CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-4a2f7509d20236e7973",applicationID:"1311011518"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en" async="async" defer="defer"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="description" content="Application information for visiting international college students applying to Yale Summer Session." /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://summer.yale.edu/apply/visiting-international-students" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://summer.yale.edu/node/458" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> <title>Visiting International Students | Yale Summer Session</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A300%2C400%2C700&ver=3.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_rEI_5cK_B9hB4So2yZUtr5weuEV3heuAllCDE6XsIkI.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_hTLrwzbU9bZhjvzx-j5entbJFEHkjJyd6RgHEla8FhA.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_5O8B9RkYKg0GxC7fWCkSgOc0Ol-GrMmFjZdc3v9pgbg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_ZZJv2nljDpe0eFUSDB8p0mREwJteCXZYOjtUwJUk4f0.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_z6ZjspwYIlnspG5tBJWmdx63NAcxmgJf3mI2f3wOZMg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_1.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_4.css?saee2r" media="print" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_6.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_7.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_11.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_13.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_14.css?saee2r" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/themetastic/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?saee2r"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.10.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_RyX9kpgOaBpKzKE5JA0qV9FMNTAWVd9ZpWqvLdx1kg8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_-L8icB4YOxoa1Ons2hucAmSKCgrPDp8KV0E2I1W9JIA.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-28859489-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_4nhl8AvkZMcGDJR36vWPmvdZI0wz6VphaW_-5NM1FHQ.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_jcTR3PWbPqjjnmNuqHJh9jN97Ssej7ynL8Q3MqBmSWU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-node page-node- page-node-458 node-type-static-page colored fullwidthlayout" > <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K2G5WZ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <section class="allwrapper"> <header> <section class="headertopwrap"> <div class="headertop"> <div class="row"> <div class="region header-top-left span6 headerlefttext"> <div class="headerleftwrap"> <div class="headerleftinner"> <div id="block-block-4" class="block block-block textwidget"> <a href="https://oisp.yale.edu/" target="_blank"><span id="yale_pre">Yale</span> Office of International and Summer Programs</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="region header-top-right span6 headerrighttext"> <div class="headerrightwrap"> <div class="headerrightinner"> <div id="block-block-5" class="block block-block textwidget"> <a href="https://studyabroad.yale.edu/" target="_blank">Study Abroad</a> <a href="/">Summer Session</a> <style type="text/css"> @media only screen and (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 980px) { .mycipe_top.cal_top { display: none; } .mycipe_top { border-radius: 3px !important; } } </style> <a href="/node/524" class="mycipe_top cal_top" style="margin-left: 2px;font-size: 16px;border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;padding: 1px 6px;" aria-label="Contact Yale Summer Session"><span class="icon-mail-alt"></span></a> <a href="https://apply.summer.yale.edu/apply/status" target="_blank" class="mycipe_top" style="font-size:11px;border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;padding-right: 6px;">MyYSS</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="headerwrap"> <div class="header span12"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="logo"> <img src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/summer-logo.png" alt="Home" /> </a> <nav class="mainmenu"> <div id="mainmenu" class="menu ddsmoothmenu"> <ul><li class="first expanded"><a href="/courses-programs">Courses & Programs</a><ul><li class="first collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/courses-yale">Courses at Yale</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/yale-summer-online">Yale Summer Online</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/english-language-institute-yale">The English Language Institute</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/conservatory-actors">Conservatory for Actors</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/yale-writers-workshop">Yale Writers' Workshop</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/courses-programs/yale-young-writers-workshop">Yale Young Writers' Workshop</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/courses-programs/yale-summer-session-programs">Programs Abroad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/dates-costs">Dates & Costs</a><ul><li class="first leaf"><a href="/dates-costs/dates-deadlines">Dates & Deadlines</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/dates-costs/billing-payment-information">How to Pay</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/dates-costs/tuition-fees-policies">Tuition, Fees & Policies</a></li> <li class="last collapsed"><a href="/dates-costs/financial-assistance">Financial Assistance</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail"><a href="/apply" class="active-trail">Apply</a><ul><li class="first leaf"><a href="/apply/yale-college-students">Yale College Students</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/apply/visiting-college-students">Visiting College Students</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active"><a href="/apply/visiting-international-students" class="active-trail active-trail active">Visiting International Students</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/apply/pre-college-students">Pre-College Students</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/apply/beyond-college">Beyond College</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/student-life">Student Life</a><ul><li class="first leaf"><a href="/admitted-students/residential-life">Residential Life</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/student-life/yss-2024-campus-activities">On-Campus Activities</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/student-life/summer-colleges-staff">Summer Colleges Staff</a></li> <li class="last collapsed"><a href="/student-life/student-profiles">Student Profiles</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/admitted-students" class="true_last">Admitted Students</a><ul><li class="first collapsed"><a href="/admitted-students/checklist-admitted-students">Checklist for Admitted Students</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/admitted-students/admitted-yale-writers-workshop">Admitted Yale Writers' Workshop Participants</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/admitted-students/student-handbook">Student Handbook</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/admitted-students/students-coming-new-haven">Students Coming to New Haven</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/admitted-students/changes-withdrawals">Changes & Withdrawals</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/admitted-students/summer-session-tutoring">Summer Session Tutoring</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/admitted-students/grades-transcripts">Grades and Transcripts</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/about-yale-summer-session">About</a><ul><li class="first leaf"><a href="/about/faqs">FAQs</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/about/contact-yale-summer-session">Contact Yale Summer Session</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="headersearch"> <form class="search-form" action="/search/node" method="post" id="search-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline form-wrapper" id="edit-basic"><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-keys"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-keys">Enter your keywords </label> <input type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> </div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-HTLp-PiImhE4O5RJhCprmBdEeDPO_9jmYthh_eCtvGs" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_form" /> </div></form> </div> </nav> <div class="row mobilemenu"> <div class="icon-menu"></div> <form id="responsive-menu" action="#" method="post"> <select></select> </form> </div> </div> </section> </header> <section class="pagetitlewrap"> <div class="row pagetitle"> <h1 class="title span7" id="page-title">Visiting International Students</h1> <h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumbwrap span5"><a href="/">Home</a>    /    <a href="/apply">Apply</a>    /    Visiting International Students    /    Visiting International Students</div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </section> <section id="firstcontentcontainer" class="container"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="region content span9 "> <div class="tabs clearfix"> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div id="node-458" class="node node-static-page clearfix" about="/apply/visiting-international-students" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document">  <div class="blogpost">  <div id="narrative_teaser_sidebar_wrap"> <div id="narrative_teaser_sidebar" class="highlightbox contenttable"> <h4 class="top10">Visiting International Students</h4><img class="postmedia rounded" src="/sites/default/files/styles/narrative_teaser_image/public/2019_07_09_yale_summer_session_lavitt-78_15_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0.jpg?itok=8myhd92M" alt="Photo by Mara Lavitt" /> <p>Take courses with Yale faculty. Make new friends and expand your horizons with Yale Summer Session.</p> <p class="btn_wrap"> <a href="/node/520"> <span class="btn btn-primary btn-normal mr">Learn More <i class="icon-right-open-1" data-rel="tooltip" data-title="icon-right-open-1" data-placement="bottom" data-original-title=""></i></span> </a> </p> </div> </div><div class="postmedia_wrap"><div class="postmedia"><div class="video_url">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6_m7A4kAPU</div></div></div> <div class="page_body"><blockquote> <h3> The information on this page pertains to Yale Summer Session's 2024 programming. Details for 2025 will be available by mid-January 2025. The information provided below is for historical reference to assist with your planning.