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title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-工種分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工種分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>工種分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-工種分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关工種分類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-工種分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-輕量工作（light_work）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輕量工作（light_work）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>輕量工作（light work）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輕量工作（light_work）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-危險工作（hazardous_work）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危險工作（hazardous_work）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>危險工作（hazardous work）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-危險工作（hazardous_work）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-最惡劣形式的工作（the_worst_form_of_work）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#最惡劣形式的工作（the_worst_form_of_work）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-最惡劣形式的工作（the_worst_form_of_work）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-工业革命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工业革命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>工业革命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工业革命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-维多利亚时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#维多利亚时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>维多利亚时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-维多利亚时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二十世纪早期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二十世纪早期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>二十世纪早期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二十世纪早期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-家庭作坊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家庭作坊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>家庭作坊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家庭作坊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殖民帝国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民帝国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>殖民帝国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民帝国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二十一世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二十一世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>二十一世纪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二十一世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-致因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#致因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>致因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-致因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关致因子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-致因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主要致因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要致因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>主要致因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要致因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化致因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化致因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>文化致因</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化致因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宏观经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宏观经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>宏观经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宏观经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-童工法案和倡议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#童工法案和倡议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>童工法案和倡议</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-童工法案和倡议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-為何有童工" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#為何有童工"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>為何有童工</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-為何有童工-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关為何有童工子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-為何有童工-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政府並未嚴格執行有關公約" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府並未嚴格執行有關公約"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>政府並未嚴格執行有關公約</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府並未嚴格執行有關公約-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-童工的工作待遇較差" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#童工的工作待遇較差"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>童工的工作待遇較差</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-童工的工作待遇較差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對禁止童工政策的不同意見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對禁止童工政策的不同意見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>對禁止童工政策的不同意見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對禁止童工政策的不同意見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计数据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计数据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>统计数据</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-统计数据-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关统计数据子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-统计数据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>引述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-更多阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#更多阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>更多阅读</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-更多阅读-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关更多阅读子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-更多阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-历史_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">童工</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。62种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderarbeid" title="Kinderarbeid – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kinderarbeid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عمالة الأطفال – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمالة الأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplotaci%C3%B3n_infantil" title="Esplotación infantil – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esplotación infantil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="শিশুশ্রম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিশুশ্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treball_infantil" title="Treball infantil – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Treball infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="منداڵانی کار – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="منداڵانی کار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Btsk%C3%A1_pr%C3%A1ce" title="Dětská práce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dětská práce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rnearbejde" title="Børnearbejde – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børnearbejde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderarbeit" title="Kinderarbeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinderarbeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παιδική εργασία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδική εργασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Child labour" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanlaboro" title="Infanlaboro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infanlaboro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explotaci%C3%B3n_infantil" title="Explotación infantil – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Explotación infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapst%C3%B6%C3%B6j%C3%B5ud" title="Lapstööjõud – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lapstööjõud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurren_esplotazio" title="Haurren esplotazio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haurren esplotazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کودکان کار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودکان کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsity%C3%B6" title="Lapsityö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lapsityö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail_des_enfants" title="Travail des enfants – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Travail des enfants" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traballo_infantil" title="Traballo infantil – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Traballo infantil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="બાળ કામદાર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાળ કામદાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="העסקת ילדים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העסקת ילדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="बाल-श्रम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल-श्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Մանկական աշխատանք – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկական աշխատանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_infantil" title="Labor infantil – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Labor infantil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekerja_anak" title="Pekerja anak – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pekerja anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna%C3%BEr%C3%A6lkun" title="Barnaþrælkun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barnaþrælkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoro_minorile" title="Lavoro minorile – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavoro minorile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D" title="児童労働 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童労働" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಬಾಲಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಲಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%99_%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99" title="아동 노동 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아동 노동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkirina_zaroyan" title="Karkirina zaroyan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karkirina zaroyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_impuberum" title="Labor impuberum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Labor impuberum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rnu_darbs" title="Bērnu darbs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērnu darbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Детски труд – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Детски труд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2" title="ബാലവേല – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാലവേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="बालश्रम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बालश्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderarbeid" title="Kinderarbeid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinderarbeid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnearbeid" title="Barnearbeid – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barnearbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnearbeid" title="Barnearbeid – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barnearbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabalh_dels_enfants" title="Trabalh dels enfants – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trabalh dels enfants" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਾਲ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praca_dzieci" title="Praca dzieci – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Praca dzieci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="د ماشوم مزدوري کول – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ماشوم مزدوري کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabalho_infantil" title="Trabalho infantil – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trabalho infantil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploatarea_copilului_prin_munc%C4%83" title="Exploatarea copilului prin muncă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exploatarea copilului prin muncă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Детский труд – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детский труд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ළමා මෙහෙකරුවන් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළමා මෙහෙකරුවන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child labour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detsk%C3%A1_pr%C3%A1ca" title="Detská