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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edith_Woodford-Grimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Edith Woodford-Grimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edith_Woodford-Grimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alleged British group of witches</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">New Forest Coven</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg/150px-Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg/225px-Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg/300px-Rosycross-Tetragrammaton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1939<span class="noprint">; 85 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1939</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Order_Crotona_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship">Crotona Fellowship</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Forest coven</b> was an alleged <a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">pagan witches</a> who met around the area of the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> during the early 20th century. According to his own claims, in September 1939, a British occultist named <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> was initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">coven</a> and subsequently used its beliefs and practices as a basis from which he formed the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>. Gardner described some of his experiences with the coven in his published books <i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i> (1954) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i> (1959) although on the whole revealed little about it, saying he was respecting the privacy of its members. Meanwhile, another occultist, Louis Wilkinson, corroborated Gardner's claims by revealing in an interview with the writer <a href="/wiki/Francis_X._King" title="Francis X. King">Francis X. King</a> that he too had encountered the coven and expanded on some of the information that Gardner had provided about them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gardner, the faith they followed was the <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-Cult</a>, a supposed pagan religion that had survived in secret after the Christianization of Europe. This was in keeping with the now-discredited <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">theories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> and her supporters. </p><p>As Wicca developed in the latter decades of the twentieth century, some of the figures who were researching its origins, such as <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan Kelly</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie">Leo Ruickbie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to the conclusion that the New Forest coven was simply a fictional invention of Gardner's to provide a historical basis for his faith. The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> accepted this as a possibility, although recognised that it was not "implausible" that the coven had indeed existed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later research by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a> which was published in the early twenty-first century, indicated that there was much evidence for a coven of practitioners, whose members he identified as being <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Clutterbuck" title="Dorothy Clutterbuck">Dorothy Clutterbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Edith Woodford-Grimes</a>, Ernest Mason, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susie_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susie Mason (page does not exist)">Susie Mason</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosamund_Sabine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosamund Sabine (page does not exist)">Rosamund Sabine</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Oldmeadow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Oldmeadow (page does not exist)">Katherine Oldmeadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerald Gardner claimed that the New Forest coven was a survival of the <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-Cult</a>, a supposed pre-Christian pagan religion that worshipped a <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a>, and which had supposedly been persecuted during the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in the Early Modern period">witch trials of the Early Modern period</a>. This theory about the witch trials had been put forward by various writers in the nineteenth century, such as <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Leland">Charles Leland</a>, but had risen to prominence in the early twentieth century when it was promoted in two of the works of Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Dr Margaret Murray</a>: <i>The Witch-Cult in Western Europe</i> (1921) and <i>The God of the Witches</i> (1933). The idea of the pagan Witch-Cult has been disproved and dismissed by historians specialising in the Early Modern witch trials since Murray's death in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with works by academics like Elliot Rose, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Norman Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a> instead showing the real nature of the witch trials as a combination of social, economic and religious factors. It is for this reason that the historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> (1999) dismissed any possibility of the New Forest coven being a pagan survival.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, it has been proposed that the New Forest coven had been founded in the early twentieth century by various occultists who wished to 'resurrect' the hypothetical Witch-Cult as described in Murray's works. Philip Heselton (2003), who performed the most exhaustive research into the group, speculated that the coven had been formed by a woman named Rosamund Sabine, who prior to moving to the New Forest in 1924 had been involved in various esoteric groups like the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>. He thought that she, after reading <i>The Witch-Cult in Western Europe</i>, became interested in witches, and believed herself to be the <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of one. It was for this reason, he believed, that she gathered together some of her friends who also had an interest in the occult, and founded the coven.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikki_Bramshaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikki Bramshaw (page does not exist)">Vikki Bramshaw</a> suggests <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Gardner may well have had some, albeit brief, meeting with local traditions in operation at that time. She writes that whilst a number of the members were from <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">masonic</a> or academic backgrounds of high society, others were working-class people outside of those class-bound organisations. They included <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, manual labourers, and some with <a href="/wiki/Gypsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy">gypsy</a> connections in the Forest. Davis Stanton writes, "In other words, Wicca was only 'new' in the sense the New Forest was new - a re-designation of something that was there before, under another name".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different origin theory was put forward by Steve Wilson (1996), who speculated that the coven might have been founded by members of a scouting organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Woodcraft_Chivalry" title="Order of Woodcraft Chivalry">Order of Woodcraft Chivalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heselton accepted similarities between the Order and the coven, but did not believe that there was any direct connection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerald_Gardner's_involvement"><span id="Gerald_Gardner.27s_involvement"></span>Gerald Gardner's involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gerald Gardner's involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG/220px-NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG/330px-NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG/440px-NewForestCoven_Scourge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A ritual scourge owned by the New Forest coven which Gardner subsequently inherited.