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袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX 胁械泻邪 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠

<!doctype html> <html lang="ru"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/main.css"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 100) { $('.scroll-top').fadeIn(); } else { $('.scroll-top').fadeOut(); } }); $('.scroll-top').click(function () { $("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 100); return false; }); }); </script> <title> 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX 胁械泻邪 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠 </title> <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-3561606891822859" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> </head> <body class="bg-light"> <nav class="navbar sticky-top bg-white p-2 shadow-sm"> <div class="container justify-content-between"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄 袗褌谢邪褋 袪芯褋褋懈懈</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom1/">孝芯屑 1</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom2/">孝芯屑 2</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom3/">孝芯屑 3</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondarytext-primary active" href="/tom4/">孝芯屑 4</a> </div> </nav> <div class="mt-3 container border bg-white shadow p-3 mb-5 bg-body rounded"> <div class="container"> <h1 style="font-size: 4vmin" class="display-4 float-right"> 孝芯屑 4 </h1> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 blog-main"> <h2 class="pb-3 mb-4 font-italic border-bottom"> 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX 胁械泻邪 </h2> <div class="tgx-vbf" data-vbf-id="25311" data-vbf-exp="1" data-vbf-hide="0" data-vbf-loop="10"></div> <div class="blog-post"> <h2 class="blog-post-title"> 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX 胁械泻邪 </h2> <p class="text-justify">18 褎械胁褉邪谢褟 1855&nbsp;谐. 锌芯褋谢械 褋屑械褉褌懈 袧懈泻芯谢邪褟 I 薪邪 锌褉械褋褌芯谢 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢 械谐芯 褋褘薪 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 II. 袝谐芯 锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 (1855&ndash;1881&nbsp;谐谐.) 锌褉芯褕谢芯 锌芯写 蟹薪邪泻芯屑 谐谢褍斜芯泻芯泄 屑芯写械褉薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪. 19 褎械胁褉邪谢褟 1861&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢 芯斜薪邪褉芯写芯胁邪薪 <em>袦邪薪懈褎械褋褌 芯 谢懈泻胁懈写邪褑懈懈 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪</em> 懈 褍褌胁械褉卸写械薪褘 蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪褘械 邪泻褌褘, 褋芯褋褌邪胁懈胁褕懈械 &laquo;袩芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 芯 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪邪褏, 胁褘褏芯写懈胁褕懈褏 懈蟹 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯泄 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈&raquo;. 袙 1864&nbsp;谐. 胁胁械写械薪褘 蟹械屑褋泻芯械 褋邪屑芯褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 (锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯, 胁 34 谐褍斜械褉薪懈褟褏 袝胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯泄 袪芯褋褋懈懈), 褋褍写 锌褉懈褋褟卸薪褘褏 懈 邪写胁芯泻邪褌褍褉邪, 胁 1870&nbsp;谐. &mdash; 谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯械 褋邪屑芯褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械, 胁 1874&nbsp;谐. &mdash; 胁褋械芯斜褖邪褟 胁芯懈薪褋泻邪褟 锌芯胁懈薪薪芯褋褌褜.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1863&nbsp;谐. 胁褋锌褘褏薪褍谢芯 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械 胁 袩芯谢褜褕械. 袨薪芯 斜褘谢芯 锌芯写邪胁谢械薪芯. 袙 1864&nbsp;谐. 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褍写邪谢芯褋褜 蟹邪胁械褉褕懈褌褜 袣邪胁泻邪蟹褋泻褍褞 胁芯泄薪褍, 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪胁褕褍褞褋褟 47 谢械褌. 袩褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈械 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁 1865&ndash;1876&nbsp;谐谐. 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈泄 小褉械写薪械泄 袗蟹懈懈 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈谢芯 褑邪褉褋泻褍褞 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈褞 锌械褉械写 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜褞 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪褌褜 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 褍写邪谢褢薪薪芯泄 懈薪芯泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯泄 芯泻褉邪懈薪芯泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪械褎芯褉屑褘 1860&ndash;1870-褏&nbsp;谐谐. 锌褉懈胁械谢懈 泻 褉械蟹泻芯屑褍 褉芯褋褌褍 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈 懈 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯 &mdash; 懈薪写褍褋褌褉懈懈. 袧邪懈斜芯谢械械 蟹邪屑械褌薪褘屑 邪褋锌械泻褌芯屑 褝褌芯谐芯 褉芯褋褌邪 褋褌邪谢 &laquo;卸械谢械蟹薪芯写芯褉芯卸薪褘泄 斜褍屑&raquo; 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪褘 1860-褏&ndash;薪邪褔邪谢邪 1870-褏&nbsp;谐谐., 胁 褏芯写械 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 斜褘谢懈 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪褘 胁邪卸薪械泄褕懈械 屑邪谐懈褋褌褉邪谢懈: 袦芯褋泻胁邪&ndash;袣褍褉褋泻 (1868&nbsp;谐.), 袣褍褉褋泻&ndash;袣懈械胁 (1870&nbsp;谐.), 袦芯褋泻胁邪&ndash;袘褉械褋褌 (1871&nbsp;谐.).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 褋械褉械写懈薪械 XIX&nbsp;胁. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 斜褘谢邪 褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 褋褌褉邪薪芯泄, 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈屑 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写懈褌械谢械屑 懈 锌芯褋褌邪胁褖懈泻芯屑 褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 锌褉芯写褍泻褑懈懈. 袩芯 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟屑 芯褌屑械薪褘 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪械 写芯谢卸薪褘 斜褘谢懈 胁褘泻褍锌邪褌褜 褋胁芯懈 蟹械屑械谢褜薪褘械 薪邪写械谢褘. &laquo;袙褘泻褍锌薪褘械 锌谢邪褌械卸懈&raquo; 褌褟卸械谢褘屑 斜褉械屑械薪械屑 谢芯卸懈谢懈褋褜 薪邪 褋械谢褜褋泻懈械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 懈 薪械褉械写泻芯 褉邪褋褌褟谐懈胁邪谢懈褋褜 薪邪 写芯谢谐懈械 谐芯写褘, 褔褌芯 胁褘蟹胁邪谢芯 斜芯谢械械 1 300 屑邪褋褋芯胁褘褏 胁褘褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈泄 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪, 懈蟹 薪懈褏 斜芯谢械械 500 斜褘谢懈 锌芯写邪胁谢械薪褘 褋 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈械屑 褋懈谢褘. 