height: 40px; margin: 0; border: 0;} .winsp #searchAreaWordBottom .selectwrap { display: none;} .winsp #hdMenuCont { left: -210px; width: 199px; padding-left: 10px;} .winsp #hdMenuCont .box { padding: 14px 0 13px;} .winsp #hdNav .links li a { padding: 0 0 0 10px; background-position: 0 -92px;} .winsp #ftWrap .bodyWrap { padding: 0 10px;} .winsp #ftWrap .inner { padding: 20px 0 18px;} .winsp #sponsor {} .winsp #sponsor li { margin-right: 10px;} .winsp #sponsor a, .winsp #copyright a.spoy { -webkit-background-size: 100px 150px; -moz-background-size: 100px 150px; background-size: 100px 150px;} .winsp #sponsor a.spoa img { width: 71px; height: 22px;} .winsp #sponsor a.spov img { width: 80px; height: 18px;} .winsp #ftWrap .menu { padding-top: 20px;} .winsp #ftWrap .menu li:first-child { margin-left: 0;} .winsp #ftWrap .menu li { margin-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 0;} .winsp #copyright { padding-top: 20px;} .winsp #copyright a.spoy { width: 29px; height: 18px; margin-top: 0; background-position: 0 -50px;} } /* clear ============================================================ */ .cf, #hdWrap, #searchArea, #ftWrap .menu, #sponsor { zoom: 1;} .cf:after, #hdWrap:after, #searchArea:after, #ftWrap .menu:after, #sponsor:after { content: "."; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden;} </style> <style>@charset "utf-8"; /* module ============================================================ */ .ad.bn.w300 { max-width: 300px; width: 100%;} .ad.bn.w336 { max-width: 336px; width: 100%;} .ad.bn.w468 { max-width: 468px; width: 100%;} .ad.bn.w728 { max-width: 728px; width: 100%;} .ad.bn img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; width/***/: auto;} /* base layout ============================================================ */ #hdWrap { position: relative; padding-top: 40px;} #hdWrap #toplogo a, #hdY a { display: block; text-indent: -9999px;} #hdWrap #toplogo { float: left; display: inline; margin-top: 10px;} #hdWrap #toplogo a { width: 198px; height: 40px; margin-right: 40px; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/logo.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} #hdY { position: absolute; top: 15px; right: 0;} #hdY a { width: 336px; height: 17px; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_hd.png) no-repeat 0 0;} #topicPath { clear: both; padding: 0 0 10px;} #topicPath li { float: left; display: inline; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 86.7%;} #mainTitle { position: relative; padding: 8px 0 30px; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6;} #mainTitle h1 { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, 'ヒラギノ明朝 ProN', 'Hiragino Mincho ProN', 'YuMincho', 'Yu Mincho', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', serif;} #mainTitle h1 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 240%;} #mainTitle h1 span { margin-left: 10px; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal;} /* payment */ #payment { text-align: right; height:48px; font-size:17px; padding-right:5px; } /* main ============================================================ */ /* mainArea */ #mainArea { border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6;} #mainArea .ad { margin: 34px 0px 0px;} #mainArea .ad.bn { padding-bottom: 3px;} #retailkeyword { padding: 5px 0 36px;} #retailkeyword h2 { font-size: 140%; margin-bottom: 10px;} /* subArea */ #subArea { position: relative; padding-bottom: 36px;} #subArea .ad { padding-bottom: 10px;} /* mainFt */ #mainFt { clear: both; position: relative; padding-bottom: 28px;} #mainFt .ad { text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; padding-bottom: 12px;} /* submenu */ #sub_menu_body { font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} #sub_menu_body { position:fixed; display:none; z-index:2; width:70%; margin:0; padding:10px 20px; border:2px solid #aaa; background:#fff;} #sub_menu_body ul { overflow: auto; } .sub_menu_first { font-size: 125%; } .modal-overlay { z-index:1; display:none; position:fixed; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:120%; background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.75); } .header_menu { width: 100%;} .header_menu a { margin-left: 24px; margin-right: 16px; font-size:80%; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .H4 { display: block; font-size: 115%;} .H5 { display:inline; padding: 0px 6px;} .H6 { display:none; padding: 0px 4px; font-size:80%;} #hdSearch { display: none;} #searchForm { display: none;} /* pageWord ============================================================ */ .dictype { padding-bottom: 45px;} .dictype h2 { padding-bottom: 28px; font-size: 140%;} .dictype h2 a { color: #000; text-decoration: none;} .dictype h2 span { font-weight: normal;} .dictype h3 { margin-bottom: 10px;} .dictype h4 { margin-top: 24px;} .dictype .ex section { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, 'ヒラギノ明朝 ProN', 'Hiragino Mincho ProN', 'YuMincho', 'Yu Mincho', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', serif; margin-bottom: 30px;} .dictype .ex section b { font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section h3 { margin-top: 24px; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section h4 { margin-top: 24px; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section h5 { margin-top: 24px; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section h6 { margin-top: 12px; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section .year { margin-right: 12px; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section .month {} .dictype .ex section p.talent_doc b {margin-right: 12px;} .dictype .ex section dt { font-weight:bold; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif; margin-right: 12px;} .dictype .ex section dt { display: inline; padding: 0px; 6px;} .dictype .ex section dd { display: inline;} .dictype .ex section dl.talent dt.dt24 {display:block;} .dictype .ex section .description_linklist { margin-top: 6px;} .dictype .ex section .description_linklist a { font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section .media { padding: 6px 0px; width: 100%;} .dictype .ex section .media figure { margin:4px; float:left;} .dictype .ex section .media figure img { height:150px;} .dictype .ex section .media figure p { text-align:center; font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section.kome { margin-top: 24px;} .dictype .ex section .description_comment { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 90%;} .dictype table { width: 100%; margin-top: 30px;} .dictype table caption { padding-bottom: 3px; font-weight: