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Related dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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class="mw-redirect" title="Kirchröadsj plat">Kirchröadsj plat</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ripuarian dialect</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchr%C3%B6adsj" class="extiw" title="ksh:Kirchröadsj">the corresponding article</a> in Colognian. (August 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Colognian Wikipedia article at [[:ksh:Kirchröadsj]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ksh|Kirchröadsj}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerkrade_dialect" title="Talk:Kerkrade dialect">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkraads" class="extiw" title="nl:Kerkraads">the corresponding article</a> in Dutch. (June 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerkraads&sl=nl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Dutch article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Dutch#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Dutch">adding a topic</a> to this template: there are already 229 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:Kerkraads]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|nl|Kerkraads}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerkrade_dialect" title="Talk:Kerkrade dialect">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kerkrade dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kirchröadsj plat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade" title="Kerkrade">Kerkrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzogenrath" title="Herzogenrath">Herzogenrath</a><a href="#cite_note-eurode-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language#Varieties" title="Ripuarian language">West Ripuarian</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kerkrade dialect</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj plat <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] or simply Kirchröadsj, literally 'Kerkradish', <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>: Kirkräödsj <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɪʀ(ə)kˌʀœːtʃ]</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Standard Dutch</a>: Kerkraads, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Standard German</a>: (die) Mundart von Kerkrade<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> meaning (the) dialect of Kerkrade) is a <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kerkrade" title="Kerkrade">Kerkrade</a> and its surroundings, including <a href="/wiki/Herzogenrath" title="Herzogenrath">Herzogenrath</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-eurode-1">[1]</a> It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people in Kerkrade is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979-5">[5]</a> The name Ripuarisch is strictly a scientific term on both sides of the border. Especially on the Dutch side of the border, the speakers of the Kerkrade dialect consider it to be a <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> dialect (see <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish dialect</a>) and call it Limburgsj <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈlembøʁəçʃ]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj ('Kerkradish') or simply plat ('dialect').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Colognian grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> There are three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The corresponding definite articles are d'r /dər/, de /də/ and 't /ət/. The plural form takes the feminine article de regardless of the gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-6">[6]</a> The plural form of nouns is formed with by adding ⟨-e⟩, ⟨-er⟩ or ⟨-s⟩ to the stem or by <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlauting</a>. Examples: sjtrief /ˈʃtriːf/ - sjtriefe /ˈʃtriːfə/, hats /ˈɦats/ - hatser /ˈɦatsər/, plavong /plaːˈvɔŋ/[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - plavongs /plaːˈvɔŋs/,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] pansj /ˈpanʃ/[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - pensj /ˈpɛnʃ/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22-7">[7]</a> The plural form can also be differentiated from the singular by tone, as in 't peëd /ət ˈpéət/ - de peëd /də ˈpeət/. This can be combined with other differences, such as umlaut: sjtórm /ˈʃtórəm/ - sjturm /ˈʃtørəm/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22-8">[8]</a> As in German, the plural form can be unmarked: eëpel - eëpel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722-9">[9]</a> The ending ⟨-er⟩ is used mainly for neuter nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710-10">[10]</a> An example sentence: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Variety </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kerkrade dialect </td> <td>Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-11">[11]</a> </td> <td>[jod ˈɛːsə ʔæn ˈdʁeŋkə ˈɦelt ˈliːv æn ˈziəl tsəˈzaːmə][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a> (the largest <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> variety) </td> <td>Jod esse un drinke hält Liev un Siel zesamme. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Standard High German </td> <td>Gut essen und trinken hält Leib und Seele zusammen. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡuːt ˈʔɛsn̩ ʔʊnt ˈdʁɪŋkŋ̍ hɛlt ˈlaɪp ʔʊnt ˈzeːlə tsuˈzamən]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Standard Dutch </td> <td>Communicative translation </td> <td>Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-11">[11]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌudə ˈmɛns xəˈzɔnt]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literal translation </td> <td>Goed eten en drinken houdt lichaam en ziel samen. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut ˈlɪxaːm ɛn ˈzil ˈsaːmə(n)]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">English </td> <td>Communicative translation </td> <td>Eating and drinking well keeps one healthy. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps wʌn ˈhɛlθi/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literal translation </td> <td>Eating and drinking well keeps the body and soul together. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps ðə ˈbɒdi ən ˈsoʊl təˈɡɛðər/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> This example sentence illustrates both the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> (èse, tsezame) and the [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] → [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] shift (jód). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect phonology</a></div> As most other <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features a distinction between the thrusting tone (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: stoottoon, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schärfung or Stoßton), which has a shortening effect on the syllable (not shown in transcriptions in this article) and the slurring tone (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: sleeptoon, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schleifton). In this article, the slurring tone is transcribed as a high tone, whereas the thrusting tone is left unmarked. This is nothing more than a convention, as the phonetics of the Kerkrade pitch accent are severely under-researched. There are minimal pairs, for example moer /ˈmuːr/ 'wall' - moer /ˈmúːr/ 'carrot'.