袨斜褖懈薪薪芯械 蟹械屑谢械锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 (薪械胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 褉邪褋锌芯褉褟卸邪褌褜褋褟 褋胁芯懈屑懈 薪邪写械谢邪屑懈) 懈 屑邪谢芯蟹械屑械谢褜械 胁褘蟹褘胁邪谢懈 薪械写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁芯 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 懈 褋写械褉卸懈胁邪谢懈 褉芯褋褌 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈 褉邪斜芯褔械谐芯 泻谢邪褋褋邪, 邪 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘褏 谐邪褉邪薪褌懈泄 褋芯 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪 胁械谢芯 泻 褍褋懈谢械薪懈褞 褝泻褋锌谢褍邪褌邪褑懈懈 褉邪斜芯褔懈褏.</p> <p class="text-justify">楔懈褉芯泻芯械 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械 胁 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械 胁 褝褌芯 胁褉械屑褟 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈 懈写械懈 袙.袚.&nbsp;袘械谢懈薪褋泻芯谐芯 (1811&ndash;1848&nbsp;谐谐.), 袗.袠.&nbsp;袚械褉褑械薪邪 (1812&ndash;1870&nbsp;谐谐.) 懈 袧.袚.&nbsp;效械褉薪褘褕械胁褋泻芯谐芯 (1828&ndash;1889&nbsp;谐谐.), 褋褔懈褌邪胁褕懈褏, 褔褌芯 懈写械邪谢褜薪芯械 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯械 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁芯 屑芯卸械褌 褍褌胁械褉写懈褌褜褋褟 谢懈褕褜 薪邪 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌邪褏 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褟 锌褉懈胁褘褔薪褘褏 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 写械褉械胁薪械 芯斜褖懈薪薪褘褏 锌芯褉褟写泻芯胁 薪邪 胁褋褢 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯. 小褉械写褋褌胁芯屑 锌械褉械褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈 懈屑 胁懈写械谢芯褋褜 胁褋械芯斜褖械械 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻芯械 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械. 袛谢褟 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻懈 褝褌芯谐芯 胁褋械褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻芯谐芯 屑褟褌械卸邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪邪褟 屑芯谢芯写械卸褜 锌芯锌褘褌邪谢邪褋褜 薪邪谢邪写懈褌褜 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写褍 褋胁芯懈褏 懈写械泄 褋褉械写懈 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 (&laquo;褏芯卸写械薪懈械 胁 薪邪褉芯写&raquo; 胁 1874&ndash;1875&nbsp;谐谐.), 薪芯 胁 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻芯泄 褋褉械写械 薪邪懈胁薪芯-屑芯薪邪褉褏懈褔械褋泻懈械 薪邪褋褌褉芯械薪懈褟 斜褘谢懈 械褖械 芯褔械薪褜 褋懈谢褜薪褘. 效邪褋褌褜 屑芯谢芯写械卸懈 芯褕懈斜芯褔薪芯 锌芯谢邪谐邪谢邪, 褔褌芯 褍斜懈泄褋褌胁芯 褑邪褉褟 邪胁褌芯屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈 胁褘蟹芯胁械褌 褉邪蟹胁邪谢 谐芯褋邪锌锌邪褉邪褌邪, 褔褌芯 芯斜谢械谐褔懈褌 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈褞. 校卸械 胁 1866&nbsp;谐. 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯 锌械褉胁芯械 锌芯泻褍褕械薪懈械 薪邪 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 II, 邪 胁 1879&nbsp;谐. 胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢邪 褌邪泄薪邪褟 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褟 &laquo;袧邪褉芯写薪邪褟 胁芯谢褟&raquo;, 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈胁褕邪褟 褋胁芯械泄 蟹邪写邪褔械泄 褌械褉褉芯褉 锌褉芯褌懈胁 胁懈写薪褘褏 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻芯胁 褑邪褉褋泻芯泄 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈懈, 邪 胁 泻邪褔械褋褌胁械 胁褘褋褕械泄 褑械谢懈 &mdash; 褑邪褉械褍斜懈泄褋褌胁芯. 1 屑邪褉褌邪 1881&nbsp;谐. 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 II 斜褘谢 褍斜懈褌 &laquo;薪邪褉芯写薪懈泻邪屑懈&raquo;, 薪芯 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻芯泄 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 薪械 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯.</p> <p class="text-justify">笑邪褉械屑 褋褌邪谢 褋褘薪 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 II &mdash; 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 III. 袛谢褟 械谐芯 锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟 (1881&ndash;1894&nbsp;谐谐.) 斜褘谢懈 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘 芯褏褉邪薪懈褌械谢褜薪褘械 褌械薪写械薪褑懈懈. 袧芯胁褘泄 屑芯薪邪褉褏 褋褌褉械屑懈谢褋褟 胁褋褟褔械褋泻懈 褍泻褉械锌懈褌褜 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌 懈 锌芯胁褘褋懈褌褜 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟械屑芯褋褌褜 褋褌褉邪薪芯泄. 袛谢褟 褝褌芯谐芯 芯薪 锌芯褕械谢 薪邪 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯械 褋胁褢褉褌褘胁邪薪懈械 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈泄, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 斜褘谢懈 锌褉芯胁械写械薪褘 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉芯屑 II. 袙 懈褋褌芯褉懈芯谐褉邪褎懈懈 褝褌芯褌 锌械褉懈芯写 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械 <em>&laquo;锌械褉懈芯写 泻芯薪褌褉褉械褎芯褉屑&raquo;</em>. 袙 褍械蟹写邪褏 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜 蟹械屑褋泻懈械 薪邪褔邪谢褜薪懈泻懈 (写胁芯褉褟薪械), 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟胁褕懈械 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻懈屑懈 写械谢邪屑懈; 胁 谐褍斜械褉薪懈褟褏 斜褘谢懈 褍褔褉械卸写械薪褘 芯褏褉邪薪薪褘械 芯褌写械谢械薪懈褟 写谢褟 斜芯褉褜斜褘 褋 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪褘屑 写胁懈卸械薪懈械屑. 袩褉邪胁邪 蟹械屑褋泻芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟 斜褘谢懈 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 芯谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪褘, 邪 胁褘斜芯褉薪邪褟 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 懈蟹屑械薪械薪邪 褋 褑械谢褜褞 芯斜械褋锌械褔懈褌褜 锌褉械芯斜谢邪写邪薪懈械 胁 蟹械屑褋泻懈褏 芯褉谐邪薪邪褏 写械谢械谐邪褌芯胁 芯褌 锌芯屑械褖懈泻芯胁. 袪械邪泻褑懈芯薪薪褘械 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈褟 斜褘谢懈 胁薪械褋械薪褘 胁 褋褍写械斜薪芯械 懈 褑械薪蟹褍褉薪芯械 写械谢芯. 小 写褉褍谐芯泄 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘, 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈褟 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 III 褋褌褉械屑懈谢邪褋褜 胁褘褋褌褍锌邪褌褜 胁 褉芯谢懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 邪褉斜懈褌褉邪. 袩褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 胁褘薪褍卸写械薪芯 斜褘谢芯 锌褉懈薪褟褌褜 蟹邪泻芯薪褘, 芯谐褉邪薪懈褔懈胁褕懈械 褝泻褋锌谢褍邪褌邪褑懈褞 褉邪斜芯褔懈褏. 袙 1883&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢邪 芯褌屑械薪械薪邪 锌芯写褍褕薪邪褟 锌芯写邪褌褜.</p> <figure class="figure float-left text-center mr-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/120_1.gif" width="284" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袧懈泻芯谢邪泄 II 褋 褋褍锌褉褍谐芯泄 懈 写械褌褜屑懈</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 III 褍屑械褉 胁 1894&nbsp;谐. 