bold;} .dictype table thead td, .dictype table thead th { padding: 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #1a1a1a; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;} .dictype table tbody td, .dictype table tbody th { padding: 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top;} .dictype table tbody .last td, .dictype table tbody .last th { padding: 5px 0 0;} .dictype table tr > th { border-right: 10px solid #fff;} .dictype table tbody th { white-space: nowrap;} .dictype table tbody td { width: 90%;} .dictype .source { margin-top: 31px; color: #808080; font-size: 73.3%; line-height: 1.5;} .dictype .source small:first-child { display: inline;} .dictype .source small { display: block;} .dictype#sekai_refs .note { margin-bottom: 15px;} #spWordHeaderAd > div:first-of-type { margin-bottom: 15px; } /* lightbox captions */ .lbdata_caption { } .lbdata_desc { } .lbdata_copyright { margin-left: 8px; font-size: 80%; } /* 辞書個別 */ div[data-orgtag="meaning"] { margin: 4px 0px 4px 0px; } div[data-orgtag="example"] { margin: 4px 0px 4px 0px; } div[data-orgtag="subheadword"] { margin: 20px 0px 4px 0px; } /* pageEjjeWord ============================================================ */ .wordtop p { padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 14px; font-size: 86.7%;} .dictype { padding-bottom: 45px;} .dictype h2 { padding-bottom: 28px; font-size: 140%;} .dictype h2 span { font-weight: normal;} .dictype h3 { margin-bottom: 24px;} .dictype h4 { margin-top: 24px;} .dictype .ex section { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, 'ヒラギノ明朝 ProN', 'Hiragino Mincho ProN', 'YuMincho', 'Yu Mincho', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', serif;} .dictype .ex section b { font-family: Helvetica, 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3', 'メイリオ', Meiryo, 'ＭＳＰゴシック', HirakakuProN-W3, sans-serif;} .dictype .ex section.kome { margin-top: 24px;} .dictype table { width: 100%; margin-top: 30px; table-layout:fixed;} .dictype table caption { padding-bottom: 3px; font-weight: bold;} .dictype table thead td, .dictype table thead th { padding: 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #1a1a1a; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;} .dictype table tbody td, .dictype table tbody th { padding: 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top;} .dictype table tbody .last td, .dictype table tbody .last th { padding: 5px 0 0;} .dictype table tr > th { border-right: 10px solid #fff;} .dictype table tbody th { white-space: nowrap;} .dictype table tbody td { width: 90%;} .dictype .source { margin-top: 31px; color: #808080; font-size: 73.3%; line-height: 1.5;} .dictype .source small:first-child { display: inline;} .dictype .source small { display: block;} .word_foreign { margin-top: 24px } /* pageGuide ============================================================ */ .pageGuide .title { text-indent: -9999px; height: 60px; padding-top: 0; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_about.gif) no-repeat 0 20px;} .pageGuide .lead { padding-bottom: 1.7em;} .pageGuide .lead p, .sec01 p, .sec01 ol, .sec03 p, .secend p { margin-top: 1.6em;} .sec01 { padding-bottom: 1.6em;} .sec01 p.morebtn { margin-top: 5px;} .sec02 h3.ttl { margin-bottom: 0;} .sec03 { padding-top: 26px;} .secend { padding: 55px 0 30px;} .pageGuide img { max-width: 100%; width: 100%;} /* pageDic ============================================================ */ .pageDic .title { text-indent: -9999px; height: 60px; padding-top: 0; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_dic.gif) no-repeat 0 20px;} .pageDic .lead { margin-top: 1.6em; padding-bottom: 3.5em;} .diccategory { padding-bottom: .5em;} .diccategory h2.ttl { padding: 15px 0 28px; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; font-size: 140%;} .diccategory h3 { padding-bottom: 1.6em;} .diccategory dl { margin: 1em 0 3.4em;} .diccategory dl dt, .diccategory dl dd { float: left; display: inline;} .diccategory dl dd { padding-right: 14px;} /* pageDicdetail ============================================================ */ .pageDicdetail .lead { margin-top: -1em; padding-bottom: 0.3em;} .pageDicdetail .lead p.source { margin-top: 20px; font-size: 85%; color:#808080;} .pageDicdetail h2.ttl { margin: 25px 0 4px;} .pageDicdetail #mainArea .grid02 { margin-top: 15px;} .pageDicdetail #mainArea .grid02 li { display:inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 46.875%; margin-left: 6.25%; padding: 8px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; line-height: 1.3;} .pageDicdetail #mainArea .grid02 li:nth-child(odd) { margin-left: 0;} /* pageAbc ============================================================ */ .pageAbc .title { text-indent: -9999px; height: 60px; padding-top: 0; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_abc.gif) no-repeat 0 20px;} .pageAbc #mainArea .grid05 { margin-top: 28px; padding-bottom: 28px;} .pageAbc #mainArea .grid05 li { text-align: center; float: left; display: inline; width: 17.5%; margin-left: 3.125%; padding: 20px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4;} .pageAbc #mainArea .grid05 li.first { clear: left; margin-left: 0;} /* pageAbcdetail ============================================================ */ .pageAbcdetail .lead { margin-top: -1em; padding-bottom: 0.3em;} .pageAbcdetail h2.ttl { margin: 25px 0 4px;} .pageAbcdetail #mainArea .grid02 { margin-top: 15px;} .pageAbcdetail #mainArea .grid02 li { display:inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 46.875%; margin-left: 6.25%; padding: 8px 0; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; line-height: 1.3;} .pageAbcdetail #mainArea .grid02 li:nth-child(odd) { margin-left: 0;} /* pageInfo ============================================================ */ .pageInfo .title { text-indent: -9999px; height: 60px; padding-top: 0; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_info.gif) no-repeat 0 20px;} /* pageRanking ============================================================ */ .pageRanking #mainTitle { padding: 8px 0 32px;} .pageRanking .title { text-indent: -9999px; height: 35px; padding-top: 0; background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_rank.gif) no-repeat 0 12px;} .pageRanking #mainArea { border-top: 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea dt, .pageRanking #mainArea li { position: relative; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6;} .pageRanking #mainArea dt { padding: 19px 0 0 60px; font-size: 140%; font-weight: bold;} .pageRanking #mainArea dd { padding: 11px 0 16px 60px;} .pageRanking #mainArea .ranksecond li { padding: 17px 0 17px 60px; font-size: 140%;} .pageRanking #mainArea .num { position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 0; display: block; text-indent: -9999px; width: 45px; height: 24px;} .pageRanking #mainArea .ranksecond li .num { top: 17px;} .pageRanking #mainArea dt .num01 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank01.