</h3> </blockquote> <p>We're excited you're applying to Yale Summer Session! Before you apply, read the application requirements and information for visiting international students below.</p> <blockquote> <p>TOC:</p> </blockquote> <p>Our application for Summer 2024 courses and programs is now closed. The 2025 application will open in mid-January 2025.</p> <h3> <br /> Application Requirements</h3> <blockquote> <p>Tip: Please refer to <a href="/node/484">Dates & Deadlines</a> for all of the relevant deadlines. All supporting documentation must be received on or before the application deadline. Below the requirement list, we provide further explanation about some of the requirements.</p> </blockquote> <h4> The following materials are required for visiting international student applications:</h4> <ol> <li> Online Application</li> <li> University Transcript (in English): with Fall 2023 grades. If your fall grades are not available and you have no university level grades to submit, then you must submit your high school transcript.</li> <li> Proof of English Proficiency: required for applications for Yale Courses for Credit. See below for the exams we accept. Not required for applications for an English Language Institute program.</li> <li> If you are a student who has completed your university studies and you have already been working for more than 10 years: provide a university transcript or a resume/CV</li> </ol> <h4> If applying to attend in-person, there are additional requirements for your application:</h4> <ol> <li> Financial Documentation (in English) with your name listed in the document. You must provide proof that you have sufficient financial resources to pay for the program expenses such as tuition, room and board, fees, and living expenses. Such proof must be less than six months old and must be <strong>one</strong> of the following. If it is your parent's bank account, you should include the financial documentation plus a letter from your parent or guardian stating they will cover your fees and the letter must include your name. <strong>Items that you can submit: a.)</strong> An original letter from your bank stating specifically that you have sufficient resources to meet all expenses for the program, <strong>b.)</strong> A bank statement showing that you have sufficient resources to meet all expenses for the program, or <strong>c.)</strong> An original letter from a scholarship organization that will pay your expenses.</li> <li> Identity page of your passport</li> <li> Immunization records: for students who will study in-person with us and live on or off campus.</li> </ol> <blockquote> <p>Note: Be sure to read about <a href="/node/1672" target="_blank">Yale Summer Session's immunization requirements</a> for students applying to take in-person courses or be on the Yale campus. This requirement will need to be fulfilled <strong>after admission</strong> but before arrival to Yale.</p> </blockquote> <h4> Additional Requirements for Pre-College Applicants</h4> <p>If you are in high school and entering your senior year (your final year), you are eligible to apply. You also must be 16 years of age or older by your program start date.</p> <ol> <li> High School Transcript (in English): must include at least 2 1/2 years of grades.  Pre-college applicants must be entering into their senior year of high school [summer after junior (3rd) year] or entering their first-year of college [summer after senior (4th) year].</li> <li> Two Letters of Recommendation: one or two from a current teacher, or one can be from a guidance counselor</li> </ol> <h3> Academic Information for Visiting International Students</h3> <ol> <li> You'll select your courses for credit or program in the online application. Before selecting courses for credit in your application, we suggest you read the course descriptions <a href="https://summer.yale.edu/courses-programs"><strong>here</strong></a> so you can select the best course for you.</li> <li> If you are applying to the English Language Institute, you may not also apply to courses for credit. The ELI program, if in-person, is a full-time program.</li> <li> Once admitted to a course(s) or program, you are considered enrolled in Yale Summer Session.</li> <li> If you do not wish to attend after you have been admitted, you'll need to withdraw from Yale Summer Session by filling out an online withdraw form.</li> <li> Two courses (totaling 2 credits) for credit per session is considered full-time study and is the maximum enrollment.</li> <li> If you are applying to attend online courses for credit and will be taking them remotely, from your home country, you may choose one or two courses per session.</li> <li> Non-U.S. citizens taking only online courses from their home country will not be issued an I-20. You should not be physically present in the U.S. using a <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/tourism-visit/visitor.html" target="_blank">visitor visa</a> (B-1/B-2 or <a href="https://esta.cbp.dhs.gov/" target="_blank">ESTA</a>) for the duration of the YSS session in which you will be enrolled. Studying is not a travel purpose permitted on visitor visas.