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> claimed that after moving to the borough of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch, Dorset</a> in 1939, he got involved with the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Order_Crotona_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship">Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship</a>, an occult organisation based upon <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>. However, he was largely dissatisfied with the Order, and in particular its leader, <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Sullivan" title="George Alexander Sullivan">George Alexander Sullivan</a>, believing them to be devoid of any genuine esoteric knowledge. Meanwhile, he met a group of people within the Fellowship who claimed to have been involved in a form of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Co-Masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Masonry">Co-Masonry</a>, who informed him that they had moved to the area where they had joined the Rosicrucian Order when their friend and fellow Co-Mason, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Besant-Scott" title="Mabel Besant-Scott">Mabel Besant-Scott</a>, had done so.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researcher Philip Heselton identified two of these individuals as Ernest and Susie Mason, a brother and sister couple who had in prior decades been involved in a variety of occult groups, including Co-Masonry and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>, and who had recently moved to the area from Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gardner: </p> <dl><dd>They seemed rather brow-beaten by the others, kept themselves to themselves. They were the most interesting element, however. Unlike many of the others, they had to earn their livings, were cheerful and optimistic and had a real interest in the occult.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This group claimed to have known Gardner from a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">past life</a>, and in September 1939, revealed to him that they were members of a Witches' coven, and then initiated him into Wicca in a ritual which took place in one of the homes owned by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Clutterbuck" title="Dorothy Clutterbuck">Dorothy Clutterbuck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Cone_of_Power">Operation Cone of Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation Cone of Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardner would reveal little about the coven and its members, although claimed that in August 1940, during the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, they performed a ritual known as Operation Cone of Power which they hoped would influence the High Command of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and prevent them from invading Britain. This magical ritual, Gardner claimed, took place inside the Forest, and involved the Witches raising a <a href="/wiki/Cone_of_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone of Power">Cone of Power</a> which they directed toward Germany and focused on sending the message into the minds of the German leaders that they would not be able to cross the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner also noted that several of the older and frailer practicing Witches died after practicing the ritual, something that was confirmed by Louis Wilkinson, who claimed that it was because they had performed the ritual naked, without goose grease on the skin to keep them warm, and that as such they had contracted <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. Investigating these claims, Heselton found two locals who died soon after the ritual: a reporter, Walter Forder (1881–1940), and a blacksmith, Charles Loader (1864–1940), whom he speculated were involved in the rite.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coven_members">Coven members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coven members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Gardner, his first contact with the witches was through an inner group within the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Order_Crotona_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship">Crotona Fellowship</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucian">Rosicrucian</a> society that operated a theatre in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a>. They were a reserved group, who remained somewhat separate from other members of the order and the theatre. Historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a> has identified some of the members of this group as Edith Woodford-Grimes, Ernie Mason, and his sisters Susie Mason and Rosetta Fudge.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that by the late 1930s some members of the Crotona Fellowship, inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a>, were performing rituals based on <a href="/wiki/Co-Masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Masonry">Co-Masonry</a> and incorporating elements of folklore, and that these were the rituals that Gardner encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mason_family">The Mason family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Mason family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mason family, researched by Heselton, lived in Southampton for a period of over 150 years. One of Heselton's informants described Ernie in particular and the family in general, as 'witches', adding that Ernie, who he had known for several years, had had to give up because he found the rituals too strenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosetta was a keen follower of <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>; Susie was a <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Freemason">Co-Freemason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophist</a>, and Ernie, who claimed to have been fully aware from the moment of his birth, was an enthusiastic esotericist and taught mental exercises in the Crotona Fellowship. Their father George Miles Mason, an optician and astronomer, had built a meeting hall in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> which seems to have been used for the meetings of various esoteric groups, including Co-Freemasonry. Heselton points to a reference to nearby Toothill as a "witch centre" in a book by Justine Glass,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who does not name her informant. In the 1881 census nearly a quarter of the inhabitants of that hamlet (three families) had the surname Mason (an otherwise uncommon name in that part of England); based on this and other <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> he proposes that the Mason family could have been the custodians of a hereditary witchcraft tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edith_Woodford-Grimes">Edith Woodford-Grimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Edith Woodford-Grimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Edith Woodford-Grimes</a></div> <p>The priestess who initiated Gardner into witchcraft was referred to as "Dafo" or "Daffo".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She taught music and elocution, and her daughter married a dentist;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these and other details identify her as Edith Rose Woodford-Grimes.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She lived in the same street as the Mason family between 1922 and 1937, when they were heavily involved in esoteric activities. By 1938 she was living in Christchurch near the Rosicrucian theatre, and was an active member. In August 1940, at her daughter's wedding, the bride was given away by Gerald Gardner, who was described as a "close friend". Edith remained a close friend of Gardner's for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_Hall_and_Christchurch_Garden_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama Hall and Christchurch Garden Theatre">Ashrama Hall and Christchurch Garden Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_organisation" title="Wiccan organisation">Wiccan organisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kin70">King 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kel91">Kelly 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rui04">Ruickbie 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hut99">Hutton 1999</a>. p 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeseltonRoots-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeseltonRoots_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes00">Heselton 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes03">Heselton 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2017). <i>The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witch%3A+A+History+of+Fear%2C+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hut99">Hutton 1999</a>. p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes03">Heselton 2003</a>. p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926191054/https://vikkibramshaw.wordpress.com/2017/09/02/my-experiences-the-craft-and-its-mysteries/">"My Experiences, the Craft and its Mysteries"</a>. <i>Llyn Annwn : Blog of Vikki Bramshaw</i>. 