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea dt .num02 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank02.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea dt .num03 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank03.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num04 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank04.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num05 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank05.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num06 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank06.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num07 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank07.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num08 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank08.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num09 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank09.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea li .num10 { background: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_rank10.gif) no-repeat 0 0;} .pageRanking #mainArea .below { width: 46.875%; margin-top: 38px; padding-bottom: 30px;} .pageRanking #mainArea .below li { clear: both; padding-top: 7px;} .pageRanking #mainArea .below span { float: left; display: block; width: 3em; padding-bottom: 8px;} /* media ============================================================ */ @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (min-width: 641px) { #hdWrap #toplogo a { background-image: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/logo@2x.gif); -webkit-background-size: 198px 40px; -moz-background-size: 198px 40px; background-size: 198px 40px;} #hdY a { background-image: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/txt_hd@2x.gif); -webkit-background-size: 336px 17px; -moz-background-size: 336px 17px; background-size: 336px 17px;} .pageGuide .title { background-image: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_about@2x.gif); -webkit-background-size: 249px 28px; -moz-background-size: 249px 28px; background-size: 249px 28px;} .pageDic .title { background-image: url(/web/20241118083147im_/https://kotobank.jp/image/pc/title_dic@2x.gif); -webkit-background-size: 111px 28px; 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</center> </div> </div> <div id="word_head" class=""> <div id="mainTitle"> <h1 class="grid02 grid1 left">エンゲルス<span>（読み）えんげるす</span><span>（英語表記）Friedrich Engels</span></h1> </div> </div> </header> <div class="grid022leftwrap"> <div id="mainArea" class="grid02 grid2 left"> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89" class="dictype cf daijisen"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/daijisen/387/">デジタル大辞泉</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・読み・例文・類語 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-447565"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス（Friedrich Engels）</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-0" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-0'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> ［1820～1895］ドイツの思想家・革命家。<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">マルクス</a>と<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-43338#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">科学的社会主義</a>を創始。「ドイツ‐イデオロギー」「<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80-52676#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">共産党宣言</a>」を共同で執筆。マルクス死後は、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-75596#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">社会主義</a>運動に参加しつつ、その遺稿を整理して「<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96-75091#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">資本論</a>」の第2・第3巻を刊行。著「<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%8D%E3%81%A7%E3%82%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%90%E8%AB%96-3163849" data-type="al">反デューリング論</a>」「フォイエルバッハ論」「家族、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A3-526722" data-type="al">私有財産</a>および国家の起源」「<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BC%81%E8%A8%BC%E6%B3%95-73627" data-type="al">自然弁証法</a>」など。 </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241118083147/http://www.daijisen.jp/" target="_blank"><cite>小学館</cite></a></small><small>デジタル大辞泉について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/daijisen/">情報</a> | <a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/hanrei/daijisen/01">凡例</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8" class="dictype cf nikkokuseisen"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/nikkokuseisen/484/">精選版日本国語大辞典</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・読み・例文・類語 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-1894538"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-1" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-1'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> <ol><li>( Friedrich Engels <a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B5%E3%82%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8A%E3%81%B2-3167455" data-type="al">フリードリヒ</a>━ ) ドイツの経済学者、哲学者、政治家。マルクスと科学的社会主義、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96-74304" data-type="al">史的唯物論</a>を創始。一八四八年マルクスとともに「共産党宣言」を起草。六四年創設の国際労働者協会（第一インターナショナル）に参加。マルクスの「資本論」の第二、三巻を整理、加筆。ほかに「経済学批判大綱」「家族、私有財産及び国家の起源」、マルクスとの共著「<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8D%E3%81%8E%E3%83%BC-3161366" data-type="al">ドイツ・イデオロギー</a>」など。（<small>一八二〇‐九五</small>）</li></ol> </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small>精選版日本国語大辞典</small><small>精選版日本国語大辞典について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/nikkokuseisen/">情報</a> | <a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/hanrei/nikkokuseisen/01/">凡例</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29" class="dictype cf nipponica"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/nipponica/191/">日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・わかりやすい解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-1511114"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス<br/>えんげるす<br/>Friedrich Engels<br/>（1820―1895）</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-2" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-2'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> <p>マルクスの親友で科学的社会主義（<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-3171672" data-type="al">マルクス主義</a>）の共同創始者。