práca – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Detská práca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_e_f%C3%ABmij%C3%ABve" title="Puna e fëmijëve – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Puna e fëmijëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дечја радна снага – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дечја радна снага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosebetsi_oa_bana" title="Mosebetsi oa bana – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mosebetsi oa bana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnarbete" title="Barnarbete – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnarbete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajira_kwa_watoto" title="Ajira kwa watoto – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ajira kwa watoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బాల కార్మికులు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాల కార్మికులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk_i%C5%9F%C3%A7iler" title="Çocuk işçiler – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk işçiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Дитяча праця – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитяча праця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بچہ مزدوری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بچہ مزدوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_tr%E1%BA%BB_em" title="Lao động trẻ em – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lao động trẻ em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutaedje_des_efants" title="Boutaedje des efants – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boutaedje des efants" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="童工 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="童工" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&oldid=84799370" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&id=84799370&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25AB%25A5%25E5%25B7%25A5"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25AB%25A5%25E5%25B7%25A5"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> 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<div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Shoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/220px-Making_Shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/330px-Making_Shoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/440px-Making_Shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption> 十九世纪晚期中国的童工鞋匠。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Coaltub.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Coaltub.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>十九世纪不列颠通过一系列关于童工的法案，即所谓的工厂法案。根据戈登·米尔斯法案，年龄低于9岁的儿童禁止工作，年龄在9–16岁之间的未成年人允许每天工作16小时。在1856年，法案允许年龄超过9岁的童工每周工作60小时，不分白天或黑夜。1901年，童工年龄被提高到12岁。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/220px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/330px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/440px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>二十世纪早期，家庭作坊常常使用童工。例如纽约这幅照片(1912)。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>童工</b>是指在工作场合下雇佣儿童（十八岁之前的未成年人），对儿童的童年成长存在不良影响，干预他们正常上学，在精神上、身体上、社交上或道德上存在威胁或损害。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>许多国际组织都认为这一行为是剥削。世界立法机构都禁止童工。<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些法律并不认为所有儿童从事的工作都是童工；例外如儿童艺术家（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E6%98%9F" title="童星">童星</a>）、在监督下的训练，或是当地原著居民儿童所从事的劳动，等等。<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUR-Lex_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUR-Lex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>童工在历史上广为流传。在1940年以前，5-14岁的儿童在欧洲、美国和其它殖民地劳动。这些儿童在农业、家庭作坊、工厂、矿山或做报童等。做夜班的有些一直做到12小时。随着家庭收入的上升，学校的兴起和童工法案的通过，童工率有所下降。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ep99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在发展中国家，由于贫困和学校贫乏，童工依然泛滥。2010年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>童工率最高，一些撒哈拉国家超过50%的儿童在5–14岁阶段工作。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在世界范围内，农业是童工最常见的雇佣场所。<sup id="cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_Labour-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>绝大多数童工出现在农业地区和非正式城市经济地区；儿童大多数被父母雇佣，而不是工厂。<sup id="cite_ref-ep05_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>贫穷和缺乏教育是童工的主要致因。<sup id="cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo2008a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根据世界银行数据，在1960-2003年间，世界童工率从25%下降到10%。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不管怎样，童工总数依然高居不下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国儿童基金会">联合国儿童基金会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际劳工组织">国际劳工组织</a>承认2013年世界上年龄在5-14岁的童工人数约为1.68億人。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工種分類"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.AE.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>工種分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：工種分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/200px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/300px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/400px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>童工漫画，1912年</figcaption></figure> <p>根據國際勞工標準，儘管兒童可以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，可是工種的危險程度以及對兒童身心的影響程度是相當關鍵的。工作普遍分為三類，包括「輕量工作」、「危險工作」和「最惡劣形式的工作」： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輕量工作（light_work）"><span id=".E8.BC.95.E9.87.8F.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.EF.BC.88light_work.EF.BC.89"></span>輕量工作（light work）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：輕量工作（light work）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這是指該工作不會損害工作者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>和發展，並且不阻礙他們上學和接受職業培訓的機會。一般國家都會容許13至15歲的兒童從事「輕量工作」，但有關工作時數和種類則因地而異。而這些工作可包括家務<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81" title="清洁">清潔</a>、輕巧的農耕種植工作、店務員、售票員、送報員、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D" title="包裝">包裝</a>、運送等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="危險工作（hazardous_work）"><span id=".E5.8D.B1.E9.9A.AA.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.EF.BC.88hazardous_work.EF.BC.89"></span>危險工作（hazardous work）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：危險工作（hazardous work）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不論是工作性質本身或是工作地點，只要會危及工作者的健康、安全、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>或不道德的，這類工作便屬於「危險工作」。國際勞工組織建議各國必需立法規管「危險工作」，並只能讓18歲或以上的人士從事這些工作。一般來說，這些工作包括採礦、編織毛毯、製造磚塊和玻璃、建造業、製造業、販賣酒精、水底工作（underwater work）、控制機械、街頭販賣及娛樂事業（如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83" title="夜總會">夜總會</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" title="酒吧">酒吧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4" title="賭場">賭場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B2%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="馬戲團">馬戲團</a>等工作）等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="最惡劣形式的工作（the_worst_form_of_work）"><span id=".E6.9C.80.E6.83.A1.E5.8A.A3.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.EF.BC.88the_worst_form_of_work.EF.BC.89"></span>最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這些工作包括將人當作<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>、販賣、用作抵債；強迫參與<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">戰爭</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A3%E6%B7%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="賣淫">賣淫</a>、從事<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="色情">色情</a>事業；製造或販賣<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>，以及所有危及工作者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>、安全、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>或不道德的工作。而所有18歲以下的青少年是嚴禁參與或從事這類工作。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/220px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/330px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/440px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%82%AF_(%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="梅肯 (喬治亞州)">梅肯</a>童工，1909年</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工业革命"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.B8.9A.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>工业革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：工业革命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工业革命">工业革命</a>期间，年仅4岁的儿童进入工厂工作，工作环境常常致命。<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>据此，使用儿童作为劳工常常被富裕国家列为侵犯<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a>而被废除，而贫穷国家依然对此睁一只眼闭一只眼。童工常常被定义为雇佣最低合法年龄以下的儿童作为全职劳工。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="维多利亚时代"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E5.A4.9A.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9A.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>维多利亚时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：维多利亚时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908,_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4913" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>美国儿童倒12小时夜班(1908)。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a>因在工厂和矿山雇佣儿童，或是让儿童扫烟筒而臭名昭著。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>童工常因贫困而在工业革命之初扮演重要角色。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·狄更斯">查尔斯·狄更斯</a>因家人欠债入狱，年仅12岁就不得不在涂料工厂工作。贫穷的儿童必须帮助家人，常常在危险的环境下从事报酬微薄的活计，<sup id="cite_ref-dan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>收入仅为成年男子的10–20%。1788年，在英格兰和苏格兰，143个水动力棉织厂中有2/3的工人是儿童。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在十九世纪大不列颠，1/3的贫穷家庭无人能养家糊口，由于亲属死亡、遗弃，许多儿童不得不在幼年就劳苦工作。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>激烈地反对童工，<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>称英国工业：“不吸血就活不了，连孩子的血也吸，”而美国资本的融资是“将儿童的鲜血资本化”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>美国儿童在家庭作坊工作(1923)。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolish_child_slavery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/180px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/270px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/360px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption>1909年纽约城劳动节游行上，两名女孩抗议童工(称其为儿童奴役)。</figcaption></figure> <p>在煤矿里，儿童可以爬进成人爬不进的低矮坑道。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>儿童也可以做差役、扫烟筒、擦鞋或是卖火柴、卖花或是其它小东西。<sup id="cite_ref-dan_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些儿童也为好工作当学徒，如建筑业或家仆(在十八世纪中叶，伦敦家仆有超过120,000人)。工作时间很长：建筑工人夏天每周工作64个小时，冬天52个小时，家仆每周工作80个小时。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二十世纪早期"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F"></span>二十世纪早期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：二十世纪早期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_labor,_cranberry_bog,_Burlington_County,_New_Jersey,_8a10151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/220px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/330px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/440px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="4142" /></a><figcaption><b>阿瑟·罗思坦</b>《童工种越橘》1939年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="布鲁克林博物馆">布鲁克林博物馆</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在二十世纪早期，数以千计的儿童在玻璃工厂劳动。在缺乏现代科技的情况下，生产玻璃十分危险辛苦。该过程需要加高温融化玻璃(3133 °F=1723°C)。当男孩们工作时，他们不得不暴露在高温下。这可能会造成眼疾、肺病、中暑、划伤或烫伤。由于工资按计件计算，他们不得不长时间工作，没有间歇。由于炉子得持续加热，从5:00 pm 到3:00 am需要值大夜班。很多工厂青睐不满16岁的男童工作。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>甚至是年仅3岁的儿童也得工作。大量儿童被用作<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8F%E5%A6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="雏妓">雏妓</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-The_Victorian_Web_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>很多儿童(和成人)每天工作16个小时。在1802年和1819年，工厂法案得以通过，规范<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E8%B4%AB%E9%99%A2" title="济贫院">济贫院</a>儿童在工厂和棉织厂每天劳动12个小时。这些法案大多是一纸空文，随后的激进煽动导致，如1831年皇家委员会，即“缩短时间委员会”推荐11-18岁儿童每天最多劳动12小时，9-11岁儿童最多8小时，9岁以下的儿童被禁止雇佣。这些法案只规范了纺织工业，更多的煽动导致1847年的另一项法案通过，将所有儿童或成人每天工作时间限制为10小时。 </p><p>到1900年，约有170万年龄不满15岁的儿童在工厂劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在1910年，超过200万年龄不满15岁的儿童在美国工作。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这包括儿童卷香烟，<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在工厂干活，在纺织厂卷线，在矿山工作或是装罐头。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0" title="路易斯·海因">路易斯·海因</a>的镜头拍摄了二十世纪前十年童工的照片，引起了对南方儿童劳苦的极大同情。路易斯·海因在1908-1917年间拍摄了这些照片，为全美童工委员做了贡献。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="家庭作坊"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E5.BA.AD.E4.BD.9C.E5.9D.8A"></span>家庭作坊</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：家庭作坊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在二十世纪早期，童工不单单在工厂和矿山盛行。欧美家庭作坊也雇佣儿童劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-ep99_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>政府和改革人士呼吁工厂劳动必须得到监管，国家有义务为穷人提供救济。