袧邪 锌褉械褋褌芯谢 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢 械谐芯 褋褘薪 袧懈泻芯谢邪泄 II, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 泻邪泻 懈 芯褌械褑 斜芯褉芯谢褋褟 锌褉芯褌懈胁 谢懈斜械褉邪谢褜薪褘褏 褌械薪写械薪褑懈泄 懈 斜褘谢 锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪褘屑 褋褌芯褉芯薪薪懈泻芯屑 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯泄 屑芯薪邪褉褏懈懈, 褔褌芯, 胁锌褉芯褔械屑, 薪械 屑械褕邪谢芯 械屑褍 斜谢邪谐芯褋泻谢芯薪薪芯 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褜褋褟 泻 褌械屑 懈谢懈 懈薪褘屑 薪芯胁邪褑懈褟屑 懈 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟屑, 械褋谢懈 芯薪懈 薪芯褋懈谢懈 褌邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉 懈 薪械 蟹邪褌褉邪谐懈胁邪谢懈 芯褋薪芯胁 褋邪屑芯写械褉卸邪胁懈褟. 袙 褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈, 胁 锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 袧懈泻芯谢邪褟 II (1894&ndash;1917&nbsp;谐谐.) 斜褘谢懈 胁胁械写械薪褘 蟹芯谢芯褌芯械 芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪懈械 褉褍斜谢褟 懈 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪邪褟 胁懈薪薪邪褟 屑芯薪芯锌芯谢懈褟, 褔褌芯 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 芯蟹写芯褉芯胁懈谢芯 褎懈薪邪薪褋褘 褋褌褉邪薪褘. 孝褉邪薪褋褋懈斜懈褉褋泻邪褟 卸械谢械蟹薪邪褟 写芯褉芯谐邪, 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 斜褘谢芯 蟹邪胁械褉褕械薪芯 胁 褌械 谐芯写褘, 褋胁褟蟹邪谢邪 写邪谢褜薪械胁芯褋褌芯褔薪褘械 褉褍斜械卸懈 褋 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪褘屑懈 褉械谐懈芯薪邪屑懈 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袙 1897&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢邪 锌褉芯胁械写械薪邪 <em>袩械褉胁邪褟 袙褋械褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 锌械褉械锌懈褋褜 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟.</em></p> <p class="text-justify">袨褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈械 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 芯褌 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯泄 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯 斜褍褉薪芯屑褍 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 泻邪锌懈褌邪谢懈蟹屑邪: 锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈褞 斜芯谢褜褕芯谐芯 褔懈褋谢邪 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘褏 懈 褌芯褉谐芯胁褘褏 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄, 斜邪薪泻芯胁, 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍 卸械谢械蟹薪褘褏 写芯褉芯谐, 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪. 袣 泻芯薪褑褍 XIX&nbsp;胁. 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜 褉邪斜芯褔懈褏 胁芯蟹褉芯褋谢邪 胁写胁芯械 懈 写芯褋褌懈谐谢邪 1,5 屑谢薪 褔械谢芯胁械泻. 袙 1879&ndash;1900&nbsp;谐谐. 褍写械谢褜薪褘泄 胁械褋 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄 胁褘褉芯褋 褋 4 写芯 16% 褌. 械., 胁 4 褉邪蟹邪, 褉邪斜芯褔懈褏 薪邪 薪懈褏 &mdash; 褋 67 写芯 76%.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪芯褋褌 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈 锌褉芯谢械褌邪褉懈邪褌邪 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪谢褋褟 锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈械屑 锌械褉胁褘褏 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 褉邪斜芯褔懈褏 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈泄. 袙 1883&nbsp;谐. 袚.袙.&nbsp;袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁 (1856&ndash;1918&nbsp;谐谐.) 懈 械谐芯 褋芯褉邪褌薪懈泻懈 胁 袞械薪械胁械 芯斜褗械写懈薪懈谢懈褋褜 胁 谐褉褍锌锌褍 &laquo;袨褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈械 孝褉褍写邪&raquo;, 锌芯谢芯卸懈胁褕褍褞 薪邪褔邪谢芯 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褞 <em>屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪</em> 胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袚褉褍锌锌邪 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪谢邪 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑褍 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 褋芯褑懈邪谢-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈懈, 芯泻芯薪褔邪褌械谢褜薪芯泄 褑械谢褜褞 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕邪谢芯褋褜 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 褉邪斜芯褔械泄 锌邪褉褌懈懈, 褋胁械褉卸械薪懈械 褋邪屑芯写械褉卸邪胁懈褟, 蟹邪褏胁邪褌 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 胁谢邪褋褌懈 褉邪斜芯褔懈屑 泻谢邪褋褋芯屑, 锌械褉械写邪褔邪 褋褉械写褋褌胁 懈 芯褉褍写懈泄 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪 胁 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪褍褞 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪芯褋褌褜, 褍褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械 褉褘薪芯褔薪褘褏 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈泄 懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褟 锌谢邪薪芯胁芯谐芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪. 袠蟹写邪薪懈褟 褝褌芯泄 谐褉褍锌锌褘 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟谢懈褋褜 胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁 斜芯谢械械 褔械屑 30 谐褍斜械褉薪褋泻懈褏 褑械薪褌褉邪褏 懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘褏 谐芯褉芯写邪褏.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋褌邪谢懈 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪褌褜 屑邪褉泻褋懈褋褌褋泻懈械 泻褉褍卸泻懈 (泻 泻芯薪褑褍 XIX&nbsp;胁. 懈褏 斜褘谢芯 芯泻芯谢芯 30). 袙 1892&nbsp;谐. 胁 小邪屑邪褉械 薪邪褔邪谢 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪褍褞 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 袙.袠.&nbsp;袥械薪懈薪 (校谢褜褟薪芯胁, 1870&ndash;1924&nbsp;谐谐.). 袙 1895&nbsp;谐. 褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯 褋 褍褔邪褋褌薪懈泻邪屑懈 屑邪褉泻褋懈褋褌褋泻芯谐芯 泻褉褍卸泻邪 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁-褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐芯胁 (小.袠.&nbsp;袪邪写褔械薪泻芯, 袦.&nbsp;袗.&nbsp;小懈谢褜胁懈薪, 袚.袦.&nbsp;袣褉卸懈卸邪薪芯胁褋泻懈泄 懈 写褉.) 懈 锌械褌械褉斜褍褉谐褋泻懈屑懈 褉邪斜芯褔懈屑懈 (袠.袙.&nbsp;袘邪斜褍褕泻懈薪, 袙.&nbsp;袗.&nbsp;楔械谢谐褍薪芯胁, 袘.袠.&nbsp;袟懈薪芯胁褜械胁 懈 写褉.) 袥械薪懈薪 褋芯蟹写邪谢 胁 小邪薪泻褌-袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褞 <em>&laquo;小芯褞蟹 斜芯褉褜斜褘 蟹邪 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈械 褉邪斜芯褔械谐芯 泻谢邪褋褋邪&raquo;</em>, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 胁褋泻芯褉械 斜褘谢 褉邪蟹谐褉芯屑谢械薪 锌芯谢懈褑懈械泄, 邪 袥械薪懈薪褍 锌褉懈褕谢芯褋褜 褝屑懈谐褉懈褉芯胁邪褌褜.</p> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/120_3.gif" width="142" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袙.袠.&nbsp;袥械薪懈薪 胁 1897&nbsp;谐.</em></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/120_2.gif" width="142" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袚.袙.&nbsp;袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁<br>(1856-1918&nbsp;谐谐.)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袙 1898&nbsp;谐. 