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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCst%C9%99vi_pardaqlama_d%C9%99zgah%C4%B1" title="Müstəvi pardaqlama dəzgahı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müstəvi pardaqlama dəzgahı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шліфавальны станок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шліфавальны станок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmoladora" title="Esmoladora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esmoladora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruska" title="Bruska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleifmaschine" title="Schleifmaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schleifmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeriladora" title="Esmeriladora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esmeriladora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko-makina" title="Disko-makina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko-makina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دستگاه سنگ‌زنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستگاه سنگ‌زنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifieuse" title="Rectifieuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rectifieuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%82%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="연삭기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연삭기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հղկիչ հաստոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հղկիչ հաստոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusilica" title="Brusilica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brusilica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ажарлағыш білдектер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ажарлағыш білдектер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mola" title="Mola – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mola" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6sz%C3%B6r%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Köszörülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köszörülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="グラインダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラインダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlifierka" title="Szlifierka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szlifierka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шлифовальные станки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шлифовальные станки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дробилица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дробилица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Афзори суфтагарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афзори суфтагарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шліфувальний верстат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шліфувальний верстат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E5%BA%8A" title="磨床 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磨床" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine tool used for grinding</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotating_grinder.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Rotating_grinder.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Rotating abrasive wheel on a bench grinder.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg/170px-1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg/255px-1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg/340px-1902_-_Grinding_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Pedal-powered grinding machine, Russia, 1902.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>grinding machine,</b> often shortened to <b>grinder,</b> is any of various <a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">power tools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>. It is a type of material removal using an <a href="/wiki/Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">abrasive wheel</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Cutting_tool_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting tool (metalworking)">cutting tool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small <a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">chip</a> from the workpiece via shear deformation. </p><p>Grinding as a type of <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">surface roughness</a>) and high <a href="/wiki/Accuracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accuracy">accuracy</a> of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding is of the order of 0.000025  mm, in most applications, it tends to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50  mm depth. However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grinding_machine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the workpiece and a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The wheel’s diameter and the manufacturer’s rating determine the speed. The grinding head can travel across a fixed workpiece, or the workpiece can be moved while the grinding head stays in a fixed position. </p><p>Fine control of the grinding head or table position is possible using a <a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">vernier</a> calibrated hand wheel or using the features of <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical controls</a>. </p><p>Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat. To cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat and go outside its <a href="/wiki/Tolerance_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerance (engineering)">tolerance</a>, grinding machines incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">coolant</a>. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns. In high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders), the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200  nm (less than 1/10000  in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grinding_machine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg/220px-SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg/330px-SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg/440px-SurfaceGrinder-Proth-insetMagChuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>A surface grinder.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylindrical_grinder,_Landis,_photo_291.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png/220px-Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png/330px-Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png/440px-Cylindrical_grinder%2C_Landis%2C_photo_291.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>A cylindrical grinder.</figcaption></figure> <p>These machines include the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_grinding" title="Belt grinding">Belt grinder</a>, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Belt_sander" title="Belt sander">belt sander</a> (which itself is often used for wood but sometimes metal). Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications, including finishing, deburring, and <a href="/wiki/Stock_removal" title="Stock removal">stock removal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a>, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench or floor stand. Its uses include shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a>, which includes both the types that use <a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">centers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centerless_grinding" title="Centerless grinding">centerless</a> types. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The work piece is rotated and fed past the wheel(s) to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods, tubes, bearing races, bushings, and many other parts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a>, which has a head that is lowered to a work piece, which is moved back and forth under the grinding wheel on a table that typically has a controllable permanent magnet (magnetic <a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">chuck</a>) for use with magnetic stock (especially <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> stock) but can have a vacuum chuck or other fixture means. The most common surface grinders have a grinding wheel rotating on a horizontal axis, cutting around the circumference of the grinding wheel. Rotary surface grinders, commonly known as "Blanchard" style grinders, have a grinding head that rotates the grinding wheel on a vertical axis cutting on the end face of the grinding wheel, while a table rotates the work piece in the opposite direction underneath. This type of machine removes large amounts of material and grinds flat surfaces with noted spiral grind marks. It can also be used to make and sharpen metal stamping die sets, flat shear blades, fixture bases or any flat and parallel surfaces. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a>, which usually can perform the minor function of the <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bit</a> grinder or other specialist <a href="/wiki/Toolroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolroom">toolroom</a> grinding operations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a>, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">fixtures</a>. Its primary function is in the realm of grinding holes for <a href="/wiki/Drill_bushing" title="Drill bushing">drill bushings</a> and grinding pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_cutting#Grinding" title="Gear cutting">Gear grinder</a>, which is usually employed as the final machining process when manufacturing a high-precision gear. The primary function of these machines is to remove the remaining few thousandths of an inch of material left by other manufacturing methods (such as gashing or hobbing).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg/220px-Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg/330px-Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg/440px-Henninger_Zentrumschleifmaschine_ZS102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Centre Grinding Machine</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_grinder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre grinder (page does not exist)">Centre grinder</a>, which is usually employed as a machining process when manufacturing all kinds of high-precision <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Shaft (mechanical engineering)">shafts</a>. The primary function of these machines is to grind the centers of a shaft very precisely. Accurate round center holes on both sides ensure a position with high repeat accuracy on the <a href="/wiki/Live_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Live center">live centers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">Die grinder</a>, which is a high-speed hand-held rotary tool with a small diameter grinding bit. They are typically air-driven (using compressed air), but can be driven with a small electric motor directly or via a flexible shaft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a>, another handheld power tool, often used in <a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">fabrication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> work.</li> <li><b>Internal grinder</b>, which is used for grinding internal surfaces of workpieces, boron carbide wheels are effective when dealing with extremely hard materials that need high levels of precision.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grinding_machine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_tool" title="Diamond tool">Diamond tool</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grinding_machine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/grinding-machine">"Grinding machine | Grinding Wheels, Abrasives, Precision | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Grinding+machine+%7C+Grinding+Wheels%2C+Abrasives%2C+Precision+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fgrinding-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrinding+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preciseceramic.com/blog/boron-carbide-key-properties-applications.html">"Boron Carbide: Key Properties & Applications"</a>. <i>Advanced Ceramic Materials</i>. April 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Ceramic+Materials&rft.atitle=Boron+Carbide%3A+Key+Properties+%26+Applications&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.preciseceramic.com%2Fblog%2Fboron-carbide-key-properties-applications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrinding+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN103770027A">CN patent 103770027A</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=103770027A&rft.cc=CN&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grinder" class="extiw" title="commons:Grinder"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Grinder</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grinders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grinders">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, James A. <i>Machine Shop Trade Secrets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Shop+Trade+Secrets&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrinding+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury" class="citation book cs1">Choudhury, A.K. 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