立法机构随后跟进，导致工厂的工作转移到了城市居所。家庭和妇女都对此表示欢迎，因为这样可以为她们提供在家收入，同时不妨碍带小孩。 </p><p>家庭作坊全年不停歇。一些家庭愿意让孩子劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在许多例子中，男子也在家劳动。在法国，超过58%的成衣工人在家劳动。在德国，在家全职劳动人数在1882-1907年翻了一番。在美国，数以百万计的家庭一周七天开工，全年生产成衣、鞋帽、假花、皮革、火柴盒、玩具、雨伞和其它产品。年龄在5–14岁的儿童与父母一道工作。家庭作坊和童工在澳大利亚、不列颠、奥地利和世界其它地方十分普遍。乡村地区则把孩子们送到田里。1946年，弗里达·米勒(后为美国劳工部主任)告诉国际劳工组织称这些家庭作坊“工资微薄、劳动时间长，工作环境不健康不卫生。”<sup id="cite_ref-ep99_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民帝国"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD"></span>殖民帝国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：殖民帝国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .46em 0 0 .2em;"> <caption>英格兰和威尔士<br />童工率<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>普查年限</th> <th>10-14岁男童<br />童工率(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td>22.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>26.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>21.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>18.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><small><i>注</i>: 这是平均数；<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%8F" title="蘭開夏">蘭開夏</a><br />童工率为80%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><small><i>来源</i>: 英格兰和威尔士普查</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在1650-1950年间，欧洲列强在殖民地系统性使用童工。在非洲，殖民当局鼓励传统族系生产模式，雇佣整个家族而不是男子。数以百万的儿童在殖民地种植园、矿山和家庭作坊劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-bass04_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bass04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就5-14岁童工而言，一种复杂的劳动系统被建立起来，即儿童受雇为学徒，无偿劳动来学手艺。一种穷人学徒系统在十九世纪被应用，殖民地主无需征得父母或儿童本人的同意即可使用童工，将其送离家人，发配到远方另一殖民地主的农场上。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其它项目包括'勤工俭学'项目，即儿童一遍劳动一遍学习。例如，不列颠在税收和通过法案后出台了所谓的1899年主仆法案，鼓励殖民地使用童工，特别是在非洲。这些法案准许原著居民拥有当地一些土地，作为殖民政府雇佣妇女和儿童在农场劳动的报酬。 </p><p>除了法律以外，新税收也在殖民地上征收。这些税种之一是不列颠和法国殖民帝国征收的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD%E7%A8%85" title="人頭稅">人頭稅</a>。在一些殖民地中，这些赋税在所有年过8岁的人征收。为了交税，或是勉强糊口，殖民地儿童不得不劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在东南亚殖民地，如香港，童工如<i><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%B9%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="妹仔">妹仔</a></i>被委婉地称为文化传统，不列颠当局对此视而不见。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="荷兰东印度公司">荷兰东印度公司</a>官员称童工虐待是“将儿童从更加悲惨的命运中解救出来。”赞比亚和尼日利亚基督教传教学校也要求儿童劳动，以换取宗教教育，而不是世俗教育。<sup id="cite_ref-bass04_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bass04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在其它地方，加拿大统治地区指定了所谓的条款破坏法案，将不配合的童工关入监狱。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>对童工监管的提议早在1786年就开始提出。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二十一世纪"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.80.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>二十一世纪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：二十一世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/430px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/645px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/860px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>世界童工率，10-14岁年龄组，2003年世界银行数据。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些数据为不完全统计，很多国家没有统计上报(灰色)。颜色如下：:黄色(童工率<10%)、绿色(10–20%)、橙色(20–30%)、红色(30–40%)和黑色(>40%)。一些国家如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2" title="幾內亞比索">幾內亞比索</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a>的5-14岁儿童超过半数劳动度日。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/180px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/270px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/360px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>一位8岁男孩通过在火车上耍猴戏来谋生，2011年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在世界许多地方，童工依然盛行。对童工的估算各异。如果5-14岁儿童参与各类经济活动被纳入计算，则得2.5-3.04亿人。如果轻量兼职被抛去，国际劳工组织估算在2008年全球5-14岁童工人数为1.53亿人，比2004年估算人数少了2000万人。童工中约60%参与农业活动，如耕种、放牧、捕鱼和林业。另有25%的童工参与工作如零售、搬货、餐饮、拾荒、擦鞋、家仆和其它劳动。其余的15%在非正式经济组织、家庭作坊、工厂、矿山里做工，装盐，操作机器等。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unicef_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2/3的儿童与父母一道工作，在家无偿劳动。另一些儿童成为导游，有时则在餐馆和商店工作。童工大多在乡村地区(70%)和非正式城市部门(26%)劳动。 </p><p>与流行观点不同，大多数童工受雇于父母而非工厂或正式经济组织。获得报酬的童工常常在乡村，而非城市中心。5-14岁童工中仅有3%以下离开家庭劳动。<sup id="cite_ref-ep05_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>童工在亚洲占劳动力的22%、非洲的32%、拉美的17%、欧美等富有国家的1%。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>童工比率因国家的不同而不同，有时在国家内部因地区的不同而不同。非洲5-17岁童工率最高，总计超过6500万人。亚洲人口众多，导致童工人数最多，达1.14亿人。拉美和加勒比地区人口密度较小，有1400万童工。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/180px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/270px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/360px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a>男孩修轮胎。</figcaption></figure> <p>今天，童工信息依然难以估量，因为数据不精确，对童工的认识不统一。在一些国家，政府会粉饰太平。例如，中国总体童工数量依然难以统计，政府将童工数据列为“高度机密”<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中国已经立法禁止童工；但童工在中国依然是个麻烦，大体上在农业和低技术部门，以及小作坊和小企业里盛行。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 2014年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美国劳工部">美国劳工部</a>发表了一份《童工或强迫劳动者生产的产品名单》。其中，中国在12项主要产品中上榜，这些产品是由未成年人和契约劳工生产的。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>报告列举了电子产品、成衣、玩具和煤炭等产品。 </p><p>在很多调查当中，位于世界顶尖的超级大国美国却面临着极为严重的童工问题，烟草等农业种植方面的短板一直不为人所知，是人人皆可知的秘密。公平劳工标准法（FLSA）禁止雇佣14岁以下的儿童，并限制16岁以下儿童在合同有效期间工作时间不超过每日三小时。这份法规起草于上世纪30年代，当时儿童从事农场工作是家常便饭，因此这份法规并不适用于农业部门。超过12岁的年轻人便可以无时限地在农场务工。 </p><p>这个问题在西班牙裔社区中尤为严重，西班牙裔占美国农业工人总数的85%。尽管童工可能是美国公民，但他们的父母通常是非法劳工或持短期签证，这种情况迫使他们不敢向相关部门举报童工滥用现象。 </p><p>“儿童主要从事人工收割的工作。”Coursen-Neff女士说，“他们采摘苹果、樱桃、蓝莓、西红柿、青瓜和西葫芦......他们收割烟草。他们的工作使美国人能享用新鲜的水果蔬菜。” 就在荷兰政府主办关于童工的研讨会前的几天，人权观察组织呼吁白宫“扫清门前雪”。 </p><p>人权观察组织表示，这些童工通常受雇于农场上，他们在不安全的条件下每日工作10个小时。美国在童工方面有严格的立法，然而在农场工作的18岁以下的童工却不在该法律保护范围内。据这份报告的作者Zama Coursen-Neff女士表示： </p><p>“由于美国联邦法律中存在着危险的双重标准，与美国其他产业工作的儿童相比，在农业部门务工的儿童工作的时间过长、年龄也过轻，其工作条件也过于艰苦。”<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>梅波克洛夫童工指数2012调查<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>报道了76个国家童工问题严重。2012年前10名为：缅甸、朝鲜、索马里、苏丹、民主刚果、津巴布韦、阿富汗、布隆迪、巴基斯坦和埃塞俄比亚。在主要经济增长地区中，梅波克洛夫将菲律宾列为第25名、印度第27名、中国第36名、越南第37名、印尼第46名、巴西第54名，所有这些国家童工不确定性都相当高。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="致因"><span id=".E8.87.B4.E5.9B.A0"></span>致因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：致因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主要致因"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E8.87.B4.E5.9B.A0"></span>主要致因</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：主要致因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>国际劳工组织认为贫困是童工背后最主要的致因。<sup id="cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo2008a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>对于贫困家庭而言，一名儿童的收入对于其自身的生存来说至关重要，由此影响到家庭。劳动儿童的收入虽然不高，但可以占家庭收入的25-40%。其他学者对此表示认同。<sup id="cite_ref-ep05_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根据国际劳工组织调查，缺乏有意义的替代出路，例如学校和教育<sup id="cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo2008a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>也导致儿童从事有害身心的工作。儿童劳动是因为他们没有更好的出路。许多社区，特别是乡村地区有60–70%的儿童劳动，没有学校教育。甚至当学校存在时，由于距离太远，学费高昂，或是教育质量过差，导致家长对教育表示怀疑。<sup id="cite_ref-ep05_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_girl_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/180px-Young_girl_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/270px-Young_girl_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/360px-Young_girl_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>艾本哈杜女童在织布机前，2008年5月。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化致因"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E8.87.B4.E5.9B.A0"></span>文化致因</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：文化致因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>欧洲历史上童工盛行，在现代社会童工也依然存在，一些文化认可童工，并对其进行鼓励。有的认为劳动对塑造儿童品质和技巧有利。在许多文化裡，特别是非正式经济单位和小型家庭作坊里童工泛滥，其文化传统是子继父业；童工即是在早年就学习并实践劳动。类似地，在一些文化里，重男轻女也很流行，女孩得不到教育，被排除在正式教育之外，进入童工行列，如家仆等。<sup id="cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilo2008a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/180px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/270px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/360px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>童工捡垃圾</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/180px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/270px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/360px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>儿童在水稻田里劳动<sup id="cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_Labour-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>农业雇佣了世界上70%的童工。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宏观经济"><span id=".E5.AE.8F.E8.A7.82.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>宏观经济</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：宏观经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>比格里和梅赫罗特拉研究了宏观经济中对童工的刺激因素。他们将目标定在五个亚洲国家，包括印度、巴基斯坦、印尼、泰国和菲律宾。他们认为<sup id="cite_ref-mbsm_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbsm-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>童工在上述五国泛滥成灾，但并非一朝一夕之祸。宏观经济鼓励童工在世界范围内存在，在人类历史上渊源流传。他们认为童工包括供需两方关系。贫穷和缺乏教育解释了童工的供给方面，廉价的非正式经济泛滥，高收入正式经济不足导致童工供应增加。另一些学者认为劳动市场不灵便，非正式经济、工业不上档次、缺乏现代制造技术是供应并接受童工的主要宏观因素。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago,_Ecuador_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>采石场上的童工。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="童工法案和倡议"><span id=".E7.AB.A5.E5.B7.A5.E6.B3.95.E6.A1.88.E5.92.8C.E5.80.A1.E8.AE.AE"></span>童工法案和倡议</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：童工法案和倡议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2002年9月18日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" title="中华人民共和国国务院">中华人民共和国国务院</a>第63次常务会议通过《禁止使用童工规定》，自2002年12月1日起施行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="為何有童工"><span id=".E7.82.BA.E4.BD.95.E6.9C.89.E7.AB.A5.E5.B7.A5"></span>為何有童工</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：為何有童工"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>儘管有相當多國家簽定了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="兒童權利公約">兒童權利公約</a>》和國際勞工組織公約，但迄今在世界上仍有眾多<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>因<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>而失去接受教育和職業培訓的機會，有些更因此而健康受損、心靈受創，甚至失去<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="性命">性命</a>，主要原因包括(但不限於)以下幾點： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政府並未嚴格執行有關公約"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E4.B8.A6.E6.9C.AA.E5.9A.B4.E6.A0.BC.E5.9F.B7.E8.A1.8C.E6.9C.89.E9.97.9C.E5.85.AC.E7.B4.84"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>並未嚴格執行有關公約</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：政府並未嚴格執行有關公約"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="兒童權利公約">兒童權利公約</a>》和國際勞工組織公約的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A0%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="締約國（页面不存在）">締約國</a>，需要因應公約的要求，制訂相關法律以禁止國內使用<b>童工</b>和保障<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>利益。然而，國法雖存，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>卻因為各種問題而未有嚴格執行。可是，實際執行以上<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F" title="法規">法規</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>交由當地<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>監察部門和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="公安局">公安局</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易發展局">貿易發展局</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工商行政管理局（页面不存在）">工商行政管理局</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B1%80" class="mw-disambig" title="教育局">教育局</a>等部門負責，而這些<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="部門">部門</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="人手">人手</a>嚴重不足，以致難於執法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="童工的工作待遇較差"><span id=".E7.AB.A5.E5.B7.A5.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.E5.BE.85.E9.81.87.E8.BC.83.E5.B7.AE"></span>童工的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>待遇較差</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：童工的工作待遇較差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國際勞工組織發現，不論是高危<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="采矿">採礦</a>，或是簡單工作如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D" title="包裝">包裝</a>等，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>都是與<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>一起工作。儘管<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>可以取代<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>進行這些<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，可是僱主為減低成本，於是僱用<b>童工</b>，因為<b>童工</b>的工資往往比<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>少。更重要的是，<b>童工</b>比較單純和可靠，對<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="僱員">僱員</a>權利的認識亦較少，故此他們比成年工人更願意受<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="僱主">僱主</a>控制，如願意加班、不會曠工、不會組織<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="工會">工會</a>及不會<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E7%AB%8A" title="偷竊">偷竊</a>等。