11月28日、ドイツのライン州北部の工業都市<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B0%E3%82%8B%E3%82%81%E3%82%93-1395685" data-type="al">バルメン</a>で繊維工場を経営する家族企業の共同出資者の家庭に、8人兄弟の長子として生まれる。1837年、エルバーフェルトの<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%8E%E3%82%80%E3%81%AA%E3%81%98%E3%81%86%E3%82%80-3149448" data-type="al">ギムナジウム</a>（高等学校）を卒業試験を受けずに中退し、独立した父の仕事の手伝いを1年ほどしたのちに、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B6%E3%82%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%81%E3%82%93-3168204" data-type="al">ブレーメン</a>のロイポルド商会で2年半業務見習い。仕事の暇に評論や詩を書き、F・オスワルトの<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BA%E3%82%93%E3%81%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%80-3218526" data-type="al">ペンネーム</a>で新聞などに発表する。1841年、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B5%E5%BD%B9%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99-623810" data-type="al">兵役義務</a>を果たすために<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B9%E3%82%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93-3169380" data-type="al">ベルリン</a>近衛(このえ)砲兵旅団に1年志願兵として入隊するが、軍務の合間をみてベルリン大学で哲学などを聴講し、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE-169821" data-type="al">ヘーゲル左派</a>の仲間に加わる。除隊後、父が共同経営者となっている<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%93%E3%81%A1%E3%81%88%E3%81%99%E3%81%9F%E3%83%BC-3171862" data-type="al">マンチェスター</a>（イギリス）のエルメン・アンド・エンゲルス商会の紡績工場で働くが、暇をみつけては労働者の実情をみて回り、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-152434" data-type="al">労働運動</a>、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%84%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%99%E3%81%A8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-3159138" data-type="al">チャーティスト運動</a>や社会主義運動に接触し、共産主義者の立場を固めながら、いくつかの論文を書く。そのなかで、アイルランド出身の労働者<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%81%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E3%83%BC-1599751" data-type="al">メアリー</a>・バーンズMary Burns（1823ころ―1863）と知り合い、1843年共同生活を始める。1844年にマルクスとルーゲArnold Ruge（1802―1880）が発刊した『独仏年誌』に発表した『国民経済学批判大綱』はマルクスの経済学研究に強い影響を与えた。</p><p>　1844年8月、イギリスよりドイツに帰る途中パリに立ち寄ってマルクスに会い、意見一致をみいだし、これより2人の終生にわたる友情と協働が始まる。その最初の仕事がヘーゲル左派を批判した『聖家族』（1845）の分担執筆である。その後、バルメンに帰って父の商会で働きながら、マンチェスターでの見聞と研究に基づいて『イギリスにおける<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A-152475" data-type="al">労働者階級</a>の状態』を書き上げる。1845年4月、家を飛び出して、マルクスが移っていた<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B6%E3%82%8A%E3%82%86%E3%81%A4%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B-3168038" data-type="al">ブリュッセル</a>に住み、そこで共同で『ドイツ・イデオロギー』を執筆し、人間社会についての新たな歴史的なとらえ方である唯物史観を提示する。同時に、共産主義者の連帯と結集を目ざして共産主義通信委員会を創設、1847年には<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F-1158018" data-type="al">義人同盟</a>に加入し、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F-52652" data-type="al">共産主義者同盟</a>に発展させる。そして、同盟の綱領作成を目ざして『共産主義の原理』を起草し、それを下案として『共産党宣言』がマルクスによって執筆される。1848年、革命（ドイツ三月革命）が勃発(ぼっぱつ)するや、ドイツに帰り、マルクスといっしょに『新ライン新聞』を発刊し、さらには義勇軍の副官として戦闘に直接参加もしたが、革命の敗北により、1849年、マルクスのあとを追って<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%8D%E3%82%93%E3%81%A9%E3%82%93-1610047" data-type="al">ロンドン</a>に亡命する。</p><p>　ロンドンでは、マルクスの『新ライン新聞・政治経済評論』の発刊に協力し、『<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89-3161397" data-type="al">ドイツ農民戦争</a>』などの論文を寄稿したが、生活の窮迫のなかで、1850年よりふたたびマンチェスターのエルメン・アンド・エンゲルス商会に勤務、20年にわたるビジネスマン生活をすることになる。1850～1860年社員、1860～1864年業務代理人、1864～1869年事務所支配人として働き、マルクス一家への経済的援助を続ける。その間、マンチェスターの町なかの住まいで取引先とつきあいながら、郊外の小さな家では政治上や学問上の友人たちと交流するという、二重生活を送っている。郊外の家でいっしょに暮らしていたメアリー・バーンズが1863年に死亡、1864年にメアリーの妹リディアLydia Burns（1827―1878）を妻とする。</p><p>　1869年7月、商会勤務に終止符を打ち（ただし1875年まで共同出資者）、1870年秋にはロンドンに移り、マルクス家の近くに住居を構えて、著述と政治活動に専念する。『自然弁証法』（未完成）、『オイゲン・<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A7%E3%82%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%90-3160515" data-type="al">デューリング</a>氏の科学の変革（反デューリング論）』（1876）、『空想より科学へ』（1880）、『家族、私有財産および国家の起原』（1884）、『ルートウィヒ・フォイエルバハと<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6-1375064" data-type="al">ドイツ古典哲学</a>の終結（<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%B0%E3%81%AF%E8%AB%96-3166914" data-type="al">フォイエルバハ論</a>）』（1886）などを執筆した。エンゲルスの学識の広さは、経済学、哲学、文学、神学、言語学、さらには自然史、化学、植物学、物理学に及び、外国語は「20か国語でどもる」といわれたほどであり、さらに兵学に関しては、<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BF%E3%81%82%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89-3150092" data-type="al">クリミア戦争</a>や<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B7%E3%82%8D%E3%81%84%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93-3168616" data-type="al">プロイセン</a>・フランス戦争（普仏戦争）などについての卓越した戦況判断が<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93%E3%81%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%81%97%E3%82%88%E3%82%93-3213337" data-type="al">センセーション</a>を巻き起こし、「将軍(ゼネラル)」とよばれる。だが、1883年マルクスの死亡後は、とくにマルクスの遺稿に基づく『資本論』の完成に心血を注ぎ、第2巻を1885年に、第3巻を1894年に公刊した。さらに、1889年に創設された第二インターナショナルへの援助や、1890年のロンドンでの第1回メーデーへの参加など、国際労働運動や社会主義運動への指導や参加を続けている。1895年、マルクスと自分の労作の全集の準備を始めたが、8月5日食道癌(がん)で死亡。74歳。遺言により火葬に付され、遺骨はイングランド南海岸のイーストボーンの沖合いに沈められた。</p><p>［重田澄男　2015年2月17日］</p><p><span class="bk">『『マルクス＝エンゲルス全集』全54冊（1959〜1991・大月書店）』</span>▽<span class="bk">『土屋保男著『フリードリヒ・エンゲルス』（新日本出版社・新日本新書）』</span>▽<span class="bk">『ベーベル、メーリング他著、栗原佑訳『エンゲルスの追憶』（大月書店・国民文庫）』</span>▽<span class="bk">『大内兵衛著『マルクス・エンゲルス小伝』（岩波新書）』</span></p><div class="description_linklist"><b>[参照項目]</b> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8A%E3%81%99%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B-3142869#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A3%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%B5%B7%E5%8E%9F-1517480#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">家族、私有財産および国家の起原</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A9%BA%E6%83%B3%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%B8-54890#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">空想より科学へ</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD-70433#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">三月革命</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BC%81%E8%A8%BC%E6%B3%95-73627#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">自然弁証法</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96-75091#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">資本論</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%E3%82%93%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E-3155044#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">新ライン新聞</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8D%E3%81%8E%E3%83%BC-3161366#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">ドイツ・イデオロギー</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%A4%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89-3161397#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">ドイツ農民戦争</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%8D%E3%81%A7%E3%82%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%90%E8%AB%96-3163849#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">反デューリング論</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B5%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%B0%E3%81%AF%E8%AB%96-3166914#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">フォイエルバハ論</a></span> | <span