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719-13">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">x</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">r</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The Kerkrade dialect features <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>, which means that the underlying /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, ɣ/ are devoiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] at the end of a word. Voiced affricates are not affected by this as they occur only in the intervocalic position. The underlying voiced stops and fricatives are realized as voiced before the plural markers /-ə/ and /-ər/: rub [ˈʁøp] - rubbe [ˈʁøbə], vroag [ˈvʁoəχ][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'question' - vroage [ˈvʁoəʁə][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'questions', wief [ˈβiːf][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - wiever [ˈβiːvəʁ],[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] or in verbal conjugation (iech loog [ˈloːχ] - ze loge [ˈlóːʁə]). The voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] appears only in this context. /ɣ/ has two voiced allophones: a uvular fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>], which appears after back vowels, and a palatal approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], which occurs after front vowels. They are devoiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] in the word-final position. Phonetically, the voiced variants are the same as /r/ and /j/, which are phonological sonorants (and thus cannot participate in final-obstruent devoicing), whereas the voiceless variants are the same as the voiceless allophones of /x/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126-14">[14]</a></li> <li>/dz/ is rare as a phoneme and occurs only in a few words, such as ködzele /ˈkœdzələ/ 'to drool'. This mirrors the situation in Luxembourgish.</li> <li>The sounds corresponding to Limburgish /x, ɣ/ are very back after back vowels, being uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] (as in Luxembourgish), rather than velar as in Limburgish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Most instances of the historical [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] have merged with [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], so that the word for green in the Kerkrade dialect is jreun /ˈjrøːn/ (compare Standard Dutch groen /ˈɣrun/). As explained above, many intervocalic instances of [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] are still phonemically /ɣ/ as it behaves like an obstruent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:aut"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17-18">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ø</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th> <th>closing </th> <td colspan="7">ɛɪ   œʏ   ɔɪ   ɔʊ   aɪ   aʊ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>centering </th> <td colspan="7">iə   yə   uə   eə   œə   oə </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/i/ and /u/ appear only in stressed closed syllables and when unstressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716-19">[19]</a></li> <li>/iː/ and /uː/ appear only in stressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716-19">[19]</a></li> <li>/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Both /a/ and /aː/ are phonological back vowels, but only the short /a/ is phonetically back: [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]. The long /aː/ is phonetically central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>] (hereafter represented without the diacritic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18-20">[20]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>]</div> The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. There is no official German-based orthography. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"> <caption>Letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Furthermore, there is ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>⟩, which never appears as a separate letter, but only in the centering diphthongs ⟨eë⟩, ⟨ieë⟩ and ⟨oeë⟩ (phonetically /eə/, /iə/ and /uə/). However, only half of the centering diphthongs are spelled this way; the remaining /yə/, /œə/ and /oə/ are spelled ⟨üe⟩, ⟨öa⟩ and ⟨oa⟩. In other dialects and regional languages of the Netherlands, ⟨oa⟩ is sometimes used for the long open /ɔː/, which is always spelled ⟨ao⟩ in this orthography. As the orthography is Dutch-based, it does not make use of the Eszett ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩, which is extensively used on the other side of the border. It represents the phoneme /s/. In turn, German-based orthographies use ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩ for the /z/ sound, whereas ⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩ is restricted for the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/, though it can also be spelled ⟨tz⟩. Furthermore, the letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩ found in those orthographies is also not used. It stands for either /ɛ/ or /ɛː/ in German-based orthographies. In this orthography, /s/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩, /z/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩ (although ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩ is used in the stem-final position), /ts/ is spelled ⟨ts⟩, /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>⟩, whereas /ɛː/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>⟩ (rather than ⟨ae⟩, which is a common spelling in Dutch-based orthographies of Limburgish). The orthography is highly phonemic, with the exception of the spelling of /ɡ, v, z, ɣ, ʒ/ which, for the most part, are spelled phonetically. As in Limburgish, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, stress and tone are not marked, blurring the distinction between /eː/ and /ə/ in open syllables and between /ɛ/ and /ə/ in closed syllables, where the distinction between the short /i, u/ on the one hand and the long /iː, uː/ on the other is also blurred. The grapheme-phoneme correspondence is as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:4em">Spelling </th> <th style="width:4em">Phoneme </th> <th style="width:4em">Realization </th> <th style="width:10em">Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">a<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] </td> <td>bakke </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/aː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>jape </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>kaat, sjaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai </td> <td>/aɪ/ </td> <td>[aɪ] </td> <td>fain </td></tr> <tr> <td>ao </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>] </td> <td>kaod </td></tr> <tr> <td>auw </td> <td>/aʊ/ </td> <td>[aʊ] </td> <td>kauw </td></tr> <tr> <td>äo </td> <td>/œː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>] </td> <td>kräoche </td></tr> <tr> <td>äu </td> <td>/ɔɪ/ </td> <td>[ɔɪ] </td> <td>vräud </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">b </td> <td