大多数童工的生存环境都比较恶劣，相应的，他们的工作环境也如出一辙，这往往妨碍了他们能够接受像其他儿童一样接受相应的适龄教育。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對禁止童工政策的不同意見"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E7.A6.81.E6.AD.A2.E7.AB.A5.E5.B7.A5.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E6.84.8F.E8.A6.8B"></span>對禁止童工政策的不同意見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：對禁止童工政策的不同意見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>部份<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新自由主義">新自由主義</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>者反對所有對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動市場">勞動市場</a>的管制，包括禁止童工。如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91" title="米爾頓·佛利民">米爾頓·佛利民</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="瓦特·布拉克">瓦特·布拉克</a>所著《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E8%BE%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="百辯經濟學（页面不存在）">百辯經濟學</a>》（<i>Defending the Undefendable</i>）中都主張，禁止童工的法令反而會剝奪貧窮兒童求生存的機會，強制兒童去學校受教育而不允許工作，對兒童不一定是最好的選擇。香港富商<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%99%BA%E8%8B%B1" title="黎智英">黎智英</a>曾說：「我當過月入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="港幣">港幣</a>六十元的童工。那個時候要是有了法定<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87" title="最低工資">最低工資</a>，哪怕法定水平是月薪一百元吧，誰會多花四十元僱用我這個不懂事的十二歲小孩？找不到工作餬口，要不是餓死街頭，我便大有可能鋌而走險、作奸犯科了。」<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="统计数据"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1.E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE"></span>统计数据</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：统计数据"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别"><span id="2002.E5.B9.B4.E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.8A.B3.E5.B7.A5.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8.E4.B8.AD.E5.84.BF.E7.AB.A5.E5.8A.B3.E5.8A.A8.E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F.E3.80.81.E5.B9.B4.E9.BE.84.E3.80.81.E6.80.A7.E5.88.AB"></span>2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>所有儿童('000s)<br />(2002)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>经济性儿童活动('000s)</th> <th>经济性儿童活动(%)</th> <th>童工('000s)</th> <th>童工(%)</th> <th>危险劳动('000s)</th> <th>危险劳动(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>5–11岁</td> <td>838,800</td> <td>109,700</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>109,700</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>60,500</td> <td>7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12–14岁</td> <td>360,600</td> <td>101,100</td> <td>28.0</td> <td>76,000</td> <td>21.1</td> <td>50,800</td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5–14岁</td> <td>1,199,400</td> <td>210,800</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>186,300</td> <td>15.5</td> <td>111,300</td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15–17岁</td> <td>332,100</td> <td>140,900</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>59,200</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>59,200</td> <td>17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>男孩</td> <td>786,600</td> <td>184,100</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>132,200</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>95,700</td> <td>12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>女孩</td> <td>744,900</td> <td>167,600</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>113,300</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>74,800</td> <td>10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>总计</td> <td>1,531,500</td> <td>351,700</td> <td>23.0</td> <td>245,500</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>170,500</td> <td>11.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor,_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="mw-redirect" title="勞動法">勞動法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人道主義">人道主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="少年兵">少年兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9B%E5%A6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="雛妓">雛妓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%AA%E6%B4%9E%E5%8E%BF%E9%BB%91%E7%A0%96%E7%AA%91%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="2007年山西洪洞县黑砖窑案">2007年山西洪洞县黑砖窑案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="三星電子">三星電子</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>国际组织和其它机构:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029">ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111205032813/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-12-05</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105">ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802225908/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-08-02</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138">ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803220358/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-08-03</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182">ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120226182912/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080313022018/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Laura Del Col, West Virginia University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015858/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2507680/pdf/brmedj08540-0099.pdf">The Factory and Workshop Act 1901</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2507680/pdf/brmedj08540-0099.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=The+Factory+and+Workshop+Act+1901&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2507680%2Fpdf%2Fbrmedj08540-0099.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">What is child labour?</a>. International Labour Organisation. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714172957/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">存档</a>于2017-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=What+is+child+labour%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Ffacts%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：没有为名为<code>UN</code>的参考文献提供内容</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/iInternationalnationallegislation/lang--en/index.htm">International and national legislation - Child Labour</a>. International Labour Organisation. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209175548/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/iInternationalnationallegislation/lang--en/index.htm">存档</a>于2012-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=International+and+national+legislation+-+Child+Labour&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Fareas%2FChilddomesticlabour%2FiInternationalnationallegislation%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2413745">Labour laws - An Amish exception</a>. The Economist. 5 February 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226153538/http://www.economist.com/node/2413745">存档</a>于2018-02-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Labour+laws+-+An+Amish+exception&rft.date=2004-02-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2413745&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Larsen, P.B. Indigenous and tribal children: assessing child labour and education challenges.. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.btitle=Indigenous+and+tribal+children%3A+assessing+child+labour+and+education+challenges.&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=International+Programme+on+the+Elimination+of+Child+Labour+%28IPEC%29%2C+International+Labour+Office.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUR-Lex-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUR-Lex_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=Directive&an_doc=1994&nu_doc=33">Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on child labour</a>. EUR-Lex. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502125103/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=Directive&an_doc=1994&nu_doc=33">存档</a>于2013-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+94%2F33%2FEC+of+22+June+1994+on+child+labour&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=EUR-Lex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Fsmartapi%2Fcgi%2Fsga_doc%3Fsmartapi%21celexplus%21prod%21DocNumber%26lg%3Den%26type_doc%3DDirective%26an_doc%3D1994%26nu_doc%3D33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cunningham and Viazzo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040832/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf">Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/88-85401-27-9" title="Special:网络书源/88-85401-27-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 88-85401-27-9</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Cunningham+and+Viazzo&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+1800-1985&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=88-85401-27-9&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fhisper_childlabour_low.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep99-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ep99_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep99_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep99_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Elisabeth Prügl. The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century. Columbia University Press. 1999: 25–31, 50–59. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0231115612" title="Special:网络书源/978-0231115612"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0231115612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Elisabeth+Pr%C3%BCgl&rft.btitle=The+Global+Construction+of+Gender+-+Home+based+work+in+Political+Economy+of+20th+Century&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0231115612&rft.pages=25-31%2C+50-59&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hugh Hindman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofchildlabo0000unse">The World of Child Labour</a>. M.E. Sharpe. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7656-1707-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7656-1707-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7656-1707-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Hindman&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Child+Labour&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1707-1&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofchildlabo0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630033018/http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">Percentage of children aged 5–14 engaged in child labour</a>. UNICEF. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Percentage+of+children+aged+5%E2%80%9314+engaged+in+child+labour&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childinfo.org%2Flabour_countrydata.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child_Labour-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/5328365?zid=317&ah=8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41">Child Labour</a>. The Economist. 20 December 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622091600/http://www.economist.com/node/5328365?zid=317&ah=8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41">存档</a>于2017-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F5328365%3Fzid%3D317%26ah%3D8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep05-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ep05_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep05_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep05_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep05_14-3"><sup><b>14.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eric V. Edmonds and Nina Pavcnik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hiscox/EdmondsPavcnik.pdf">Child Labour in the Global Economy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Winter 2005, <b>19</b> (1): 199–220 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330053147895"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1257/0895330053147895</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626140151/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hiscox/EdmondsPavcnik.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2013-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.au=Eric+V.+Edmonds+and+Nina+Pavcnik&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.pages=199-220&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hiscox%2FEdmondsPavcnik.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330053147895&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilo2008a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-3"><sup><b>15.