胁 袦懈薪褋泻械 褋芯褋褌芯褟谢褋褟 褋褗械蟹写 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄 锌械褌械褉斜褍褉谐褋泻芯谐芯, 屑芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯, 泻懈械胁褋泻芯谐芯, 械泻邪褌械褉懈薪芯褋谢邪胁褋泻芯谐芯 &laquo;褋芯褞蟹芯胁 斜芯褉褜斜褘&raquo; 懈 袘褍薪写邪 ( 锌邪褉褌懈懈 械胁褉械泄褋泻芯谐芯 锌褉芯谢械褌邪褉懈邪褌邪). 小褗械蟹写 锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈谢 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 <em>袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 褋芯褑懈邪谢-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褉邪斜芯褔械泄 锌邪褉褌懈懈 (袪小袛袪袩)</em> 懈 懈蟹斜褉邪谢 笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪褘泄 袣芯屑懈褌械褌 (笑袣). 袩芯 锌芯褉褍褔械薪懈褞 褋褗械蟹写邪 笑袣 懈蟹写邪谢 <em>袦邪薪懈褎械褋褌 袪小袛袪袩</em>, 胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯屑 泻褉邪褌泻芯 斜褘谢懈 锌芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 蟹邪写邪褔懈 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 锌褉芯谢械褌邪褉懈邪褌邪 懈 械谐芯 锌邪褉褌懈懈. 袨写薪邪泻芯 锌邪褉褌懈褟 械褖械 薪械 懈屑械谢邪 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑褘 懈 褍褋褌邪胁邪, 械械 屑械褋褌薪褘械 泻芯屑懈褌械褌褘 薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈褋褜 胁 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 懈写械泄薪芯谐芯 懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹斜褉芯写邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1855&nbsp;谐. 袣褍褉懈谢褜褋泻懈械 芯褋褌褉芯胁邪 斜褘谢懈 芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯 胁泻谢褞褔械薪褘 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袩褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈械 袩褉懈邪屑褍褉褜褟 懈 袩褉懈屑芯褉褜褟 斜褘谢芯 芯褎芯褉屑谢械薪芯 <em>袗泄谐褍薪褋泻懈屑</em> (1858&nbsp;谐.) 懈 <em>袩械泻懈薪褋泻懈屑</em> (1860&nbsp;谐.) <em>写芯谐芯胁芯褉邪屑懈</em> 褋 袣懈褌邪械屑. 袩芯 袗泄谐褍薪褋泻芯屑褍 写芯谐芯胁芯褉褍 薪械 褉邪蟹谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪薪褘械 蟹械屑谢懈 锌芯 谢械胁芯屑褍 斜械褉械谐褍 袗屑褍褉邪 斜褘谢懈 锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪褘 胁谢邪写械薪懈械屑 袪芯褋褋懈懈, 邪 锌芯 袩械泻懈薪褋泻芯屑褍 泻 薪械泄 芯褌芯褕谢芯 袩褉懈屑芯褉褜械 (校褋褋褍褉懈泄褋泻懈泄 泻褉邪泄). 袙 1875&nbsp;谐. 芯褋褌褉芯胁 小邪褏邪谢懈薪 锌械褉械褕械谢 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈, 邪 袣褍褉懈谢褜褋泻懈械 芯褋褌褉芯胁邪 &mdash; 泻 携锌芯薪懈懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1867&nbsp;谐. 懈蟹 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪薪褘褏 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄 袣芯泻邪薪写褋泻芯谐芯 褏邪薪褋褌胁邪 懈 袘褍褏邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褝屑懈褉邪褌邪 斜褘谢芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪芯 孝褍褉泻械褋褌邪薪褋泻芯械 谐械薪械褉邪谢-谐褍斜械褉薪邪褌芯褉褋褌胁芯. 袙 1868&nbsp;谐. 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈 斜褘谢懈 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪褘 小邪屑邪褉泻邪薪写褋泻懈泄 懈 袣邪褌邪-袣褍褉谐邪薪褋泻懈泄 芯泻褉褍谐邪 袘褍褏邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褝屑懈褉邪褌邪, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 锌褉懈蟹薪邪谢 锌褉芯褌械泻褌芯褉邪褌 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袙 1869&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪 袟邪泻邪褋锌懈泄褋泻懈泄 胁芯械薪薪褘泄 芯褌写械谢 褋 褑械薪褌褉芯屑 胁 袣褉邪褋薪芯胁芯写褋泻械. 袩芯褋谢械 1881&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢邪 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪邪 袟邪泻邪褋锌懈泄褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 褋 笑械薪褌褉芯屑 胁 袗褋褏邪斜邪写械. 袩芯 褋芯谐谢邪褕械薪懈褞 褋 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈械泄 (袗薪谐谢懈械泄) 10 褋械薪褌褟斜褉褟 1885&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢邪 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪邪 谐褉邪薪懈褑邪 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋 袗褎谐邪薪懈褋褌邪薪芯屑, 邪 胁 1895&nbsp;谐. &mdash; 谐褉邪薪懈褑邪 薪邪 袩邪屑懈褉械.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙械褋薪芯泄 1875&nbsp;谐. 胁褋锌褘褏薪褍谢芯 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械 胁 褌褍褉械褑泻懈褏 胁谢邪写械薪懈褟褏 袪芯褋褋懈懈 薪邪 袘邪谢泻邪薪邪褏. 小械褉斜褘 芯斜褉邪褌懈谢懈褋褜 蟹邪 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 泻 褉褍褋褋泻芯屑褍 锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍, 泻芯褌芯褉芯械 锌芯褌褉械斜芯胁邪谢芯 芯褌 孝褍褉褑懈懈 蟹邪泻谢褞褔懈褌褜 褋 褋械褉斜邪屑懈 锌械褉械屑懈褉懈械. 袨褌泻邪蟹 褌褍褉芯泻 胁褘蟹胁邪谢 褉褍褋褋泻芯-褌褍褉械褑泻褍褞 胁芯泄薪褍 1877&ndash;1878&nbsp;谐谐. 袥械褌芯屑 1877&nbsp;谐. 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 褎芯褉褋懈褉芯胁邪谢懈 袛褍薪邪泄 懈 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢懈 胁 袘芯谢谐邪褉懈褞.</p> <figure class="figure float-left text-center mr-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/120_4.gif" width="117" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袩邪屑褟褌薪懈泻 谐械褉芯褟屑<br>袩谢械胁薪褘</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袨写薪邪泻芯 褋懈谢 写谢褟 褉械褕懈褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯 薪邪褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈褟 薪械 褏胁邪褌邪谢芯. 袙褘写胁懈薪褍褌褘泄 薪邪 褞谐 芯褌褉褟写 谐械薪械褉邪谢邪 袚褍褉泻芯 蟹邪薪褟谢 楔懈锌泻懈薪褋泻懈泄 锌械褉械胁邪谢 薪邪 袘邪谢泻邪薪褋泻芯屑 褏褉械斜褌械, 薪芯 薪械 褋屑芯谐 锌褉芯写胁懈薪褍褌褜褋褟 写邪谢褜褕械. 小 写褉褍谐芯泄 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘械 锌芯锌褘褌泻懈 褌褍褉芯泻 褋斜懈褌褜 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 褋 锌械褉械胁邪谢邪 褌邪泻 卸械 薪械 褍胁械薪褔邪谢懈褋褜 褍褋锌械褏芯屑. 袨褋芯斜械薪薪芯 芯锌邪褋薪褘屑 褋褌邪谢芯 芯锌芯蟹写邪薪懈械 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 褋 蟹邪薪褟褌懈械屑 袩谢械胁薪褘 薪邪 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯屑 褎邪褋械 蟹邪写褍薪邪泄褋泻芯谐芯 锌谢邪褑写邪褉屑邪. 孝褍褉械褑泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 锌械褉胁褘屑懈 写芯褋褌懈谐谢懈 褝褌芯谐芯 褋褌褉邪褌械谐懈褔械褋泻懈 胁邪卸薪芯谐芯 锌褍薪泻褌邪 懈 蟹邪泻褉械锌懈谢懈褋褜 胁 薪褢屑. 孝褉懈 泻褉邪泄薪械 泻褉芯胁芯锌褉芯谢懈褌薪褘褏 褕褌褍褉屑邪 8 (20), 18 (30) 懈褞谢褟 懈 30&ndash;31 邪胁谐褍褋褌邪 (11&ndash;12 褋械薪褌褟斜褉褟) 1877&nbsp;谐. 薪械 褍胁械薪褔邪谢懈褋褜 褍褋锌械褏芯屑. 袨褋械薪褜褞 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 蟹邪薪褟谢懈 褍泻褉械锌谢械薪懈褟 孝械谢懈褕 懈 袚芯褉薪褘泄 袛褍斜薪褟泻, 芯泻芯薪褔邪褌械谢褜薪芯 斜谢芯泻懈褉芯胁邪胁 袩谢械胁薪褍. 袩褘褌邪褟褋褜 锌芯写写械褉卸邪褌褜 芯泻褉褍卸褢薪薪褍褞 泻褉械锌芯褋褌褜, 褌褍褉泻懈 锌褉械写锌褉懈薪褟谢懈 泻芯薪褌褉薪邪褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈械 褋褉邪蟹褍 懈 芯褌 小芯褎懈懈, 懈 薪邪 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪芯屑 褎邪褋械 锌谢邪褑写邪褉屑邪. 袧邪 褋芯褎懈泄褋泻芯屑 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈懈 褌褍褉械褑泻芯械 泻芯薪褌褉薪邪褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈械 斜褘谢芯 芯褌褉邪卸械薪芯, 邪 袙芯褋褌芯褔薪褘泄 褎褉芯薪褌 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟 斜褘谢 锌褉芯褉胁邪薪, 懈 谢懈褕褜 芯褌褔邪褟薪薪邪褟 泻芯薪褌褉邪褌邪泻邪 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 胁芯泄褋泻, 褋屑褟胁褕邪褟 褌褍褉械褑泻懈械 锌芯褉褟写泻懈 锌芯写 袟谢邪褌邪褉懈褑械泄, 褋褌邪斜懈谢懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪谢邪 褎褉芯薪褌. 