class="linkbutton"><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29">マルクス</a></span></div> </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small><cite>小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)</cite></small><small>日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/nipponica/">情報</a> | <a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/hanrei/nipponica/01">凡例</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8" class="dictype cf sekaidaihyakka"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/sekaidaihyakka/122/">改訂新版　世界大百科事典</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・わかりやすい解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-1150141"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス<br/>Friedrich Engels<br/>生没年：1820-95</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-3" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-3'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> <div itemscope itemtype="" http: schema.org article""><p><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">K.マルクス</a>とともにマルクス主義（いわゆる科学的社会主義）の創設者。マルクスの単なる協力者ではなく，独自の理論的傾向をもち，今日のマルクス主義（ことに正統派マルクス主義）に，むしろマルクス以上の影響を与えている。バルメン（現，ドイツ，ブッパータール）に実業家（主として繊維関係）の長男として生まれる。ギムナジウム中退。革命家および実業家として生き1895年喉頭癌で死亡。初期すなわち1848年革命までのエンゲルスについてとくに注目されるのは，唯物史観（<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96-74304#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">史的唯物論</a>）の確立に至るマルクス主義の骨格形成過程における彼の主導的役割である。思想的転回は1838年ブレーメンで貿易商の見習をはじめたころから顕著になる。はじめ自由主義的文芸運動で頭角をあらわし，やがて哲学・政治運動の青年ヘーゲル派に接近，さらに41年からのベルリン滞在（1年志願兵）の間に青年ヘーゲル派の潮流のなかで共産主義思想に傾く。この共産主義を具体的な構想として定着させたのが42年末からのイギリス体験である。父親の出資したマンチェスターの紡績工場に勤めつつ，先進国の資本主義的社会経済の様相，とりわけ労働者のありさまを観察し，またチャーチスト，オーエン派社会主義，さらには後に彼自身の手で<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F-52652#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">共産主義者同盟</a>へと改組される<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F-1158018#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">義人同盟</a>とも接触する。こうして得た立脚点から古典派経済学の批判的総括を試みたのが《国民経済学批判大綱》（1844）であって，A.ルーゲとマルクスの編集する《独仏年誌》に発表され，マルクスに大きな衝撃と指針を与え，以後生涯におよぶ両人の協力関係の出発点となった。帰国後に執筆した《イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態》（1845）とともにイギリス滞在の貴重な成果である。帰国後パリとブリュッセルを根拠地とし，草稿《ドイツ・イデオロギー》（1845-46）の主要部分を書いて唯物史観の確立を主導した後，共産主義者同盟の創立に中心的な役割を果たし，1848年革命を迎える。主としてライン地方で活動した後，ドイツ憲法戦役に従軍，この間のドイツ革命の総括を《革命と反革命》（1851-52）等で与えた。亡命後，50年から70年までふたたびマンチェスターで紡績工場の経営に携わる。この20年間はマルクスの《資本論》執筆に対する物心両面の援助に力を注いだようで，文筆面では軍事問題の評論が目だつ程度であり，組織活動（たとえば第1インターナショナル）でも大きな働きはない。70年から工場経営をはなれてロンドンに住むようになり，組織活動でも理論活動でも積極的な晩年となった。各国社会主義者との通信は年とともに拡大，83年マルクスの死後は文字どおり世界社会主義の権威ある通信センターの役割を果たした。</p><p>　理論活動は多岐にわたるが，とくにマルクス主義の各種分野への一般化が重要である。《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》（1884），草稿《自然弁証法》（リャザーノフ編により1925年刊）などもその成果であるが，とりわけ《反デューリング論》（1878）はマルクス主義社会科学の平明な見取図として広く受け入れられ，時々の主流のマルクス主義理論（ドイツ・マルクス主義→ソ連マルクス主義）は主としてこれに依拠している。また，その一章に少し手を加えたパンフレット《空想から科学へ》（1880）は最も多く読まれた入門書である。またマルクスより十数年ながく生きて大不況や独占形成など資本主義経済の新展開を経験したから，折にふれてその分析を試み，これも後継者の現代資本主義の分析に大きな影響を与えた。こうした晩年の著作において，マルクスが逡巡ないし留保していたいくつかの問題－－理論と歴史の結合，資本の私的性格と社会的性格の対比など－－を彼は明快に割り切り，理論にも現実にも平明な説明を与えた。《<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96-75091#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">資本論</a>》第2部（1883），第3部（1894）の編集にも同じ傾向がみられる。〈政治的遺書〉とも呼ばれる〈《フランスの階級闘争》への序言〉（1895）では，革命の条件の変化を認めて<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B9%E3%82%8B%E3%82%93%E3%81%97%E3%82%86%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%82%93-3169399#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">ベルンシュタイン</a>の<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-77097#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">修正主義</a>の主張に手がかりを与えるなど，新しい段階での革命運動のあり方をめぐって大きな問題を提起した。著書としては，ほかに《ドイツ農民戦争》（1850），《住宅問題》（1872），《ルートウィヒ・フォイエルバハとドイツ古典哲学の終末》（フォイエルバハ論）》（1886）が知られる。<br/>→<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-3171672#E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88.E3.80.80.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">マルクス主義</a><br/>執筆者：<span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">星野中</span></span></p></div> </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small>株式会社平凡社「改訂新版　世界大百科事典」</small><small>改訂新版　世界大百科事典について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/sekaidaihyakka/">情報</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2" class="dictype cf mypedia"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/mypedia/107/">百科事典マイペディア</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・わかりやすい解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-821452"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-4" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-4'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> ドイツの社会主義者。K.<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">マルクス</a>と並ぶ<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-3171672#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">マルクス主義</a>の創設者と目される。ロンドンの父の会社に勤務中に資本主義社会の矛盾を分析，1844年以後マルクスと協力して<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BC%81%E8%A8%BC%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96-131207#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">弁証法的唯物論</a>・<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96-74304#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">史的唯物論</a>を仕上げ，その理論の普及と実践活動に献身した。哲学の基礎理論，労農運動の分析に関する著書が多く，マルクス没後は《<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96-75091#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">資本論</a>》第２，３巻の編纂，国際労働運動の指導に当たった。主著《英国における労働者階級の状態》（1845年），《ドイツ農民戦争》（1850年），《自然弁証法》（死後刊行，1925年），《反デューリング論》（1878年），《空想から科学へ》（1880年），《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》（1884年）。