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/moscow/areas/ipec/causes.htm">Child labour - causes</a>. ILO, United Nations. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724125724/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/moscow/areas/ipec/causes.htm">存档</a>于2013-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Child+labour+-+causes&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ILO%2C+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fregion%2Feurpro%2Fmoscow%2Fareas%2Fipec%2Fcauses.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norberg, Johan (2007), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/15/07/b6578aab.pdf">Världens välfärd</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131002152839/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/15/07/b6578aab.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> (Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/media/media_70610.html">To eliminate child labour, attack it at its roots, UNICEF says</a>. UNICEF. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024242/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_70610.html">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=To+eliminate+child+labour%2C+attack+it+at+its+roots%2C+UNICEF+says&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fmedia%2Fmedia_70610.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. P. Thompson <i>The Making of the English Working Class</i>, (Penguin, 1968), pp. 366–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080313022018/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dan_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dan_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Daniels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html">Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081206083852/http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm">Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060109031609/http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Communist_Manifesto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Communist Manifesto（页面不存在）">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>, Part II:Proletariats and Communist and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital,_Volume_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital, Volume I（页面不存在）">Capital, Volume I</a></i>, Part III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mark Neocleous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE DEAD: MARX’S VAMPIRES</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2015-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Mark+Neocleous&rft.btitle=THE+POLITICAL+ECONOMY+OF+THE+DEAD%3A+MARX%E2%80%99S+VAMPIRES&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricardo.ecn.wfu.edu%2F~cottrell%2FOPE%2Farchive%2F0604%2Fatt-0138%2F01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation speech">Karl Marx. Inaugural Address of the International Working Men’s Association (演讲). 1864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft.btitle=Inaugural+Address+of+the+International+Working+Men%E2%80%99s+Association&rft.date=1864&rft.genre=unknown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Humphries, <i>Childhood And Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution</i> (2010) p 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hine, Russell Freedman ; with photographs by Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free">Kids at work : Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labour</a>. New York: Clarion Books. 1994: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free/page/54">54</a>–57. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0395587034" title="Special:网络书源/0395587034"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0395587034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.aufirst=Russell+Freedman+%3B+with+photographs+by+Lewis&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.btitle=Kids+at+work+%3A+Lewis+Hine+and+the+crusade+against+child+labour&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0395587034&rft.pages=54-57&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkidsatworklewish00free&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Victorian_Web_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist8.html">Child Labour by Professor David Cody, Hartwick College</a>. The Victorian Web. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-03-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121173224/http://victorianweb.org/history/hist8.html">存档</a>于2009-01-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+by+Professor+David+Cody%2C+Hartwick+College&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Victorian+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fhist8.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804084618/http://webinstituteforteachers.org/~bobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm">The Industrial Revolution</a>. Web Institute for Teachers. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015年5月11日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%7Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008年8月4日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=The+Industrial+Revolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Web+Institute+for+Teachers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebinstituteforteachers.org%2F%257Ebobfinn%2F2003%2Findustrialrevolution.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/">Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210416123526/http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html">Essay from UMBC on children working in the 1910s as cigarette rollers</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308084328/https://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Essay+from+UMBC+on+children+working+in+the+1910s+as+cigarette+rollers&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuserpages.umbc.edu%2F~arubin%2FHIST402_SP2007%2F87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/9B72B3F098F81A13DAA017F591A2D33E.html">Child Labour in the South: Essays and Links to photographs from the Lewis Hines Collection at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201029145040/http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/9B72B3F098F81A13DAA017F591A2D33E.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Russell Freedman. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labour. Sandpiper. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0395797266" title="Special:网络书源/978-0395797266"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0395797266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Russell+Freedman&rft.btitle=Kids+at+Work%3A+Lewis+Hine+and+the+Crusade+Against+Child+Labour&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0395797266&rft.pub=Sandpiper&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frieda Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515035148/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235">Miller, Frieda S. Papers, 1909-1973</a>. Radcliff College. 1979 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Frieda+Miller&rft.btitle=Miller%2C+Frieda+S.+Papers%2C+1909-1973&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Radcliff+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~sch00235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Linda Lobao and Katherine Meyer. The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001, <b>27</b>: 103–124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2678616"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2678616</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.103"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=The+Great+Agricultural+Transition%3A+Crisis%2C+Change%2C+and+Social+Consequences+of+Twentieth+Century+US+Farming&rft.au=Linda+Lobao+and+Katherine+Meyer&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.pages=103-124&rft.volume=27&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2678616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.103&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harriet Friedmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1978-10_20_4/page/545">World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1978, <b>20</b>: 545–586. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750001255X"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S001041750001255X</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=World+Market%2C+State%2C+and+Family+Farm%3A+Social+Bases+of+Household+Production+in+the+Era+of+Wage+Labour&rft.au=Harriet+Friedmann&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.pages=545-586&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1978-10_20_4%2Fpage%2F545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750001255X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hugh Cunningham (Ed: Cunningham and Viazzo). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040832/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf#page=43">Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF: 41–53. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/88-85401-27-9" title="Special:网络书源/88-85401-27-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 88-85401-27-9</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf#page=43">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Cunningham+%28Ed%3A+Cunningham+and+Viazzo%29&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+1800-1985&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=88-85401-27-9&rft.pages=41-53&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fhisper_childlabour_low.pdf%23page%3D43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bass04-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bass04_37-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bass04_37-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Loretta Bass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childlaborinsubs00lore">Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. Lynne Rienner Publications. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childlaborinsubs00lore/page/30">30</a>–43. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1588262868" title="Special:网络书源/978-1588262868"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1588262868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Loretta+Bass&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1588262868&rft.pages=30-43&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildlaborinsubs00lore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Beverly Grier (Ed: Hugh Hindman). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldchildlaborh00hind">The World of Child Labour</a>. M.E. Sharpe. 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldchildlaborh00hind/page/n205">173</a>–177. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7656-1707-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7656-1707-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7656-1707-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Beverly+Grier+%28Ed%3A+Hugh+Hindman%29&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Child+Labour&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1707-1&rft.pages=173-177&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldchildlaborh00hind&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Douglas Hay. Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History). University of North Carolina Press. 2007: 38–46. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0807828779" title="Special:网络书源/978-0807828779"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0807828779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Douglas+Hay&rft.btitle=Masters%2C+Servants%2C+and+Magistrates+in+Britain+and+the+Empire%2C+1562-1955+%28Studies+in+Legal+History%29&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0807828779&rft.pages=38-46&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jack Lord. Child labour in the Gold Coast: the economics of work, education and the family in late-colonial Africa, c.1940-57. The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 2011, <b>4</b> (1): 88–115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhcy.2011.0005"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+labour+in+the+Gold+Coast%3A+the+economics+of+work%2C+education+and+the+family+in+late-colonial+Africa%2C+c.1940-57&rft.au=Jack+Lord&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+History+of+Childhood+and+Youth&rft.pages=88-115&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcy.2011.0005&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karen Wells. Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe by Beverly Grier (a review). The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. Fall 2008, <b>1</b> (3): 481–483. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhcy.0.0025"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1353/hcy.0.0025</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Invisible+Hands%3A+Child+Labour+and+the+State+in+Colonial+Zimbabwe+by+Beverly+Grier+%28a+review%29&rft.au=Karen+Wells&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+History+of+Childhood+and+Youth&rft.pages=481-483&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcy.0.0025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jane Guyer. Head Tax, Social Structure and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922-1937. Cahiers d'Etudes africaines. 1980, <b>20</b> (79): 305–329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1980.2338"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3406/cea.1980.2338</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Head+Tax%2C+Social+Structure+and+Rural+Incomes+in+Cameroun%2C+1922-1937&rft.au=Jane+Guyer&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=79&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Etudes+africaines&rft.pages=305-329&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1980.2338&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hugh Lyttleton Haslewood. Child slavery in Hong Kong: the mui tsai system. Sheldon Press. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Lyttleton+Haslewood&rft.btitle=Child+slavery+in+Hong+Kong%3A+the+mui+tsai+system&rft.date=1930&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Sheldon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karen Yuen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805150302/http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_6.pdf">Theorizing the Chinese: The MUI TSAI controversy and construction of transnational chineseness in Hong Kong and British Malaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. December 2004, <b>6</b> (2): 95–110 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_6.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2020-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Theorizing+the+Chinese%3A+The+MUI+TSAI+controversy+and+construction+of+transnational+chineseness+in+Hong+Kong+and+British+Malaya&rft.au=Karen+Yuen&rft.date=2004-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=95-110&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzasia.org.nz%2Fdownloads%2FNZJAS-Dec04%2F6_2_6.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Douglas Hay. Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History). 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BBC News. 24 August 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-08-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6955202.stm">存档</a>于2020-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+labour+in+Kyrgyz+coal+mines&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.aulast=Antelava&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6955202.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yacouba Diallo, Frank Hagemann, Alex Etienne, Yonca Gurbuzer and Farhad Mehran. Global child labour developments: Measuring trends from 2004 to 2008. ILO. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-2-123522-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-2-123522-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-92-2-123522-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Yacouba+Diallo%2C+Frank+Hagemann%2C+Alex+Etienne%2C+Yonca+Gurbuzer+and+Farhad+Mehran&rft.btitle=Global+child+labour+developments%3A+Measuring+trends+from+2004+to+2008&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=978-92-2-123522-4&rft.pub=ILO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#cite_web_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unicef_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/">The State of the World's Children 1997</a>. 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Law Library of Congress, United States. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320190344/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php#Child%20Labour%20and%20Exploitation">存档</a>于2021-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Rights%3A+China&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Law+Library+of+Congress%2C+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fchild-rights%2Fchina.php%23Child%2520Labour%2520and%2520Exploitation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Karine Lepillez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/china.pdf">The dark side of labour in China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231150411/https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/china.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-12-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Karine+Lepillez&rft.btitle=The+dark+side+of+labour+in+China&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fhrhw%2Fresearchdigest%2Fslavery%2Fchina.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111234752/http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/02/china-end-child-labour-state-schools">China: End Child Labour in State Schools</a>. Human Rights Watch. 4 December 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015年5月16日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/02/china-end-child-labour-state-schools">原始内容</a>存档于2015年1月11日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=China%3A+End+Child+Labour+in+State+Schools&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F02%2Fchina-end-child-labour-state-schools&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">存档</a>于2015-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=List+of+Goods+Produced+by+Child+Labor+or+Forced+Labor&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Flist-of-goods%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helanonline.cn/archive/article/1513">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913121126/https://helanonline.cn/archive/article/1513">存档</a>于2020-09-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelanonline.cn%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1513&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html">Conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations – 40% of countries now rated ‘extreme risk’ by Maplecroft</a>. Maplecroft. 1 May 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041435/https://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html">存档</a>于2018-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+economic+downturn+cause+global+increase+in+reported+child+labour+violations+%E2%80%93+40%25+of+countries+now+rated+%E2%80%98extreme+risk%E2%80%99+by+Maplecroft&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Maplecroft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaplecroft.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fchild_labour_2012.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ernest Harsch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol15no3/153chil4.htm">存档副本</a>. 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'The Economics of Child Labour', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/contents/"><i>American Economic Review</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121017085250/http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/contents/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, 88(3),412–427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jo Boyden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/crs9.pdf">The Relationship between Education and Child Work</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306052403/https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/crs9.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Jo+Boyden&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+between+Education+and+Child+Work&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fcrs9.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Faraaz Siddiqi and Harry Anthony Patrinos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1135281552767/Child_Labour_issues.pdf">CHILD LABOUR: ISSUES, CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The World Bank. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Faraaz+Siddiqi+and+Harry+Anthony+Patrinos&rft.btitle=CHILD+LABOUR%3A+ISSUES%2C+CAUSES+AND+INTERVENTIONS&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FEDUCATION%2FResources%2F278200-1099079877269%2F547664-1099079934475%2F547667-1135281552767%2FChild_Labour_issues.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Obinna E. Osita-Oleribe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academicjournals.org/ingoj/pdf/Pdf2007/Jan/Osita-Oleribe.pdf">Exploring the causes of child labour</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. International NGO Journal. January 2007, <b>2</b> (1): 6–9 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609045119/https://academicjournals.org/ingoj/pdf/Pdf2007/Jan/Osita-Oleribe.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-06-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+causes+of+child+labour&rft.au=Obinna+E.+Osita-Oleribe&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+NGO+Journal&rft.pages=6-9&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academicjournals.org%2Fingoj%2Fpdf%2FPdf2007%2FJan%2FOsita-Oleribe.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Michaelle Tauson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/latinamerica2/digest-human%20rights%20in%20latin%20america%20vol%202-childlabour.pdf">Child Labour in Latin America: Poverty as Cause and Effect</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Michaelle+Tauson&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Latin+America%3A+Poverty+as+Cause+and+Effect&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fhrhw%2Fresearchdigest%2Flatinamerica2%2Fdigest-human%2520rights%2520in%2520latin%2520america%2520vol%25202-childlabour.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michele D'Avolio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol16/iss1/5/">Child Labour and Cultural Relativism: From 19th Century America to 21st Century Nepal</a>. Pace International Law Review. Spring 2004, <b>16</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225125350/https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol16/iss1/5/">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+and+Cultural+Relativism%3A+From+19th+Century+America+to+21st+Century+Nepal&rft.au=Michele+D%27Avolio&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Pace+International+Law+Review&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.pace.edu%2Fpilr%2Fvol16%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbsm-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbsm_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mario Biggeri and Santosh Mehrotra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asianinformalwor0000unse">Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local Protection</a>. Routledge. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-38275-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-38275-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-38275-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Mario+Biggeri+and+Santosh+Mehrotra&rft.btitle=Asian+Informal+Workers%3A+Global+Risks%2C+Local+Protection&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38275-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasianinformalwor0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Christiaan Grootaert and Harry Anthony Patrinos. The Policy Analysis of Child Labour: A Comparative Study. Palgrave Macmillan. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0312221225" title="Special:网络书源/978-0312221225"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0312221225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Christiaan+Grootaert+and+Harry+Anthony+Patrinos&rft.btitle=The+Policy+Analysis+of+Child+Labour%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0312221225&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Douglas Galbi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galbithink.org/child.pdf">Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Population Economics. 1997, <b>10</b> (4): 357–375 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001480050048"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s001480050048</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202713/http://www.galbithink.org/child.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+and+the+Division+of+Labour+in+the+Early+English+Cotton+Mills&rft.au=Douglas+Galbi&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Population+Economics&rft.pages=357-375&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galbithink.org%2Fchild.