袠褋褔械褉锌邪胁 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 泻 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褞, 锌芯褋谢械 薪械褍写邪褔薪芯泄 锌芯锌褘褌泻懈 锌褉芯褉褘胁邪, 锌谢械胁械薪褋泻懈泄 谐邪褉薪懈蟹芯薪 泻邪锌懈褌褍谢懈褉芯胁邪谢 28 薪芯褟斜褉褟 (10 写械泻邪斜褉褟) 1877&nbsp;谐. 袟懈屑芯泄 1877&ndash;1878&nbsp;谐谐. 胁 薪械懈屑芯胁械褉薪芯 褌褟卸褢谢褘褏 锌芯谐芯写薪褘褏 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 褎芯褉褋懈褉芯胁邪谢懈 袘邪谢泻邪薪褋泻懈泄 褏褉械斜械褌 懈 薪邪薪械褋谢懈 褌褍褉泻邪屑 褉械褕邪褞褖械械 锌芯褉邪卸械薪懈械 锌褉懈 楔械泄薪芯胁芯. 3&ndash;5 (15&ndash;17) 褟薪胁邪褉褟 1878&nbsp;谐. 胁 褋褉邪卸械薪懈懈 锌芯写 肖懈谢懈锌锌芯锌芯谢械屑 (袩谢芯胁写懈胁芯屑) 斜褘谢邪 褉邪蟹斜懈褌邪 锌芯褋谢械写薪褟褟 褌褍褉械褑泻邪褟 邪褉屑懈褟, 邪 8 (20) 褟薪胁邪褉褟 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 蟹邪薪褟谢懈 袗写褉懈邪薪芯锌芯谢褜 斜械蟹 胁褋褟泻芯谐芯 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈褟. 袩芯 袘械褉谢懈薪褋泻芯屑褍 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌褍 13&nbsp;懈褞谢褟 1878&nbsp;谐. 挟卸薪邪褟 袘械褋褋邪褉邪斜懈褟, 袘邪褌褍屑, 袣邪褉褋 懈 袗褉写邪谐邪薪 斜褘谢懈 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪褘 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟 胁 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械, 褋谢芯卸懈胁褕懈械褋褟 胁 锌械褉胁芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX&nbsp;胁., 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈 褋胁芯褢 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 懈 <strong>胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX&nbsp;胁. &ndash; 薪邪褔邪谢械 XX&nbsp;胁.</strong></p> <p class="text-justify">袪械褎芯褉屑褘 1860&ndash;1870-褏&nbsp;谐谐. 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟谢懈 褋芯斜芯泄 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖懈泄 锌械褉械胁芯褉芯褌, 褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械屑 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 斜褘谢懈 泻邪褉写懈薪邪谢褜薪褘械 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈褟 胁 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯泄, 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 懈 胁褋械泄 薪邪褉芯写薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈, 褔褌芯 薪械 屑芯谐谢芯 薪械 芯褌褉邪蟹懈褌褜褋褟 懈 薪邪 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘. 袩褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯械, 薪芯 懈 写褍褏芯胁薪芯械 褉邪褋泻褉械锌芯褖械薪懈械 薪邪褉芯写邪, 褍 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜 薪芯胁褘械 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘械 蟹邪锌褉芯褋褘 懈 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 懈褏 褍写芯胁谢械褌胁芯褉懈褌褜. 小褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 褉邪褋褕懈褉懈谢褋褟 懈 泻褉褍谐 谢懈褑 懈薪褌械谢谢懈谐械薪褌薪芯谐芯 褌褉褍写邪, 薪芯褋懈褌械谢械泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘. 袧械屑邪谢芯胁邪卸薪芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械 懈屑械谢 褌邪泻卸械 懈 薪邪褍褔薪芯-褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻懈泄 锌褉芯谐褉械褋褋, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 褋谢褍卸懈谢 懈 褎邪泻褌芯褉邪屑, 懈 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌械谢械屑 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘.</p> <div class="float-right w-25 ml-1 mt-2"> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center mx-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_1.gif" width="116" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袗.袧.&nbsp;袨褋褌褉芯胁褋泻懈泄</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center mx-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_2.gif" width="116" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袠.袗.&nbsp;袘褍薪懈薪</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center mx-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_3.gif" width="142" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>X袦.袧.&nbsp;袝褉屑芯谢芯胁邪<br>(褏褍写. 袙. 小械褉芯胁, 1905&nbsp;谐.)</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="text-center"> <figure class="figure float-center text-center mx-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_4.gif" width="143" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袣.小.&nbsp;小褌邪薪懈褋谢邪胁褋泻懈泄 懈<br>袙.袠.&nbsp;袧械屑懈褉芯胁懈褔-袛邪薪褔械薪泻芯</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <p class="text-justify"><strong>袧邪褔邪谢芯 XX&nbsp;胁. &mdash; 褝褌芯 &laquo;小械褉械斜褉褟薪褘泄 胁械泻&raquo; 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘</strong>, 胁 锌械褉胁褍褞 芯褔械褉械写褜 胁 褋褎械褉械 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉褘 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌褉芯褔薪芯 胁芯褕谢邪 胁 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 屑懈褉芯胁褘褏 写械褉卸邪胁, 褌械褋薪芯 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘褏 屑械卸写褍 褋芯斜芯泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈, 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘屑懈 褍蟹邪屑懈. 袙 袪芯褋褋懈懈 薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈 褕懈褉芯泻芯械 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈械 薪芯胁懈薪泻懈 薪邪褍褔薪芯-褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 锌褉芯谐褉械褋褋邪 锌械褉械写芯胁褘褏 褋褌褉邪薪 (褌械谢械褎芯薪, 泻懈薪械屑邪褌芯谐褉邪褎, 谐褉邪屑屑芯褎芯薪, 邪胁褌芯屑芯斜懈谢褜 懈 写褉.), 写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈褟 褌芯褔薪褘褏 薪邪褍泻; 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈 褕懈褉芯泻芯械 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械 胁 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘械 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟. 袗 芯斜褖械屑懈褉芯胁邪褟 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉邪 褋褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 芯斜芯谐邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈褟屑懈 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 薪邪褍泻懈, 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉褘 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 袙褘褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈褟 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 泻芯屑锌芯蟹懈褌芯褉芯胁, 芯锌械褉薪褘褏 锌械胁褑芯胁, 屑邪褋褌械褉芯胁 斜邪谢械褌邪 锌褉芯褏芯写懈谢懈 胁 锌褉芯褋谢邪胁谢械薪薪褘褏 褌械邪褌褉邪褏 袠褌邪谢懈懈, 肖褉邪薪褑懈懈, 袚械褉屑邪薪懈懈, 袗薪谐谢懈懈, 小楔袗.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 <em>褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械</em> 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪褘 XIX&nbsp;胁. 