rowspan="2">/b/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">ch </td> <td rowspan="4">/x/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td>maache </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">/d/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dz </td> <td>/dz/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>] </td> <td>ködzele </td></tr> <tr> <td>dzj </td> <td>/dʒ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>] </td> <td>pieëdzje </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">e<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] </td> <td>sjtek </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td>oavend </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/eː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] </td> <td>dene </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>deer </td></tr> <tr> <td>eë </td> <td>/eə/ </td> <td>[eə] </td> <td>keëts </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei<a href="#cite_note-eiij-24">[d]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛɪ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[ɛɪ] </td> <td>knei </td></tr> <tr> <td>ij<a href="#cite_note-eiij-24">[d]</a> </td> <td>jekkerij </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu </td> <td>/øː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">øː</a>] </td> <td>meun </td></tr> <tr> <td>è </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>] </td> <td>nès </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">f </td> <td rowspan="2">/f/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/v/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td>wief </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">g </td> <td rowspan="4">/ɣ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>zeëgblad </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] </td> <td>zeëg </td></tr> <tr> <td>gk </td> <td>/ɡ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td>herregke </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>/ɦ/<a href="#cite_note-hng-25">[e]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td>rikke </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ie </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ieë </td> <td>/iə/ </td> <td>[iə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">j </td> <td>/j/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>jód </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɣ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>zeëje </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">k </td> <td rowspan="2">/k/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td>herrek </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">m </td> <td rowspan="2">/m/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">n </td> <td rowspan="4">/n/<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng<a href="#cite_note-hng-25">[e]</a> </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">o<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/oː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oa </td> <td>/oə/ </td> <td>[oə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">oe </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oeë </td> <td>/uə/ </td> <td>[uə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/oː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ouw </td> <td>/ɔʊ/ </td> <td>[ɔʊ] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ó<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/œ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>öa </td> <td>/œə/ </td> <td>[œə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2">/p/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>/r/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">s </td> <td rowspan="2">/s/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/z/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">sj </td> <td rowspan="2">/ʃ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʒ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">/t/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ts </td> <td rowspan="2">/ts/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsj </td> <td>/tʃ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">u<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/ø/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ø</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/yː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">yː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui </td> <td>/œʏ/ </td> <td>[œʏ] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü<a href="#cite_note-checkedandfree-21">[a]</a> </td> <td>/y/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">y</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>üe </td> <td>/yə/ </td> <td>[yə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">v </td> <td rowspan="2">/v/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td>wieve </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>/β/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">/z/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zj </td> <td>/ʒ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-22">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-checkedandfree-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-checkedandfree_21-11">l</a> The single letters ⟨a, e, o, u⟩ followed by a single intervocalic consonant denote the <a href="/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels" title="Checked and free vowels">free vowels</a> /aː, eː, oː, yː/. The same pronunciation applies whenever the vowel is doubled: ⟨aa, ee, oo, uu⟩. The short /e, o, y/ are given a separate, unambiguous spelling ⟨i, ó, ü⟩. When the consonant is doubled, the single letters ⟨a, e, o, u⟩ denote the checked vowels /a, ɛ, ɔ, ø/. The same pronunciation applies before a single word-final consonant. Consonants are also redundantly doubled after ⟨i, ó, ü⟩ and also ⟨ö⟩, which denotes /œ/. In addition, ⟨e⟩ denotes /ə/ in unstressed syllables. </li> <li id="cite_note-voicing-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_22-22">w</a> The voiceless-voiced pairs of obstruents /p–b, t–d, k–ɡ, f–v, s–z, ʃ–ʒ, x–ɣ/ are neutralized in the syllable-final position (voiced affricates do not occur in this position). This is reflected in the orthography in the case of fricatives, but not in the case of the stops (excluding /ɡ/). German-based orthographies may preserve these distinctions; compare Kerkrade wief with <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a> Wiev. All obstruents, including the voiceless affricates /ts/ and /tʃ/, surface as voiced before voiced obstruents and word-initial vowels (including compounds) and as voiceless elsewhere (see <a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">final obstruent devoicing</a>). The voiceless allophones of the /x–ɣ/ pair are the uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] after back vowels and the palatal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] after front vowels and consonants. The voiced ones are [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], not dissimilar to /r/ and /j/ which are phonological <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>. /ɣ/ does not occur in the word-initial position, where it has been replaced with /j/. /ɡ/ has never occurred in this position, only /j/ does. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, r/. </li> <li id="cite_note-eiij-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eiij_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiij_24-1">b</a> The usage depends on the spelling of the Dutch cognate of the word. </li> <li id="cite_note-hng-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hng_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hng_25-1">b</a> /ɦ/ occurs only in the syllable initial position, whereas /ŋ/ occurs only in the syllable-final position. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalassimilation-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_26-5">f</a> Apart from /ŋ/, nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant: they merge to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] before bilabial consonants and to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>] before labiodental consonants. The alveolar /n/ is further assimilated to the postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar nasal">n̠</a>] before postalveolar consonants (which is not marked in transcriptions in this article) and to the velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before velar consonants. In those contexts, /m/ remains bilabial [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_dialects">Related dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related dialects">edit</a>]</div> The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocholtz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocholtz dialect (page does not exist)">Bocholtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaals_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaals dialect">Vaals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aachen_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aachen dialect">Aachen</a>. A distinct <a href="/wiki/East_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="East Limburgish">East Limburgish</a> dialect called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egelzer_plat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egelzer plat (page does not exist)">Egelzer plat</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eygelshoven" title="Eygelshoven">Eygelshoven</a>, in the north of the Kerkrade municipality. The biggest differences between the two is the presence of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> in the Kerkrade dialect as well the pronunciation of the sound written ⟨g⟩ in Limburgish; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as in Limburgish and (southern) standard Dutch (as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>), whereas in the Kerkrade dialect it is pronounced as in <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> (where it is spelled ⟨j⟩), except after back vowels where it is <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacized</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a>, resulting in a phonetic merger with /r/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eurode-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurode_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurode_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herzogenrath.de/rathaus-service/stadtportrait/eurode/eurode-auf-dem-weg-zur-ersten-europaeischen-stadt/">"Eurode - Auf dem Weg zur ersten europäischen Stadt - | Stadt Herzogenrath"</a> (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurode+-+Auf+dem+Weg+zur+ersten+europ%C3%A4ischen+Stadt+-+%7C+Stadt+Herzogenrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzogenrath.de%2Frathaus-service%2Fstadtportrait%2Feurode%2Feurode-auf-dem-weg-zur-ersten-europaeischen-stadt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLVR-Institut_für_Landeskunde_und_Regionalgeschichte" class="citation web cs1">LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dat-portal.lvr.de/orte/dialektkarten/einteilungskarten/suedniederfraenkisch-zuidnederfrankisch">"Südniederfränkisch/ Zuidnederfrankisch"</a>. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdniederfr%C3%A4nkisch%2F+Zuidnederfrankisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdat-portal.lvr.de%2Forte%2Fdialektkarten%2Feinteilungskarten%2Fsuedniederfraenkisch-zuidnederfrankisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Johannes Venema, Zum Stand der zweiten Lautverschiebung im Rheinland: Diatopische, diachrone und diastratische Untersuchungen am Beispiel der dentalen Tenuis (voralthochdeutsch /t/) (= Mainzer Studien zu Sprach- und Volksforschung 22), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997, p. 378: „Wir haben es bei der Mundart von Kerkrade mit einem ripuarischen Dialekt (incl. Lautverschiebung) auf niederländischem Boden zu tun“ </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221111356/http://www.kerkrade.nl/de_stad_kerkrade/kerkrade_toen_en_nu/kirchroadsj_plat">"Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerkrade.nl/de_stad_kerkrade/kerkrade_toen_en_nu/kirchroadsj_plat">the original</a> on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeente+Kerkrade+%7C+Kirchr%C3%B6adsj+Plat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerkrade.nl%2Fde_stad_kerkrade%2Fkerkrade_toen_en_nu%2Fkirchroadsj_plat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 19, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer2003">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournierGussenhovenPetersSwerts" class="citation web cs1">Fournier, Rachel; Gussenhoven, Carlos; Peters, Jörg; Swerts, Marc; Verhoeven, Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226145130/http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg%20engels.html">"The tones of Limburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg_engels.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tones+of+Limburg&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Gussenhoven%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Peters%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Swerts%2C+Marc&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.ru.nl%2Fgep%2Fjp%2FTonenLimburg_engels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 17, 19, 21, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 17, 21, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199716_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 15, 18. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerkrade_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3/S0025100312000278a.pdf/luxembourgish.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3%2FS0025100312000278a.pdf%2Fluxembourgish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987]. Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-70246-34-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-70246-34-1"><bdi>90-70246-34-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.place=Kerkrade&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-70246-34-1&rft.au=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003). Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits (eds.). Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies (in Dutch). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-70246-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-70246-47-3"><bdi>90-70246-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Zagenswies&rft.place=Kerkrade&rft.pub=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-70246-47-3&rft.au=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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