</li> <li> For in-person study, per the requirements of the F-1 student visa, you must maintain full-time status by selecting two courses per session totaling 2 credits. You may select two courses that meet in-person or select one in-person course and one online course. Those wishing to take a science course plus its corresponding lab course (1.5 credits total) will need to enroll in an additional 1 credit course (for a total of 2.5 credits) to meet the F-1 visa requirement.</li> </ol> <h3> What kind of transcript do I submit?</h3> <p>An unofficial transcript or academic record in English is required as part of your application to Yale Summer Session. The online application enables you to upload an unofficial copy of your academic transcript.</p> <ul> <li> Currently enrolled university students: submit a transcript of your current university and/or any colleges/universities you attended</li> <li> Pre-College students: submit your high school transcript</li> <li> Students who have completed their university studies (beyond college): submit a college transcript or resume/CV if out of college for more than 10 years</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>Tip: All academic transcripts must show the name of the institution, dates of enrollment, and the subjects or courses taken, together with the units of credit or time allotted to each subject and the final grade.</p> </blockquote> <p>Applications are evaluated holistically, therefore, we do not have a GPA requirement. Students should be academically strong students and be prepared to undertake rigorous academic study in Yale Summer Session.</p> <h3> What can I submit for Proof of English Proficiency?</h3> <p>If you choose to take Yale Courses for Credit you must be able to express yourself fluently in spoken and written English. If you are not a native English speaker and have not had at least two years of secondary education or university instruction where English is the medium of instruction, we require taking any one of the proficiency tests listed below. English proficiency scores are not required if you will be participating in the English Language Institute.</p> <ol> <li> <p><a href="https://englishtest.duolingo.com/applicants" target="_blank">Duolingo English Test (DET)</a>. Applicants may submit the Duolingo English Test, which combines an English proficiency test with a brief video interview. Duolingo’s technology and format allows applicants to complete the test at any time or place with internet access. Yale’s most competitive applicants have DET scores of at least 120.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.ets.org/toefl.html" target="_blank">The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)</a>. This test requires pre-registration for available testing dates. Yale Summer Session requires a 100 or better on the internet-based TOEFL iBT. The results must reach Yale Summer Session by the application deadline date relevant to the program. Yale Summer Session will not accept TOEFL's "My Best Scores".</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.ielts.org/en-us/" target="_blank">The International English Language Testing System (IELTS)</a>. This test requires pre-registration for available testing dates. Yale Summer Session requires applicants to have an IELTS score of 7 or higher.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.pearsonpte.com/" target="_blank">Pearson Test of English (PTE)</a>. This test requires pre-registration for available testing dates. Yale Summer Session applicants must have a Pearson Test score of 70 or higher.</p> </li> </ol> <h3> For In-person Study: Insurance, Student Visa & Vaccinations</h3> <blockquote> <p>FAQ: Required Travel Health Insurance</p> <p>If you receive an I-20 from our office, Yale Summer Session will purchase and bill you for U.S.-based health insurance for the duration of your Yale Summer Session program. This will be required if you live on or off campus. The health insurance fee can be found <a href="https://dev.summer.yale.edu/dates-costs/tuition-fees-policies#toc2" target="_blank">here</a>.</p> <p>Yale Summer Session students who are U.S. citizens (traveling to the U.S.A on a U.S. passport) whose primary residence is outside of the United States may purchase our health insurance during your in-person study at Yale Summer Session whether you live on or off campus. If you meet these qualifications and you'd like to request purchasing our insurance, please indicate so in our online application.</p> <p>If you will be traveling with a spouse or dependent child/children, and you'd like them enrolled by the same insurance company, you may contact us to inquire about this too after you are admitted.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>FAQ: Required F-1 Student Visa</p> <p>Studying with us in-person generally requires entering the United States on a valid F-1 visa. You may not attend Yale Summer Session on a B-1 or B-2 (tourist visa). If you are in the United States on another visa category, you will need to upload your current US entry documents with your Summer Session application, and we will review it to determine whether you need to apply for an F-1 visa.