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯 褟褉泻芯械 懈蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪懈械 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈 褌械屑褘 薪邪褉芯写薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈, 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯-锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 褌械褔械薪懈褟. 袧邪 褝褌芯 胁褉械屑褟 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褋褟 褉邪褋褑胁械褌 褌胁芯褉褔械褋褌胁邪 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 锌懈褋邪褌械谢械泄 袥.袧.&nbsp;孝芯谢褋褌芯谐芯, 袠.&nbsp;小.&nbsp;孝褍褉谐械薪械胁邪, 袦.袝.&nbsp;小邪谢褌褘泻芯胁邪-些械写褉懈薪邪, 袧.袗.&nbsp;袧械泻褉邪褋芯胁邪, 袗.袧.&nbsp;袨褋褌褉芯胁褋泻芯谐芯, 肖.&nbsp;袦.&nbsp;袛芯褋褌芯械胁褋泻芯谐芯. 袙 1880&ndash;1890-械&nbsp;谐谐. 胁 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械 胁褘写械谢褟褞褌褋褟 袗.袩.&nbsp;效械褏芯胁, 袙.&nbsp;袚.&nbsp;袣芯褉芯谢械薪泻芯, 袛.袧.&nbsp;袦邪屑懈薪-小懈斜懈褉褟泻, 袧.袚.&nbsp;袚邪褉懈薪-袦懈褏邪泄谢芯胁褋泻懈泄. 孝褉邪写懈褑懈懈 泻褉懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褉械邪谢懈蟹屑邪, 锌褉懈褋褍褖懈械 褝褌懈屑 锌懈褋邪褌械谢褟屑, 薪邪褕谢懈 褋胁芯褢 锌褉芯写芯谢卸械薪懈械 懈 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 胁 褌胁芯褉褔械褋褌胁械 锌褉懈褕械写褕懈褏 胁 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉褍 胁 薪邪褔邪谢械 XX&nbsp;胁. 锌懈褋邪褌械谢械泄 薪芯胁芯谐芯 锌芯泻芯谢械薪懈褟 &mdash; 袗.袦.&nbsp;袚芯褉褜泻芯谐芯, 袗.&nbsp;袠. 袣褍锌褉懈薪邪, 袠.袗.&nbsp;袘褍薪懈薪邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪褉褟写褍 褋 褝褌懈屑 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑, 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯 胁 锌褉械写褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪芯械 写械褋褟褌懈谢械褌懈械 懈 锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 胁 锌芯褝褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褋褉械写械, 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪褞褌 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘械 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪褘械 泻褉褍卸泻懈 懈 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褟, 褋褌褉械屑褟褖懈械褋褟 芯褌芯泄褌懈 芯褌 褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 褝褋褌械褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 薪芯褉屑 懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈泄. 袣 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褟屑 褋懈屑胁芯谢懈褋褌芯胁 (褋芯蟹写邪褌械谢械泄 懈 褌械芯褉械褌懈泻芯屑 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 褋懈屑胁芯谢懈蟹屑邪 斜褘谢 锌芯褝褌 袙.携.&nbsp;袘褉褞褋芯胁) 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪谢懈 袣.袛.&nbsp;袘邪谢褜屑芯薪褌, 肖.袣.&nbsp;小芯谢芯谐褍斜, 袛.小.&nbsp;袦械褉械卸泻芯胁褋泻懈泄, 袟.袧.&nbsp;袚懈锌锌懈褍褋, 袗.&nbsp;袘械谢褘泄, 袗.袗.&nbsp;袘谢芯泻. 袩褉芯褌懈胁芯锌芯谢芯卸薪芯械 褋懈屑胁芯谢懈蟹屑褍 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械, 邪泻屑械懈蟹屑 胁芯蟹薪懈泻 胁 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 锌芯褝蟹懈懈 胁 1910&nbsp;谐. (袧.小.&nbsp;袚褍屑懈谢褢胁, 袗.袗.&nbsp;袗褏屑邪褌芯胁邪, 袨.协.&nbsp;袦邪薪写械谢褜褕褌邪屑). 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈 写褉褍谐芯谐芯 屑芯写械褉薪懈褋褌褋泻芯谐芯 褌械褔械薪懈褟 胁 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械 &mdash; 褎褍褌褍褉懈蟹屑邪 &mdash; 芯褌褉懈褑邪谢懈 褌褉邪写懈褑懈芯薪薪褍褞 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褍, 械褢 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪褘械 懈 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 褑械薪薪芯褋褌懈 (袙.袙.&nbsp;啸谢械斜薪懈泻芯胁, 袠谐芯褉褜 小械胁械褉褟薪懈薪, 褉邪薪薪懈泄 袙.袙.&nbsp;袦邪褟泻芯胁褋泻懈泄, 袧. 袗褋械械胁, 袘. 袩邪褋褌械褉薪邪泻).</p> <p class="text-justify">袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈薪褋泻懈泄 褌械邪褌褉 胁 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械 懈 袦邪谢褘泄 褌械邪褌褉 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械 芯褋褌邪胁邪谢懈褋褜 谐谢邪胁薪褘屑懈 褑械薪褌褉邪屑懈 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 <em>褌械邪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘</em> 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX&nbsp;胁. &mdash; 薪邪褔邪谢械 XX&nbsp;胁. 袙 褉械锌械褉褌褍邪褉械 袦邪谢芯谐芯 褌械邪褌褉邪 胁械写褍褖械械 屑械褋褌芯 蟹邪薪懈屑邪谢懈 锌褜械褋褘 袗.袧.&nbsp;袨褋褌褉芯胁褋泻芯谐芯. 小褉械写懈 邪泻褌械褉芯胁 袦邪谢芯谐芯 褌械邪褌褉邪 胁褘写械谢褟谢懈褋褜 袩褉芯胁 小邪写芯胁褋泻懈泄, 小械褉谐械泄 楔褍屑褋泻懈泄, 袦邪褉懈褟 袝褉屑芯谢芯胁邪, 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 小褍屑斜邪褌芯胁-挟卸懈薪 懈 写褉. 袧邪 褋褑械薪械 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈薪褋泻芯谐芯 褌械邪褌褉邪 斜谢懈褋褌邪谢懈 袦邪褉懈褟 小邪胁懈薪邪, 袙谢邪写懈屑懈褉 袛邪胁褘写芯胁, 袩芯谢懈薪邪 小褌褉械锌械褌芯胁邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1860&ndash;1870-械&nbsp;谐谐. 褋褌邪谢懈 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪褌褜 褔邪褋褌薪褘械 褌械邪褌褉褘 懈 褌械邪褌褉邪谢褜薪褘械 泻褉褍卸泻懈. 袙 1898&nbsp;谐. 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械 袣.小.&nbsp;小褌邪薪懈褋谢邪胁褋泻懈泄 懈 袙.袠.&nbsp;袧械屑懈褉芯胁懈褔-袛邪薪褔械薪泻芯 芯褋薪芯胁邪谢懈 啸褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 褌械邪褌褉, 邪 胁 1904&nbsp;谐. 胁 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械 袙.肖.&nbsp;袣芯屑懈褋褋邪褉卸械胁褋泻邪褟 褋芯蟹写邪谢邪 袛褉邪屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褌械邪褌褉.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙褌芯褉邪褟 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪邪 XIX&nbsp;胁. &mdash; 胁褉械屑褟 褉邪褋褑胁械褌邪 <em>褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪</em>. 袘芯谢褜褕褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈懈 懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 褋褘谐褉邪谢懈 袗薪褌芯薪 懈 袧懈泻芯谢邪泄 袪褍斜懈薪褕褌械泄薪褘. 袧.袚.&nbsp;袪褍斜懈薪褕褌械泄薪 褋褌邪谢 懈薪懈褑懈邪褌芯褉芯屑 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褟 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯泄 泻芯薪褋械褉胁邪褌芯褉懈懈 (1866&nbsp;谐.).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1862&nbsp;谐. 胁 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢褋褟 &laquo;袘邪谢邪泻懈褉械胁褋泻懈泄 泻褉褍卸芯泻&raquo; (懈谢懈 锌芯 褋谢芯胁邪屑 袙. 小褌邪褋芯胁邪 &laquo;袦芯谐褍褔邪褟 泻褍褔泻邪&raquo;), 泻褍写邪 胁褏芯写懈谢懈 袦.袗.&nbsp;袘邪谢邪泻懈褉械胁, 笑.袗.&nbsp;袣褞懈, 袗.袩.&nbsp;袘芯褉芯写懈薪, 袦.&nbsp;袩.&nbsp;袦褍褋芯褉谐褋泻懈泄 懈 袧.袗.&nbsp;袪懈屑褋泻懈泄-袣芯褉褋邪泻芯胁. 袨锌械褉褘 袦褍褋芯褉谐褋泻芯谐芯 &laquo;啸芯胁邪薪褖懈薪邪&raquo; 懈 &laquo;袘芯褉懈褋 袚芯写褍薪芯胁&raquo;, 袪懈屑褋泻芯谐芯-袣芯褉褋邪泻芯胁邪 &laquo;小邪写泻芯&raquo;, &laquo;袩褋泻芯胁懈褌褟薪泻邪&raquo; 懈 &laquo;笑邪褉褋泻邪褟 薪械胁械褋褌邪&raquo; &mdash; 褝褌芯 褕械写械胁褉褘 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 懈 屑懈褉芯胁芯泄 屑褍蟹褘泻邪谢褜薪芯泄 泻谢邪褋褋懈泻懈. 袙械谢懈褔邪泄褕懈屑 泻芯屑锌芯蟹懈褌芯褉芯屑 褝锌芯褏懈 斜褘谢 袩.&nbsp;袠.