<br/>→関連項目<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8D%E3%81%8E%E3%83%BC-3143178#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">イデオロギー</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%B5%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8%E7%B6%B1%E9%A0%98-3145627#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">エルフルト綱領</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89-42245#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">階級闘争</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F-52652#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">共産主義者同盟</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80-52676#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">共産党宣言</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A9%BA%E6%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-54888#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">空想的社会主義</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%88%B6-60568#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">原始共産制</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%97%E3%82%82%E3%82%93-3153385#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">サン・シモン</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-75596#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">社会主義</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A7%E3%82%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%90-3160515#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">デューリング</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B9%E3%82%8B%E3%82%93%E3%81%97%E3%82%86%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%82%93-3169399#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">ベルンシュタイン</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6-3171671#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">マルクス経済学</a>｜<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E3%82%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AB%E3%82%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80-3230613#E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2">マルクス=レーニン主義研究所</a> </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small>株式会社平凡社</small><small>百科事典マイペディアについて　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/mypedia/">情報</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8" class="dictype cf britannica"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/britannica/208/">ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の意味・わかりやすい解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-38104"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス<br>Engels， Friedrich</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-5').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-5" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-5'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> [生]1820.11.28. プロシア，バルメン<br>[没]1895.8.5. イギリス，ロンドン<br>ドイツの経済学者，哲学者，社会主義者。カルル・<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">マルクス</a>とともに<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-3171672#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">マルクス主義</a>を創設する。当初ヘーゲルの影響を強く受けたが，父親の関係した会社を手伝うためイギリスに渡り，産業資本主義下のイギリスの労働者階級の状態をつぶさに見聞して社会主義者へ脱皮した。経済学を研究して『国民経済学批判大綱』 Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie (1844) を執筆。その後ドイツに帰り，マルクスとともに『<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80-52676#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">共産党宣言</a>』 (1848) などを著し，共産主義者同盟を指導するなど，近代労働運動の理論的支柱であるマルクス主義を樹立した。その後 1848～49年のドイツ革命に敗北後再びイギリスに渡り，マンチェスターで商業に従事するかたわら，マルクスの『資本論』完成に物質的にもまた精神的，理論的にも多大の援助を行なった。その後ロンドンに移り，マルクスとともに<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AC%AC1%E3%81%84%E3%82%93%E3%81%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97%E3%82%88%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B-3182700#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">第1インターナショナル</a>の指導などにあたったが，マルクスの死後はその遺稿を整理し，『資本論』第2巻，第3巻を世に送った。また第2インターナショナルなどの国際労働運動の理論的，精神的支柱として，社会主義運動，労働運動に多大の影響を与えた。著書は多数に上るが『聖家族』 (マルクスとの共著) Die heilige Familie oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik (1845) ，『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態』 Die Lage der arbeitenden Klassen in England (1845) ，『反デューリング論』 Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft (1878) ，『空想から科学への社会主義の発展』 Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft (1882) (→<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A9%BA%E6%83%B3%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%B8-54890#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">空想より科学へ</a> ) など。 </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small><cite>ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典</cite></small><small>ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/britannica/">情報</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E6.97.BA.E6.96.87.E7.A4.BE.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E4.B8.89.E8.A8.82.E7.89.88" class="dictype cf obunshasekaishi"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/obunshasekaishi/13/">旺文社世界史事典三訂版</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-2214850"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス<br/>Friedrich Engels</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-6').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-6" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-6'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> 1820〜95<br/>ドイツ人社会主義者。マルクスとともに科学的社会主義を創始した<br/>ライン州の紡績工場主の家に生まれ，独学でヘーゲルを学んだ。1843年マンチェスターの父の工場にはいり，ここで資本主義の現実に接して社会主義者となった。1844年パリでマルクスに会い，ふたりの終生の友情の基礎ができた。1848年２月に共同で『共産党宣言』を著し，同年三月革命に失敗したのち，マンチェスターで実業につき，マルクスに経済的援助を与えた。『資本論』執筆を助けつつみずからも多くの著作を行い，唯物史観の確立につとめた。マルクスの死後は彼の原稿を整理して『資本論』２・３巻を刊行し，また第２インターナショナルの指導にあたった。そのほかのおもな著書には，『家族・私有財産および国家の起源』『空想から科学へ』などがある。 </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small>旺文社世界史事典三訂版</small><small>旺文社世界史事典三訂版について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/obunshasekaishi/">情報</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="E5.B1.B1.E5.B7.9D.20.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E5.B0.8F.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8.20.E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88" class="dictype cf yamakawasekaishi"> <h2><a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/yamakawasekaishi/19/">山川世界史小辞典改訂新版</a><span> 「エンゲルス」の解説 </span></h2> <div class="page_link_marker" id="w-3422007"></div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>エンゲルス<br/>Friedrich Engels</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-7').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-7" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-7'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> <p>1820～95</p><p>ドイツの社会主義者。