</p> <p>Upon admission to Yale Summer Session, our office will process the Form I-20 and email it to you with instructions for proceeding to obtain your F-1 visa. You will receive the emailed I-20 about 3 weeks after you are admitted to the program.</p> <p>After receiving the I-20, you'll need to pay the SEVIS fee online and make an appointment to visit the local US embassy or consulate for the F-1 visa. Visa appointments in some countries have a wait time of a few weeks. All new students on an F-1 immigration status, other than those already studying in the US, must pay a SEVIS fee at least three days prior to the visa interview. Students will have the opportunity to print out their receipt at the end of the payment process. Students must bring one of the SEVIS receipts to the visa interview. <a href="https://www.ice.gov/sevis/i901" target="_blank">Click here to learn more about it and to pay the SEVIS fee online</a>. Please <strong>apply early</strong> so that you have plenty of time to get your visa and book your flights. Summer is a time of high demand for the airlines, too.</p> <p>When you arrive on campus for Summer Session, you are required to check in with the <a href="https://oiss.yale.edu/" target="_blank">Office of International Students & Scholars</a> to be registered with the SEVIS Department of Homeland Security.</p> <p>Canadian citizens require an I-20 to participate in Summer Session, so their application process is the same as other international students, and they are required to be in a full-time course of study (2 course credits). But they do not need to get a visa stamp on their passports. <a href="https://ca.usembassy.gov/visas/canadian-students/" target="_blank">Click here to read more.</a></p> <p>Students who decide to withdraw their Yale Summer Session application must inform Yale Summer Session immediately so that Yale can cancel the I-20. <a href="https://oiss.yale.edu/travel-visas" target="_blank">Check the Office of International Students and Scholars website for more information about visas.</a></p> <h5> Fees for Visiting International Students</h5> <p>A visa processing fee is required at the time of application submission to Yale Summer Session. Please note that the SEVIS and visa processing fees are two different fees. There will also be a separate visa fee for the F-1 visa. <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/study/student-visa.html" target="_blank">Read more about applying for an F-1 student visa.</a> The visa processing fee is nonrefundable unless you receive a denial letter.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>FAQ: Required Vaccination & Immunization Records</p> <p>After admission, you will be required to upload proof of vaccinations if you will be attending classes in-person or living on campus. After admission, you will be emailed a link and information about where to upload your vaccination records (this process is managed by another office at Yale). <a href="https://summer.yale.edu/admitted-students/immunization-requirements#toc3" target="_blank">Click here to review all vaccination information and the relevant deadlines to submit your information and be verified so that you can successfully attend Summer Session in-person.</a> Any delay in providing this information may cause you to have to withdraw from Yale Summer Session if you cannot be verified in time. Your I-20 will be cancelled if you are non-compliant by the deadline.</p> </blockquote> <h3> For International Pr鈥媏-College Students</h3> <p>Please visit our <a href="/node/483" target="_blank">pre-college</a> page for further information and requirements for international high school students.</p> <blockquote> <p>Question: Please <a href="mailto:summer.session@yale.edu">contact us</a> if you have further questions about attending Yale Summer Session!</p> </blockquote> <h3> I'm Ready to Apply!</h3> <p>Our application for Summer 2024 courses and programs will open on January 16.</p> </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="page_specific_sidebar_wrapper"> <div id="page_specific_sidebar"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>Yale Summer Session 2024</h2> </div> <div class="block-categories block"> <blockquote> <p>Date: <strong>Session A:</strong><br /> May 27 - June 28, 2024</p> <p><strong>Session B:</strong><br /> July 1 - August 2, 2024</p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/files/Flyers/Yale%20Summer%20Session%202024%20International%20Students%20Brochure.pdf"><img alt="2024 International Students Brochure" src="/sites/default/files/files/Flyers/YSS%202024%20International%20Students%20Brochure%20Cover.jpg" /></a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/files/Flyers/Yale%20Summer%20Session%202024%20International%20Students%20Brochure.pdf">2024 International Students Brochure</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(window).load(function() { var pageTitle = jQuery('h1#page-title').html(); var pageTitleTrimmed = jQuery.trim(pageTitle); var breadCrumb = jQuery('div.breadcrumbwrap').html(); var cleanBreadCrumb = breadCrumb.replace('    /    ' + pageTitleTrimmed, ''); var cleanBreadCrumb2 = cleanBreadCrumb.replace('Home', '<i class="icon-home"></i>'); jQuery('div.breadcrumbwrap').html(cleanBreadCrumb2).show(); var parentPath = jQuery('.menu-block-wrapper .first a').attr('href').split('/'); jQuery('.sidebar .block-menu-block