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001480050048&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, D. K., Deardorff, A. V. and Stern, R. M. Child Labour: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (Chapter 3, International Labour Standards: History, Theory, and Policy Options). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781405105552" title="Special:网络书源/9781405105552"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781405105552</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470754818.ch3"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/9780470754818.ch3</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.+K.%2C+Deardorff%2C+A.+V.+and+Stern%2C+R.+M.&rft.btitle=Child+Labour%3A+Theory%2C+Evidence%2C+and+Policy+%28Chapter+3%2C+International+Labour+Standards%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Policy+Options%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781405105552&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470754818.ch3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《「爭取最低工資」，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B9%E9%80%B1%E5%88%8A" class="mw-disambig" title="壹週刊">壹週刊</a>》第869期，2006.11.2）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ILO(2002a), "Every child counts: new global estimates on child labour", Geneva: International Labour Office.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引述"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E8.BF.B0"></span>引述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：引述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081913/index.htm">ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101220145617/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081913/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_106268/index.htm">The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111106080236/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_106268/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>International Labour Office. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081882/index.htm">A global alliance against forced labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110629090516/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081882/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105023/index.htm">Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110924114704/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105023/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） ILO/SAP-FL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105884/index.htm">Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110205100635/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105884/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） ILO/SAP-FL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/global/meetings-and-events/WCMS_089199/lang--en/index.htm">Eradication of forced labour - General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210228224956/http://www.ilo.org/global/meetings-and-events/WCMS_089199/lang--en/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081991/index.htm">Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110924115351/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081991/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_088490/index.htm">Stopping Forced Labour 2001</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081201093933/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_088490/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="更多阅读"><span id=".E6.9B.B4.E5.A4.9A.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>更多阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：更多阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baland, Jean-Marie and James A. Robinson (2000) 'Is child labour inefficient?' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jpe/current"><i>Journal of Political Economy</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210417184305/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jpe/current">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 108, 663–679</li> <li>Basu, Kaushik, and Homa Zarghamee (2009) 'Is product boycott a good idea for controlling child labour? A theoretical investigation' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505546/description#description"><i>Journal of Development Economics</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111104203155/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505546/description#description">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 88, 217–220</li> <li>Bhukuth, Augendra. "Defining child labour: a controversial debate" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09614524.asp"><i>Development in Practice</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100325204233/http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09614524.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2008) 18, 385–394</li> <li>Emerson, Patrick M., and André Portela Souza. "Is Child Labour Harmful? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings" <i>Economic Development and Cultural Change</i> 59:345–385, January 2011 <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657125">10.1086/657125</a> uses data from Brazil to show very strong negative effects—boys who work before age 14 earn much less as adults</li> <li>Humbert, Franziska. <i>The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law</i> (2009)</li> <li>Humphries, Jane. <i>Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution</i> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Labour Organisation（页面不存在）">ILO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---webdev/documents/publication/wcms_071311.pdf">Investing in every child: An economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210224160655/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---webdev/documents/publication/wcms_071311.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Mayer, Gerald. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31501.pdf">Child Labor in America: History, Policy, and Legislative Issues.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210317145059/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31501.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, 2013.</li> <li>Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon (2000) 'Does child labour displace schooling? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrollment subsidy' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0013-0133"><i>Economic Journal</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120118083929/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0013-0133">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 110, C158-C175</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="历史_2"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2_2"></span>历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Child Employing Industries," <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> Vol. 35, Mar. 1910 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/i242607">in JSTOR</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220408001211/http://www.jstor.org/stable/i242607">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, articles by experts in 1910</li> <li>Goldberg, Ellis. <i>Trade, Reputation, and Child Labour in Twentieth-Century Egypt</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312296290/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210511020455/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312296290/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Grier, Beverly. <i>Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe</i> (2005)</li> <li>Hindman, Hugh D. <i>Child Labour: An American History</i> (2002)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Humphries, Jane; Horrell, Sara. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Exploitation of Little Children': Child Labour and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution. Explorations in Economic History. 1995, <b>32</b>: 485–516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=%27The+Exploitation+of+Little+Children%27%3A+Child+Labour+and+the+Family+Economy+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.au=Horrell%2C+Sara&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.pages=485-516&rft.volume=32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Humphries, Jane. <i>Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution</i> (Cambridge Studies in Economic History) (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521248965/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210511020457/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521248965/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Kirby, Peter. <i>Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333671945/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210511020508/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0333671945/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Meerkerk, Elise van Naderveen; Schmidt, Ariadne. "Between Wage Labor and Vocation: Child Labor in Dutch Urban Industry, 1600-1800," <i>Journal of Social History</i> (2008) 41#3 pp 717–736 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_social_history/v041/41.3schmidt.html">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Mofford, Juliet. <i>Child Labour in America</i> (1970)</li> <li>Tuttle, Carolyn. <i>Hard At Work In Factories And Mines: The Economics Of Child Labour During The British Industrial Revolution</i> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Child_labour" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Child labour"><span style="font-weight:bold;">童工</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-5/rights.htm">Teaching about Child Labor and International Human Rights</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080513174449/http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-5/rights.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/labor.htm">Child Labor in Agriculture</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080513133041/http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/labor.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/">History Place</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080509104719/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Photographs from 1908-1912</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samvak.tripod.com/childlabor.html">Ethical and economic considerations in child labor</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080704010629/http://samvak.tripod.com/childlabor.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4070746.stm">Lightening the load of child miners - BBC</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080411115335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4070746.stm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3795503.stm">Child labour challenge toughens - BBC</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060528211031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3795503.stm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013140459/http://www.cato.org/dailys/10-08-02.html">Child Labor or Prostitution?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/chapterfiles/Mar05ffchildlab.pdf">Essay from 'The Fraser Institute'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060219082440/http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/books/chapterfiles/Mar05ffchildlab.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515162429/http://lenbernstein.com/Pages/RiisArticle.html">What Do The World and People Deserve?