<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%89%E3%81%84%E3%82%93%E3%82%89%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8-3174456#E5.B1.B1.E5.B7.9D.20.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E5.B0.8F.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8.20.E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88">ラインラント</a>の工場主の子に生まれたが，兵役でベルリンに滞在中左派<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B-3169036#E5.B1.B1.E5.B7.9D.20.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E5.B0.8F.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8.20.E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88">ヘーゲル</a>主義者となり，父の会社の関係でイギリスに渡り，労働階級の状態を研究して<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99-1596263#E5.B1.B1.E5.B7.9D.20.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E5.B0.8F.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8.20.E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88">マルクス</a>と同様の思想を抱くに至った。1844年以後マルクスと協力。<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/word/1848%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD-3131114#E5.B1.B1.E5.B7.9D.20.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.8F.B2.E5.B0.8F.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8.20.E6.94.B9.E8.A8.82.E6.96.B0.E7.89.88">1848年の革命</a>ではマルクスとともに『新ライン新聞』に寄稿，闘争にも参加，革命後ロンドンに亡命したマルクスを経済的に援助し，かつ彼の著作の普及に努めた。代表作『反デューリング論』『家族，私有財産および国家の起源』など。ロンドンにおいて没。</p> </section> </div> <p class="source">出典　<small><cite>山川出版社「山川世界史小辞典改訂新版」</cite></small><small>山川世界史小辞典改訂新版について　<a href="/web/20241118083147/https://kotobank.jp/dictionary/yamakawasekaishi/">情報</a></small> </p> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article" id="sekai_refs" class="dictype"> <h2>世界大百科事典（旧版）<span>内の</span>エンゲルス<span>の言及</span></h2> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【イデオロギー】より</h3> <div class="pc-word-ad"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/3125536/132493749', [336, 280], 'div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-8').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 50, }); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-8" class="pc-word-ad-desc" style="min-width: 336px; min-height: 280px;"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1664951416799-8'); }); </script> </div></div> <section class="description"> <p>…彼らはこの〈イデオロジー〉をもって正しい人知の開発と社会の変革のための指導要綱としたのであるが，のち政敵となったナポレオンから〈イデオローグ〉，つまり大言壮語する空論家，と蔑称されるにいたって，イデオロギーは多かれ少なかれ現実と遊離し，政治的実践にとって無用の空疎な観念体系，という意味合いを一方でもつようになった。ヘーゲル主義哲学を〈ドイツ･イデオロギー〉と呼び，その幻想性，非現実性を批判したマルクス，エンゲルスのイデオロギー論にもこうした観点は継承されている。しかし，虚偽意識という狭い意味だけでなく，社会科学的な意味でも観念や意識の研究に重要な一つの方法を編み出すことによって〈イデオロギー〉概念に市民権を与えることになったのがマルクス，エンゲルスのイデオロギー論である。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【階級】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…また，階級間関係は定義によって相互に不平等な関係であることから，他階級に対する敵対感情，自階級内部での連帯感情をともなうことが多く，これが階級意識と呼ばれるものである。<br/><small>［サン･シモンの階級論］</small><br/>　階級論への着目は，西ヨーロッパ諸国における近代化革命，とりわけフランス革命をつうじて形成され，初めに<ref id="00182258" type="文中リンク">サン･シモン</ref>，次いでマルクスとエンゲルスによって一つの理論へと定式化されるにいたった。　最初の定式化を示したサン･シモンは，その著《産業者教理問答Catéchisme politique des industriels》(1823‐24)の中で，フランス革命以前の<ref id="00096870" type="文中リンク">アンシャン･レジーム</ref>の下では，フランスは貴族･ブルジョア･産業者の3階級から成っていたとし，貴族を支配する階級，産業者を服従する階級，そしてブルジョアを中間階級とした。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【階級意識】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…階級に階級としての使命があり，したがって目標があることを自覚すれば，それは目標を実現するための方法や手段あるいは戦略や戦術について考え，実際に展望をもって行動するようになるであろう。マルクスとエンゲルスは，このように成熟した階級意識をもつものを対自的階級Klasse für sichと呼び，これにたいして階級意識形成の初期段階にあるものを即自的階級Klasse an sichと呼んだ。　しかし，いずれにしても現実の資本主義社会では〈階級意識〉は自生的に形成されない。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【階級闘争】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…階級社会に必然的な階級間の闘争，具体的には支配階級と被支配階級との闘争をいう。歴史における階級闘争を重視したのは<ref id="00314899" type="文中リンク">マルクス</ref>と<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">エンゲルス</ref>である。彼らは，原始共産制や未来の共産主義社会を除いて〈今日までのすべての社会の歴史は階級闘争の歴史である〉(《共産党宣言》1848)ととらえた。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【共産主義】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…同じ時期のイギリス，フランスで社会主義という言葉が用いられるようになっていたが，社会主義がもっぱら生産手段の社会的所有ないし国有化を唱えたのに対して，共産主義は消費財を含めた財産のより徹底した平等化を主張した。マルクスとエンゲルスが1847年に<ref id="00145957" type="文中リンク">共産主義者同盟</ref>Bund der Kommunistenの委嘱を受けて《<ref id="00145965" type="文中リンク">共産党宣言</ref>》を執筆したときには，社会主義と共産主義の区別は明確に意識されていた。1888年にエンゲルスが英語版《共産党宣言》のために書いた序文によると，社会主義がイギリスのオーエンやフランスのサン･シモンとフーリエの思想のような<ref id="00150320" type="文中リンク">空想的社会主義</ref>を指し，これらの思想家が労働運動の外に立っていたのに対して，〈労働者階級の中にあって，たんなる政治的革命では無力であると信じ，社会の根本的変革が必要であると宣言した人々は，いずれもみずから共産主義者と称した〉という。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【空想的社会主義】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…エンゲルスは《反デューリング論》(1878。うち三つの章をP.ラファルグが編んで《空想より科学への社会主義の発展》(1880)が成立)において，マルクスと彼自身が創始した科学的社会主義に対比して，それ以前の社会主義を空想的社会主義と規定した。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【原始共産制】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…19世紀後半になるとスラブ人，ドイツ人の土地を共有する共同体の〈遺制〉が研究され，インドの村落共同体研究とあいまって，自由で平等な原始的種族団体が人類史のはじめに設定されるようになる。しかし種族は，ヨーロッパ人の記憶にまだ新しくかつ旧約聖書に知られた家族形態すなわち家父長制家族の拡大したものと考えられ，したがってこの原始的共産制は，婦人･子どもの家父への隷属，および奴隷制をともなうものと考えられた(<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">エンゲルス</ref>《反デューリング論》1878)。<ref id="00324315" type="文中リンク">L.H.モーガン</ref>の《古代社会》(1877)は，血縁にもとづく自然的共同体(氏族，部族)こそ本源的な人間の社会的結合であり，夫婦という非血縁関係を中核とする家族は，第2次的な関係で，しかも本来の血縁共同体に対立し，その解体にともなって成長してくる新しい関係であること，血縁共同体は本来は母系制であることを示した。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【公害】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…　化学工場のばい煙に対する住民運動と，その裁判闘争の勝利を経て，63年，大気汚染防止のための〈アルカリ工場法〉が成立，また1847年以降，新興資本家たちの反対を押し切って各地方に数十の公害防止条例が出現したものの，公害問題の改善には直接は結びつかなかった。F.エンゲルスは《イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態》の中で，公害を〈社会的殺人･傷害〉と名付け，これは不作為犯であるが，犯人はこの社会の支配者である資本家階級であると述べ，また，K.マルクスは，《資本論》の中で，このようなたくさんの公害防止の法律や条例と熱意のある行政官の行動にもかかわらず，事態はいっこうに改善されていないと述べている。　イギリスの公害問題は，20世紀に入っても，1960年代後半まで基本的改善をみなかった。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【自然弁証法】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…(1)マルクス主義の学問体系の一部門。マルクス，エンゲルスは自己の学問体系の構案を明示的には提示していないが，後継者たちにおいては，<ref id="00303465" type="文中リンク">弁証法的唯物論</ref>(唯物弁証法)という原理的部門が立てられ，これを自然界とその認識とに適用したものとして自然弁証法なる部門が置かれる。この部門分類に即するかぎり，自然弁証法はマルクス主義における自然哲学に相当すると言えよう。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【氏族制度】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…そして一方では，婚姻および家族の制度の進化のあとをたどることによって，氏族制度がおそらく，かのプナルア家族と名づけた群婚の形態から発生したものであろうと論じ，他方では，財産の観念とその相続規制の発達のあとをたずねて，原始の母系制が父系制に変わり，民主的な氏族共同体が貴族階級の支配に移っていく過程を考察したのである。　