h2').wrapInner('<a href="/' + parentPath[1] + '"></a>'); jQuery('.sidebar-second.sidebar').append(jQuery('#narrative_teaser_sidebar_wrap').html()); jQuery('.sidebar-second.sidebar').append(jQuery('#page_specific_sidebar_wrapper').html()); /* IMAGE CAPTION */ var imgTtl = jQuery('.postmedia_wrap .postmedia img').attr('title'); var imgAlt = jQuery('.postmedia_wrap .postmedia img').attr('alt'); jQuery('.postmedia_wrap .postmedia img').removeAttr('title'); jQuery('.postmedia_wrap .postmedia img').attr('alt', imgTtl + ' - ' + imgAlt); var vidURL = jQuery('.video_url').html(); if (vidURL.indexOf('vimeo') > -1 ) { var playURL = vidURL.replace('https://vimeo.com/','https://player.vimeo.com/video/'); jQuery('.video_url').html('<iframe src="' + playURL + '?color=809f61&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0" class="adaptive rounded vimeo_embed" width="100%" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>').show(); } else if (vidURL.indexOf('youtube') > -1 ) { var playURL = vidURL.replace('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=','https://www.youtube.com/embed/'); jQuery('.video_url').html('<iframe src="' + playURL + '?rel=0&showinfo=0" class="adaptive rounded youtube_embed" width="100%" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>').show(); } }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="region sidebar-second span3 sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block block-menu-block block-categories"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>Apply</h2> </div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-study-abroad-main parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1148"><a href="/apply/yale-college-students">Yale College Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="/apply/visiting-college-students">Visiting College Students</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1150 active"><a href="/apply/visiting-international-students" class="active-trail active">Visiting International Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1175"><a href="/apply/pre-college-students">Pre-College Students</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1183"><a href="/apply/beyond-college">Beyond College</a></li> </ul></div> </div><div id="block-block-20" class="block block-block narrative_sidebar_spacer"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section>  <footer> <section class="footerwrap wide"> <section class="footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="region footer-first span3 "> <div id="block-block-36" class="block block-block mobile_search"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>Search this Site</h2> </div> <form action="/search-results" method="get"> <input type="text" name="search"> <input class="webform-submit button-primary btn btn-primary form-submit" type="submit" name="search-submit" value="Search" style="margin:-10px 0 0 5px;"> </form></div><div id="block-block-8" class="block block-block block-posts"> <p><a href="/"><img alt="Yale Summer Session" src="/sites/default/files/files/summer-logo-sm.png" alt="Yale Summer Session" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/55+Whitney+Ave,+Yale+University,+New+Haven,+CT+06510/@41.3119905,-72.9219522,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89e7d9c9dc6d6ca5:0x69b93c454981e25f" target="_blank">55 Whitney Avenue, 4th Fl.<br /> New Haven, CT 06510  <i class="icon-location-1"></i></a></p> <p><a href="tel:1-203-432-2430">(203) 432-2430  <i class="icon-phone-1"></i></a> <br /> </p> <p> <div class="tagcloud"> <a href="http://facebook.com/yalesummer" target="_blank"><span class="icon-facebook-squared-1"></span><span class="element-invisible">Facebook</span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/yalesummersession/" target="_blank"><span class="icon-s-instagrem"></span><span class="element-invisible">Instagram</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/YaleSummer" target="_blank"><span class="icon-s-twitter" style="font-size:22px"></span><span class="element-invisible">Twitter</span></a> <span class="social_sep">|</span> <a href="/node/524"><span class="icon-mail-alt"></span><span class="element-invisible">Contact</span></a> <a href="https://apply.summer.yale.edu/apply/status" target="_blank" class="black_btn">MyYSS</a> </div> </p> </div> </div> <div class="region footer-second span3 "> <div id="block-menu-block-15" class="block block-menu-block block-posts"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>Resources For:</h2> </div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-15 menu-name-menu-resources parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1395"><a href="/courses-programs">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1220"><a href="/admitted-students">Admitted Students</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1221"><a href="/faculty-information">Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1223"><a href="/join-residential-staff">Residential Staff</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="region footer-third span3 "> <div id="block-webform-client-block-30" class="block block-webform"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>Contact Summer Session</h2> </div> <form class="webform-client-form