2 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vikkibramshaw.wordpress.com/2017/09/02/my-experiences-the-craft-and-its-mysteries/">the original</a> on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Llyn+Annwn+%3A+Blog+of+Vikki+Bramshaw&rft.atitle=My+Experiences%2C+the+Craft+and+its+Mysteries&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvikkibramshaw.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fmy-experiences-the-craft-and-its-mysteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stanton, David (Summer 2001). "Issue 1". <i>Hengistbury Head Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hengistbury+Head+Times&rft.atitle=Issue+1&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_1996-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_1996_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Wil96">Wilson 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes00">Heselton 2000</a>. pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bra60">Bracelin 1960</a>. pp. 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes00">Heselton 2000</a>. pp. 100–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bra60">Bracelin 1960</a>. p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bra60">Bracelin 1960</a>. pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bra60">Bracelin 1960</a>. pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hes00">Heselton 2000</a>. pp. 244–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mag04">Magliocco 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gla65">Glass 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Joh69">Johns 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Val89">Valiente 1989</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bra60" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Bracelin, Jack</a> (1960). <i>Gerald Gardner: Witch</i>. London: Octagon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+Gardner%3A+Witch&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Octagon+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Bracelin%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hes00" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Heselton, Philip</a> (2000). <i>Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival</i>. Chieveley, Berkshire: Capall Bann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86163-110-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86163-110-3"><bdi>1-86163-110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiccan+Roots%3A+Gerald+Gardner+and+the+Modern+Witchcraft+Revival&rft.place=Chieveley%2C+Berkshire&rft.pub=Capall+Bann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86163-110-3&rft.au=Heselton%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hes03" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Heselton, Philip</a> (2003). <i>Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft</i>. Milverton, Somerset: Capall Bann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86163-164-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86163-164-2"><bdi>1-86163-164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+Gardner+and+the+Cauldron+of+Inspiration%3A+An+Investigation+into+the+Sources+of+Gardnerian+Witchcraft&rft.place=Milverton%2C+Somerset&rft.pub=Capall+Bann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86163-164-2&rft.au=Heselton%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hut99" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt"><i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820744-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820744-1"><bdi>0-19-820744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-820744-1&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofmoonhis00hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gla65" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Justine (1965). <i>Witchcraft, the Sixth Sense – and Us</i>. London: Neville Spearman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%2C+the+Sixth+Sense+%E2%80%93+and+Us&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Neville+Spearman&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Glass%2C+Justine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rui04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie">Ruickbie, Leo</a> (2004). <i>Witchcraft Out of the Closet: A Complete History</i>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-7567-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-7567-7"><bdi>0-7090-7567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Out+of+the+Closet%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7090-7567-7&rft.au=Ruickbie%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Joh89" class="citation book cs1">Johns, June (1969). <i>King of the Witches: The World of Alex Sanders</i>. London: Peter Davies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-432-07675-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-432-07675-1"><bdi>0-432-07675-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Witches%3A+The+World+of+Alex+Sanders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peter+Davies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-432-07675-1&rft.au=Johns%2C+June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kel91" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidan Kelly">Kelly, Aidan</a> (1991). <i>Crafting the Art of Magic, Book I: A History of Witchcraft, 1939–1964</i>. St Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87542-370-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87542-370-1"><bdi>0-87542-370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+the+Art+of+Magic%2C+Book+I%3A+A+History+of+Witchcraft%2C+1939%E2%80%931964&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Llewellyn&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87542-370-1&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kin70" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_X._King" title="Francis X. King">King, Francis</a> (1970). <i>Ritual Magic in England</i>. London: Spearman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85435-400-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85435-400-X"><bdi>0-85435-400-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Magic+in+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spearman&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-85435-400-X&rft.au=King%2C+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mag04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco, Sabina</a> (2004). <i>Witching Culture: Folklore and Neopaganism in America</i>. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylviania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1879-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1879-5"><bdi>0-8122-1879-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witching+Culture%3A+Folklore+and+Neopaganism+in+America&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylviania&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-1879-5&rft.au=Magliocco%2C+Sabina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Val89" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Valiente, Doreen</a> (1989). <i>The Rebirth of Witchcraft</i>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-3715-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-3715-5"><bdi>0-7090-3715-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7090-3715-5&rft.au=Valiente%2C+Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wil96" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Steve (1996). "Woodcrafting the Art of Magic". <i>Aisling</i>. No. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aisling&rft.atitle=Woodcrafting+the+Art+of+Magic&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Forest+coven" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template talk:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people#Wicca" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/90px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/135px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/180px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algard_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Algard Wicca">Algard Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br /> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt#In_modern_Paganism" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Forest coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li>Magical alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&oldid=1249773953">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_coven&oldid=1249773953</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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