モーガンの《古代社会》は，いわゆる歴史以前の人間社会の研究に，先人未踏の分野を開拓した労作として，その後の学界に画期的な影響を与えたが，とくに<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">F.エンゲルス</ref>は，A.vonハクスタウゼンやG.L.マウラー以来，インドからアイルランドにわたって，社会の原始形態であったことが発見された土地を共有する村落共同体の原初的な目的や組織が，氏族の真の性質と地位とに関するモーガンの発見によって，はじめて明らかにされたとなし，その著《家族･私有財産および国家の起源》(1884)において，モーガンの結論を全面的に採用するとともに，モーガンのわずかに言及するにとどまったケルト人およびドイツ人の氏族と，ドイツ人の国家形成とについて，それぞれ1章を設けて詳論した。ことに領土と公権力とによって特徴づけられ，階級的対立の中から階級支配の手段として生まれた国家に対し，モーガンが国家以前の社会組織として解明した氏族制度に向かっては，〈この氏族制度こそそのいっさいの天真さと単純さとにおいて驚くべき制度だ！　兵士も憲兵も警官もなく，貴族も国王も総督も知事または裁判官もなく，牢獄も訴訟もなくて，いっさいが規則正しく進行する。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【史的唯物論】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…このさい注意すべきことは，マルクスは〈経済的構造が実在的土台を成し〉〈人々の社会的存在が彼らの意識を規定する〉とは言っているが，下部構造が上部構造を一義的に決定するとか，経済が人々の意識を一義的に決定するとか，このたぐいのことは言っていないことである。人々はしばしば唯物史観は〈経済決定論〉であるかのように誤解し，下部構造が〈一方的な原因〉であるかのように誤解しがちであるが，エンゲルスは次のように明言している。〈唯物史観によれば，歴史における究極的な規定契機は現実的な生の生産と再生産である〉〈それ以上のことは，マルクスも私もかつて主張したためしがない〉〈しかるに，もし経済的契機が“唯一の”規定契機だというようにねじまげられてしまうと，先の提題は無内容な空文句になってしまう〉〈経済的状態は土台ではあるが，上部構造のさまざまな契機が歴史的闘争の途上発展に影響を及ぼす〉(ブロッホあての書簡)。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【資本論】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…これは《経済学批判》の続冊として予定されていた〈資本一般〉が形を変えたもので，その最初の編に，さきの《経済学批判》の2章を書き直して収め，表題を《資本》，副題を〈経済学批判〉と改めて，独立の書としたものであった。マルクスの手で仕上げられたのはその第1巻(第2版まで)だけで，第2巻(1885)，第3巻(1894)は，残された未整理の草稿を，友人の<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">F.エンゲルス</ref>が編纂（へんさん）したものである。なお第4巻として予定されていた〈理論の歴史〉の草稿は，エンゲルスの死後，<ref id="00126204" type="文中リンク">K.カウツキー</ref>に託されて編纂され，《剰余価値学説史》全3巻(1905‐10)として刊行された。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【女性史】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…《恋愛と結婚》(1903)を書いたスウェーデンの<ref id="00156612" type="文中リンク">E.ケイ</ref>は，歴史は恋愛と結婚の自由に向かって進んできたとする立場から女性解放の方向性を示した。マルクスとともに史的唯物論を樹立したエンゲルスは，ルイス･モーガンの《古代社会》(1877)の人類学的成果をとりいれ，《家族，私有財産，国家の起源》(1884)において，性差別の起源は人類初期の段階で母権制が私有財産に基礎をおく父権制に取って代わられたことにあるとし，私有財産が廃棄される未来社会で女性は解放されると説いた。ドイツのマルクス主義者ベーベルの《婦人論》(初版1879年，第50版1910年)も，ほぼこれを踏襲した。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【生命】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…〈生命の起源〉に関して詳しくは〈<ref id="00215081" type="文中リンク">生物</ref>〉の項を参照されたい。<br/><small>［新たな生命観へ］</small><br/>　19世紀後半には，弁証法的唯物論の立場での生命観がエンゲルスによって論じられ，20世紀の唯物論者に引きつがれている。それは広い意味での生命機械論ではあるが，上位の現象(全体)を下位の現象(部分)に解消されないものとみる点で，全体論的生命観に所属させる論者もある。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【手】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…仏像の両手がつくる転法輪印，施無畏（せむい）印，与願印，法界定（ほうかいじよう）印，九品（くほん）印その他の<ref id="00104938" type="文中リンク">印相</ref>や山伏の結印などは仏教や修験道の教義と不可分である。エンゲルスは手の労働が言語とともに脳を発達させてヒトをヒトたらしめたと説く(《猿が人間化するにあたっての労働の役割》)が，手の外科学を体系づけたS.バネルの《手の外科学》も同様に手の人間的意義を強調して次のようにいう。〈われわれの脳には，手で感じ手を用いて築き上げ発達させてきた事物や，行動の記憶と概念が集積している〉と。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【ドイツ農民戦争】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…この戦争を契機に，中･小領主は独立性を失い，領邦国家体制が確立し，宗教改革の推進は民衆の手から諸侯の手に移り，ドイツは社会経済全体として後進化への道をたどることになった。この事件はドイツ封建社会の矛盾･危機の集中的表現ととらえられ，エンゲルスの《ドイツ農民戦争》(1850発表)をはじめ，その位置づけをめぐり多くの論議をよんでいる。【瀬原義生】。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【都市問題】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…とくに<ref id="00278959" type="文中リンク">E.ハワード</ref>の<ref id="00247211" type="文中リンク">田園都市</ref>構想(1902)は，労働者を健康な郊外で美しい花園(住宅)を所有させながら，そこにある工場で働かせるものとして，後世の大都市における<ref id="00110507" type="文中リンク">衛星都市</ref>建設案に影響が大きい。　以上の流れに対し，産業革命，資本主義の展開，都市への富の集中とともに他方の極に不可避的に増大する貧困，労働者生活の崩壊に都市問題の本質をみたのが<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">F.エンゲルス</ref>の《イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態》(1845)である。ここで彼は，社会制度そのものが都市労働者の貧困を増大させるのみでなく，その家族生活を破壊し，アルコール中毒や道徳的退廃と絶望を広げるとし，それを当時のイギリスの大都市の現状につき詳しく紹介する。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【フォイエルバハ】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…ヘーゲル批判の論点それ自体がヘーゲルの概念に依存している点に，ヘーゲル学派としての特色を示す。この立場は，マルクス，エンゲルスをはじめ同時代人に強い影響を与え，宗教批判の方法を政治批判にまで徹底するという形で，彼らの思想的出発点を形づくった。また，同時代の別の流派には，フォイエルバハの愛の思想にもとづいて博愛主義的な社会主義の立場をとる者(T.H.グリーン)があり，マルクス，エンゲルスとの間に論争が生じた。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【ヘーゲル学派】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…しかし，その人間観にはバウアーの〈自己意識〉，フォイエルバハの〈感性的人間〉，マルクスの〈社会的人間〉それぞれの間に対立があり，市民ジャーナリズムの形成と時を同じくして激しい論争が交わされた。<ref id="00300736" type="文中リンク">M.ヘス</ref>，<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">エンゲルス</ref>，マルクスがドイツを去り，1848年の市民革命が挫折すると，シュトラウス，バウアーはドイツの国民主義に傾斜していき，前者はニーチェの激しい批判を浴びる。この国民主義を土台に，ラサール派が誕生し，マルクスの社会主義と対立を生み論争点のいくつかはマルクス主義対ファシズムという形でひきつがれた。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【弁証法】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…この存在観のもとでは，いわゆる〈実体〉や〈本質〉でさえ変化するものとされ，しかもその変化は〈否定の否定〉を通じて，正･反･合の段階的進展相を呈するものとされる。<br/><small>［マルクス，エンゲルス］</small><br/>　マルクスは，ヘーゲル弁証法の〈観念論的倒錯〉を是正しつつ，合理的核心を継承しようとする。ヘーゲルにおいて弁証法が同時に存在の理法でもあったのは，それが世界理性，つまり，主体＝実体たる絶対精神の自己疎外と自己回復のらせん的進行過程の軌跡ともいうべきものだったからであるが，マルクスは現実界を超越的イデーの自己疎外的実現とみる観念論を退けることによって，弁証法的な過程的構造は現実界そのものの過程的･構造的な一般的法則性にほかならないものとみる。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【弁証法的唯物論】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…〈唯物弁証法materialistische Dialektik〉という言い方も同義に用いられる場合がある(ただし唯物弁証法とは，元来はヘーゲルなどの観念論的な弁証法と区別して，唯物論的な弁証法という方法論上の特質を表す)。マルクス主義の始祖K.マルクスおよびF.エンゲルスは，自分の哲学を体系的な形では書きのこしていないが，後継者たち，特にドイツ社会民主党のK.カウツキーやロシアのマルクス主義者たちによって，始祖の哲学が体系的な解釈図式で整理されるようになった。そのさい，いうなれば第一哲学の位置におかれるのが弁証法的唯物論(Diamatと略記･略称されることもある)にほかならない。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【法曹社会主義】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…マルクス経済理論がリカード派社会主義からの剽窃（ひようせつ）だとする議論を含む<ref id="00323753" type="文中リンク">A.メンガー</ref>の著《全労働収益権史論》(1886)へのF.エンゲルス(一部は<ref id="00126204" type="文中リンク">K.カウツキー</ref>)の反論論文《法曹社会主義》(1887)において創出された概念。〈法曹社会主義〉という嘲笑的意味を含んだ言葉が生まれ，メンガーがその代表者とみられた。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【マルクス】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…43年の夏，かねて家族的交際のあったウェストファーレン男爵の令嬢イェンニー･フォン･ウェストファーレンJenny von Westphalen(1814‐81)と結婚，同年秋パリに赴いて<ref id="00340518" type="文中リンク">A.ルーゲ</ref>と共同して《独仏年誌》を創刊したが挫折，以後，文筆で生計を立てる。　46年に革命運動の組織的実践を開始，当時在住したブリュッセルを本拠に<ref id="00114920" type="文中リンク">F.エンゲルス</ref>たちと組んで〈共産主義(国際)通信委員会〉を設立，その中心となった。その当時，ドイツ人労働者(職人)の共産主義組織〈<ref id="00141561" type="文中リンク">義人同盟</ref>〉に分派闘争が発生，旧来のカリスマ的指導者W.ワイトリングを追い落とした新指導部のK.シャッパーやJ.モルたちと連携して〈<ref id="00145957" type="文中リンク">共産主義者同盟</ref>〉に改組(1847)，この組織の綱領として《<ref id="00145965" type="文中リンク">共産党宣言</ref>》(1848)を執筆した。…</p> </section> </div> <div class="ex cf"> <h3>【マルクス主義】より</h3> <section class="description"> <p>…マルクスとエンゲルスの密接な協力のなかから生まれた思想であり，そもそも近代ブルジョア社会の内在的批判とその克服を目的とする。しかしその影響力はたんなるブルジョア社会批判の枠をこえて，19世紀の最後の四半世紀から現代にいたるまで世界の革命運動のなかで主導的役割を果たしてきた。…</p> </section> </div> <p 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エンゲルス(えんげるす)とは？ 意味や使い方 - コトバンク

エンゲルス(えんげるす)とは？意味や使い方 - コトバンク