</a> Len Bernstein on the Life and Work of Jacob Riis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/">The State of the World's Children - a UNICEF study</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201111221918/http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109031609/http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm">Child labor and the division of labor in the early English cotton mills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206175144/http://www.freechild.org/SNAYR/childrensrights.htm">Resources for young people fighting against child labor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcrnews2.com/workers06.html">Ethical Alternatives to Sweatshops</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年4月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601054349/http://www.childmarriage.org/">Child Marriage Film www.childmarriage.org</a> - (A film by Neeraj Kumar)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cyberschool.oxfam.org.hk/articles.php?id=89&page=1">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2019年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>Oxfam CyberSchool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild.htm">http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild.htm</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140421031717/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工作時間</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%B7" title="全職">全職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E8%81%B7" title="兼職">兼職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="責任制">責任制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E7%8F%AD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="輪班工作制">輪班工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E4%B9%9D%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%94" title="朝九晚五">朝九晚五</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%82" title="彈性工時">彈性工時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD" title="加班">加班</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%99%82%E9%96%93_(%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3)" title="延長工作時間 (臺灣)">延長工作時間 (臺灣)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%97%A5%E6%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公司日曆（页面不存在）">公司日曆</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="每周四天工作制">四天工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="996工作制">996工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%81%87" title="事假">事假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%81%87" title="病假">病假</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AA%E5%81%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喪假（页面不存在）">喪假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%81%87" title="年假">年假</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E4%BC%91%E5%81%87" title="特別休假">特別休假</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%9C%E4%BC%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="補休（页面不存在）">補休</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%81%87%E6%97%A5" title="公眾假日">公众假日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E7%8F%AD%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%8A%E8%AA%B2%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95" title="天然災害停止上班及上課作業辦法">因灾停班停课</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%81%87" title="月事假">月事假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%81%87" title="婚假">婚假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%81%87%E8%88%87%E8%82%B2%E5%AC%B0%E5%81%87" title="產假與育嬰假">產假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%81%87%E8%88%87%E8%82%B2%E5%AC%B0%E5%81%87" title="產假與育嬰假">育嬰假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7%E5%81%87" title="家庭照顧假">家庭照顧假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%AC%8A" title="停權">留職停薪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">職業安全、健康</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="職業傷害">職業傷害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">職業病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="過勞死">過勞死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E6%BF%80" title="應激">壓力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E5%A0%B4%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C" title="職場霸凌">職場霸凌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E" title="職業過勞">職業過勞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%9E%E6%90%8D" title="重複性勞損">重複性勞損</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">勞工保險</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="醫療保險">醫療保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="勞工保險 (中華民國)">勞工保險</a><small>（台湾）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%99%A9%E4%B8%80%E9%87%91" title="五险一金">五险一金</a><small>（中国大陆）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="員工福利">員工福利</a>、津貼</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%88%E8%8C%B6" title="下午茶">下午茶</a>時間</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E7%8D%8E%E9%87%91" title="三節獎金">三節獎金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%96%AA" title="十三薪">十三薪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9A%E7%89%99#尾牙餐會" title="做牙">尾牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%97%A5" title="生日">慶生會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" title="责任保险">團體保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E8%88%8D" title="宿舍">員工宿舍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E9%A4%90%E9%A3%B2" title="員工餐飲">員工餐飲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E5%83%B9" title="員工價">員工價</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%BB%8A" title="公司車">公司车</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%B1" title="解僱">解僱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%B1%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="解僱最後手段性原則">解僱最後手段性原則</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%93%A1" title="裁員">裁員（大量解僱）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%B2%97" title="下岗">下岗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E8%81%B7" title="辭職">辭職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="失業保險">失業救助</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E7%94%A2" title="破產">公司破產</a>／工資垫付</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91" title="退休">提早退休计划</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">退职</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%80%80%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业退出（页面不存在）">职业退出</a> <ul><li>引退</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D" title="退伍">退伍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="退伍軍人">退役</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91" title="退休">退休</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIRE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="FIRE运动">FIRE运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91" title="退休金">退休金</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">型態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%B7" title="全職">全職</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E9%9B%87%E5%91%98" title="长期雇员">长期雇员</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合同工（页面不存在）">合同工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E6%B4%BE%E9%81%A3" title="人力派遣">勞務派遣（派遣工）</a></li></ul></li> <li>介於雇主與勞工間：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="管理学">經理</a></li> <li>非典型勞動：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E5%B7%A5" title="臨時工">臨時工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E8%81%B7" title="兼職">兼職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="零工經濟">零工經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A4%E5%B7%A5%E5%8A%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="勤工助学">勤工俭学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%91%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5" title="暑期工">暑期工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0" title="实习">實習生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="建教合作">建教合作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="產學合作">產學合作</a></li> <li>類似勞工：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%83%B1" title="自僱">自僱人士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD" title="自由職業">自由職業者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E8%B7%9D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="遠距工作">居家就業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%BA" title="獨立合同人">獨立承攬人</a></li> <li>無償服務：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E8%80%85" title="志願者">志愿者</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">集體勞動權</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" title="工会">工会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%94%E5%95%86" title="集體協商">集體協商</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="團體協約">團體協約</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="罷工">罷工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A0%E5%B7%A5" title="怠工">怠工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E7%AB%A0%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="按章工作">按章工作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="不當勞動行為">不當勞動行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="勞工運動">勞工運動</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">違法行為</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">童工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%89%E5%83%B9%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" title="廉價勞工">廉價勞工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" title="黑市勞工">非法勞工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口贩卖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="強迫勞動">強迫勞動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%B7%A5" title="包身工">工奴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%AA%9A%E6%89%B0" title="性骚扰">職場性騷擾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="性別歧視">性別歧視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E8%A3%85%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" title="着装守则">著裝守則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%A8%E9%8A%B7" title="層壓式推銷">層壓式推銷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B1%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="血汗工廠">血汗工廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%96%AA%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD" title="无薪加班">無薪加班</a></li> <li>濫用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E8%80%85" title="志願者">志愿者</a></li> <li>低薪<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0" title="实习">实习</a></li> <li>濫用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="責任制">責任制</a></li> <li>規避<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91" title="退休金">退休金</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A3%E6%95%A3%E8%B2%BB" title="遣散費">遣散費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="不當勞動行為">不當勞動行為</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%8A%AC%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6" title="黄犬契约">黄犬契约</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD%E6%8E%A8%E9%8A%B7%E6%B3%95" title="就業推銷法">就業推銷騙術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E8%B3%87%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="勞資爭議">勞資爭議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%A5%AD%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="競業條款">競業條款</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="工作貧窮">工作貧窮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%97%E9%82%8A%E6%97%8F" title="窗邊族">窗邊族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="辦公室政治">辦公室政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="人事管理">人事管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="職業道德">職業道德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E9%80%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="勞逸平衡">工作與生活的平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%BF" title="玻璃天花板">玻璃天花板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E6%87%B8%E5%B4%96" title="玻璃懸崖">玻璃懸崖‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%92%E7%B5%95%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="拒絕工作">拒絕工作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35%E5%B2%81%E9%97%A8%E6%A7%9B" title="35岁门槛">35岁门槛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="模板"><img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> 請參閱模板</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94" title="Template:公司头衔">公司头衔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor">有組織的勞工</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192571#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/854472/">FAST</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119313534">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119313534">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128152-4">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285678005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023444">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="年少労働"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572258">日本</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dětská práce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119723&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300386105">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=24392">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013909">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638020">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=童工&oldid=84799370">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=童工&oldid=84799370</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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