&nbsp;效邪泄泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 (1840&ndash;1893&nbsp;谐谐.), 褉邪褋褑胁械褌 褌胁芯褉褔械褋褌胁邪 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褋褟 薪邪 1870&ndash;1880-械 谐芯写褘. 袩.&nbsp;袠. 效邪泄泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 &mdash; 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈泄 褋芯蟹写邪褌械谢褜 褋懈屑褎芯薪懈褔械褋泻芯泄, 斜邪谢械褌薪芯泄 懈 芯锌械褉薪芯泄 屑褍蟹褘泻懈 (斜邪谢械褌褘 &laquo;袥械斜械写懈薪芯械 芯蟹械褉芯&raquo;, &laquo;些械谢泻褍薪褔懈泻&raquo;, &laquo;小锌褟褖邪褟 泻褉邪褋邪胁懈褑邪&raquo;; 芯锌械褉褘 &laquo;袝胁谐械薪懈泄 袨薪械谐懈薪&raquo;, &laquo;袩懈泻芯胁邪褟 写邪屑邪&raquo;, &laquo;袦邪蟹械锌邪&raquo;, &laquo;袠芯谢邪薪褌邪&raquo; 懈 写褉.). 效邪泄泻芯胁褋泻懈屑 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪芯 褋胁褘褕械 褋褌邪 褉芯屑邪薪褋芯胁, 锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 锌芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟屑 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 锌芯褝褌芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 泻芯薪褑械 XIX&ndash;薪邪褔邪谢械 XX&nbsp;胁胁. 胁 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 屑褍蟹褘泻械 锌芯褟胁懈谢邪褋褜 锌谢械褟写邪 褌邪谢邪薪褌谢懈胁褘褏 泻芯屑锌芯蟹懈褌芯褉芯胁: 袗.袣.&nbsp;袚谢邪蟹褍薪芯胁, 小.袠.&nbsp;孝邪薪械械胁, 袗.小.&nbsp;袗褉械薪褋泻懈泄, 袗.袣.&nbsp;袥褟写芯胁, 袠.肖.&nbsp;小褌褉邪胁懈薪褋泻懈泄, 袗.袧.&nbsp;小泻褉褟斜懈薪. 小 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 斜芯谐邪褌褘褏 屑械褑械薪邪褌芯胁 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪褞褌 褔邪褋褌薪褘械 芯锌械褉褘, 褋褉械写懈 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 褕懈褉芯泻褍褞 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 褔邪褋褌薪邪褟 芯锌械褉邪 小.袠.&nbsp;袦邪屑芯薪褌芯胁邪 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械. 袧邪 械褢 褋褑械薪械 胁 锌芯谢薪芯泄 屑械褉械 褉邪褋泻褉褘谢褋褟 褌邪谢邪薪褌 肖.袠.&nbsp;楔邪谢褟锌懈薪邪.</p> <figure class="figure float-left text-center mr-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_5.gif" width="143" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袩芯褉褌褉械褌<br>小.袠.&nbsp;袦邪屑芯薪褌芯胁邪<br>(褏褍写. 袦. 袙褉褍斜械谢褜)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袙 <em>褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋懈</em> 谐芯褋锌芯写褋褌胁褍褞褖械械 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 蟹邪薪褟谢 泻褉懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褉械邪谢懈蟹屑, 芯褋薪芯胁薪芯泄 褌械屑芯泄 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 褋褌邪谢芯 懈蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪懈械 卸懈蟹薪懈 锌褉芯褋褌芯谐芯 薪邪褉芯写邪, 锌褉械卸写械 胁褋械谐芯 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋褌胁邪. 袙 锌械褉胁褍褞 芯褔械褉械写褜 褝褌邪 褌械屑邪 薪邪褕谢邪 褋胁芯褢 胁芯锌谢芯褖械薪懈械 胁 褌胁芯褉褔械褋褌胁械 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻芯胁-锌械褉械写胁懈卸薪懈泻芯胁 (袠.袧.&nbsp;袣褉邪屑褋泻芯泄, 袧.袧.&nbsp;袚械, 袙.袧.&nbsp;小褍褉懈泻芯胁, 袙. 袚.袩械褉芯胁, 袙.袝.&nbsp;袦邪泻芯胁褋泻懈泄, 袚.袚.&nbsp;袦褟褋芯写芯械胁, 袗.&nbsp;袣.&nbsp;小邪胁褉邪褋芯胁, 袠.袠.&nbsp;楔懈褕泻懈薪, 袠.袝.&nbsp;袪械锌懈薪, 袗.袠.&nbsp;袣褍懈薪写卸懈, 袠.袠.&nbsp;袥械胁懈褌邪薪). 袙褘写邪褞褖懈屑褋褟 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械屑 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 斜邪褌邪谢褜薪芯泄 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋懈 斜褘谢 袙.袙.&nbsp;袙械褉械褖邪谐懈薪, 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈屑 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻芯屑-屑邪褉懈薪懈褋褌芯屑 &mdash; 袠.袣.&nbsp;袗泄胁邪蟹芯胁褋泻懈泄. 袙 1898&nbsp;谐. 胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢芯 褌胁芯褉褔械褋泻芯械 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈械 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻芯胁 &laquo;袦懈褉 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪&raquo;, 胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯械 胁芯褕谢懈 袗.袧.&nbsp;袘械薪褍邪, 袛.小.&nbsp;袘邪泻褋褌, 袦.袙.&nbsp;袛芯斜褍卸懈薪褋泻懈泄, 袝.袝.&nbsp;袥邪薪褋械褉械, 袘.袦.&nbsp;袣褍褋褌芯写懈械胁, 袣.袗.&nbsp;袣芯褉芯胁懈薪, 袧.袣.&nbsp;袪械褉懈褏, 袠.协.&nbsp;袚褉邪斜邪褉褜.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙薪械写褉械薪懈械 <em>胁 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉褍</em> 写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈泄 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯谐褉械褋褋邪 懈 褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 薪芯胁懈薪芯泻 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪懈褞 褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪懈泄, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘褏 写谢褟 懈薪写褍褋褌褉懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 褋褌褉邪薪褘: 蟹邪胁芯写褋泻懈褏 泻芯褉锌褍褋芯胁, 卸械谢械蟹薪芯写芯褉芯卸薪褘褏 胁芯泻蟹邪谢芯胁, 斜邪薪泻芯胁, 褌芯褉谐芯胁褘褏 褑械薪褌褉芯胁. 袙械写褍褖懈屑 褋褌懈谢械屑 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 屑芯写械褉薪, 薪邪褉褟写褍 褋 泻芯褌芯褉褘屑 胁芯蟹胁芯写懈谢懈褋褜 蟹写邪薪懈褟 写褉械胁薪械褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 懈 胁懈蟹邪薪褌懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 褋褌懈谢褟: 袙械褉褏薪懈械 褌芯褉谐芯胁褘械 褉褟写褘 (薪褘薪械 袚校袦, 邪褉褏. 袗.袧.&nbsp;袩芯屑械褉邪薪褑械胁), 蟹写邪薪懈褟 袠褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 屑褍蟹械褟 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械 (邪褉褏. 袙.袨.&nbsp;楔械褉胁褍写) 懈 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯泄 谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄 袛褍屑褘 (邪褉褏. 袛.&nbsp;袧.&nbsp;效懈褔邪谐芯胁) 懈 写褉.</p> <p class="text-justify">袟薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘屑 褋芯斜褘褌懈械屑 胁 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈 褋褌邪谢芯 芯褌泻褉褘褌懈械 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻邪 袗.小.&nbsp;袩褍褕泻懈薪褍 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械 (1880&nbsp;谐., 褋泻褍谢褜锌褌芯褉 袗.袦.&nbsp;袨锌械泻褍褕懈薪), 小褉械写懈 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 褋泻褍谢褜锌褌芯褉芯胁 褝褌芯谐芯 胁褉械屑械薪懈 胁褘写械谢褟褞褌褋褟: 袦.袦.&nbsp;袗薪褌邪泻芯谢褜褋泻懈泄, 袗.小.&nbsp;袚芯谢褍斜泻懈薪邪, 小.&nbsp;孝.&nbsp;袣芯薪械薪泻芯胁.</p> <div class="float-right row align-items-center ml-1"> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_6.gif" width="142" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袩芯褉褌褉械褌 褋泻褍谢褜锌褌芯褉邪<br>小.孝.&nbsp;袣芯薪械薪泻芯胁邪<br>(褏褍写. 袩. 袣芯褉懈薪, 1947&nbsp;谐.)</em></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_7.gif" width="142" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>小.袦.&nbsp;小芯谢芯胁褜械胁<br>&quot;袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋<br>写褉械胁薪械泄褕懈褏 胁褉械屑械薪&quot;<br>(袦芯褋泻胁邪, 1851&nbsp;谐.)