webform-client-form-30" action="/apply/visiting-international-students" method="post" id="webform-client-form-30" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item webform-component webform-component-textfield webform-component--name"> <label for="edit-submitted-name">Name <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input required="required" type="text" id="edit-submitted-name" name="submitted[name]" value=" " size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item webform-component webform-component-email webform-component--email"> <label for="edit-submitted-email">Email <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input required="required" class="email form-text form-email required" type="email" id="edit-submitted-email" name="submitted[email]" size="60" /> </div> <div class="form-item webform-component webform-component-select webform-component--subject"> <label for="edit-submitted-subject">Subject <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <select required="required" id="edit-submitted-subject" name="submitted[subject]" class="form-select required"><option value="" selected="selected">- Select -</option><option value="1">General Questions</option><option value="2">Yale Summer Session New Haven</option><option value="3">Yale Summer Session Online</option><option value="4">Yale Summer Programs Abroad</option><option value="5">Summer Drama Program</option><option value="6">Certificate Programs for International Students</option><option value="9">Yale Writers' Workshop</option><option value="10">Website Questions</option></select> </div> <div class="form-item webform-component webform-component-textarea webform-component--message"> <label for="edit-submitted-message">Message <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <div class="form-textarea-wrapper resizable"><textarea required="required" placeholder="Please avoid links and URLs in your message as they will trigger the spam filter." id="edit-submitted-message" name="submitted[message]" cols="60" rows="5" class="form-textarea required"></textarea></div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="details[sid]" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[page_num]" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[page_count]" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="details[finished]" value="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-SksJ-xnKiHazAE89m39wtEuV3oiJaspbcKWhE33ZjDo" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="webform_client_form_30" /> <div class="captcha"><input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="10379366" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="0dad9b8b8c8ca9c131f17c5f79c62e7e" /> <input type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha" /> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6Lc5yAgTAAAAAJp70z507fLx98cN1htrsFijT57y" data-theme="light" data-type="image" data-size="compact"></div><input type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" /> </div><div class="form-actions"><input class="webform-submit button-primary btn btn-primary form-submit" type="submit" name="op" value="Send" /></div></div></form></div> </div> <div class="region footer-fourth span3 "> <div id="block-block-9" class="block block-block block-posts"> <div class="footertitle"> <h2>About OISP</h2> </div> <p><a href="https://oisp.yale.edu/" target="_blank">The Office of International and Summer Programs</a> facilitates a diversity of rigorous and innovative credit-bearing opportunities through which students can broaden and deepen their academic and personal interests. With oversight of Study Abroad and Summer Session, OISP furthers Yale University鈥檚 mission and Yale College鈥檚 commitment to the liberal arts in encouraging thoughtful academic exploration, in fostering intellectual curiosity and creativity, and in developing in students the capacity for engagement with the world beyond Yale.</p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://studyabroad.yale.edu" target="_blank"> Yale Study Abroad</a></li> <li> <a href="/">Yale Summer Session</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subfooterwrap wide"> <div class="subfooter"> <div class="row"> <div class="region footer-fifth span6 lefttext"> <div id="block-block-12" class="block block-block"> ©2024 <a href="https://www.yale.edu" target="_blank">Yale University</a>. All rights reserved. | <a target="_blank" href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy</a></div> </div> <div class="region footer-sixth span6 righttext"> <div id="block-block-13" class="block block-block"> <a href="/cas?destination=node/458"><span class="icon-lock-1" id="admin_lock"></span><span class="element-invisible">Log in</span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </footer>  <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js_injector/js_injector_18.js?saee2r"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://summer.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js_injector/js_injector_19.js?saee2r"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-4a2f7509d20236e7973","applicationID":"1311011518","transactionName":"NQBVZhMEVkFWURFcXwxKYkAIShdbWVYATR4SDUc=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":476,"atts":"GUdWEFseRU8=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>