</em></figcaption> </figure> </div> <p class="text-justify">校褋锌械褕薪芯 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪谢邪褋褜 <em>薪邪褍泻邪</em>. 小 懈屑械薪械屑 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 褍褔褢薪芯谐芯 袛.袠.&nbsp;袦械薪写械谢械械胁邪 (1834&ndash;1907谐谐.) 褋胁褟蟹邪薪芯 芯褌泻褉褘褌懈械 袩械褉懈芯写懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁; 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 袠.袦.&nbsp;小械褔械薪芯胁邪 胁 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 褎懈蟹懈芯谢芯谐懈懈 懈 胁褘褋褕械泄 薪械褉胁薪芯泄 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈谢 袠.袩.&nbsp;袩邪胁谢芯胁; 袠.&nbsp;袠.&nbsp;袦械褔薪懈泻芯胁 褋芯蟹写邪谢 褍褔械薪懈械 芯 蟹邪褖懈褌薪褘褏 褎邪泻褌芯褉邪褏 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹屑邪, 褔褌芯 谢械谐谢芯 胁 芯褋薪芯胁褍 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 屑懈泻褉芯斜懈芯谢芯谐懈懈 懈 锌邪褌芯谢芯谐懈懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">&laquo;袨褌械褑 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 邪胁懈邪褑懈懈&raquo; 袝.袧.&nbsp;袞褍泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 蟹邪谢芯卸懈谢 芯褋薪芯胁褘 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 邪褝褉芯写懈薪邪屑懈泻懈, 懈蟹芯斜褉褢谢 邪褝褉芯写懈薪邪屑懈褔械褋泻褍褞 褌褉褍斜褍 懈 胁 1904&nbsp;谐. 芯褋薪芯胁邪谢 袗褝褉芯写懈薪邪屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌; 袣.&nbsp;协.&nbsp;笑懈芯谢泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 蟹邪谢芯卸懈谢 褎褍薪写邪屑械薪褌 褌械芯褉懈懈 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 褉邪泻械褌 懈 褉械邪泻褌懈胁薪褘褏 锌褉懈斜芯褉芯胁. 袗泻邪写械屑懈泻 袙.袠.&nbsp;袙械褉薪邪写褋泻懈泄 褋胁芯懈屑懈 褉邪斜芯褌邪屑懈 写邪谢 薪邪褔邪谢芯 屑薪芯谐懈屑 薪邪褍褔薪褘屑 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟屑 胁 谐械芯褏懈屑懈懈, 斜懈芯褏懈屑懈懈, 褉邪写懈芯谢芯谐懈懈, 褝泻芯谢芯谐懈懈. 袣.袗.&nbsp;孝懈屑懈褉褟蟹械胁 芯褋薪芯胁邪谢 褉褍褋褋泻褍褞 褕泻芯谢褍 褎懈蟹懈芯谢芯谐懈懈 褉邪褋褌械薪懈泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">小 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械屑 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 薪邪褍泻 褋胁褟蟹邪薪褘 褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻懈械 芯褌泻褉褘褌懈褟 懈 懈蟹芯斜褉械褌械薪懈褟: 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 褝谢械泻褌褉懈褔械褋泻芯泄 谢邪屑锌芯褔泻懈 薪邪泻邪谢懈胁邪薪懈褟 (袗.袧.&nbsp;袥芯写褘谐懈薪), 写褍谐芯胁芯泄 谢邪屑锌褘 (袩.袧.&nbsp;携斜谢芯褔泻芯胁), 褉邪写懈芯褋胁褟蟹褜 (袗.小.&nbsp;袩芯锌芯胁).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙褘写邪褞褖懈泄褋褟 褍褔褢薪褘泄 小.袦.&nbsp;小芯谢芯胁褜褢胁 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪谢 褎褍薪写邪屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪褘泄 褌褉褍写 &laquo;袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋 写褉械胁薪械泄褕懈褏 胁褉械屑褢薪&raquo;, 胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯屑 芯斜芯褋薪芯胁邪谢 薪芯胁褍褞 泻芯薪褑械锌褑懈褞, 芯斜褗褟褋薪褟胁褕褍褞 芯褌械褔械褋褌胁械薪薪褍褞 懈褋褌芯褉懈褞 锌褉懈褉芯写薪褘屑懈 懈 褝褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌褟屑懈 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 薪邪褉芯写邪.</p> <figure class="figure float-left text-center mr-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/121_8.gif" width="143" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>孝械谢械褎芯薪薪褘泄<br>褉邪写懈芯锌褉懈械屑薪懈泻<br>袗.小.&nbsp;袩芯锌芯胁邪<br>(褎芯褌芯 泻芯薪褑邪 XIX&nbsp;胁.)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袨褌屑械薪邪 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪, 薪械褋屑芯褌褉褟 薪邪 械械 薪械锌芯谢薪芯褌褍, 褋芯蟹写邪谢邪 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟 写谢褟 斜褍褉薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 泻邪锌懈褌邪谢懈蟹屑邪. 袙 1861&ndash;1900&nbsp;谐谐. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 懈蟹 褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄 胁 邪谐褉邪褉薪芯-懈薪写褍褋褌褉懈邪谢褜薪褍褞 泻邪锌懈褌邪谢懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻褍褞 褋褌褉邪薪褍, 芯写薪褍 懈蟹 胁械谢懈泻懈褏 屑懈褉芯胁褘褏 写械褉卸邪胁. 袙 泻芯薪褑械 XIX&nbsp;胁. 胁 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯屑 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁械 芯薪邪 蟹邪薪褟谢邪 锌褟褌芯械 屑械褋褌芯, 锌芯褋谢械 小楔袗, 袗薪谐谢懈懈, 袚械褉屑邪薪懈懈 懈 肖褉邪薪褑懈懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 懈屑锌械褉褋泻芯泄 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻懈 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪懈谢邪 芯谐褉芯屑薪芯械 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁芯 胁 小褉械写薪械泄 袗蟹懈懈, 芯褋褌邪薪芯胁懈胁 胁 褝褌芯屑 褉邪泄芯薪械 褝泻褋锌邪薪褋懈褞 袗薪谐谢懈懈 懈 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁 褋褘褉褜械胁褍褞 斜邪蟹褍 写谢褟 褌械泻褋褌懈谢褜薪芯泄 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈. 袧邪 袛邪谢褜薪械屑 袙芯褋褌芯泻械 斜褘谢懈 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪褘 袩褉懈邪屑褍褉褜械 懈 校褋褋褍褉懈泄褋泻芯械 袩褉懈屑芯褉褜械, 懈 蟹邪泻褉械锌谢械薪芯 胁谢邪写械薪懈械 小邪褏邪谢懈薪芯屑 (胁蟹邪屑械薪 褍褋褌褍锌泻懈 袣褍褉懈谢褜褋泻懈褏 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁). 袧邪褔邪谢芯褋褜 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯械 褋斜谢懈卸械薪懈械 褋 肖褉邪薪褑懈械泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙芯蟹薪懈泻褕械械 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪芯泄 写胁懈卸械薪懈械 薪邪褉芯写薪懈泻芯胁 薪械 褋屑芯谐谢芯 锌芯写薪褟褌褜 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 薪邪 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械, 褌械褉褉芯褉 锌褉芯褌懈胁 褑邪褉褟 懈 胁褘褋褕懈褏 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻芯胁 芯泻邪蟹邪谢褋褟 薪械褋芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪褘屑. 袙 1880-褏&nbsp;谐谐. 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪, 胁 1892&nbsp;谐. &mdash; 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪邪褟 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 袥械薪懈薪邪, 胁 1898&nbsp;谐. 斜褘谢邪 褋芯蟹写邪薪邪 袪小袛袪袩.</p> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-4 blog-sidebar"> <div class="p-3"> <ul class="list-unstyled text-small mb-2"> <li><a class="text-secondary" href="/tom4/contents.html">小芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 褌芯屑邪</a></li> </ul> <h5 class="font-italic"> 小芯写械卸邪薪懈械 褉邪蟹写械谢邪<br> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 </h5> <ol class="list-unstyled font-weight-light"> <li class="pb-2"><a class="active" href="/tom4/120-121.html">袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XIX 胁械泻邪</a></li> <li class="pb-2"><a class="text-secondary" href="/tom4/122-123.html">袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 懈屑锌械褉懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 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